To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rwanda National Police.
Journal articles on the topic 'Rwanda National Police'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Rwanda National Police.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Rwamuhizi, Devis, and Eugenia Nkechi Irechukwu. "Police-Community Partnerships and Community Relation Promotion in Rwanda National Police (RNP): The Case of Nyaruguru District." Journal of Public Policy & Governance 6, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2057.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Police-community partnerships in promoting community relations with a case of three sectors, which are Nyabimata, Ruheru, and Muganza that were selected from the list of 14 sectors in Nyaruguru district. The study objectives were; to determine the role of information sharing between RNP and Community in promoting community relations, to examine how the fight against gender-based violence by RNP has promoted community relations, and to explore the role of a fight against organized crimes by RNP in promoting community relations in the selected three sectors of Nyaruguru district. The study applied mixed methods, which consisted of quantitative and qualitative methods to collect and analyze data. Data was collected from a sample size of 384 community members, 6 local leaders, and 15 police officers using questionnaires and interviews respectively. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential were used that consisted of frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, correlation, and regression for quantitative data, and content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data from interviews. Findings revealed that there was a negative significant correlation between police-community information sharing and community relations (r= -200** P= 0.05) and a positive significant correlation between Police fight against GBV and community relations (r= 0.136**P= 0.05). There was no significant correlation between Police fight against organized crimes and community relations (r= -010**P= 0.05). The value of adjusted R-square is 0.0336 meaning that all the independent variables included in the model explained 33.6% of the dependent variable, which is community relations indicating that the model adequately fits the data. The strength of the model is further reconfirmed by ANOVA which indicates that P-value of 0.000 at a 95% level of significance. Therefore, it is concluded that police-community partnerships significantly influence community relations in the Nyaruguru district. The study recommended based on regression findings that the police should continue engaging in various community partnerships aimed at promoting community relations. Keywords: Police-Community Partnerships, Community Relation Promotion, Rwanda National Police, Rwanda
2
GATESI, JEAN DE DIEU. "Study on the Impact of “Gerayo Amahoro Policy” on Road Traffic Accidents Reduction in Rwanda." Brilliant Engineering 3, no. 1 (December 9, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2022.4197.
Full textAbstract:
The global status report on road safety declared that the number of annual road traffic deaths has reached 1.35 million. In Rwanda, considering the raising number of vehicles in line with the economy growth and the above 48.90/000 ratio of deaths per registered vehicles; the lives of people are therefore increasingly exposed to road traffic crashes. This study therefore aims to utilize statistical methods for assessing the impact of Gerayo Amahoro policy on Road Traffic Accidents reduction in Rwanda and propose counter measures that could help the decision makers in minimizing the losses caused by Road Traffic Accidents. secondary data related to road traffic accidents have been collected by using questionnaire from Rwanda National Police with the study period from 2016 up to 2020 inclusive. Analysis was done by using graphics and chi-square methods in excel and SPSS software. The results indicated that GERAYO AMAHORO policy plays the greatest role in reduction of RTAs in Rwanda due to the number of RTAs happened before the implementation of GERAYO AMAHORO which was high as compared to the total number of RTAs after implementation of GERAYO AMAHORO policy. This research conclude that negligence, over speed, bad maneuver and over drunk are mostly causes and responsible for the occurrence of RTAs in Rwanda; indicated that Vehicle types mostly related to RTAs were moto-cycles, cars and 4 wheel vehicles and the mostly victims related to RTAs were moto-cyclists, passengers and pedestrians.
3
Mukingambeho, Delphine, Sylvestre Nzahabwanayo, Wenceslas Nzabarirwa, and Gabriel Nizeyimana. "Levels of Study Skills Among Undergraduate Students in Rwanda: The Case for the National Police College." Interchange 50, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 221–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10780-019-09361-5.
Full text
4
Moïse, Bigirimana, and Xu Hongyi. "FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN RWANDA: AN OVERVIEW." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2017v8i3p75-84.
Full textAbstract:
Financial inclusion is a major policy concern with governments across the world. Rwanda as a country with fast development averaging to 6.9% from 2011 to 2015 has done an improvement in financial inclusion as well. This country with stable growth interested the researchers to know whether this development goes hand in hand with financial inclusion. This paper is an attempt to show the overview of financial inclusion in Rwanda. Secondary data from Rwanda Fin scope survey 2008, 2012 and 2016 were used in this study. Apart from that, this paper uses data from Banque National du Rwanda from 2011 to 2015. Many researches were conducted on financial inclusion in different countries but none of them took Rwanda as a special case. The results show that there is an improvement in financial inclusion in Rwanda as the number of financially excluded dropped from 52% in 2008 to 11% in 2016.The problem is that the number of banked adults did not increase from 2008 to 2016. Banked adults in Rwanda were 14% in 2008, 23% in 2012 and 26% in 2016.This shows that many Rwandan adults are not banked. The government should continue to mobilize citizens to join banks. Mobile payment improved tremendously and this should be strengthened and more regulated as it is serving many Rwandans.
5
Akinyemi, Felicia O. "Towards a Rwandan NSDI." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jagr.2012010103.
Full textAbstract:
Awareness of the importance of spatial data in achieving development strategies is high in Rwanda. Government and non-governmental institutions are aspiring to use Geographic Information Technologies (GITs) in their day-to-day activities. The non-existence of a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) in Rwanda brings to light serious issues for consideration. Still lacking is a spatial data policy relating to spatial data use. A mechanism to ease spatial data access and sharing is imperative. This paper describes SDI related efforts in Rwanda in a bid to establish the NSDI. Employing a multi-stakeholder approach to drive the process is advocated. To support this, SDI models in some countries are presented that could be applicable to the Rwandan context. Key players with potential roles in the NSDI were identified.
6
Čukić, Iva, Chris Kypridemos, Alex W. Evans, Daniel Pope, and Elisa Puzzolo. "Towards Sustainable Development Goal 7 “Universal Access to Clean Modern Energy”: National Strategy in Rwanda to Scale Clean Cooking with Bottled Gas." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154582.
Full textAbstract:
More than 90% of Rwandans rely on polluting solid fuels to meet their cooking needs. The negative impacts on health, climate, and the environment have led the Rwandan government to set a target of halving that number to 42% by 2024. A National Master Plan to promote scale up of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has been developed to define (i) the necessary market conditions, (ii) public and private sector interventions, and (iii) the expected societal impacts. Findings are reported from modelling scenarios of scaling LPG use towards the 2024 policy target and the 2030 target for “universal access to clean modern energy” (SDG7). Household LPG use is projected to increase from 5.6% in 2020 to 13.2% by 2024 and 38.5% by 2030. This level of adoption could result in a reduction of 7656 premature deaths and 403,664 disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs), as well as 243 million trees saved. Reductions in carbon dioxide and black carbon emissions equivalents (CO2e and BCe, respectively) are estimated to reach 25.6 million MT and 14.9 MT, respectively, by 2030. While aggressive policy intervention is required, the health, environmental, and developmental benefits are clear. Implementation of the Rwanda National LPG Master Plan will provide a model for other sub-Saharan African countries to address the priorities for cessation of reliance on solid fuels as an energy source.
7
Ernestine, Bayisenge. "Psychosocial Wellbeing of Genocide Widows in Rwanda through Their Associations: A Case Study of Avega in Rwimbogo Sector." International Journal of Social Work 3, no. 2 (June 27, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijsw.v3i2.9666.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The research conducted on the role of associations of genocide widows was undertaken with the purpose of determining the contribution of Association of Widows of Genocide in Rwanda (AVEGA) in addressing the problems of widows of genocide in Rwanda and improving their wellbeing. The results of investigation carried out on 72 genocide widows through a questionnaire revealed that AVEGA improves the wellbeing of widows with the promotion of good health by providing medical services to them, the economic development by introducing activities which generate income in order to eradicate poverty, establishment of good relationship by encouraging the national policy of unity and reconciliation among Rwandans and supporting children in their studies.</p>
8
Gasore, Geoffrey, Helene Ahlborg, Etienne Ntagwirumugara, and Daniel Zimmerle. "Progress for On-Grid Renewable Energy Systems: Identification of Sustainability Factors for Small-Scale Hydropower in Rwanda." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040826.
Full textAbstract:
In Rwanda, most small-scale hydropower systems are connected to the national grid to supply additional generation capacity. The Rwandan rivers are characterized by low flow-rates and a majority of plants are below 5 MW generation capacity. The purpose of this study is to provide a scientific overview of positive and negative factors affecting the sustainability of small-scale hydropower plants in Rwanda. Based on interviews, field observation, and secondary data for 17 plants, we found that the factors contributing to small-scale hydropower plant sustainability are; favorable regulations and policies supporting sale of electricity to the national grid, sufficient annual rainfall, and suitable topography for run-of-river hydropower plants construction. However, a decrease in river discharge during the dry season affects electricity production while the rainy season is characterized by high levels of sediment and soil erosion. This shortens turbine lifetime, causes unplanned outages, and increases maintenance costs. Further, there is a need to increase local expertise to reduce maintenance cost. Our analysis identifies environmental factors related to the amount and quality of water as the main current problem and potential future threat to the sustainability of small-scale hydropower. The findings are relevant for energy developers, scholars, and policy-makers in Rwanda and East Africa.
9
Kazora, Amos Shyaka, and Khaldoon A. Mourad. "Assessing the National Sanitation Policy in Rwanda." Review of Environment and Earth Sciences 5, no. 2 (2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.80.2018.52.55.63.
Full text
10
Binagwaho, Agnes, Kirstin Woody Scott, Theophile Dushime, Parfait Uwaliraye, Edward Kamuhangire, Dennis Akishuri, Denise Wanyana, Arielle Eagan, Laetitia Kakana, and Joy Atwine. "Creating a pathway for public hospital accreditation in Rwanda: progress, challenges and lessons learned." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 32, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzz063.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Quality problem Weaknesses in the quality of care delivered at hospitals translates into patient safety challenges and causes unnecessary harm. Low-and-middle-income countries disproportionately shoulder the burden of poor quality of hospital care. Initial assessment In the early 2000s, Rwanda implemented a performance-based financing (PBF) system to improve quality and increase the quantity of care delivered at its public hospitals. PBF evaluations identified quality gaps that prompted a movement to pursue an accreditation process for public hospitals. Choice of solution Since it was prohibitively costly to implement an accreditation program overseen by an external entity to all of Rwanda’s public hospitals, the Ministry of Health developed a set of standards for a national 3-Level accreditation program. Implementation In 2012, Rwanda launched the first phase of the national accreditation system at five public hospitals. The program was then expected to expand across the remainder of the public hospitals throughout the country. Evaluation Out of Rwanda’s 43 public hospitals, a total of 24 hospitals have achieved Level 1 status of the accreditation process and 4 have achieved Level 2 status of the accreditation process. Lessons learned Linking the program to the country’s existing PBF program increased compliance and motivation for participation, especially for those who were unfamiliar with accreditation principles. Furthermore, identifying dedicated quality improvement officers at each hospital has been important for improving engagement in the program. Lastly, to improve upon this process, there are ongoing efforts to develop a non-governmental accreditation entity to oversee this process for Rwanda’s health system moving forward.
11
Dusengimana, J. M. V., T. Mpunga, C. Shyirambere, L. N. Shulman, E. Mpanumusingo, N. L. Keating, C. Rusangwa, and L. E. Pace. "Integrating Breast Cancer Early Detection Services Into the Rwandan Health Care System." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 147s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.70600.
Full textAbstract:
Background and context: Promoting earlier detection of breast cancer is critical in low-income countries like Rwanda where symptomatic women face long diagnostic delays and most patients present with advanced disease. In these settings, promoting earlier clinical diagnosis should be the initial priority before screening of asymptomatic women. However, there are few data to guide such early detection policies. Aim: Develop a pilot breast cancer early detection program in a rural Rwandan district to evaluate its clinical and health system impact, identify the most effective and feasible roles for staff from each health care system level, and inform national policy. Strategy/Tactics: From 2015-2017 we implemented a training program for 12 randomly selected health centers (HCs) in Burera District, where Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence is located. We trained 1076 community health workers in breast awareness and 127 HC nurses in clinical breast exam (CBE) and management of breast concerns. We trained 9 hospital-level nurses and doctors in diagnostic breast ultrasound to facilitate evaluation of palpable masses. We used pre- and posttests, focus groups, patient surveys, HC registries, and hospital medical records to determine the impact of the training on trainees' knowledge and skills, the volume of patients presenting to health facilities and services provided, cancer detection rate, and clinical stage at diagnosis. Program/Policy process: We met regularly with cancer policy leaders in the Ministry of Health (MOH) and Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC) to share findings, identify successes and challenges and build support. Clinicians trained through the project have been invited to serve as national trainers in CBE and contribute to national cancer strategy discussions. Outcomes: Trainings significantly improved knowledge and skills among trainees and increased the number of patients with breast concerns at HCs and the hospital. There was an increase in the proportion of patients with benign disease and the number of needed ultrasounds and biopsies. HCs and the hospital were able to accommodate the increased volume without compromising other services. We had limited power to assess the impact on cancer stage, but noted a nonsignificant increase in incidence of early stage disease among patients referred by intervention HCs. We are now working with MOH/RBC in planning scale-up of the program to other districts and identify a strategy of diagnostic breast ultrasound at the DH level to facilitate evaluation of patients referred from HCs. What was learned: A strategy to promote earlier detection of symptomatic breast cancer was feasible in a rural Rwandan district, effectively strengthened health system capacity to care for patients with breast concerns, and suggests promising impact on patient outcomes. Engagement of key stakeholders in implementation science can help foster evidence-based national cancer control policy.
12
Hategeka, Celestin, Gina Ogilvie, Marie Paul Nisingizwe, Stephen Rulisa, and Michael R. Law. "Effect of human papilloma virus vaccination on sexual behaviours among adolescent women in Rwanda: a regression discontinuity study." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 8 (August 24, 2020): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa083.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Increasing human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination coverage is one of the key approaches to preventing cervical cancer globally. However, some argue that HPV vaccine recipients may engage in risky compensatory sexual behaviours because of perceived protection afforded by the vaccine. Therefore, we investigated the impact of a wide-scale HPV vaccination programme on sexual behaviours among adolescent women in Rwanda—the first African country to implement a national HPV vaccination. We identified a cohort of women who were eligible for the HPV vaccination and those who were not eligible from the most recent Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. We used a quasi-experimental regression discontinuity design, exploiting the quasi-random change in HPV vaccination eligibility in 2011, to compare sexual behaviours among vaccinated and unvaccinated adolescent women. We studied the impact of the vaccination on reported sexual intercourse, average number of sexual partners and teenage pregnancy across the vaccination eligibility threshold. Our analysis included 3052 adolescent women (mean age: 18.6 years), of whom 58% were eligible for HPV vaccination. Nearly one in five adolescents reported having had sexual intercourse (18.5%). The average reported lifetime number of sexual partners was 1.41. The proportion of teenage pregnancy was 5.3%. We found no evidence that HPV vaccination was associated with any significant changes across the eligibility threshold in reported sexual behaviours we studied: no significant increase in the proportion of having sexual intercourse [odds ratio (OR): 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57–1.12; P = 0.19], in lifetime number of sexual partners (rate ratio 0.99, 95% CI: 0.83–1.17, P = 0.91) and in the proportion of teen pregnancies (OR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.50 to 2.20, P = 0.89) at the eligibility threshold. The Rwandan national HPV vaccination programme did not increase sexual behaviours among adolescent women, assuaging concerns of engaging in risky compensatory sexual behaviours some have feared.
13
Hasselskog, Malin, and Isabell Schierenbeck. "National policy in local practice: the case of Rwanda." Third World Quarterly 36, no. 5 (May 4, 2015): 950–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1030386.
Full text
14
Austin, Kemen, Robert Beach, Daniel Lapidus, Marwa Salem, Naomi Taylor, Mads Knudsen, and Noel Ujeneza. "Impacts of Climate Change on the Potential Productivity of Eleven Staple Crops in Rwanda." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104116.
Full textAbstract:
This study quantifies the potential responses of 11 staple crop yields to projected changes in temperature and precipitation in Rwanda, using a cross sectional model based on yield data collected across more than 14,000 villages. We incorporated a relatively high spatial resolution dataset on crop productivity, considered a broad range of crops relevant to national agricultural production priorities, used environmental data developed specifically for Rwanda, and reported uncertainty both from our estimation model and due to uncertainty in future climate projections. We estimate that future climate change will have the largest impacts on potential productivity of maize, bush bean, and Irish potato. All three crops are likely to experience a reduction in potential yields of at least 10% under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and at least 15% under RCP 8.5 by 2050. Notably, these are important crops nationally, and three of the crops targeted by Rwanda’s Crop Intensification Program. We find that the most severe reductions in potential crop yields will occur in the drier eastern savannah and plateau regions, but that the impacts of climate change could be neutral or even positive in the highlands through mid-century. The refined spatial scale of our analysis allows us to identify potentially vulnerable regions where adaptation investments may need to be prioritized to support food security and climate resilience in Rwanda’s agricultural sector.
15
Iruhiriye, Elyse, Deanna Olney, and Edward Frongillo. "Coherence Among Sectors and Stakeholders Differentiates Districts in Rwanda That Did and Did Not Improve Child Stunting." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_050.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives Focusing on national trends can mask sub-national differences in reducing undernutrition. Using qualitative data, we aimed to understand differences in stunting reduction rates in Rwanda through the roles of commitment to improve nutrition and coherence across sectors and administrative levels in implementing Rwanda's multisectoral nutrition policy. Methods For this study, we purposefully selected 5 districts in which stunting decreased (reduced) and 5 where it increased or stagnated (non-reduced). We conducted 58 semi-structured interviews with district leaders (n = 38) and frontline workers (n = 20) from sectors involved in implementing Rwanda's nutrition policy. Interviews focused on topics related to commitment and coherence in nutrition. Responses were coded to capture themes on changes and challenges in commitment and coherence and were compared between reduced and non-reduced districts. Results Respondents from reduced districts were more likely to define commitment to nutrition as optimal implementation of policy whereas those from non-reduced districts tended to focus more on financial commitments to improving nutrition. Differences in coherence between the two district types mainly revolved around the implementation of Rwanda's District Plans to Eliminate Malnutrition (DPEMs). Respondents from reduced compared to non-reduced districts were more likely to report optimal DPEM implementation, including regularly conducting nutrition planning meetings, using data from different sectors to assess plans and progress in improving nutrition outcomes, and having better integration of the agriculture and nutrition sectors. In contrast, respondents from non-reduced districts were more likely to report limitations in their relationships with various national level stakeholders and in their nutrition and/or monitoring and evaluation (M&E) capacities. In turn, several people in non-reduced districts requested additional training on these topics. Conclusions Coherence among sectors and stakeholders and capacity in nutrition and M&E were stronger in reduced districts. Enhancing these in non-reduced districts may lead to greater stunting reduction. Funding Sources The Dutch Government through SNV and the Voice for Change Partnership Programme (V4CP) and A4NH led by IFPRI.
16
Nadege, Muhimpundu, and Akimanizanye Annonciata. "Challenges to Education Policy in Rwanda: A review into preschool education." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.9995.
Full textAbstract:
Although ,Rwanda has approved its Early Childhood Development (ECD) Policy and Strategic Plan in September 2011, the policy was established and implemented in different ways in early childhood education, yet preschool has a long way to go. Equally, having a focus on preschool education is the best investment that Rwanda can make to achieve other national goals such as, reducing maternal mortality, eliminating malnutrition and improving access to quality education. Empirical evidence gathered from secondary sources indicates that government has put more effort in improving quality of education. Yet on preschool level, indicators available illustrates that the results are far from expectation. The study further discusses the challenges faced by government in the design and implementation of ECD policy that have led to the ensuing situation.
17
Thomson, Susan M. "Ethnic Twa and Rwandan National Unity and Reconciliation Policy." Peace Review 21, no. 3 (August 17, 2009): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402650903099377.
Full text
18
Rubagumya, Fidel, Ainhoa Costas-Chavarri, Achille Manirakiza, Gad Murenzi, Francois Uwinkindi, Christian Ntizimira, Ivan Rukundo, et al. "State of Cancer Control in Rwanda: Past, Present, and Future Opportunities." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 1171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00281.
Full textAbstract:
Rwanda is a densely populated low-income country in East Africa. Previously considered a failed state after the genocide against the Tutsi in 1994, Rwanda has seen remarkable growth over the past 2 decades. Health care in Rwanda is predominantly delivered through public hospitals and is emerging in the private sector. More than 80% of patients are covered by community-based health insurance (Mutuelle de Santé). The cancer unit at the Rwanda Biomedical Center (a branch of the Ministry of Health) is responsible for setting and implementing cancer care policy. Rwanda has made progress with human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B vaccination. Recently, the cancer unit at the Rwanda Biomedical Center launched the country’s 5-year National Cancer Control Plan. Over the past decade, patients with cancer have been able to receive chemotherapy at Butaro Cancer Center, and recently, the Rwanda Cancer Center was launched with 2 linear accelerator radiotherapy machines, which greatly reduced the number of referrals for treatment abroad. Palliative care services are increasing in Rwanda. A cancer registry has now been strengthened, and more clinicians are becoming active in cancer research. Despite these advances, there is still substantial work to be done and there are many outstanding challenges, including the need to build capacity in cancer awareness among the general population (and shift toward earlier diagnosis), cancer care workforce (more in-country training programs are needed), and research.
19
Ndagijimana, Joseph, Tharcisse Nzasingizimana, and Almas Heshmati. "An Analysis of the Determinants of Youth Employment in Rwanda." UKH Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (September 13, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v2n2y2018.pp1-10.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this research is to analyze the determinants of youth employment in Rwanda from the point of view of the demand, supply and the general labor market. An analysis of the data shows that a skill gap is most critical for employment creation and a transition from school-to-work seems problematic. Further, questions remain about what factors influence youth employment in Rwanda and how youth employment is related to poverty reduction and distribution of income. The study uses a multinomial logit model to shed light on the determinants of youth employment status in the country using data from the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). It verifies how the current status of youth employment in Rwanda has evolved over time and based on its findings it provides policy recommendations to promote youth employment. The research finds that youth employment in Rwanda is influenced by gender, age, education and geographical location. The finding of this research has implications for the youth unemployment in Kurdistan Region.
20
Jakubėnaitė, Urtė. "Transitional Justice in Rwanda: Analysis of Reconciliation Initiatives in Musha Village." Politologija 101, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 107–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/polit.2021.101.4.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines how reconciliation is perceived at the individual level. This particular case study analyses what types of reconciliation practices exist in Musha village and whether or not the inhabitants see it as effective ones. In an attempt to investigate the reconciliation definition from the local people’s perspective and to observe their community-level experiences, ethnographic fieldwork in Rwanda has been conducted. This study reveals that locals understand reconciliation in the same way as the government authorities proclaim. Data gathered during this field trip indicate the significance of reconciliation as controlled by the national government. As a consequence, the people are not able, and at the same time, are not really concerned about rethinking reconciliation in other possible ways. Furthermore, this concludes the fact that the central authorities have become able to peacefully construct the narrative of forced reconciliation, while social exclusion in the country still robustly prevails.
21
BUCYANA, J. "The International Penal Tribunal for Rwanda and National Reconciliation." International Journal of Refugee Law 8, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/8.4.622.
Full text
22
Kanazayire, Clementine. "Rwanda: In the Aftermath of Genocide Against Tutsis. Survivor and Non-Victim Position to the Subordinate Identity and "Rwandeity" Problem." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 23 (April 10, 2018): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.23.2.
Full textAbstract:
Following the genocide against the Tutsi in 1994, the Rwandan government implemented a policy of strengthening national identification at the expense of the ethnic group identities, which resembled the common in-group identity model (CIIM) known in social psychology. The present interview study examined how participants live being a member of the survivor or non-victim group and being a Rwandan. It also investigated the different perspectives of survivors and non-victims in relation to the policy of strengthening national identification at the expense of the ethnic groups. Consistent with socio-emotional needs-based model (NBM) (Nadler & Shnabel, 2008), the results show that most non-victims support the policy of strengthening national identification at the expense of the ethnic group identity because the national identity permits them to escape this negative moral image conferred by the subordinate identity. For survivors, their subordinate identity is related to the history of victimization. Half of them were supportive of this policy but they had to ensure that the commemoration period is maintained. The two oldest survivors preferred political identities which consider the ethnic group and national identity at the same time. Other reasons advanced of supporting single recategorization policy are related to the official translated version of the history, diverse government policies, empathy towards to the members of the perpetrator group and not representing the prototype of the group.
23
Bayisenge, Rachel, Hu Shengede, Yves Harimana, Jean Bosco Karega, Margret Lukileni, Muhammad Nasrullah, Hu Xinrui, and Beneyo Emmerance Nteziyaremye. "Contribution of Small and Medium Enterprises Run by Women in Generating Employment Opportunity in Rwanda." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n3p14.
Full textAbstract:
Small and Medium Enterprises are the key to the national economic development as a way to improve its population livelihood. The main reason for this sector is a potential employment with the low cost of the capital. The contribution of small and medium enterprises run by women in society was recognized to the employment generation, gender equality and economic development. A personnel initiative, vision, and innovation to grow their businesses are well needed. In this research 15 districts out of 30 were selected to get all needed data, and thirteen (13) women were communicated in each selected district (15) as a sum of a hundred and ninety-five (195) correspondents. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to analyze data, and questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. Our results have been proved that small and medium enterprises run by women and sustainability of Rwandan economic development were closely related as the SMEs run by women increase and employment opportunities also increase. It was noted that women owned SMEs is a central driving effort behind gender equality, poverty reduction, and job creation. Therefore, it is recommended that the government might set the policy to encourage women in doing business whereby women in different regions of Rwanda should be given enough attention in economy activities through both small and medium enterprises, and entrepreneurship.
24
Smith, Stephanie L., Beatha Nyirandagijimana, Janvier Hakizimana, Roger P. Levy, Robert Bienvenu, Anathalie Uwamwezi, Octavien Hakizimfura, et al. "Evaluating the delivery of Problem Management Plus in primary care settings in rural Rwanda: a study protocol using a pragmatic randomised hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation design." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e054630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054630.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionEvidence-based low-intensity psychological interventions such as Problem Management Plus (PM+) have the potential to expand treatment access for depression and anxiety, yet these interventions are not yet effectively implemented in rural, public health systems in resource-limited settings. In 2017, Partners In Health adapted PM+ for delivery by primary care nurses in rural Rwanda and began integrating PM+ into health centres in collaboration with the Rwandan Ministry of Health, using established implementation strategies for mental health integration into primary care (Mentoring and Enhanced Supervision at Health Centers for Mental Health (MESH MH)). A gap in the evidence regarding whether low-intensity psychological interventions can be successfully integrated into real-world primary care settings and improve outcomes for common mental disorders remains. In this study, we will rigorously evaluate the delivery of PM+ by primary care nurses, supported by MESH MH, as it is scaled across one rural district in Rwanda.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study to test the clinical outcomes of routinely delivered PM+ and to describe the implementation of PM+ at health centres. To study the clinical effectiveness of PM+, we will use a pragmatic, randomised multiple baseline design to determine whether participants experience improvement in depression symptoms (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and functioning (measured by the WHO-Disability Assessment Scale Brief 2.0) after receiving PM+. We will employ quantitative and qualitative methods to describe and evaluate PM+ implementation outcomes using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework, using routinely collected programme data and semistructured interviews.Ethics and disseminationThis evaluation was approved by the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (Protocol #196/RNEC/2019) and deemed exempt by the Harvard University Institutional Review Board. The results from this evaluation will be useful for health systems planners and policy-makers working to translate the evidence base for low-intensity psychological interventions into practice.
25
Ruhara, Charles Mulindabigwi, and Josue Mbonigaba. "The Role of Economic Factors in the Choice of Medical Providers in Rwanda." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 8, no. 2(J) (May 11, 2016): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v8i2(j).1255.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of economic factors in choosing alternative service providers and to recommend suitable measures that could be taken to improve the use of health services in Rwanda. The study uses a multinomial logit framework and employs the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV2) conducted in 2005 by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). To handle the problem of endogeneity, we estimate a structural model. The results indicate that health insurance is an important factor in the choice of health facilities. User fees are major financial barriers to health care access in Rwanda. The results suggest that as household income increases, patients shift from public to private health facilities where quality is assumed to be high. A number of policy recommendations emerge from these findings. First, as insurance is an important factor in choosing a health care facility, policies that reduce health care costs to patients would substantially increase the use of health services. Second, since an increase in income allows the patient to shift to private facilities, the government should consider subsidizing private health facilities to enable access to care in private sector facilities by low-income households. Finally, since distance affects access to health care in Rwanda, there is a need to improve geographical accessibility to health facilities across regions by upgrading and expanding transportation and health infrastructures.
26
Weatherspoon, Dave D., Steven R. Miller, Fidele Niyitanga, Lorraine J. Weatherspoon, and James F. Oehmke. "Rwanda’s Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture: Implications for Rural Food Production and Household Food Choices." Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2021-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Rwanda has experienced exceptional economic growth since 2000 despite more than 60% of the predominately-agrarian population living on less than $1.25 a day. Approximately 76% of the country’s working population are engaged in agricultural production, which makes up about one-third of the national economy. Agriculture is also an important source of foreign exchange, making up about 63% of the value of Rwanda’s exports. An important component of household diets – food produced on subsistence agriculture parcels averaging 0.6 ha – faces the challenge by government and private sector development to replace subsistence farming with a value-creating market-oriented food sector. A complex set of relationships across public incentives and programs encourages participation in markets. Designed to promote wealth, the Crop Intensification Program (CIP) has increased access to land, inputs, extension services, markets, supply chains, etc. Wealth and access to land are the dominant predictors of the ability to participate in markets and the extent of participation. For example, smallholders producing a diversity of crops are more likely to sell in markets. Within the confluence of competing policy objectives and market forces, further research is necessary to understand the household-level tradeoffs of both producers and consumers along the food value chain.
27
Gamba, Freddy Jirabi. "SME development policies of Tanzania and Rwanda: comparability of policy presentation on focus, significance, challenges and participation." Journal of Development and Communication Studies 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jdcs.v6i1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The world’s new ideologies of regionalisationism and globalizationism anchor on the role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for promotion of a healthy business climate for upgrading the private sector and engineering for economic efficiency and development. SMEs have been a mechanism of inclusion and equity for economic empowerment and deepening of economic and business services especially in developing countries. The SMEs‘cultural and socio-economic importance has driven the initiation of national SME development in many countries. SMEs have gained elevating importance in developed and developing economies, have the capability of quick adaptation, low cost of management, less capital and sometimes labor intensive for enabling cheap production. Despite their size related weaknesses, SMEs are less affected by economic crises due to their inherent flexibility and adaptability characteristics. SMEs are vital actors for enhancing entrepreneurial innovation and innovation system as well as competitiveness in economies. National SME development policies, being high level political intent, directives and guidelines are critical for development, coordination and deployment of potential and available resources and capabilities. The paper, therefore, aims at analyzing and comparing the presentations of SME development policies of Tanzania and Rwanda based on policy framework options namely, focus, significance, challenges and participation. The findings show elevating differences in various spheres of the policy processes including the SME definition, vision, mission and objectives in terms of activeness in presentation, political flavour, sharpness of intent and sense of anticipated commitment. This implies a continued gap of SME development between countries under review and other East African Community (EAC) member countries until policies affecting SMEs are harmonized.Keywords: SMEs, Policy Presentation, Policy Framework, Entrepreneurship, BDS, Tanzania, Rwanda
28
Emmanuel, Niyonshuti, and Mushinzimana Isaac. "Socio-economic Aspects Influencing Rural Household Adoption of Improved Clean Cookstoves: A Case of Rwanda in Africa." Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbssr.v6i1.38127.
Full textAbstract:
Despite multiple socio-economic, health and environmental benefits of improved cook stove programmes, there is failure to capture the recognition worldwide and a set of sociocultural, economic, institutional barriers and cook stoves and fuel characteristics contribute to the slow adoption. This paper provides evidence of household driving factors that play a crucial role in the uptake of improved cook stoves empirically in Rwanda. The study was based on the fifth integrated household living standards survey (EICV-5) carried out by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. Using binary logistic regression analysis, the study utilised socio economic, stove and fuel factors for determining the adoption of usage of improved cook stove. The study revealed that for a substantially improved rate of adoption there should be consistent and focused cooperation of government and non-governmental organizations to work in parallel for developing energy policy frameworks like dissemination of improved cook stoves.
29
Turabamariya, Christine, and Eugenia Irechukwu. "Service Diversification Strategies and Performance of Hospitality Industry in Rwanda: A Case of Centre National d’Education Transformatrice (CENETRA)." Journal of Strategic Management 6, no. 6 (October 29, 2022): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t6039.
Full textAbstract:
In current competitive, changing business world, with the aim to increase performance firms are constantly struggling to satisfy various needs of customers and maintain a competitive advantage in the market. As a strategic alternative, diversification is used by business organisations targeting to outpace new entrant and or existing firms. The main objective of this study is to examine the influence of service diversification strategy on organisational performance of hospitality industry in Rwanda. From the main objective the researcher derived three concise targets pointing to three types of diversification strategy. The targets were to determine consecutively the influence of concentric, horizontal and conglomerate strategies on the performance of CENETRA Hotel. Findings of this research are useful to hotels and other accommodation establishments owners who intend to gain a competitive advantage, sustain and grow their businesses diversifying their services. The research results will inform the Private Sector Federation (PSF) and Rwanda Development Board (RDB) on priorities to be considered in developing hospitality business sector. Moreover it will broaden research field and the domain of diversification strategies where influence of a variety of services can have on firm’s performance. Descriptive design also known as statistical design and analytical design was used by the researcher. This study targeted 54 staff members, 4 management team members CENETRA Hotel and 47 permanent customers at CENETRA. It adopted probability stratified, random and purposive sampling technics. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect primary information and documentary review was applied to collect secondary data and SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics with the mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were utilised and inferential statistics with regression analysis were applied for data interpretation. Findings revealed that concentric diversification strategy is very highly correlated with organisational performance with Pearson’s correlation value= 0.935, p value=0.001<0.05. Moreover results uncovered that horizontal diversification strategy is significantly positively correlated organisational performance. A mean of 38% of total respondents strongly agreed, 57% agreed, with presented statements with a correlation coefficient value of 0.929 p=0.004<0.05. Conglomerate diversification strategy is positively correlated to organisational performance as quantified by Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.725 p=0.002<0.05. These statistical figures were supported by four managers answers of interview who affirmed that service diversification strategies has a positive influence on performance of hospitality industries in Rwanda. Thus the research established that service diversification strategy highly influence the performance of hospitality industries in Rwanda. It is recommended to hospitality organisations to diversify their services implementing concentric, horizontal and conglomerate diversification strategies, to PSF and RDB to consider service diversification strategies in policy making in order to strengthen more hospitality industry in Rwanda. Key words: Service Diversification Strategy, Hospitality, Organizational Performance
30
Dzinamarira, Tafadzwa, Collins Kamanzi, and Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson. "Key Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Implementation and Scale up of HIV Self-Testing in Rwanda." Diagnostics 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10040194.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: The World Health Organisation recommends HIV self-testing as an alternative testing method to help reach underserved populations, such as men in sub-Saharan Africa. Successful implementation and scale-up of HIV self-testing (HIVST) in Rwanda relies heavily on relevant stakeholders’ involvement. We sought to explore HIVST key stakeholders’ perceptions of the implementation and scale-up of HIVST in Rwanda. Method: We conducted in-depth interviews with personnel involved in HIV response projects in Rwanda between September and November 2019. We purposively sampled and interviewed 13 national-level key stakeholders from the Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Center, non-governmental organizations and HIV clinics at tertiary health facilities in Kigali. We used a thematic approach to analysis with a coding framework guided by Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (intervention characteristics, inner setting, outer setting, characteristics of individuals involved in the implementation and the implementation process). Results: Key stakeholders perceived HIVST as a potentially effective initiative, which can be used in order to ensure that there is an improvement in uptake of testing services, especially for underserved populations in Rwanda. The following challenges for implementation and scale-up of HIVST were revealed: lack of awareness of the kits, high cost of the self-test kits, and concerns on results interpretation. Key stakeholders identified the following as prerequisites to the successful implementation and scale-up of HIVST in Rwanda; creation of awareness, training those involved in the implementation process, regulation of the selling of the self-test kits, reduction of the costs of acquiring the self-test kits through the provision of subsidies, and ensuring consistent availability of the self-test kits. Conclusions: Key stakeholders expressed confidence in HIVST’s ability to improve the uptake of HIV testing services. However, they reported challenges, which need to be addressed to ensure successful implementation and scale-up of the HIVST. There is a need for further research incorporating lower level stakeholders to fully understand HIVST implementation and scale-up challenges and strategies to inform policy.
31
Ndayambaje, Benjamin, Hellen Amuguni, Jeanne Coffin-Schmitt, Nancy Sibo, Martin Ntawubizi, and Elizabeth VanWormer. "Pesticide Application Practices and Knowledge among Small-Scale Local Rice Growers and Communities in Rwanda: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 4770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234770.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Agriculture contributes a third of Rwanda’s GDP and is the main source of income for rural households, with 80% of the total population involved in crop and/or livestock production. The Government of Rwanda established the Muvumba rice project in 2011 amidst a policy shift towards rice as a national staple crop. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides by local, low-income rice growers has raised concerns about potential human, animal and ecosystem health impacts as pesticide distribution and application are not strictly regulated. Although pesticide use can directly influence farmer health and ecosystems, little is known about small-scale farmers’ pesticide application practices and knowledge. We aimed to assess local application practices and understanding of pesticides to identify gaps in farmers’ knowledge on safe pesticide use and deviations from established standards and recommended practices. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study consisting of observations of pesticide practices and interviews with 206 small-scale rice growers in Nyagatare District, Rwanda, in March 2017. Descriptive statistical analyses (sample means, standard deviation and range) were performed, and we evaluated the association between farmers’ personal protective equipment (PPE) use and their education level and literacy status. Results: Over 95% of observed farmers did not comply with minimum standards for safe pesticide use, and 80% of respondents reported that they stored pesticides in their homes without personal protection measures. Education and literacy level were not significantly associated with PPE use. Additionally, 90% of respondents had experienced adverse health effects after using pesticides including intense headache, dizziness, stomach cramps, skin pain and itching, and respiratory distress. All respondents also reported animals in and around the rice scheme (cattle, birds, and fish) behaving abnormally or with signs consistent with pesticide exposure in the six months preceding the study, which may be linked to pesticide-contaminated water. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates potential for high exposure to pesticides for farmers, their families, and animals sharing rice-growing or downstream environments and points to the need for training on safe and effective pesticide use.
32
Hackley, Donna M., Shruti Jain, Sarah E. Pagni, Matthew Finkelman, Joseph Ntaganira, and John P. Morgan. "Oral health conditions and correlates: a National Oral Health Survey of Rwanda." Global Health Action 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1904628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1904628.
Full text
33
SHERIFF, MICHAEL, and MORENO MUFFATTO. "REVIEWING EXISTING POLICIES FOR UNLEASHING AND FOSTERING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 19, no. 03 (September 2014): 1450016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946714500162.
Full textAbstract:
Public Policies are vital for unleashing and fostering entrepreneurship in every society. This paper reviewed the national policies for the promotion and support of productive entrepreneurial activities aimed at enhancing the achievement of entrepreneurial economic growth in three countries in Africa. This is an explorative multiple case study that has used national and international documents and reports to examine the state and nature of the entrepreneurship policies in Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. The selected countries are all members of the East African Community. The findings revealed what has been accomplished and what challenges policymakers face in improving entrepreneurial performance. The comparison showed the major similarities and dissimilarities between countries and which countries are performing fairly well in specific policy areas. From the findings, an entrepreneurship policy framework was developed that takes into account the type and level of entrepreneurship being practiced. This could be useful to policymakers taking into consideration that entrepreneurship exists in the formal and informal sectors at the national level. At the regional level, the similarities of policies could be a starting point for a regional entrepreneurship policy because entrepreneurial economic growth of countries and regions is a strong indicator of successful entrepreneurship policies.
34
Faustin, Habumuremyi, and Xuan Fuhua. "STUDY ON TOURISM MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK LANDSCAPE IN RWANDA." International Journal of Modern Hospitality and Tourism 2, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijmht.1393.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: National Park Landscape management approaches designed at governmental level do not necessarily represent the all-important stakeholder’s involvements as consequence sustainable management and protection couldn’t be achieved. The purpose the study was to investigate how selected stakeholders describe the current situation about the management and protection of VNPL, how they participate in tourism management and protection of VNPL, what perceived benefits from tourism and what it can be done to improve management and protection of VNPL.
Methodology: Quantitative research methods have been used and purposive sampling technique has been applied whereby specific criteria to select respondents from local residents and local authorities in four districts of North-West province of Rwanda were considered.
Findings: After analyzing collected data through closed and partial pre-coding questionnaires, the study found that there is lack of knowledge of residents about how they can involve in maintaining the sustainability of VNPL, lack of residents involvement in decision-making, less interaction opportunities between park’s stakeholders and interest conflicts over resources between VNP stakeholders.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study suggests re-designing of VNPL management and protection policies, Increasing Tourism Investment and MSMEs in the region, Linking sustainable tourism and sustainable food systems, improving communication with local community and Adopting evidence-based rural tourism mechanism
35
Dussault, Gilles, Laurence Codjia, Kathy Kantengwga, and Kate Tulenko. "Assessing the capacity to produce health personnel in Rwanda." Leadership in Health Services 21, no. 4 (October 3, 2008): 290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17511870810910092.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study to assess the capacity of a poor country to scale‐up its production of health workers.Design/methodology/approachThe assessment consisted of a survey of institutions training doctors, nurses and technicians in Rwanda. Data on student intake, teaching staff, infrastructures and equipment were collected directly from the institutions by questionnaire administered in person. Data for the qualitative assessment of current and future capacity of production were collected by interviews.FindingsPhysical capacity in terms of classrooms and dormitories was generally good, except at the Faculty of Medicine. Laboratories and libraries were considered inadequate everywhere. Few national teachers hold a PhD and dependence on foreign trainers is high. Nursing teachers' training is also insufficient, particularly in pedagogy. As trainers are young, providing them with additional training should be easier. All institutions reported insufficient budgets. Managerial competencies are not developed. There is no licensing mechanism to ensure quality maintenance.Research limitations/implicationsThere is no validated data base on training institutions and the research had to rely on self‐reported statistics and other information.Practical implicationsA rapid increase in the production of health personnel would be difficult in the current conditions. Production strengthening should involve stakeholders from training institutions, and include measures to motivate and retain trainers, and to improve the quality of training.Originality/valueThe authors are not aware of similar studies in low income countries. Their methodology can be of interest to researchers and policy‐makers who do not have access to baseline data.
36
Byungura, Jean Claude, Henrik Hansson, Kamuzinzi Masengesho, and Thashmee Karunaratne. "ICT Capacity Building: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Rwandan Policies from Higher Education Perspective." European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eurodl-2016-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract With the development of technology in the 21st Century, education systems attempt to integrate technology-based tools to improve experiences in pedagogy and administration. It is becoming increasingly prominent to build human and ICT infrastructure capacities at universities from policy to implementation level. Using a critical discourse analysis, this study investigates the articulation of ICT capacity building strategies from both national and institutional ICT policies in Rwanda, focusing on the higher education. Eleven policy documents were collected and deeply analyzed to understand which claims of ICT capacity building are made. The analysis shows that strategies for building ICT capacities are evidently observed from national level policies and only in two institutional policies (KIST and NUR). Among 25 components of ICT capacity building used, the ones related to human capacity are not plainly described. Additionally, neither national nor institutional policy documents include the creation of financial schemes for students to acquire ICT tools whilst learners are key stakeholders. Although there is some translation of ICT capacity building strategies from national to some institutional policies, planning for motivation and provision of incentives to innovators is not stated in any of the institutional policies and this is a key to effective technology integration.
37
Torres-Rueda, Sergio, Giulia Ferrari, Stacey Orangi, Regis Hitimana, Emmanuelle Daviaud, Theresa Tawiah, Rebecca Kyerewaa Dwommoh Prah, et al. "What will it cost to prevent violence against women and girls in low- and middle-income countries? Evidence from Ghana, Kenya, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 7 (June 18, 2020): 855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a global problem with profound consequences. Although there is a growing body of evidence on the effectiveness of VAWG prevention interventions, economic data are scarce. We carried out a cross-country study to examine the costs of VAWG prevention interventions in low- and middle-income countries. We collected primary cost data on six different pilot VAWG prevention interventions in six countries: Ghana, Kenya, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia. The interventions varied in their delivery platforms, target populations, settings and theories of change. We adopted a micro-costing methodology. We calculated total costs and a number of unit costs common across interventions (e.g. cost per beneficiary reached). We used the pilot-level cost data to model the expected total costs and unit costs of five interventions scaled up to the national level. Total costs of the pilots varied between ∼US $208 000 in a small group intervention in South Africa to US $2 788 000 in a couples and community-based intervention in Rwanda. Staff costs were the largest cost input across all interventions; consequently, total costs were sensitive to staff time use and salaries. The cost per beneficiary reached in the pilots ranged from ∼US $4 in a community-based intervention in Ghana to US $1324 for one-to-one counselling in Zambia. When scaled up to the national level, total costs ranged from US $32 million in Ghana to US $168 million in Pakistan. Cost per beneficiary reached at scale decreased for all interventions compared to the pilots, except for school-based interventions due to differences in student density per school between the pilot and the national average. The costs of delivering VAWG prevention vary greatly due to differences in the geographical reach, number of intervention components and the complexity of adapting the intervention to the country. Cost-effectiveness analyses are necessary to determine the value for money of interventions.
38
Byishimo, Patrick, Adane Tufa, Mastewal Yami, Arega D. Alene, Shiferaw Feleke, Tahirou Abdoulaye, and Victor Manyong. "The Effect of Land Inheritance on Youth Migration and Employment Decisions in Rwanda." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 5404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095404.
Full textAbstract:
There is growing mobility of rural youth mainly caused by limited access to land resources and inadequacy of job opportunities. Increased population density coupled with low education rates has increased pressure on natural resources, especially land. This paper assessed the effect of land inheritance on youth migration and employment in Rwanda using the 2010/11 and 2013/14 Integrated Household Living Conditions Surveys (EICVs) data collected from 8160 households by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). In-depth key informant interviews and focus group discussions, at institutional and cooperative levels, were conducted to supplement and support survey results. We used the Hausman test to choose between the fixed-effects and random-effects models. Results show that land inheritance has a negative and statistically significant effect on youth migration and non-agriculture-based employment. This implies that greater access to land through inheritance reduces the likelihood of youth migration and their participation in nonagricultural employment. The paper concludes with implications for policy aimed at creating increased access to land, expanding youth employment opportunities in rural areas, and reducing rural–urban youth migration.
39
Morgan, John P., Moses Isyagi, Joseph Ntaganira, Agnes Gatarayiha, Sarah E. Pagni, Tamar C. Roomian, Matthew Finkelman, et al. "Building oral health research infrastructure: the first national oral health survey of Rwanda." Global Health Action 11, no. 1 (January 2018): 1477249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1477249.
Full text
40
Switky, Bob. "Simulating a Foreign Policy Dilemma: Considering US Humanitarian Intervention." PS: Political Science & Politics 47, no. 03 (June 19, 2014): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096514000833.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe humanitarian impulse in the United States routinely clashes with isolationist sentiment, with appeals to the national interest, and with apathy in and out of government. This class exercise encourages students to explore the contours of the debate over humanitarian intervention with a crisis unfolding in Belagua, a fictitious Latin American country. As the crisis deteriorates, students increasingly feel the tension between wanting to help the at-risk civilian population and avoiding a messy conflict from which the United States could have trouble extracting itself. The project requires students to address key questions about the US role in the Belagua case and to consider what the United States could or should have done in actual situations, such as Rwanda and Syria. Because these crises are likely to occur in the decades to come, this exercise initiates students to the challenges that the United States, as well as the international community, undoubtedly will face.
41
Nabudere, Harriet, Gabriel L. Upunda, and Malick Juma. "Policy brief on improving access to artemisinin-based combination therapies for malaria in the East African community." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 26, no. 2 (April 2010): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231000019x.
Full textAbstract:
The World Health Organization (WHO) since June 1998 has advocated for the use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in countries where Plasmodium falciparum malaria is resistant to traditional antimalarial therapies such as chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and amodiaquine (19;22). In 2006, WHO released evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of malaria backed by findings from various scientific studies (21). During the period between 2002 and 2006, all the five East African states Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi changed their national antimalarial treatment policies to use ACTs as first-line treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria and commenced with deployment of the drugs in the state-managed health facilities (12–15). To scale up the use of ACTs in the East African region to combat malaria and speed up progress toward the sixth Millennium Development Goal, a combination of delivery, financial, and governance arrangements tailored to national or subnational contexts needs to be considered.
42
Zvobgo, Kelebogile. "Human Rights versus National Interests: Shifting US Public Attitudes on the International Criminal Court." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 1065–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz056.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The United States—an architect of international criminal tribunals in the twentieth century—has since moderated its involvement in international justice. Striking to many observers is the United States’ failure to join the International Criminal Court—the institutional successor to the tribunals the nation helped install in Germany, Japan, the Balkans, and Rwanda. Interestingly, the US public’s support of the ICC increases yearly despite the government’s ambivalence about, and even hostility toward, the Court. Drawing on the US foreign policy public opinion literature, I theorize that human rights frames increase support for joining the ICC among Americans, whereas national interest frames decrease support. I administer an online survey experiment to evaluate these expectations and find consistent support. I additionally test hypotheses from the framing literature in American politics regarding the effect of exposure to two competing frames. I find that participants exposed to competing frames hold more moderate positions than participants exposed to a single frame but differ appreciably from the control group. Crucially, I find that participants’ beliefs about international organizations’ effectiveness and impartiality are equally, if not more, salient than the treatments. Thus, the ICC may be able to mobilize support and pressure policy change by demonstrating effectiveness and impartiality.
43
Landi, Matthew, Benjamin K. Sovacool, and Jay Eidsness. "Cooking with gas: Policy lessons from Rwanda's National Domestic Biogas Program (NDBP)." Energy for Sustainable Development 17, no. 4 (August 2013): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.007.
Full text
44
Bagi, Judit. "Female Political Representation in EAC States." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 12, no. 4. (May 22, 2019): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2018.12.4.4.
Full textAbstract:
Almost all East African Community (EAC) member states have more than 30 percent female MPs in their national parliaments: Rwanda (61.3%), Tanzania (37.2%), Burundi (36.4%), Uganda (34.3%), Kenya (21.8%), and South Sudan (28.5%). What could be the reason for the fact that all EAC countries, except Kenya, are above the so-called ‘critical mass’ in the field of female political representation? In the last decades, both conflict and political transition have emerged in EAC countries. During the post-conflict period, gender norms and values (with a focus on gender quota regulations) have been implemented into national policies. The newly established liberal constitutions and gender policy creation have affected the status of East African women positively, although there is a big difference between the states concerning the effectiveness of gender policy-making. My paper (with the help of my field trips in Arusha and Kigali in 2015 and 2016) intends to contribute to a better understanding of EAC countries in transition, with an emphasis on the changing role of women in society, particularly in the important fields of gender politics and political representation.
45
Maniraguha, Faustin. "Does Formalization of Informal Enterprises Matter? Evidence from Rwanda." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 1, no. 3 (October 23, 2020): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v1i3.96.
Full textAbstract:
In this decade, the formalization of informal sector is challenging as it provides jobs to the big number of the population and on the other hand, this group of active population work in conditions, which do not allow them to benefit some advantages from the government and these lead to not providing enough contribution to the economic growth. The main objective of the study was to find out the factors underlying for formalization of informal enterprises in Rwanda. In order to respond to the main objective, we used a desk research approach and we found that there is a necessity of enterprise formalization in Rwanda and the identified key factors are the enterprise motives/long term objectives, cash less economy/innovation in payment system and government policy for enterprise registration. The study also illustrated the factors or ways for private informal-rural enterprise formalization process may consider and some of them are affordable cost of taxation, accessibility to finance, accessibility to the markets as well as the time taken for getting legal documents. From the findings, the study recommend that the consistency capacity building so that to help managers to understand the necessity of informal sector formalization, government to continue working on the minimization of the costs related to the enterprise registration that include time, distance and other procedures and government also to continue enhancing infrastructures in rural zones. The study used secondary data both qualitative and quantitative from existing reports and data from National Institute of statistics of Rwanda.
46
Ivanov, DMITRY V., and VALERIA V. Pchelintseva. "INTERNATIONAL LAW ASPECTS OF THE POST-BREXIT MIGRATION POLICY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM." Journal of Law and Administration 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2022-4-65-34-46.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. In March 2022, the Home Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain published the Statement on New Immigration Plan according to which persons having no right to reside on its territory would be removed to “safe third countries” according to the agreements with such states. On April 13th, 2022, a Memorandum of Understanding between Great Britain and Rwanda was signed prescribing that persons whose applications for asylum were not considered by Great Britain be removed to Rwanda for those applications to be considered by the latter. Incompatibility of the contemporary immigration policy of Great Britain with its international law obligations justifies the topicality of the assessment of its implications for codification and progressive development of international law. Materials and Methods. The assessment of the contemporary immigration policy of Great Britain from the standpoint of international law includes the matching of the provisions of the international and national acts adopted by Great Britain as well as official statements of its state bodies and officials and the provisions of universal treaties and “soft law” acts. The writings of the publicists studying international law aspects of forced migration, asylum and human rights served as theoretical framework of the present study. Research Results. The assessment of the Memorandum of Understanding reveals the incompatibility of its provisions with the international law norms on asylum and human rights. Such international law policy of the state should be regarded as an example of rejection of international law which is referred to as “international law nihilism” in Russian legal doctrine.Discussions and conclusions. The authors argue that further adoption of legal and political measures contrary to states’ obligations under treaties and international custom as well as the absence of expressed official positions of states with regards to such measures may have an impact on construction and application of international law norms governing legal status of forced migrants.
47
Somma, Paola. "Rwanda’s Urbanization Policy:- A Critical Reading." Open House International 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2015-b0002.
Full textAbstract:
If ever Africa had disappeared, it has now reappeared on the maps of investors seeking for land and resources. The entire continent seems to have become attractive for international financial institutions, which intensify their recommendations to single national Governments in order for them to further remove obstacles and make Africa an “ever better place to do business”. Rwanda represents an emblematic example of the rapidity and size of transformations Africa is faced with, which touch every sector, from the land ownership model to the modes of land use, from the distribution of population, to the construction of infrastructure. It is a fertile country, with a good water supply and two crop seasons, and is almost entirely cultivated. The majority of the inhabitants work the land, and subside thanks to agriculture. Today, however, the Government's goal, synthetically expressed in the slogan that defines the future of Rwanda as Africa's Singapore (Vesperini, 2010), is the modernization of agriculture, and the reduction of its weight in favour of a service economy. The most visible effects of this approach are the expulsion from the countryside of a huge number of families which lose any type of sustainment, and the grouping of many small plots in large territorial extensions which are often given for long term use to multinational agribusiness corporations. The transformation of agriculture is accompanied by the redistribution of population, traditionally settled in scattered patterns across the whole country. The massive migration from the countryside is explicitly sought by Government, whose target is to reach, by 2020, a 35% urbanization rate up from today's 18%. The three issues, total and unconditional opening to foreign investment, population resettlement and transformation of the agricultural activities, which are the pillars of the development programs initiated by Government and international advisors, are producing dramatic changes on the physical and built environment, and affect the living conditions of the weakest groups (White, Borras, Hall, Scoones, Walford, 2012). The paper proposes a reflection on themes which have general relevance, but which also need to be locally grounded. Of particular importance are urbanization, the relationship between towns and countryside, and the relationship between social and economic structure and territorial planning. In 2012 the author took part as consultant to the drafting of the Urbanization sector strategic plan 2012-2017. The views expressed here are personal and do not in any way represent the Government or Institutions’ point of view.
48
Turok, Ivan. "Cities as platforms for progress: Local drivers of Rwanda’s success." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 34, no. 3 (May 2019): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094219852600.
Full textAbstract:
Rwanda’s has made remarkable all-round progress over the last 25 years. This is usually attributed to a determined national government under single-minded leadership. This paper draws attention to two local drivers of Rwanda’s socio-economic development: community participation and a positive approach to urbanisation. Popular involvement in communal projects has helped to build and maintain many useful public facilities. It has also fostered social solidarity and dialogue between citizens and public officials. The positive urban policy has helped to create more efficient and liveable cities, which are driving economic prosperity and human development. Nevertheless, there is scope for greater consistency and alignment between top-down and bottom-up processes in order to improve the suitability and responsiveness of national policies and practices to grassroots realities.
49
Murthi, Shubha, and Chathuri Jayasooriya. "Deinstitutionalisation and the Best Interest of the Child: The Case of Rwanda and Lessons for South Asia." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 7, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300320932331.
Full textAbstract:
The ‘deinstitutionalisation’ (DI) movement, also known as ‘care reforms’, is spreading rapidly across the globe, gaining momentum with the growing understanding among both practitioners and policy makers of the harmful effects of institutionalisation on the development and well-being of children as well as the strengthening of the child rights discourse. This has led to a growing international trend towards the development of, and a strong belief in, family-based care options for children deprived of parental care, away from large-scale institutions. This trend is reflected in and supported by international frameworks guiding the care of children, including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and in particular the United National Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, which was hailed in 2009. These instruments recognise that a caring and protective family is central to a child’s development, that governments should fulfil children’s right to quality care in families of origin and in alternative care and that institutionalisation of a child should be discouraged. DI processes are, however, not simple and straightforward as there are many challenges and complexities in their cross-cultural implementation. Even though unequivocally agreed by all stakeholders that the ‘best interest of the child’ should be at the heart of such care reform processes, its actual practice can often contradict such understandings as it gets submerged in numerous other considerations, constraints and challenges. This article analyses some of the dominant DI trends prevailing at present, in particular the primacy of family-based care and the misconceptions associated with the suitability of residential care, illustrated by the experience of SOS Children’s Villages in the DI process and its outcomes in Rwanda. The analysis is premised on the framework of the UN guidelines for the alternative care of children and strives to understand whether DI as it is practiced in Rwanda is aligned with the principles of ‘necessity’, ‘suitability’ and the ‘best interest of the child’ as stipulated in the Guidelines. The attempt is to draw lessons for South Asia from the success as well as the challenges faced in Rwanda, as many governments in South Asia progressively join the DI movement. It is critical for all child-focused international non-governmental organization/ non-governmental organizations (INGOs/NGOs) in Asia to understand the UNGL, learn from different experiences about the challenges of DI and prepare to engage with policy makers. One of the most important lessons from the Rwanda experience is that the ‘quality’ of care should take precedence over the ‘form’ of care, and that quality is not always guaranteed in family-based care. The shift in the positionality of the government of Rwanda and their willingness to rethink their approach to DI particularly in terms of recognising quality residential care is commendable. This needs to be taken as a precedence by other governments across the world including in South Asia—especially by those who are truly interested in ensuring the best interest of children who have lost the care of their parents.
50
Behuria, Pritish. "Between party capitalism and market reforms – understanding sector differences in Rwanda." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 3 (August 10, 2015): 415–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x15000403.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTDifferent strategies have been used by the Rwandan government to promote capitalist accumulation. In some sectors, party and military owned enterprises are predominant. In others, the government has chosen to embrace market-led reforms. Ultimately, the vulnerability experienced by ruling elites contributes to the choice of how capital accumulation is promoted in different sectors. Ruling elites use party and military enterprises to centralise rents and establish control over the direction of economic policy. However, centralising rents is a political choice and excludes individuals from developing access to rents. The pyrethrum sector shows that the use of such groups has resulted in unequal outcomes despite increases in productivity. Reduced international prices have stunted further productivity. Conversely, the mining sector shows evidence of the pursuit of market-led reforms. These reforms have been accompanied by rapid growth in domestic production and exports. Foreign investment was necessary in order to bring capital and expertise to the sector. However, the government has struggled to retain the capacity to enforce legislation and discipline foreign investors in line with national priorities. Both sectors show evidence that ruling elites have been prompted by vulnerability to commit to economic development. Constraints that have accompanied strategies pursued in these sectors have forced the government to work ‘reactively’ to achieve strategic targets.