Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rwanda Civil War

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Rwanda Civil War'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rwanda Civil War"

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Thasiah, Victor. "Prophetic Pedagogy: Critically Engaging Public Officials in Rwanda." Studies in World Christianity 23, no. 3 (December 2017): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2017.0195.

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After genocide, civil war and a complex history of colonial and postcolonial state violence, many within and beyond the African Great Lakes region have called for Rwandan Christians to better maintain critical distance from the state and hold public officials responsible for the flourishing of all, regardless of ethnic identity or political persuasion. The pairing of Rwandan community organising practices and Emmanuel Katongole's political theology offers what I call a prophetic pedagogy for responding to this need. To support this claim, we consider (1) Katongole's theoretical contribution to prophetic Christianity in Africa; (2) the practical contribution of John Rutsindintwarane – the founder–executive director of PICO Rwanda (People Improving Communities through Organizing) – to critically engaging public officials through community organising; and (3) the views of PICO Rwanda's most respected leaders, who demonstrate the potential for holding the Rwanda government accountable. We also use PICO Rwanda's work to develop an effective response to Katongole's sharpest critics.
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Berry, Marie E. "From Violence to Mobilization: Women, War, and Threat in Rwanda*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-20-2-135.

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Theories of social movement emergence posit “threat” as an important concept in explanations of mobilization. This article uses the case of the 1994 Rwandan genocide to investigate whether threats that stem from mass violence can also have a mobilizing effect. Drawing from interviews with 152 women in Rwanda, I reveal how threatening conditions created by the genocide and civil war initiated a grassroots mobilization process among women. This mobilization featured women founding and joining community organizations, engaging in new forms of claims making toward state institutions, and eventually running for political office. Two mechanisms facilitated this process: the social appropriation of feminine values for the reconceptualization of women as legitimate political actors, and the brokerage of connections between individual women, organizations, and government institutions by foreign actors. I conclude by suggesting that this mobilization served as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the meteoric rise of women in Rwanda's politics.
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Duriesmith, David, and Georgina Holmes. "The masculine logic of DDR and SSR in the Rwanda Defence Force." Security Dialogue 50, no. 4 (June 24, 2019): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619850346.

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Since the 1994 genocide and civil war, the Rwandan government has implemented an externally funded disarmament, demobilization and reintegration/security sector reform (DDR/SSR) programme culminating in the consolidation of armed groups into a new, professionalized Rwanda Defence Force. Feminists argue that DDR/SSR initiatives that exclude combatant women and girls or ignore gendered security needs fail to transform the political conditions that led to conflict. Less attention has been paid to how gendered relations of power play out through gender-sensitive DDR and SSR initiatives that seek to integrate women and transform hyper-masculine militarized masculinities. This article investigates how Rwanda’s DDR/SSR programme is governed by an oppressive masculine logic. Drawing on critical studies on men and masculinities and feminist work on peacebuilding, myths and the politics of belonging, it argues that Rwanda’s locally owned DDR/SSR programme places the military and militarization at the centre of the country’s nation-building programme. Through various ‘boundary-construction’ practices, the Rwandan government attempts to stabilize the post-1994 gender order and entrench the hegemony of a new militarized masculinity in Rwandan society. The case study draws on field research conducted in 2014 and 2015 and a discourse analysis of historical accounts, policy documents and training materials of the Rwanda Defence Force.
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Owoso, A., S. Jansen, D. M. Ndetei, A. Musau, V. N. Mutiso, C. Mudenge, A. Ngirababyeyi, A. Gasovya, and D. Mamah. "A comparative study of psychotic and affective symptoms in Rwandan and Kenyan students." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016001074.

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Aims.War and conflict are known to adversely affect mental health, although their effects on risk symptoms for psychosis development in youth in various parts of the world are unclear. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 and Civil War had widespread effects on the population. Despite this, there has been no significant research on psychosis risk in Rwanda. Our goal in the present study was to investigate the potential effects of genocide and war in two ways: by comparing Rwandan youth born before and after the genocide; and by comparing Rwandan and Kenyan adolescents of similar age.Methods.A total of 2255 Rwandan students and 2800 Kenyan students were administered the Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) Screen. Prevalence, frequency and functional impairment related to affective and psychosis-risk symptoms were compared across groups using univariate and multivariate statistics.Results.Rwandan students born before the end of the genocide and war in 1994 experienced higher psychotic and affective symptom load (p’s < 0.001) with more functional impairment compared with younger Rwandans. 5.35% of older Rwandan students met threshold for clinical high-risk of psychosis by the WERCAP Screen compared with 3.19% of younger Rwandans (χ2 = 5.36; p = 0.02). Symptom severity comparisons showed significant (p < 0.001) group effects between Rwandan and Kenyan secondary school students on affective and psychotic symptom domains with Rwandans having higher symptom burden compared with Kenyans. Rwandan female students also had higher rates of psychotic symptoms compared with their male counterparts – a unique finding not observed in the Kenyan sample.Conclusions.These results suggest extreme conflict and disruption to country from genocide and war can influence the presence and severity of psychopathology in youth decades after initial traumatic events.
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De Donno, Martina. "Post Genocide Rwanda." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 18 (November 1, 2012): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.18.7.

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M. D. Toft has argued that rebel military victories, that put an end to civil war, results in a higher likelihood of enduring peace and democratization. This research paper explains that, prima facie, this assumption could be the most desired outcome in order to stop violence, but in the long-term it is unlikely to be effective, specially in Rwanda. The 'Rwandan path to democracy', and the umpteenth construction of the identities in this country indeed could be the cause of possible future violence, and not the solution to it. A full respect of the logic of power-sharing and a genuine understanding of the identities instead represent the better alternative to construct a better Rwanda. Kaufmann (1996) stated that 'solutions to ethnic wars do not depend on their causes'. This paper will prove that he is wrong.
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Onuoha, Onyekachi. "Eclipse in Rwanda as Remembering in Pyschosocial Poetics of Trauma." English Linguistics Research 8, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v8n3p25.

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Trauma exists in a synthetic mode of the referential and this is the underlying temperament in Eclipse in Rwanda. The genocide that is chronicled in the narratives of the Nigerian Civil war as recreated in Joe Ushie’s Eclipse in Rwanda foreshadows the pogrom in the mid 90s. Using Cathy Caruth’s concept of trauma as a theoretical framework, this paper examines Eclipse in Rwanda as remembering in psychosocial poetics of trauma. This paper further explicates Eclipse in Rwanda as a text of memory, which poetically captures the trauma and foreshadows the social construction of natives/ non-natives in Africa at large and in Nigeria in particular. Through the poems analysed in this paper, our findings show that Tutsis’ genocide is a poetic fulcrum for the poet to pensively recall the Nigerian Civil War and other hotspots/ narratives of politically motivated violence against fellow citizens. Eclipse in Rwanda attempts to entrench the memories of the dead in us through the poetics of remembering and by so doing indict the collective consciences of the society.
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Troy, Erin. "Beneath the Veneer of Peacebuilding." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 8 (October 1, 2017): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v8i0.4434.

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This research turns a critical eye to peacebuilding in Rwanda, by revealing the negative outcomes of efforts undertaken by Paul Kagame’s regime. Evaluation of five key pillars of peacebuilding demonstrates that a veneer of peacebuilding has again put Rwanda on a dangerous trajectory towards civil war. Examining the role of international greenlighting as a causal factor of the Rwandan genocide offers a new framework through which to understand our own complicity and responsibility. This framework, in the current Rwandan context, underscores the importance of interrogating ongoing patterns of greenlighting in the post-conflict period, and how we continue to contribute to conflict in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. Middle powers like Canada bear an onus to generate innovative methods of peacebuilding assessment, in order to understand actual impact on the ground. This allows us to see beyond insincere peace work, and points us towards a place of taking action.
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Akresh, Richard, Philip Verwimp, and Tom Bundervoet. "Civil War, Crop Failure, and Child Stunting in Rwanda." Economic Development and Cultural Change 59, no. 4 (July 2011): 777–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660003.

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Askin, Kelly D. "Sexual Violence in Decisions and Indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals: Current Status." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 1 (January 1999): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997957.

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The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established in 1993 to prosecute war crimes committed during the Yugoslav conflict; the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established in 1994 to prosecute war crimes committed during the Rwandan civil war. The Yugoslav Tribunal has the competence to try alleged offenders for crimes enumerated in Articles 2-5 of its Statute, namely, grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crimes against humanity. Similarly, the Rwandan Statute accords the Tribunal authority to try defendants for crimes enunciated in Articles 2-4, namely, genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II. Article 7, paragraphs (1) and (3) of the ICTY Statute and Article 6, paragraphs (1) and (3) of the ICTR Statute grant jurisdiction to these ad hoc Tribunals to try the accused for individual criminal responsibility on the bases of individual culpability and superior authority.
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Nicki Hitchcott. "Visions of Civil War and Genocide in Fiction from Rwanda." Research in African Literatures 48, no. 2 (2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/reseafrilite.48.2.11.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rwanda Civil War"

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Cunningham, David E. "Veto players and civil war duration /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3241818.

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Salehyan, Idean. "Rebels without borders state boundaries, transnational opposition, and civil conflict /." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3219846.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 5, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 250-268).
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Basuayi, Clement Bula. "Fertility in Rwanda: Impact of genocide, an ananlysis of fertility before, during and after 1994 genocide." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3790_1248421768.

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The 20th century has witnessed several wars and genocides worldwide. Notable examples include the Armenian and Jews genocides which took place during World War I and World War II respectively. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is a more recent example. These wars and genocides have impacted on the socio-economic and demographic transition with resounding crisis. The present study focused on the Rwandan genocide which affected households and families by reducing the fertility rate. Hence the fertility transition in Rwanda was analyzed for the period before, during and after genocide.

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Holmes, Georgina Wilby. "Caught on camera : the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and the gendered international politics of revisionism, a study of BBC documentary films 1994-2009." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.688355.

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Cieplak, Piotr Artur. "The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath in photography and documentary film." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609170.

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Sobo, Medina. "The perpetual, neglected conflicts : A comparative study of ethnic tolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda post civil war and genocide." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104219.

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This study aims to examine Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda's tolerance and reconciliation processes after the conflicts by answering the research question 'How can we explain the similarities and differences between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda’s reconciliation processes in terms of ethnic tolerance among its inhabitants post civil war and genocide?'. An explanatory theory based on Brounéus’ perspectives and recommendations on reconciliation is used throughout the study. The main findings are that both countries have had diverse approaches and have not fulfilled the requirements for achieving ethnic tolerance and reconciliation.
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Rovetta, Ornella. "Le Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda comme source d'histoire?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209561.

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Ce travail est consacré au Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda (TPIR), une juridiction ad hoc créée par le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU le 8 novembre 1994.

Le fil conducteur de la thèse interroge la manière dont le Tribunal produit des archives. Comment une institution en devenir, produit-elle ses sources ?Cette interrogation entraîne deux questionnements :D’une part, comment analyser le devenir ou la constitution d’un Tribunal ?D’autre part, quelles sont, précisément, ces sources ?

Ces deux axes correspondent à la structuration de ce travail.

Dans la première partie, nous avons voulu mettre en exergue les débats et acteurs qui ont accompagné la création du Tribunal. En croisant les sources issues des archives des procès, des États, des organisations internationales ou des ONG, ainsi que par des entretiens, elle propose une entrée en matière concrète de l’histoire du Tribunal. Pourquoi crée-t-on ce Tribunal ?Quels sont les débats qui l’accompagnent ?Quels en sont les acteurs ?Ce retour sur les débats qui ont modelé le TPIR a permis de mettre en lumière un balisage du terrain judiciaire impliquant une grande diversité d’acteurs et de facteurs.

La deuxième partie, « Le procès Akayesu », propose une étude micro-historique du premier procès, débuté en janvier 1997 et clôturé en septembre 1998. Comment le procès a-t-il fonctionné au jour-le-jour ?Qui en sont les acteurs ?Comment s’est opérée la lecture judiciaire des faits qui se sont déroulés dans la commune de Taba, dont le bourgmestre, Jean-Paul Akayesu, était jugé ?Nous proposons dans cette deuxième partie un travail de contextualisation des sources issues du procès en interrogeant le dispositif et le formatage judiciaires qui sont à l’œuvre à tous les stades de la procédure. Par une approche fondée sur les archives judiciaires du procès, l’objectif est de mettre en lumière les différentes narrations et les dynamiques du procès. Si notre démarche a pris comme point focal ce premier procès, nous tentons constamment de le replacer dans un contexte élargi. Ce travail a voulu amorcer une ouverture vers l’étude d’autres procès, en mettant en exergue les ramifications de ce procès avec d’autres affaires. À travers cette contextualisation, nous avons également souhaité interroger, en historienne, la manière dont on peut se servir de ces sources. Nous avons en effet voulu aller au-delà de la critique des sources, afin de mettre en œuvre un essai d’histoire au plus près du terrain et portant sur la commune et la région concernées dans le procès.


Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Mulinda, Charles Kabwete. "A space for genocide: local authorities, local population and local histories in Gishamvu and Kibayi (Rwanda)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3491_1363784144.

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Hudson, Rica. "Love Thy Neighbor: Genocide in Africa." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/764.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf
Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
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Hoeylandt, Pierre van. "Is there a duty of humanitarian intervention? : an empirical study with moral implications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3289e232-2d4e-4878-8e2f-ba7e667f5b77.

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Large-scale humanitarian crises in foreign countries raise the question of whether or not other countries have a duty to alleviate that suffering. In extreme cases, humanitarian intervention, that is: military intervention for the purpose of alleviating human suffering, is sometimes advocated as the morally required course of action. This thesis suggests that while the international community has a general moral responsibility to prevent and ameliorate humanitarian crises there is no simple duty of military humanitarian intervention. Hitherto, the question has typically been treated as a matter of either moral or legal principle. This thesis argues that empirical factors, which affect the international community's ability to carry out interventions effectively, have not been given their due weight in the debate. On the basis of evaluations of international responses to crises in Somalia and Rwanda, 1992 - 1994, it is suggested that a range of factors undermine the efficacy of humanitarian interventions. These factors include the impact of state interests, the effects of domestic politics in intervening states and, contrary to expectations, the role of humanitarian considerations in decision making on intervention. By showing the limitations of a simplistic view of a duty of humanitarian intervention the thesis seeks to contribute to reconciling idealism with realism in international crisis-responses. Based on sound moral and political judgment military interventions in humanitarian crises would hopefully be less ambitious and ultimately more effective.
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Books on the topic "Rwanda Civil War"

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Pierce, Julian R. Speak Rwanda. New York: Picador USA, 1999.

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Kamukama, Dixon. Rwanda conflict: Its roots and regional implications. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 1993.

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Kamukama, Dixon. Rwanda conflict: Its roots and regional implications. 2nd ed. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 1998.

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Casòliva, Joan. Africa de los grandes lagos. [Barcelona: Edita Cristianisme i Justícia, 2000.

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Destexhe, Alain. Rwanda, essai sur le génocide. Bruxelles: Editions Complexe, 1994.

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Safdie, Michal Ronnen. Rwanda: After. s.l: The author, 2004.

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Rudasingwa, Theogene. Rwanda, background to genocide. Dar es Salaam: Thakers Publishers, 1994.

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Destexhe, Alain. Rwanda and genocide in the twentieth century. London: Pluto, 1995.

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Prunier, Gérard. The Rwanda crisis: History of a genocide. 2nd ed. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers Ltd, 1999.

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Prunier, Gérard. The Rwanda crisis: History of a genocide. London: Hurst, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rwanda Civil War"

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Wells, Audrey. "Forgiveness After Civil War: Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Colombia and South Sudan." In Contributions to International Relations, 143–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87552-7_17.

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Lema, Antoine. "Causes of Civil War in Rwanda: the Weight of History and Socio-Cultural Structures." In Ethnicity Kills?, 68–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333977354_4.

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"1. Introduction: The Rwandan Civil War in Context." In Peacemaking in Rwanda, 1–14. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781626374089-002.

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Manikas, Peter M., and Krishna Kumar. "3 Protecting Human Rights in Rwanda." In Rebuilding Societies After Civil War, 63–84. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781685858377-006.

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Ggombe, Kasim Munyegera, and Richard S. Newfarmer. "Rwanda." In Industries without Smokestacks, 316–40. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821885.003.0016.

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Since civil war and genocide left the country in ruins, Rwanda has undergone a remarkable transformation. Growth rates since 1995 have averaged 8 per cent annually, poverty rates have fallen, maternal and child health have improved, and infrastructure and public institutions have been rebuilt. This chapter examines the determinants of the growth path of the Rwandan economy, focusing on: the central role of government; the structural transformation of the economy; the role of exports and foreign investment; and particularly the role of ‘industries without smokestacks’. Policy coherence, together with substantial international support, allowed Rwanda to embark on a growth path. A hallmark of the development path has been to use services as a leading sector at an earlier stage of its development than many other countries.
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Cohen, Meghan Sobel, and Karen McIntyre Hopkinson. "Rwanda." In Press Freedom and the (Crooked) Path Toward Democracy, 27—C2N3. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197634202.003.0002.

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Abstract Chapter 2 shows that, despite nearly 30 years of widespread progress and development, lingering impacts from the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda permeate the country’s media. Multiple laws limit free expression in the name of genocide prevention, and international rankings indicate that the nation is not free. Yet, many Rwandan journalists believe they have a great deal of freedom and that outsiders don’t consider the country’s history. Journalists believe their role is to act as unifiers and right the wrongs of their predecessors who exacerbated the genocide, and public trust in the media remains high. McQuail’s (1983) theory of media development and Hachten’s (1981, 1996) developmental concept may be working in the short term, but in the long term may reinforce existing authoritarian power structures. While a positive relationship might exist between Rwanda’s distance from civil war and its degree of press freedom, this pattern may not hold in the future.
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Newbury, Catharine, and Hannah Baldwin. "3 Confronting the Aftermath of Conflict: Women’s Organizations in Postgenocide Rwanda." In Women and Civil War, 97–128. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781685850296-006.

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JONES, BRUCE D. "Civil War, the Peace Process, and Genocide in Rwanda." In Civil Wars in Africa, 52–86. McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780773567382-006.

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Holmes, Georgina, and Ilaria Buscaglia. "Rebranding Rwanda’s Peacekeeping Identity during Post-Conflict Transition." In Rwanda Since 1994, 104–24. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941992.003.0007.

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Drawing on recent theorising of 'nation branding', this article examines how mediatised security narratives are used as part of the current Government of Rwanda's public diplomacy strategy to establish post-conflict Rwanda's peacekeeping identity and brand image as a Troop Contributing Country. It does so by undertaking an analysis of media discourse published by the state-owned English language national newspaper The New Times between 2008 and 2018, and two 'twitter storms' that occurred in March 2017 and 2018 in response to the Central African Republic Sexual Exploitation and Abuse scandal involving French military peacekeepers and a second scandal involving Ghanaian police peacekeepers in South Sudan. Specifically, we ask, how does the Government of Rwanda use mediatised security narratives as a nation branding tool after genocide and civil war? We argue that mediatised security narratives are employed to erase Rwanda's negative brand informed by the frameworks of victimology, poverty and violence and reposition Rwanda as an emerging strategic player in international peacekeeping. The RPF achieves this by 'niche building' and mimicking the public diplomacy strategies of middle-powers in order to present Rwanda as a catalyst and facilitator of contemporary peacekeeping policy and practice.
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Mwambari, David. "Shaping the Emergence and Evolution of the Genocide Master Narrative." In Navigating Cultural Memory, 74—C3N110. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190942304.003.0004.

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Abstract Chapter 3 shows how, immediately after the genocide and civil war ended in 1994, initial commemorations were mostly ad hoc or organized by local and nongovernmental actors. It analyses academic literature on that period, using primary sources to illustrate how the postgenocide government used the Holocaust “model” of remembrance and other international reconciliation ideas to inspire its creation of the master narrative over other local approaches presented at conferences in Rwanda by scholars and postconflict entrepreneurs who studied different contexts. The postgenocide government chose a foreign universalized approach legible to many people around the world—including Westerners—but that alienated Rwandan mourning practices. The chapter posits that language, speeches, themes, and other tools were used to create a master narrative domestically and internationally. The chapter shows how these innovations were the products of fierce debates among Rwandan political elites and how this period saw the rise of critics who resisted “the competitive memory” approach to representing the past both within and outside Rwanda. Analytical categories of Champions, Antagonists, and Fatalists are used as a typological tool to systematically understand diversity and power in relation to genocidal memory politics among Rwandans. By identifying these actors and their relationships with the hegemonic memory narrative and with each other, the literature that centers the Rwandan government as the exclusive and most powerful creator and purveyor of memory is challenged, an approach that ignores the agency of other local and international actors that have equally contributed to Rwanda’s postgenocide official memory construction.
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Reports on the topic "Rwanda Civil War"

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Leaver, Clare, Owen Ozier, Pieter Serneels, and Andrew Zeitlin. Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/048.

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This paper reports on a two-tiered experiment designed to separately identify the selection and effort margins of pay-for-performance (P4P). At the recruitment stage, teacher labor markets were randomly assigned to a pay-for-percentile or fixed-wage contract. Once recruits were placed, an unexpected, incentive-compatible, school-level re-randomization was performed, so that some teachers who applied for a fixed-wage contract ended up being paid by P4P, and vice versa. By the second year of the study, the within-year effort effect of P4P was 0.16 standard deviations of pupil learning, with the total effect rising to 0.20 standard deviations after allowing for selection.
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Vet, Cassandra. Diffusion of OECD Transfer Pricing Regulations in Eastern Africa: Agency and Compliance in Governing Profit-Shifting Behaviour. Institute of Development Studies, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.022.

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Eastern African countries have codified transfer pricing regulations in their efforts to ring fence corporate tax revenue against profit shifting by multinational companies. Kenya (in 2006), Uganda (2011) and Rwanda (2020) used the dominant OECD transfer pricing guidelines as a template for reform. The wisdom of this approach for developing countries is contested in academic and civil society literature. According to this view, Western states largely dominate rule-setting procedures, and the costly enforcement of transfer pricing drains the scarce resources of revenue authorities. How can we reconcile the critical perspective in global debates with the roll-out of OECD type transfer pricing regimes on the ground? Case study evidence collected in these countries reveals that policymakers prefer anti-avoidance measures that are widespread and considered global practice. The widespread adoption of OECD transfer pricing norms worldwide gives them a unique compatibility advantage – this allows governments to adopt them as a way to raise public revenue, without compromising their attractiveness to investors. These network externalities are among the powerful lock-in effects that have cemented the position of the OECD guidelines in global tax governance. This study complements this narrative with a more bottom-up perspective. This highlights how domestic coalitions drive support for the OECD framework by mobilising both ideational and economic network effects. From this perspective the OECD rules are still an authoritative focal point for policymakers because interested social groups leverage concern about investor attractiveness. Ideational incentives shape bureaucratic policy advice to OECD standards. Civil society organisations, despite their critical stance towards the OECD guidelines at a global level, did not coalesce around a specific alternative – and instead raised the urgency of increasing public revenue.
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