Bibliographies: 'Ruzu bitters'

1

Monsi, Tombari Pius, Melford Miller Chinwebudu, and Samuel Douglas Abbey. "Bioinformatics of blaTEM-1 and blaSHV Genes of Herbal Drugs Pretreated-Klebsiella pneumoniae." International Journal of Pathogen Research 14, no. 2 (2025): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2025/v14i2349.

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Background: Oral intake of herbal medicinal products may ultimately lead to their interaction with the intestinal microbial community in which Klebsiella pneumoniae is a resident. Aim: This study investigated the effect of some herbal medicinal products consumed on beta-lactamase genes, specifically blaSHV and blaTEM, present in a key gut pathogen, K. pneumoniae. Methods: The study adopted an experimental approach with two strains of K. pneumoniae. Both strains were treated in four herbal medicinal products (Goko bitters, Goko alcoholic bitter, Ruzu bitters and Beta cleanser). The resistant genes, blaSHV and blaTEM, were amplified using polymerase chain reaction on both plasmid and chromosomal DNA. These genes were also sequenced, and presence of mutations were evaluated. Results: The PCR amplification revealed the presence of chromosomal blaSHV gene in four herbal drug conditions, with bands at 477 bp, including ATCC and clinical strains treated with Goko alcoholic bitters, Ruzu bitters, and control conditions. The blaTEM gene was detected only in the control condition of the clinical strain, marked by a band at 867 bp. Plasmid DNA analysis further confirmed the presence of blaSHV in clinical strains treated with Goko alcoholic bitters and Goko bitters, while blaTEM-1 was observed in strains treated with Goko alcoholic bitters, Goko bitters, and Ruzu bitters. Sequence alignment of the genes blaSHV and blaTEM-1 revealed various nucleotide substitutions, ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to length variations when compared to closely related beta-lactamase genes. Mutation analysis indicated that herbal treatments, particularly Goko bitters and Ruzu bitters, induced the highest mutation rates in both blaSHV (11%) and blaTEM (10%), with notable frameshift and point mutations. Conversely, non-herbal medicine-treated conditions displayed fewer or no mutations. Conclusion: These findings suggest that herbal medicinal products induce stress in K. pneumoniae through promoting the modification of antibiotic-resistant genes. It may also be responsible for the translocation of resistant genes from chromosome to plasmid and vice versa within the bacterial cell.

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2

Ebuehi, Osaretin Albert T., Lasekan Oyindamola Ayobami, and Olufemi Mulkah Ajagun-Ogunleye. "Biochemical Impact of Carica Papaya (Pawpaw) leaves Extract and Ruzu Bitters on Hematology and Brain Histology in Sprague Dawley Rats." Recent Progress in Nutrition 03, no. 01 (2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpn.2301004.

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Plant-based products have been utilized for nutritional and medicinal purposes for decades. Although the reported benefits of Carica papaya (Pawpaw) leave extract, its role in hematology, brain histology, and the possible side effect are still areas of research deliberation. Thirty (30) male Sprague Dawley rats, divided into three groups, were fed on rat chow and normal saline, Carica papaya leaves extract and Ruzu bitters, respectively. Blood chemistry, hematology, and brain histology were assayed to ascertain their effects on brain structure and biochemical changes. White blood cells, hemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets, and packed cell volume were carefully evaluated. In the sub-chronic test, there were no significant changes in PCV (%) in the papaya extract and Ruzu bitters group, relative to the control. There was a significant increase in hemoglobin levels in the papaya and Ruzu bitters groups. Carica papaya leaves extract and Ruzu bitters significantly increased certain serum biochemistry parameters (p < 0.05), compared to the control group. Our study revealed that C. papaya leaves extract possess an immunomodulatory effect and did not show any detrimental effect on the brain histology, liver, and general well-being, unlike Ruzu bitters. The neuroprotective effect of the extract is apparent from the intact brain structure of treated rats compared to the other group, (p < 0.05). The hydro-ethanol leaf extract of Carica papaya possesses neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemolytic and immunomodulatory effects compared to the Ruzu bitters. However, both extracts’ long-term administration should be taken cautiously and further investigated.

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3

Emaleku, S. A., I. G. Adanlawo, I. O. Omotuyi, et al. "Anti-Diabetic potentials of Ruzu herbal bitters in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-induced Albino rats." Ife Journal of Science 21, no. 2 (2019): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v21i2.13.

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4

Obasi, David C., and Victor N. Ogugua. "GC-MS analysis, pH and antioxidant effect of Ruzu herbal bitters on alloxan-induced diabetic rats." Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 27 (September 2021): 101057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101057.

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5

Ogunlana, Olubanke O., Oluseyi E. Ogunlana, Tobi S. Adekunbi, Babatunde O. Adetuyi, Bose E. Adegboye, and Franklyn N. Iheagwam. "Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Ruzu Bitters on Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Wistar Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (July 23, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5246725.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become notorious globally. Increasingly emerging evidence shows that NAFLD is strongly associated with inflammation, with proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) playing a vital role in its progression. In this work, an attempt was made to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB), an antiobesity medicinal concoction, on NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in albino Wistar rats. Twenty-five (25) rats were divided into five groups as follows: Group 1, the normal control, was maintained on standard rat chow and received normal saline (1 ml/kg body weight (BW)/day) for twelve weeks. The other groups were maintained on HFD for twelve weeks. Thereafter, groups 2–5 were treated with pioglitazone (4 mg/kg BW/day), RHB (0.6 ml/kg BW/day), normal saline (1 ml/kg BW/day), and fenofibrate (10 mg/kg BW/day), respectively. The animals were sacrificed after the experimental period. Biochemical indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation were assayed in the liver according to standard methods. The histological features of the liver were also compared to assess liver damage. RHB significantly (p<0.05) reduced body weight and liver index, inhibited oxidative stress, boosted antioxidant enzymes by increasing the activity and level of SOD and GSH, reduced proinflammatory markers (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α), and reversed histological alterations induced by NAFLD in rat liver. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory activity of RHB in the prevention of NAFLD in rats has been confirmed.

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6

Ogunlana, Olubanke O., Babatunde O. Adetuyi, Tobi S. Adekunbi, Bose E. Adegboye, Franklyn N. Iheagwam, and Oluseyi E. Ogunlana. "Ameliorative effect of Ruzu herbal bitters on high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Wistar rats." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 9, no. 3 (2021): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres20.868_9.3.251.

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Context: One of the world’s most widespread and frequent liver diseases is the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Aims: To evaluate the preventives activities of Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB), which is an anti-obesity therapeutic concoction used widely in Nigeria on high–fat diet (HFD) induced NAFLD in albino Wistar rats. Methods: A total number of twenty-five rats were isolated and divided equally into five groups. Group 1, the normal control group was placed on normal rat diet and normal saline (1 mL/kg body weight daily) for twelve weeks. The remaining four groups 2-5 were placed on HFD for twelve weeks; adding to the following treatment schedules by oral gavage: group 2 received pioglitazone 4 mg/kg daily, group 3 received RHB 0.6 mL/kg daily, group 4 received normal saline 1 mL/kg daily and group 5 received fenofibrate 10 mg/kg daily (s.c). The animals were sacrificed and biochemical markers of liver function, lipid profile, glycemic index, and histopathological assessment of the liver of the rats were determined. Results: Rat treated with RHB and other treated groups significantly (p<0.05) reduced the liver index, fasting blood glucose, and activities and concentrations of liver function enzymes and molecules when compared to untreated NAFLD group. Scoring of hepatic steatosis also showed the ameliorative role of the treatment on NAFLD. Conclusions: This study reveals that RHB and other treatment options assessed could prevent HFD–induced NAFLD and could be explored as another therapeutic approach to fenofibrate and pioglitazone in NAFLD management.

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7

Oyadeyi, Ayodele, Folasade Ajao, Temitope Babalola, and Yusuf Mustapha. "Effects of Ruzu, a Polyherbal Mixture, on Neurobehaviour and Expression of Serotonin and Dopamine Transporters in Rats." Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 36, no. 2 (2021): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54548/nigerjphysiolsci.v36i2.5.

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There is increased possibility that combined herbal constituents may interact to increase toxicity and lower efficacy. Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB) is a blend of extracts from Curculigo pilosa, Uvaria chamae, and Citrullus colocynthis, each of which has been shown to possess important bio-effects. There is anecdotal evidence for efficacy of RHB in neurological disorders; however, there are no data on possible neurotoxic effects of RHB. Using behavioural, biochemical and molecular indices as surrogates of neurotoxicity, this study therefore evaluated the nervous system effects of RHB. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups – a control group and RHB group (n=10). RHB (0.5ml/kg) was administered to the RHB group twice daily while control group took water (0.5ml/kg). Treatments lasted 6 weeks after which behavioural tests were carried out. Animals were subsequently sacrificed and the expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) and dopamine transporter (DAT) was determined in the striatum by immunofluorescence while specific activities of catalase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltransferase were determined. In the elevated plus maze and light and dark box tests which are models of anxiety, animals treated with RHB showed significant anxiety compared to control. They also showed impaired locomotor activity in the open field and wire hang tests. The activity of catalase was significantly increased in the brain of the RHB treated rats while an increase in the expression of both DAT and SERT was observed in the striatum

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8

Oyadeyi, Ayodele, Folasade Ajao, Temitope Babalola, and Yusuf Mustapha. "Effects of Ruzu, a Polyherbal Mixture, on Neurobehaviour and Expression of Serotonin and Dopamine Transporters in Rats." Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 36, no. 2 (2021): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54548/njps.v36i2.5.

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Abstract:

There is increased possibility that combined herbal constituents may interact to increase toxicity and lower efficacy. Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB) is a blend of extracts from Curculigo pilosa, Uvaria chamae, and Citrullus colocynthis, each of which has been shown to possess important bio-effects. There is anecdotal evidence for efficacy of RHB in neurological disorders; however, there are no data on possible neurotoxic effects of RHB. Using behavioural, biochemical and molecular indices as surrogates of neurotoxicity, this study therefore evaluated the nervous system effects of RHB. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups – a control group and RHB group (n=10). RHB (0.5ml/kg) was administered to the RHB group twice daily while control group took water (0.5ml/kg). Treatments lasted 6 weeks after which behavioural tests were carried out. Animals were subsequently sacrificed and the expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) and dopamine transporter (DAT) was determined in the striatum by immunofluorescence while specific activities of catalase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltransferase were determined. In the elevated plus maze and light and dark box tests which are models of anxiety, animals treated with RHB showed significant anxiety compared to control. They also showed impaired locomotor activity in the open field and wire hang tests. The activity of catalase was significantly increased in the brain of the RHB treated rats while an increase in the expression of both DAT and SERT was observed in the striatum

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9

Oluwaseyi, Adegoke Adetunji, Christiana Adetunji Oluwafunmilola, Aimalohi Agbebaku-Izobo Grace, et al. "Toxicological evaluation of a Nigeria-made polyherbal product on selected reproductive functions in adult male Wistar rats." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 3 (2021): 001–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5558700.

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Ruzu bitters black for men (RBBM) is a polyherbal product widely used amongst men in Nigeria to enhance libido, rejuvenate male organs and to manage erectile dysfunctions, prostate anomalies, weak erection, and premature ejaculation. This study was carried out to investigate the toxicological effect from the use of herbal product. Acute toxicity test of RBBM on rats was carried out in two phases; 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg for phase I and 1600mg/kg, 2900 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg for phase II, were administered respectively. For sub-acute toxicity, two groups of 5 animals each received RBBM (0.87 mg/kg and1.17 mg/kg respectively) and a third group received water orally for 28 days. The study analyzed the median lethal dosage, and sperm morphology, sperm motility, sperm count, sperm viability and histology of the testes as indices for sub-acute toxicity. No death was recorded for the acute and sub-acute studies but there was a moderate physical sign of toxicity. In the sub-acute toxicity study, there was a significant increase (p˂0.05) in testicular weight of Group 1 animals. Also, sperm count, and sperm motility increases significantly (p˂0.05) while there was a decrease in multiple tail sperm across the test groups. RBBM is not toxic to sperm morphology and causes no death at 5000 mg/kg in male albino Wistar rats. 

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10

Oluwaseyi Adegoke Adetunji, Oluwafunmilola Christiana Adetunji, Grace Aimalohi Agbebaku-Izobo, et al. "Toxicological evaluation of a Nigeria-made polyherbal product on selected reproductive functions in adult male Wistar rats." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 3 (2021): 001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.3.0410.

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Abstract:

Ruzu bitters black for men (RBBM) is a polyherbal product widely used amongst men in Nigeria to enhance libido, rejuvenate male organs and to manage erectile dysfunctions, prostate anomalies, weak erection, and premature ejaculation. This study was carried out to investigate the toxicological effect from the use of herbal product. Acute toxicity test of RBBM on rats was carried out in two phases; 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg for phase I and 1600mg/kg, 2900 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg for phase II, were administered respectively. For sub-acute toxicity, two groups of 5 animals each received RBBM (0.87 mg/kg and1.17 mg/kg respectively) and a third group received water orally for 28 days. The study analyzed the median lethal dosage, and sperm morphology, sperm motility, sperm count, sperm viability and histology of the testes as indices for sub-acute toxicity. No death was recorded for the acute and sub-acute studies but there was a moderate physical sign of toxicity. In the sub-acute toxicity study, there was a significant increase (p˂0.05) in testicular weight of Group 1 animals. Also, sperm count, and sperm motility increases significantly (p˂0.05) while there was a decrease in multiple tail sperm across the test groups. RBBM is not toxic to sperm morphology and causes no death at 5000 mg/kg in male albino Wistar rats.

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