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Journal articles on the topic 'Rwanda – History – Civil War, 1994'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Longman, Timothy. "Church Politics and the Genocide in Rwanda." Journal of Religion in Africa 31, no. 2 (2001): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006601x00112.

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AbstractChristian churches were deeply implicated in the 1994 genocide of ethnic Tutsi in Rwanda. Churches were a major site for massacres, and many Christians participated in the slaughter, including church personnel and lay leaders. Church involvement in the genocide can be explained in part because of the historic link between church and state and the acceptance of ethnic discrimination among church officials. In addition, just as political officials chose genocide as a means of reasserting their authority in the face of challenges from a democracy movement and civil war, struggles over pow

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2

Walter, Barbara F. "Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure. By Bruce D. Jones. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. 200p. $49.95." American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (2002): 884–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402280478.

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By almost all indicators, Rwanda's civil war should have ended in a successful negotiated settlement. Both the Tutsi rebels and the Rwandan government had agreed to participate in negotiations brokered by a team of Tanzanian mediators whom most people considered highly skilled. The two parties to the negotiations were able to reach and sign a detailed peace settlement that guaranteed both parties representation in the legislature and a set percentage of slots in the military. And the United Nations offered to “guarantee” the security of the two sides during the implementation period. Almost al

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Monjane, Celso M., and M. Anne Pitcher. "The Elusive Dream of Democracy, Security, and Well-Being in Mozambique." Current History 121, no. 835 (2022): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.835.177.

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The 1992 peace accords ending a 16-year civil war, followed by the 1994 democratic elections, promised a brighter political and economic future for Mozambique. Despite the adoption of multiparty politics and robust economic growth since the 1990s, however, Mozambique today faces seemingly intractable challenges. Amid increasing allegations of electoral fraud, Frelimo continues to be the country’s ruling party, a position it assumed after independence in 1975. Political insiders control most of the country’s considerable economic assets, including vast natural gas deposits in the north. A viole

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Krivushin, Ivan. "Causes of the 1990—1994 Civil War in the Interpretation of the Rwandan History Schoolbooks and Programs." ISTORIYA 11, no. 8 (94) (2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840011062-7.

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Bumet, Jennie E. "Situating Sexual Violence in Rwanda (1990–2001): Sexual Agency, Sexual Consent, and the Political Economy of War." African Studies Review 55, no. 2 (2012): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2012.0034.

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Abstract:This article situates the sexual violence associated with the Rwandan civil war and 1994 genocide within a local cultural history and political economy in which institutionalized gender violence shaped the choices of Rwandan women and girls. Based on ethnographic research, it argues that Western notions of sexual consent are not applicable to a culture in which colonialism, government policy, war, and scarcity of resources have limited women's access to land ownership, economic security, and other means of survival. It examines emic cultural models of sexual consent and female sexual

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Pearn, John. "History, Horror and Healing: The Historical Background and Aftermath to the Rwandan Civil War of 1994." Health and History 1, no. 2/3 (1999): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40111344.

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HORNE, JOHN. "Introduction." European Review 14, no. 4 (2006): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000457.

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International trials of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide are currently a matter of considerable interest – legal, political and human. The work of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda (ICTY and ICTR), set up respectively in 1993 and 1994, and the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) at the Hague in 2002, have focused attention on the practice and value of such juridical processes both as forms of law and in terms of the events they address. The unexpected death of Slobodan Milosevic during his trial at the ICTY has onl

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Berry, Marie E. "From Violence to Mobilization: Women, War, and Threat in Rwanda*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2015): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-20-2-135.

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Theories of social movement emergence posit “threat” as an important concept in explanations of mobilization. This article uses the case of the 1994 Rwandan genocide to investigate whether threats that stem from mass violence can also have a mobilizing effect. Drawing from interviews with 152 women in Rwanda, I reveal how threatening conditions created by the genocide and civil war initiated a grassroots mobilization process among women. This mobilization featured women founding and joining community organizations, engaging in new forms of claims making toward state institutions, and eventuall

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Heyman, Samuel N., Arie Eldad, and Michael Wiener. "Airborne Field Hospital in Disaster Area: Lessons from Armenia (1988) and Rwanda (1994)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 13, no. 1 (1998): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00032982.

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AbstractThe outcome of survivors within disaster areas largely depends upon the quick reallocation and operation of logistic and medical support systems. Enthusiastic media equipped with advanced communication systems, reveal mass human suffering in real time. But, the response period required for the organization of rescue systems is much slower and is most frustrating. In this article, we present our experience in quick deployment and operation of airborne field hospitals gained following the earthquake disaster in Armenia in 1988 and the civil war in Rwanda in 1994.Deployment of improvised,

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Melvern, Linda. "Moral Equivalence." Journal of International Peacekeeping 22, no. 1-4 (2020): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-0220104012.

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Since the very beginning of the Rwandan Genocide of the Tutsis in 1994, members of Hutu Power, the Akazu, and other interested allies of the former government of Rwanda have been conducting a campaign of genocide denial, one in which they blame the Tutsi dominated Rwandan Patriotic Army for carrying out murder of civilians during the civil war in 1994. In this article Linda Melvern examines the role that Hutu Power played in creating the myth of a counter-genocide and the unwitting legitimacy that was given to it by several UN agencies and their associated employees and consultants. Melvern no

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Walder, Andrew G. "Anatomy of a Regional Civil War: Guangxi, China, 1967–1968." Social Science History 46, no. 1 (2021): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.42.

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AbstractDuring the violent early years of China’s Cultural Revolution, the province of Guangxi experienced by far the largest death toll of any comparable region. One explanation for the extreme violence emphasizes a process of collective killings focused on households in rural communities that were long categorized as class enemies by the regime. From this perspective, the high death tolls were generated by a form of collective behavior reminiscent of genocidal intergroup violence in Bosnia, Rwanda, and similar settings. Evidence from investigations conducted in China in the 1980s reveals the

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Trzpis-Szysz, Katarzyna. "Judicial Dialogue after the Genocide in Rwanda." International Community Law Review 21, no. 5 (2019): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341411.

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Abstract In this study, the author describes the dialogue between the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Gacaca courts after one of the bloodiest conflicts in the contemporary history of Africa – the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The purpose of this work is to show how international and internal cooperation can influence the solving of armed conflicts, especially in the process seeking justice for the civilian casualties. By recalling the historical context, the author emphasizes the importance of the juridical basics, which are established immediately after the armed conflicts. Fur

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Duriesmith, David, and Georgina Holmes. "The masculine logic of DDR and SSR in the Rwanda Defence Force." Security Dialogue 50, no. 4 (2019): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619850346.

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Since the 1994 genocide and civil war, the Rwandan government has implemented an externally funded disarmament, demobilization and reintegration/security sector reform (DDR/SSR) programme culminating in the consolidation of armed groups into a new, professionalized Rwanda Defence Force. Feminists argue that DDR/SSR initiatives that exclude combatant women and girls or ignore gendered security needs fail to transform the political conditions that led to conflict. Less attention has been paid to how gendered relations of power play out through gender-sensitive DDR and SSR initiatives that seek t

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Askin, Kelly D. "Sexual Violence in Decisions and Indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals: Current Status." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 1 (1999): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997957.

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The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established in 1993 to prosecute war crimes committed during the Yugoslav conflict; the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established in 1994 to prosecute war crimes committed during the Rwandan civil war. The Yugoslav Tribunal has the competence to try alleged offenders for crimes enumerated in Articles 2-5 of its Statute, namely, grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crimes against humanity. Similarly, the Rwandan Statute accords the Tr

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Goldstein, Lyle J. "Russian civil‐military relations in the Chechen War, December 1994–February 1995." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 10, no. 1 (1997): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049708430277.

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READ, CHRISTOPHER. "THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AFTER THE FALL OF COMMUNISM." Historical Journal 40, no. 4 (1997): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007474.

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Nicholas II. Emperor of all the Russias. By D. Lieven. London: Pimlico, 1995. Pp. 292. ISBN 0-719-54994-9. £10.00.The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921: a short history. By J. D. White. London: Edward Arnold, 1994. Pp. 312. ISBN 0-340-53910-0. £12.99.The origins of the Russian civil war. By G. Swain. London: Longman, 1995. Pp. 296. ISBN 0-582-05968-2. £13.99.Behind the front lines of the civil war: political parties and social movements in Russia, 1918–1922. By V. N. Brovkin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Pp. 455. ISBN 0-691-03278-5. £40.00.America's secret war against Bolshevism: U

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Baldwin, Gretchen. "Constructing identity through commemoration: Kwibuka and the rise of survivor nationalism in post-conflict Rwanda." Journal of Modern African Studies 57, no. 3 (2019): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x19000259.

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AbstractIn the years following Rwanda's civil war, the country has remembered those killed in the 1994 genocide with 100 days of official commemoration, known as Kwibuka. The temporary commemoration period is characterised by an explicit acknowledgement and public discussion of ethnic identity, which stands in puzzling contrast to the state's policy of ethnic non-recognition, enforced during the rest of the year in hopes of achieving national homogeneity (Ndi Umunyarwanda). Thus, one observes seemingly diametrically opposed practices of legally erasing identity groups because of their link to

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Khater, Akram. "An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860, by Leila Fawaz, University of California Press, 1994." Journal of Political Ecology 2, no. 1 (1995): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v2i1.20165.

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An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860, by Leila Fawaz, University of California Press (1994) xv, 302 pp. Reviewed by Akram Khater, Department of History, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

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Qualls, Karl D. "Urban Biography and the Reconstruction of Sevastopol after World War II." Russian History 41, no. 2 (2014): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04102007.

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The Crimean War brought destruction to Russia’s Black Sea peninsula but, like Napoleon’s invasion fifty years earlier, the war also became a central event in Russia’s national history. In his The Origins of the Crimean War (1994), David Goldfrank introduced readers to the complex diplomatic wrangling that led to the Crimean War. This article seeks to explain how and why the Crimean War (or “first great defense”) rivals only World War II (the “second great defense”) in Sevastopol’s urban biography. Because of the work of writers, filmmakers, sculptors, and architects – who during and after Worl

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Owoso, A., S. Jansen, D. M. Ndetei, et al. "A comparative study of psychotic and affective symptoms in Rwandan and Kenyan students." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 2 (2017): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016001074.

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Aims.War and conflict are known to adversely affect mental health, although their effects on risk symptoms for psychosis development in youth in various parts of the world are unclear. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 and Civil War had widespread effects on the population. Despite this, there has been no significant research on psychosis risk in Rwanda. Our goal in the present study was to investigate the potential effects of genocide and war in two ways: by comparing Rwandan youth born before and after the genocide; and by comparing Rwandan and Kenyan adolescents of similar age.Methods.A total of

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Horovitz, Sigall. "How International Courts Shape Domestic Justice: Lessons from Rwanda and Sierra Leone." Israel Law Review 46, no. 3 (2013): 339–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223713000125.

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The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) were created to deliver accountability for the atrocities committed during Rwanda's genocide of 1994 and Sierra Leone's civil war of the 1990s. The capacity of these courts, however, like other international criminal tribunals, is limited in terms of the number of persons they can prosecute. If most perpetrators evade justice, the ability of international tribunals to deliver accountability may be seriously undermined. To mitigate this risk, national justice systems should deal with the perpetra

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Thasiah, Victor. "Prophetic Pedagogy: Critically Engaging Public Officials in Rwanda." Studies in World Christianity 23, no. 3 (2017): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2017.0195.

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After genocide, civil war and a complex history of colonial and postcolonial state violence, many within and beyond the African Great Lakes region have called for Rwandan Christians to better maintain critical distance from the state and hold public officials responsible for the flourishing of all, regardless of ethnic identity or political persuasion. The pairing of Rwandan community organising practices and Emmanuel Katongole's political theology offers what I call a prophetic pedagogy for responding to this need. To support this claim, we consider (1) Katongole's theoretical contribution to

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Geraghty, Mark Anthony. "Gacaca, Genocide, Genocide Ideology: The Violent Aftermaths of Transitional Justice in the New Rwanda." Comparative Studies in Society and History 62, no. 3 (2020): 588–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417520000183.

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AbstractThis article investigates the violent aftermaths of Rwanda's 1994 Genocide and Liberation war by analyzing its Gacaca Courts, which framed themselves as a “traditional” mechanism of transitional justice. These specialized genocide tribunals, in operation between 2002 and 2012, authorized laypersons to sentence their neighbors to up to life in prison. They passed judgment on almost two million cases, at an official conviction rate of 86 percent. I argue that through their practice, “genocide” came to be constituted as a crime whose contours extended far beyond the boundaries of any inte

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Druey, Cécile. "The Role of Historical Memory in the Socio-Political Processes of Chechnya (1986—1994)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 10 (108) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017206-5.

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During the years that preceded and followed the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Autonomous Republic of Chechnya in the south of Russia has experienced an intensive movement of civil society mobilisation, nationalist radicalisation and armed conflict. Referring to the case of the society “Kavkaz” as an example for the emerging movement of civil society, this paper traces the mobilising role of history and historical memory during the period of reform under Mikhail Gorbachev in the late-1980s, until the onset of the first Chechnya War in 1994. It argues, that the use of historical memory

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Buoncompagni, Giacomo. "“Apparently Forgotten Wars”. (Digital) Genocide, Information and the Construction of the Other in Postmodern Conflicts." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 5, no. 1 (2022): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2022-0005.

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Abstract This paper proposes a problematic reconstruction of the relationship between ethnic conflict, racial hatred, and media, focusing on the analysis of information flows and the social construction of the Other, as a public enemy, in war contexts. Through a socio-historical approach, analyzing sources offered by the press and international literature, we will examine the genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994, where about one million people lost their lives in only 100 days. This case study is still particularly interesting today as an example of a timeless conflict, or rather of a 'f

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Ingelaere, Bert. "From War To Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda 1990–1994; Humanitarian Aid, Genocide and Mass Killings: Médecins Sans Frontiéres, The Rwandan Experience, 1982–97." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 53, no. 1 (2018): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2018.1514693.

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Aini, Desy Churul, and Desia Rakhma Banjarani. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN ARMED CONFLICT ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW." Tadulako Law Review 3, no. 1 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j25272985.2018.v3.i1.10364.

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The environment is a victim of various armed conflicts that occur in some parts of the world. Such as Congo war in 1998 that create environmental damage like deployment of the HIV-AIDS virus, the extinction of national parks, wildlife poaching and the forest burning. In addition the Rwanda civil war in 1994 affected the loss of biodiversity, natural resources and population decline in rare animals such as the African Gorillas. While the former Yugoslavia war in 1991 that impact in environmental pollution of water, air and land that threaten human survival.The environment becomes a victim when

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López Barja de Quiroga, Pedro. "THE BELLVM CIVILE POMPEIANVM: THE WAR OF WORDS." Classical Quarterly 69, no. 2 (2019): 700–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838820000014.

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The irrelevance of ideology is perhaps one of the most strongly held views shared by the historians of the Late Republic. As indicated by Matthias Gelzer in 1912, in those final years of the Roman Republic, ‘political struggles were fought out by the nobiles at the head of their dependents’. In his opinion, this was nothing more than a power struggle, in which slogans or ideas were merely propaganda, without any real value. In 1931, analysing the political proposals of Cicero, Gelzer's disciple Hermann Strasburger rejected the existence of political parties, as, in his opinion, terms such as o

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Frank, S. M. "The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front. By J. Matthew Gallman (Chicago, Illinois: Ivan R. Dee Inc. 1994. 211pp. $22.50/cloth)." Journal of Social History 29, no. 1 (1995): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/29.1.220.

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Fricke, Adrienne. "Forever Nearing the Finish Line: Heritage Policy and the Problem of Memory in Postwar Beirut." International Journal of Cultural Property 12, no. 2 (2005): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739105050150.

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Between 1976 and 1991, central Beirut, repository of centuries of historic structures, was substantially destroyed by civil war. In 1994, a private company known by its French acronym Solidère was created by government decree and given the task of reconstructing the center of Beirut. Despite political problems, the Solidère project brought the hope of social recovery through economic renewal; yet progress should not come at the cost of memory.How can Beirut, destroyed, be a site of both recovery and erasure? Even though traditional legal and political discourses acknowledge that cultural herit

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Palus, Matthew. "Reviving Shelved Projects for Internships in Archaeology." Practicing Anthropology 22, no. 3 (2000): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.22.3.a1138087x5264l44.

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Between 1992 and 1994, archaeologists investigated a number of households and workshops on Virginius Island, a former industrial community on the Shenandoah River within Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. For a variety of reasons, the project was derailed in its final stages, and the results of the research were never fully reported. The data and analyses sat more or less in their raw form, quickly becoming artifacts themselves. Several years later I was given the opportunity to complete the record of these investigations as a professional internship, brin

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Suvorov, Mikhail N. "Half-century of Sociopolitical Transformations in Yemen in Habib Saruri’s Columnist Style Novels." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 12, no. 3 (2020): 380–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.305.

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After the unification of North and South Yemen into a single state in 1990, some Yemeni writers tried to rethink in a literary form the country’s recent past, which was presented in the literature of the previous period in an ideologically embellished form. One of the first authors to do so was Habib Saruri, a Yemeni-born computer scientist who lives permanently in France. In his first novel, The Ruined Queen (1998), he described the life of South Yemen in the first half of the 1970s, during the period of active implementation of the theory of scientific socialism in the country. The success o

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Rupp, Susan Zayer. "Vladimir N. Brovkin. Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918-1922. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. x, 455 pp. $55.00." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 30, no. 2-4 (1996): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023996x00583.

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Merron, James Lawrence, and Luregn Lenggenhager. "Left Button Picture, Right Button Bomb: Nature, Warfare and Technology in a Southern African Border Region." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 7, no. 1 (2021): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2021.653.

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In this paper, we argue that the relationship between nature conservation and warfare was and continues to be actualized through socio-technical relationships and shared infrastructures. We historicize “green militari zation”—defined as the use of military techniques, technologies and partnerships in the pursuit of conservation (Lunstrum 2014)—showing that the partnership between military and nature conservation in Southern Africa has a long and violent history. Our paper accounts for the entanglements of war and nature through a shared technological infrastructure used in north-eastern Namibi

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Underdown, David. "Robert Ashton. Counter Revolution: The Second Civil War and its Origins, 1646-8. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994. xxi + 521 pp. $45." Renaissance Quarterly 50, no. 3 (1997): 876–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3039272.

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Brinkley, Garland L. "One South or Many? Plantation Belt and Upcountry in Civil War-Era Tennessee. By Robert Tracy McKenzie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. x, 213. $39.95." Journal of Economic History 56, no. 3 (1996): 741–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700017289.

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King, Curtis S. "Charles R. Shrader. The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992-1994>. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M University Press, 2003. xxi, 223 pp; $ 42.95." Canadian American Slavic Studies 42, no. 4 (2008): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-042-04-20.

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Virts, Nancy. "United States and Canada - Southern Agriculture During the Civil War Era, 1860–1880. By John Solomon Otto. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. Pp. xi, 171. $49.95." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 1 (1995): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700040857.

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Collins, Robert O. "Sudan's Civil War - The Politics of Two Sudans: The South and the North 1821–1969. By Deng D. Akol Ruay. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1994. Pp. 183. No price given (ISBN 91-7106-344-7)." Journal of African History 37, no. 3 (1996): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370003560x.

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Hattaway, Herman. "Book Reviews : Partners In Command: the Relationships Between Leaders in the Civil War. By Joseph T. Glatthaar. New York, Oxford, Singapore, Sydney: publisher 1994. xi + 286 pp. 19.95 paper/boards? ISBN 0 02 911817 4." War in History 1, no. 3 (1994): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096834459400100309.

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Lyovin, Sergei V. "The Antonov rebel detachments in the territory of the Balashov uyezd of the Saratov gubernia (1920–1921)." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 4(2020) (December 25, 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2020-4-45-51.

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The Civil War is one of the largest tragedies in the history of our country. One of its dramatic episodes is the rebel movement led by A.S. Antonov which took place in the Tambov gubenia in 1920–1921 and was brutally suppressed by the Bolsheviks. Its scope is evidenced by the fact that it went beyond the borders of the Tambov gubernia. Separate detachments of Antonovites from the autumn of 1920 to the summer of 1921 raided the territory of the Balashov uyezd of the neighboring Saratov gubernia. The paper attempts to consider the way the uyezd authorities fought the rebels and the way civilians

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Lyovin, Sergei V. "The Antonov rebel detachments in the territory of the Balashov uyezd of the Saratov gubernia (1920–1921)." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 4(2020) (December 25, 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2020-4-45-51.

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The Civil War is one of the largest tragedies in the history of our country. One of its dramatic episodes is the rebel movement led by A.S. Antonov which took place in the Tambov gubenia in 1920–1921 and was brutally suppressed by the Bolsheviks. Its scope is evidenced by the fact that it went beyond the borders of the Tambov gubernia. Separate detachments of Antonovites from the autumn of 1920 to the summer of 1921 raided the territory of the Balashov uyezd of the neighboring Saratov gubernia. The paper attempts to consider the way the uyezd authorities fought the rebels and the way civilians

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Cronin, Stephanie. "The Near and Middle East - Leila Tarazi Fawaz: An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. xvii, 302 pp. London and New York: Centre for Lebanese Studies and I. B. Tauris, 1994. £34.50." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 60, no. 1 (1997): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0002975x.

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Borsay, Peter, Elizabeth Musgrave, and Alan Dyer. "Jeanne Jones, Family Life in Shakespeare's England: Stratford-upon-Avon 1570–1630. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1996. 172pp. Illustrated. £12.99 pbk. - Philip Tennant, The Civil War in Stratford-upon-Avon: Conflict and Community in South Warwickshire, 1642–1646. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1996. 202pp. Illustrated. Maps and figures. £14.99 pbk. - Mark Stoyle, Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon During the English Civil War. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1994. 330pp. Figures. 8 plates. Bibliography. £13.95 pbk (hbk pub. 1994). - Mark Stoyle, From Deliverance to Destruction: Rebellion and Civil War in an English City. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1996. 232pp. Figures. £11.95 pbk." Urban History 24, no. 1 (1997): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800012281.

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Carter, John. "Caesar and the Roman Aristocracy - J. S. Ruebel: Caesar and the Crisis of the Roman Aristocracy. A Civil War Reader. (Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture, 18.) Pp. xx+189, 4 maps. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. Cased, $18.95." Classical Review 45, no. 2 (1995): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00294122.

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Gentles, Ian. "Multiple Kingdoms at War: The “English” Revolution, 1638–1651 - The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland, 1638–1640. By Mark Charles Fissel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xv+336. $69.95. - Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638–1651. By Charles Carlton. London: Routledge, 1992. Pp. xii+428. - Henry's Wars and Shakespeare's Laws: Perspectives on the Law of War in the Later Middle Ages. By Theodore Meron. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. Pp. xi+237." Journal of British Studies 35, no. 4 (1996): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386123.

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Vincenzini, Vincenzini. "El nacionalcatolicismo fascista de José Pemartín: entre el monarquismo circunstancial franquista y el monarquismo institucional tradicionalista." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 11 (June 22, 2022): 498–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.24.

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En este estudio analizaremos el recorrido de los católicos reaccionarios a partir de la Guerra de Independencia y su cambio de antinacionales a nacional-católicos hasta convertirse en fascistizados en el periodo entre la Guerra Civil y el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En ese sentido cabe destacar la labor de José Pemartín. La centralidad del estudio la ocupan tres temas contenidos en su obra más importante, Qué es lo Nuevo: la diferencia de matices con respecto a los valores expresados por otros intelectuales nacional-católicos anteriores y contemporáneos a él; la tentativa de concil

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Gusachenko, Andrejs, and Vineta Kleinberga. "The Emergence and Restoration of the State: Latvia in 1918 and 1990." TalTech Journal of European Studies 11, no. 1 (2021): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2021-0005.

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Abstract On 18 November 1918, the independent Republic of Latvia was declared in an extremely complicated international and domestic environment—the First World War was still going on, empires were collapsing, and ethnically and ideologically diverse military troops were fighting within the boundaries of Latvian territory. Despite the historical context of a previously tense relationship between Latvians and other ethnic groups, representatives of all minorities fought next to Latvians against the enemies of the Latvian state. Up until 11 August 1920, when the Peace Treaty with the Soviet Russ

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Zdanevich, Alexander. "Features of Socio-Political Processes in the South of the African Continent in a Crisis (1990s — 2020s)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 3 (113) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840020912-2.

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Twenty-eight years ago, the Republic of South Africa gained its independence. Few believed that the long and tragic period of apartheid (1948 — early 1990s) would end peacefully. For many years in the public, political and scientific circles there were different points of view on possible scenarios for the development of events in the south of the African continent. It seemed clear that any transition from an era of white-minority rule to black-majority rule would spark a bloody civil war. Against all odds, in April 1994, South Africans were able to stay on the very edge of the “chasm” and res

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Muthu, Yega. "Supporting Evidence from the DSM and ICD Classifications to Better Understand Traumatic Experiences, PTSD in Law." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 3 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n3p22.

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This paper will discuss the recognition of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in legal cases based on the historical development of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM). Further the discussion will draw on the diagnostic relationship between the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). It is important to understand how the courts received evidence in relation to a person&rsquo;s traumatic experience and to define the limits of liability for psychiatric illness cases. In tort law, the courts had been cautious to permit recovery to underserving l

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