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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rwanda Rwanda Burundi'
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1
Vijgen, Ingeborg. "Tussen mandaat en kolonie : Rwanda, Burundi en het Belgisch bestuur in opdracht van de Volkenbond (1916-1932) /." Leuven : Acco, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40990949q.
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Révillon, Jérémy. "L'intégration régionale dans les Grands Lacs : analyse comparée Rwanda/Burundi." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU1021/document.
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L’histoire de l’intégration régionale dans les Grands Lacs est récente. Il faut attendre la colonisation pour voir le Burundi et le Rwanda entrer véritablement dans ce processus. Le mandat belge oriente les deux territoires vers le cœur de l’Afrique. Cette période va influencer la première intégration institutionnelle avec la Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs. Il convient toutefois de rester mesuré, puisque celle-ci est avant tout une intégration de papier. Elle est similaire aux autres adhésions des deux pays à cette période, qui se révèlent être en inadéquation avec leurs circuits commerciaux. Les organisations régionales sont également inefficaces pour régler la problématique des réfugiés. Les années 1993 et 1994 sont des ruptures internes pour le Burundi et le Rwanda. Elles provoquent également un renversement régional, avec la désintégration de l’Afrique des Grands Lacs : ce sont les guerres congolaises. Dans le même temps, les deux pays se réorientent vers l’Afrique de l’Est, où l’EAC leur permet enfin un réel désenclavement. L’intégration du Rwanda semble toutefois plus efficace que celle du BurundiThe history of regional integration in the Great Lakes is recent. To see Burundi and Rwanda truly enter into this process you have to wait the colonization. The Belgian mandate turns the two territories to the heart of Africa. This period will influence the first institutional integration with the Economic Community of Great Lakes Countries. However, we should remain cautius, since it is primarily paper integration. It is similar to other memberships of the two countries in this period, which is proving to be inadequate with their commercial channels. Regional organizations are also ineffective to resolve the refugee issue. The years 1993 and 1994 are internal ruptures for Burundi and Rwanda. They also cause a regional reversal, with the disintegration of the African Great Lakes : these are the Congolese wars. At the same time, both countries are shifting towards East Africa, where the EAC finally allows them a real opening up. The integration of Rwanda, however, seems more effective than that of Burundi
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Ramirez, Francis. "Histoire du cinéma colonial au Zaire au Rwanda et au Burundi." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37593967j.
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Verwey, Cathinca. "Social Identity Recategorization: Comparing National Reconciliation Initiatives in Burundi and Rwanda." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-453720.
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After the cessation of violent conflict, societies have to undergo several changes to re-establish asense of harmony and repair the broken intergroup relationships. These changes can be summarized as the process of reconciliation. The different levels of reconciliation are in this thesis described as emotional-, motivational-, and structural reconciliation. I argue that the reconciliation process is facilitated by means of a recategorization of social identities. According to the Common ingroup identity Model, a shared identity will increase positive intergroup dynamics and reduce hostility and antagonism. This study has sought to find evidence for the suggested hypotheses through a structured focused comparison on the post-conflict countries, Rwanda and Burundi. The theorized relationship has found some support, as the post-conflict reconciliation processes of the case-studies showed the expected variation, and for one hypothesis the expected mechanism. However, the findings show that social identity recategorization on its own cannot account for all the variation in outcomes, and another possible mechanism has been detected. This warrants future research into the topic.
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Špundová, Kateřina. "Postavení Rwandy a Burundi v mezinárodních vztazích od 90. let 20. století." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72405.
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Rwanda and Burundi are two countries that, in the beginning of 1990s, attracted attention of the whole international community. The genocide in Rwanda, the civil war in Burundi, and the following spill-over of conflict to neighbouring countries caused hundreds upon thousands of deaths and hundreds upon thousands of refugees. This work compares the internal development of these countries and their influence on other countries in Great Lake Region.
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Nsabimana, Christian Garuka. "The concept of power sharing in the constitutions of Burundi and Rwanda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Kimpouni, Victor. "les ériocaumaceae d'Afrique centrale ( Congo, Zaïre, Rwanda, Burundi): Etude taxonomique et phytogéographique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212804.
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Cunningham, David E. "Veto players and civil war duration /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3241818.
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Jamar, Astrid. "Transitional justice battlefield : practitioners working around policy and practice in Rwanda and Burundi." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65800/.
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Over the last two decades, following a long history of mass violence in Burundi and Rwanda, transitional justice (TJ) efforts were deployed in the two countries. Observing, particularly after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, that cycles of violence had devastated these two nations, a number of international organisations encouraged and financed socio-political and judicial responses with the aim of building sustainable peace in the region. The gacaca courts have been at the centre of the TJ process in Rwanda, and the negotiations over a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) remain the key focus in the Burundian TJ process. The local contexts have not been the sole influence on the design and implementation of the initiatives: the consolidation of TJ as a field of practice on a global level has also been of paramount importance. Under scrutiny in this thesis is the ‘battlefield' in which TJ practitioners argue about the past, a battlefield created by the frictions between the universal TJ discourse, the resulting technocratic aid practices and the often silenced, but highly politicised negotiations and implementation on the ground. My research establishes that while TJ practitioners disseminate a positive discourse designed to help societies emerging from violence, their practices are actually embedded in trenchant hierarchical structures and tensions from the violent past. I argue that their efforts, delivered through performative and technocratic work, too often ignore the hierarchical social and political structures in which they operate. Furthermore, the assumption that their technical work can fix dysfunctional states results not only in a silencing of the social and political dynamics in play, but also demonstrates a form of imperialism and colonialism, leading to the reproduction of multi-layered unequal structures, paternalistic behaviours towards beneficiaries, privileging of implementers over supposed beneficiaries, and the repetition of counter-effective practices. These efforts and silences have the potential to exacerbate the issues rather than to alleviate them. This analysis engages with two academic debates: first, the questionable capacity of ‘professionalised' and ‘universalised' TJ mechanisms to deal with past crimes; and, second, whether aid practices can effectively contribute to ‘sustainable peace', ‘development' and ‘democracy' in post-conflict contexts. My analysis is driven by the following research questions: Why is the role of practitioners and their everyday crucial to understanding TJ processes? How does the professionalisation of aid and TJ shape the practices of TJ in Burundi and Rwanda? How and why do frictions between academic theory, policy discourse and everyday practice of TJ impact on outcomes on the ground? In conclusion, my research illustrates the way in which TJ professionalised practices constitute a battlefield, with “ongoing struggles in the battle for the nature and direction of the transition” being a metaconflict ‒ a “conflict about what the conflict is about”, in which TJ victors tilt all transitional mechanisms “towards an end point for transition that approximates” to their “battlefield goals” (Bell 2009). Within these everyday battles, TJ practitioners are playing a crucial role in the implementation of TJ. Through the dissemination of their expertise, they act as ‘brokers' and ‘translators' of the TJ toolkit approach. They, particularly the most powerful practitioners, produce interpretations and offer “scripts into which others can be recruited for a period” (Lewis and Mosse 2006, 13). As Norman Long (1992, 275) points out in looking at development actors, their professional practices constitute a “knowledge battlefield” in relation to “the issues of conflicting loyalties, of negotiation over ‘truth' claims, of battles over images and contesting interests.” Describing how TJ practitioners work around policy and practice in Rwanda and Burundi, I demonstrate how the gacaca law and the Burundian TRC law, and their policy frameworks and implementing activities, have all been created around the same global discourse. But the actual negotiations of specific prescriptions and implementation have led to very different practices being moulded around different dynamics of power by actors and organisations involved in these processes. Whereas these dynamics are but natural, silencing them behind technocratic knowledge, however, has severe implications. In contrast to most of the TJ literature making reference to civil society and international donors, my research underlines the role and consequences of their everyday politics, through which the directions of the TJ agenda are decided and implemented. Building on social anthropology and development studies, I underline the entanglement formed between TJ and aid, and bring attention to unattended effects of TJ practices, including how power has a play in policy implementation and how unequal relations are reproduced. Doing so, I expand the critical TJ scholarship and the calls for ‘localising transitional justice', as well as developing the understanding of the limitations of TJ processes in Rwanda and Burundi.
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Palmer, Jack Dominic. "Entanglements of modernity, colonialism and genocide : Burundi and Rwanda in historical-sociological perspective." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16642/.
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This thesis explores two lines of critique of social theories of modernity by way of a historical sociological analysis of Burundi and Rwanda. Firstly, it engages with arguments about the Euro-/Western-centric assumptions which are suggested to have underpinned many conceptualisations of modernity. Secondly, it considers the notion that the processes of modernity move gradually, if precariously, towards more peaceable forms of cohabitation within and between societies. In doing so, it draws on and develops the theoretical framework of entanglement, which emphasises the existence of a variety of intertwined historical routes to and through modernity. Central to the analysis is a critique of both the idea that modernity entails a progressive ‘detraditionalisation’ or destruction of traditional societal forms, and the idea that tradition provides a repository of cultural resources upon which are founded distinct, plural ‘modernities’. In the case of Burundi and Rwanda, I argue that colonial modernity, in its indirect rule format, in important respects ‘solidified’ tradition in racial terms. In the transition to independence, the colonial legacy both enabled and delimited autonomous societal self-understandings and political movements. In the postcolonial period, the tension between the modern commitment to autonomy on the one hand and seemingly traditional legacies on the other has been realised in profoundly destructive and violent ways. I conclude that the historical experiences of extremely violent social conflict in Burundi and Rwanda are situated within a specific route to and through modernity. The original contribution of the thesis is twofold. Firstly, it presents a new substantive case study to the analysis of non-Western experiences and interpretations of modernity. Secondly, in doing so, it offers a theoretical contribution to debates concerning the multiplicity of modernity which have arisen principally in the paradigm of ‘multiple modernities’ and postcolonial sociology.
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N'Kounkou, Jean Sérina. "Etude taxonomique et phytogéographique des Dioscoreaceae de l'Afrique centrale (Congo, Zaïre, Rwanda, Burundi)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212803.
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Guichaoua, André. "Destins paysans et politiques agraires en Afrique centrale." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010686.
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Apparemment tout oppose les contextes régionaux de l’Afrique des hautes terres "surpeuplée" et le Congo "sous peuple" qui constituent les deux pôles extrêmes de l’Afrique dans le domaine de la répartition des populations rurales et urbaines. Il est cependant possible de dégager certaines convergences dans l'évolution des devenirs paysans et le sort réservé aux populations rurales par les bourgeoisies "directoriales" au pouvoir. L'analyse des processus d'élaboration et de mise en œuvre des politiques agraires illustre le primat indiscuté accordé aux exigences économiques et politiques urbaines aussi bien en termes d'accumulation et de concentration des richesses que de régulation des flux migratoires. Les tentatives permanentes des partis uniques au pouvoir pour contrôler ou mettre à leur service les diverses formes de solidarité et les dynamismes propres au milieu rural complètent le dessaisissement des producteurs de la terre. Mais d'une manière générale, les processus d'exclusion et de relégation dont les populations rurales sont victimes ne suffisent pas à eux seuls à expliquer les raisons de la résignation et de la démobilisation paysannes telles qu'elles s'expriment au travers de la crispation traditionnaliste des paysans des hautes terres centrales ou plus brutalement par la désagrégation de la paysannerie congolaise "inorganisée". Aux yeux des intéressés, c'est la situation paysanne elle-même qui est désormais perçue comme insupportable en terme d'identité culturelle. En effet, si la reproduction sociale suppose que soient réunies un certain nombre de conditions "objectives" favorables, elle repose avant tout sur la conviction que le groupe social auquel on appartient à un avenir; s'appuie sur un système de valeurs socialement reconnu et valorise. Au Congo, l'effondrement du "monde paysan" est certes venu de l'incapacité des notables lignagers à transmettre aux cadets sociaux des aspirations mobilisatrices, mais plus encore de l'action de l'état "révolutionnaire" qui a pris la responsabilité de définir et de sélectionner les fractions légitimes de la paysannerie appelées a bénéficier des faveurs économiques et politiques centrales en confirmant les jeunes ruraux dans le sentiment que le droit à la reproduction sociale lui-même leur était désormais matériellement et symboliquement accorde de l'extérieur. Au Burundi et au Rwanda, la soumission des populations rurales découle de l'absence d'alternatives possibles (emplois et revenus extra-agricoles) ou autorisées (l'installation en ville). Les équilibres économiques et la cohésion politique de ces véritables états-paysans perdurent du fait de leur capacité à bloquer l'émergence d'un autre système social fait de "classes" distinctes se substituant à un ordre hiérarchique ou chacun exerce des fonctions faiblement différenciées qui concourent à la cohésion de l'ensemble. Ce cas exemplaire d'attachement à la terre et aux activités agricoles apparait donc finalement comme un contre-exemple non transposable. Les vocations paysannes n'atteignent un tel degré d'adhésion contrainte que pour autant que les possibilités de comparaison des jeunes générations avec d'autres perspectives sociales demeurent réduites. L'ordre paysan sauvegarde de l’Afrique des grands lacs n'assure sa pérennité qu'en redoublant au niveau idéologique l'enclavement géographique auquel il est condamne.
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MASSAMBA, ANDRE. "Strategie (s) energetique (s) dans les pays de grands lacs africains (zaire, rwanda, burundi)." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100016.
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Niyongabo, Ferdinand. "Diversité, biogéographie, écologie et conservation des Rubioideae-Rubiaceae en Afrique centrale, Burundi, R.D.Congo, Rwanda." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209721.
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Cette étude est une contribution à la connaissance de la biodiversité, la distribution géographique et la conservation des Rubioideae (Rubiaceae) d’Afrique centrale (Burundi,R.D.Congo et Rwanda). Le travail est basé sur l’analyse critique des riches collections conservées dans les grands herbaria de Belgique et du Burundi (plus de 10.000 échantillons). Une check-list critique des Rubioideae d’Afrique centrale a été établie; 291 taxons ont été inventoriés et une carte de distribution géographique a été tracée pour chacun, après géoréférencement de toutesles récoltes. Des taxons nouveaux pour le territoire étudié ont été découverts, révélant le caractère incomplet de la ‘World check-list of Rubiaceae’. Des taxons nouveaux pour la science ont été mis en évidence. Une espèce nouvelle (avec deux variétés) a été décrite. Les analyses de distribution ont utilisé deux niveaux de résolution: le système d’information géographique (SIG) pour la production des cartes de la distribution des espèces et le système de maillage pour calculer la densité et l’effort d’échantillonnage. La richesse floristique apparente est fortement biaisée par l’intensité d’échantillonnage. Après correction de ces biais, la diversité reste inégalement répartie.
Des régions de plus haute diversité peuvent être expliquées à la fois par des processus déterministes (régions à haute diversité ’habitats), et, probablement aussi par des contingences historiques (refuges). Elles correspondent à des zones de spéciation active ou de moindre extinction. De plus, cette diversité varie selon les phytochories considérées.
La distribution des taxons a été utilisée pour tenter de redéfinir sur une base objective des subdivisions phytogéographiques du territoire étudié. L’approche basée sur la similarité floristique et la distribution potentielle a démontré le rôle déterminant des taxons indicateurs et des variables environnementales
dans l’établissement d’un système cohérent de phytochories pour l’Afrique centrale. Un nouveau
système de trois territoires floristiques défini sur base des Rubioideae est comparativement proche de celui de White (1979, 1983) mais ne comprend pas des zones de transition.
Enfin, la caractérisation de l’état de conservation des Rubioideae de la zone d’étude, sur base de la méthodologie de l’UICN, a porté sur cinquante-six taxons (sub-)endémiques d’Afrique centrale. L’évaluation paramétrique a été largement utilisée. Elle est basée sur la détermination de la zone d’occupation (AOO) et de la zone d’occurrence (EOO). La proportion des Rubioideae menacés et coïncide avec celles des autres groupes déjà évalués. Cette analyse a démontré qu’il existe une corrélation entre les taxons menacés et les zones de forte concentration humaine.
This study is a contribution to the knowledge of biodiversity, geographic distribution and conservation of Rubioideae (Rubiaceae), a group of flowering plants in Central Africa (D.R.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi). The work is based on the critical evaluation of the rich herbarium collections conserved in Belgium and Burundi (> 10,000 specimens). A critical check-list of Rubioideae in Central Africa has been produced, comprising 291 taxa. A distribution map has been obtained for each of them. A number of taxa are new to the area, highlighting the gaps of knowledge in the ‘World check-list of Rubiaceae’. Species new to science have been detected, one of which has been formally described (with two varieties) in this study. The analysis of distribution patterns has been performed at two levels of resolution. Grid-maps have been used to analyse patterns of species diversity. Floristic richness appears strongly correlated with
sampling effort. After correction for sampling effort, species diversity remains heterogeneous.
Regions of higher diversity correspond either to areas of more active speciation, in relation to a high diversity of habitats, or to forest refuges where extinction rates have been lower. Additionally, this diversity varies between the different phytochoria recognized. The distribution of species has been used in an attempt to redefine phytochoria based only on floristic criteria. Floristic similarity, and potential distribution (based on climatic parameters), has shown that phytochoria can be effectively defined and characterized by the method of indicator taxa. Three major
phytochoria show a reasonably match with phytochoria previously proposed by White (1979, 1983), but White’s transition zones are not highlighted. Finally, distribution data have been used to critically evaluate the conservation status of 56 taxa, using the methodology and criteria of IUCN. The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) were calculated and used as main criteria to evaluate the species. A relatively high proportion of taxa appear to be threatened, especially in relation to urbanization and deforestation in the most
highly populated parts of the study area.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Braud, Pierre-Antoine. "L'ordre de la violence : ordre politique, historicité des violences et gestion des conflits au Rwanda et au Burundi dans les années 1990." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005IEPP0045.
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A partir des exemples rwandais et burundais, cette recherche tente d'analyser les processus permettant la réalisation et le déroulement de violences de masse. Ils amènent à s'interroger sur les configurations rendant possibles la convergence de mobilisations "populaires" avec les stratégies de dirigeants, l'importance des capacités d'encadrement et de mobilisation idéologique des dirigeants, mais aussi sur les participations volontaires par delà l'encadrement institutionnel et idéologique, ainsi que sur l'articulation entre ces dynamiques internes et les approches des acteurs internationaux. Plus qu'une approche "intentionaliste" reposant sur deux postulats -dimension instrumentale de la violence ; capacité des dirigeants à instrumentaliser les dirigés-, l'approche de ce texte relativise sans les exclure ces deux postulats en prenant en compte l'historicité des violences et le type d'ordres politiques et sociaux avec lesquelles elles s'articulent. Des dispositifs de violence se forment, par l'intériorisation du rapport à la violence, l'élision des répertoires alternatifs, et les conformismes dans la violence, ainsi euphémisée, facilitant une dimension instrumentale de cette dernière. Trois thèmes principaux traversent les trois parties de ce texte : une analyse des cercles dirigeants, de leurs compositions, stratégies et conceptions du pouvoir ; les effets des relations entre nationaux et internationaux sur ces dimensions, ainsi que dans le processus de développement de l'appareil étatique ; les conséquences de ces deux éléments sur les sociétés burundaise et rwandaise en terme de formation des imaginaires et de modalités des mobilisations socialesBased on the Rwandan and Burundian examples, this research endeavours to analyse which processes can lead to carrying out mass violence, as well as analyzing its characteristics. It leads to questioning which "figurations" (Norbert Elias) enable heterogeneous parameters to converge and form such processes : social movements, leaderships' strategies, their capacities of administrative framing and of ideological mobilizations, voluntary participation of perpetrators beyond the state apparatus coercive abilities, as well as how these internal dynamics meets international approaches. Political violence is frequently analyzed through an "intentionalist" approach rested on two postulates, i. E. Violence as a tool in political rivalries and rulers' capacities to manoeuvre the ruled into perpetrating violence. Without excluding these postulates, this research relativizes their roles by taking into account the historicity of violence and the political and social orders in/from which they proceed. Some "dispositifs" (Michel Foucault) of violence might be formed, including an individually internalized relation to violence and eliding alternative "repertoires" (Charles Tilly). Resorting to violence as a strategic tool is then facilitated by possible conformism into violence thus euphemized. Three themes go through the four parts of this text : an analysis of inner-circles, their setting-up, strategies and imaginaries ; the spin-off effects ensued by relations between national and international players, as well on the state-building processes ; consequences of the two former on the Rwandan and Burundian societies in terms of social mobilizations and imaginaries
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Pontzeele, Sophie. "Burundi 1972/Rwanda 1994 : l' "efficacité" dramatique d'une reconstruction idéologique du passé par la presse." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00080905.
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Les représentations de l'histoire du Rwanda et du Burundi, construites durant l'époque coloniale, ont influencé de façon décisive l'évolution de ces deux pays après leur indépendance. La vulgate historique du « conflit séculaire » entre Hutu et Tutsi, réinvestie par les élites locales et transformée en axe majeur du combat politique, s'est matérialisée de façon paroxystique lors de deux génocides : en 1972 au Burundi et en 1994 au Rwanda. Les principaux quotidiens français et belges occultèrent presque le premier génocide dans la région des Grands Lacs : en 1972, ils se contentèrent de mobiliser les poncifs de la lutte tribale en guise d' « analyse ». Vingt ans plus tard, une grille de lecture particulière continue d'être appliquée aux crises africaines. La reconnaissance du génocide des Rwandais tutsi n'a pas empêché, en outre, que prévale un mode de traitement « national » de l'information de la part des organes de presse belges et français.
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Pontzeele, Sophie Guichaoua André. "Burundi 1972/Rwanda 1994 l' "efficacité" dramatique d'une reconstruction idéologique du passé par la presse /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2005. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/778.
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Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Changement social : Lille 1 : 2004.N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3459 SO. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. f. 418-426. Index.
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Lundström, Hanna. "Post conflict development in ethnic divided societies : A comparative case study between Rwanda and Burundi." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100867.
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Abstract There has been lots of research written on Rwanda and Burundi, there are few texts written about comparing these two countries that are often described as “fake twins'' and their respective post conflict development models. Where Rwanda opted for security and development over democratic inclusion compared to Burundi´s models that focused more on power sharing and political inclusion over security and development. The overall literature on the subject is quite outdated and it touches more upon different ideas of post conflict development few texts are written on post conflict development and models in ethnic divided societies. This thesis compares Rwanda and Burundi’s post conflict development models. To understand the situation in these countries, the thesis provides an historical overview of these countries as well as the origins between the two main ethnic groups Hutu and Tutsi. As well has how the colonial period have been a big factor into shaping the current situations in the countries with the relationship between Hutu and Tutsi and Rwanda and Burundi’s present constitution. With the use of a structured focus comparative case study 8 secondary sources and semi-structured interviews were conducted on 4 key informative to gather data. Two theories were used to analyze the data material, security development nexus and historical institutionalism. Through the data materials findings could be analyzed where the different post conflict government that Rwanda and Burundi had implemented was compared and the conclusion could be drawn that creating a stable society in countries that have such an immense division between people is extremely difficult. In this thesis Rwanda and Burundi’s post conflict models were compared to understand the different effects and consequences of their respective post conflict model. The literature and interviewees believed the situation in Rwanda as better than Burundi in terms of development, however Burundi’s vision of creating a democratic and power-sharing government might turn out better in the long run, however they still have plenty of issues to deal with before that could happen.
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Case, Danielle. "The former Yugoslavia and Burundi/Rwanda, two case studies on the role of ethnocentrism in warfare." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22820.pdf.
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O'Connell, Bethesda J., Megan Quinn, and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Risk Factors of Diarrheal Disease Among Children in the East African Countries of Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2879.
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Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally and in East Africa. Determining diarrheal disease risk factors and their strength of association to diarrheal disease in this region is necessary to identify and prioritize future research questions and interventions. Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program Data on child health in Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania from 2010 were used and simple and multiple logistic regressions were completed to determine factors that predicted diarrheal disease. Diarrhea that occurred in the two weeks prior to data collection was reported for 24.80% of Burundian, 13.1% of Rwandan, and 13.91% of Tanzanian children under five. In Burundian children, increased risk of diarrhea was associated with unimproved sanitation, young mothers, and the mother’s education level (secondary school or less). In Rwandan children, increased risk of diarrhea was associated with more than 30-minute travel time to water source, rainy season, young mothers, mother’s lack of education, and low wealth index. In Tanzanian children, increased risk of diarrhea was associated with rainy season and young mothers. The impact of improved water source and sanitation facility on diarrheal disease is not consistent across the literature or results of this study. Future research should include information on hygiene practices, type of water storage container and types of household water treatment. Further, pathogen specific research, such as molecular fingerprinting, would assist to link the source to the disease. These additions would provide a more comprehensive understanding of risk factors for and sources of diarrheal disease globally and in East Africa.
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Litanga, Patrick B. "Indigenous Legal Traditions in Transitional Justice Processes: Examining the Gacaca in Rwanda and the Bashingantahe in Burundi." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1331746081.
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Dhetchuvi, Matchu-Mandje Jean Baptiste. "Taxnonomie et phytogéographie des marantaceae et des zingiberaceae de l'Afrique centrale (Gabon, Congo, Zaïre, Rwanda et Burundi)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212401.
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Munyampeta, Munyuzangabo Corneille. "Culture nationale et développement dans la coopération interafricaine les cas du Rwanda, du Burundi et de la Tanzanie." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375949982.
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Nicaise, Guillaume. "L'Afrique des Grands Lacs (Rwanda, Burundi) à l'heure des réformes de bonne gouvernance : ethnographie comparative d'un "travelling model”." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH052/document.
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En analysant le processus d’appropriation des normes de bonne gouvernance (participation citoyenne, transparence, redevabilité et lutte contre la corruption) par les fonctionnaires au Rwanda et au Burundi, cette thèse cherche à comprendre l’impact réel des politiques de développement, dans le domaine de la gouvernance. La recherche met en exergue l’influence importante des bailleurs sur la structure formelle des Etats, mais sans modifier les rapports de force sous-jacents, au sein de la structure étatique. Au contraire, la recherche prouve qu’un faible niveau de considération des relations informelles de pouvoir et de la perception cognitive des acteurs durant le transfert de technologie peut porter à un détournement et une instrumentalisation de la technologie transférée, renforçant les dynamiques de pouvoir préexistantesBy analyzing the appropriation process of good governance norms (civil participation, transparency, accountability and the fight against corruption) by civil servants in Rwanda and Burundi, this thesis try to assess the real impact of development policies, within the governance framework. The research emphasizes the influence of bilateral and multilateral donors on state formal structure, but without modifying underlying power relationships, within the state structure. At the contrary, the research shows that a lack of consideration for informal power relations and actors’ cognitive perception during technology transfer may reinforce pre-existing power relationships, as well as the misappropriation and the instrumentalization of the transferred technology
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Ntukanyagwe, Michelle M. "A retrospective comparative analysis of the maternal and child health MDGs in Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda: Beyond 2015." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31186.
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The timeline of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) elapsed in 2015, global indicators showed that Africa still accounts for almost half of all child deaths globally and has the world’s highest maternal mortality rates. By the year 2015, Africa as a continent was unable to meet the maternal and child health MDG targets. This study seeks to retrospectively compare, the progress made on the maternal and child health related Millennium Development Goals namely: MDG4- Reduce child mortality and MDG5- Improve Maternal Health, in Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda. Indicators show that, only Rwanda was able to achieve the maternal and child health MDGs. Specifically, the study provides a contextual understanding of the policy interventions implemented by Rwanda, despite starting from a lower base in comparison to Burundi and Uganda due to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. The study also sought to understand how broad governance indicators specifically, government effectiveness and control of corruption vary between the three countries: Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda as well as their impact on maternal and child health trends. The study illustrates how Rwanda’s governance is underpinned by a system that is strongly hinged on ideological clarity, good leadership, country ownership for effective policy execution and enforcement of accountability through home grown solutions like imihigo. The integration of imihigo within the health sector has, in addition to other innovative interventions, like the implementation of the Community Health Insurance Policy, deployment of over 60,000 community health workers, innovative use of ICT in health like rapid short message service (sms), drones among others. In contrasting the governance of the health sectors in Rwanda and Uganda, one of the striking differences is that in Rwanda, there are strong linkages between the local and central levels for policy implementation and evaluation, and between the health sector and finance ministry. These are indicative of strong intra-governmental accountability. Uganda on the other hand, despite having good laws and policies in place, still faces poor implementation and lack of strong accountability mechanisms, due to low levels of ownership. The contrast is also sharply illustrated by Rwanda’s higher score in the indicative measures of “government effectiveness and control of corruption”. In short, better quality governments usually have positive effect on development outcomes thanks to overall efficiency in the delivery of public services. Specific recommendations include for Uganda to generate good local governance, effective implementation of decentralisation, follow through of policies and enforcement of accountability for performance failures, the use of community health workers to address existing scarcity of health sector personnel as well as the adoption of ICT policies to support the implementation of health interventions.
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Chemouni, Benjamin. "The politics of state effectiveness in Burundi and Rwanda : ruling elite legitimacy and the imperative of state performance." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3353/.
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This thesis explores why state effectiveness differs in countries that otherwise share many common characteristics, a question that has been central in recent academic and policy debates, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The thesis presents a comparative study of two such states, Burundi and Rwanda. Although they share many characteristics, their performance has followed diverging paths since the end of the civil war in Burundi (1993-2003) and of the war and the genocide in Rwanda (1990-1994). Through a comparative case study analysis, the research examines why the state is more effective in implementing government policies in the latter than in the former. Drawing on a year and a half of fieldwork, the thesis explores the effectiveness of the state from two analytical vantage points. First, a functional perspective examines the articulation and implementation of specific policies, taking as sub-case studies the promotion of fertiliser use in agriculture and the promotion of maternal health. Second, state effectiveness is explored through an organisational perspective, examining the incentive, monitoring and disciplining mechanisms of officials in the local-level and national-level bureaucracies. Both countries had formal state institutions ostensibly designed to promote development. However the informal norms and organisational behaviour promoted by ruling political parties undermined developmental efforts in Burundi while supporting them in Rwanda. The thesis argues that the difference in state effectiveness between the two countries lies ultimately in elites’ differing strategies of legitimation, making a well-functioning state less politically imperative in Burundi than in Rwanda. To demonstrate this, the thesis improves on existing typologies of forms of legitimacy and probes the relationship between the elite’s legitimation strategies and state effectiveness. Empirically, the research contributes to redressing the relative paucity of the literature on the political economy of the state in Burundi. It engages with the polarised scholarship on Rwanda by revisiting the main debates on the nature of its state. It invites nuancing current analyses on how power is deployed from the centre to the periphery in that country.
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Ndoricimpa, Herménégilde. "Articulation identité-responsabilité, vers une théologie morale africaine pertinente : le cas de l'Afrique des Grands Lacs : Burundi-Rwanda-Zaïre." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0024/NQ36786.pdf.
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Russell, Aidan Sean. "Talking politics and watching the border in Northern Burundi, c.1960-1972." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:75d77271-53de-4942-a315-020c5296d590.
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This is the history of a turbulent borderland in a time of transition. Colonialism redefined the meaning of borders in Burundi, and in the traumatic shift from colonial rule to Independence it became dangerous to live on the frontier. Responding to Newbury’s plea to ‘bring the peasant back in’ to the written history of the Great Lakes region, the thesis takes a micro-history approach, viewing the tumultuous events of the 1960s and 1970s from the perspective of the hills and the homestead. The border with Rwanda, as experienced in the two communes of Kabarore and Busiga, is tested as the point of encounter between society and state in this crucial time. It reveals the function and dysfunction of political linkage, and the tensions of being a citizen and a subject in the margins of a political community ruled by suspicion and paranoia. The themes - dissent, collaboration, elimination, repression - link this local history to the flow of national politics and the making of a new African state. Taking as its scope the pivotal period from decolonisation to the military state’s ‘selective genocide’, enacted against its Hutu population, the thesis identifies ‘vigilance’ as the most productive concept by which to study concepts of governance, political community and political linkage in the Great Lakes at the vital point of transformation. A communicative act that blends the stance of the citizen and the subject to shape a means of cautious cooperation and mutual recognition between people and state, vigilance also proved the destructive weapon that violently distilled the population into a subjugated peasantry beneath a bloodied state. The interaction on the border reveals these vital issues in acute contrast, opening the door to their examination elsewhere. This thesis studies the border; its conclusions may be chased far beyond it.
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Rusuhuzwa, Kigabo Thomas. "Intégration, cointégration avec rupture structurelle : application à l'estimation d'une fonction de demande de monnaie : cas du Rwanda et du Burundi." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2004/rusuhuzwa-kigabo_t_notice.
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Le rôle important que joue la demande de monnaie dans la gestion de la politique monétaire est à l'origine, depuis quelques décennies, de nombreuses recherches tant théoriques qu'empiriques à ce sujet. Elles ont été depuis longtemps menées essentiellement dans les pays industrialisés, mais depuis quelques années cependant, on observe également une émergence des études empiriques sur la demande de monnaie pour les pays en développement, mais pas beaucoup pour ceux de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Ce récent développement est plus expliqué par les besoins des banques centrales en matière de la politique monétaire, l'adoption des politiques de taux de change flexibles, la globalisation des marchés des capitaux, la libéralisation financière, les innovations des marchés nationaux ainsi que par les évènements spécifiques aux pays. Des problèmes économétriques liés aux modèles d'ajustement partiel, utilisés depuis les années 80, tels que la non stationnarité des variables macroéconomiques ont été relevés ainsi que les limites liées aux théories d'ajustements utilisées. Ce qui a conduit à adopter les Modèles à Correction d'Erreur (ECM) dans l'estimation des fonctions de la demande de monnaie. L'un des points forts de la modélisation ECM est qu'elle tient compte des caractéristiques des variables utilisées. Ainsi, l'étude de stationnarité des séries est devenue depuis, le point de départ de presque toutes les modélisations utilisant les séries chronologiques. Contrairement à l'idée selon laquelle plusieurs variables macroéconomiques n'étaient pas stationnaires, Perron (1989) a montré que cette évidence pourrait être due à la présence d'un important changement structurel dans la tendance des séries. Ces résultats ont été à l'origine des récentes recherches en économétrie des séries temporelles, qui tiennent compte de cette éventualité de rupture dans la tendance d'une série, et c'est dans cette approche que se situe notre recherche. Nous présentons les principaux tests de stationnarité et co-intégration avec rupture dans la tendance d'une série, et c'est dans cette approche que se situe notre recherche. Nous présentons les principaux tests de stationnarité et co-intégration avec rupture avant de les utiliser pour estimer le demande de monnaie au Rwanda et au BurundiThe steady steam of theoretical and empirical research, which is observed over the past several decades have been influenced by the major role of demand for money in selecting appropriate money policy actions. Most of that research took place in industrialised countries, though they are now increasingly emerging in developing countries. This trend is explained by the impact of liberalization of economics, globalisation of capital markets, financial liberalization and innovation in domestic markets. The econometric problems associated with the partial adjustment models like non-stationarity of variables led to Error Correction Model, which emphasises on time series on time series characteristics of data. Since the paper of Nelson and Plosser (1982), the problem about unit root hypothesis has received a lot of attention from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. By using ADF test, they argued that current shocks have permanent effects on level of most macroeconomic series. In contrast to that idea, Perron (1989) argued that macroeconomic fluctuations are most likely stationary if allowance is made for breaks in the deterministic components of economic time series. In our research, we present important tests of stationarity and cointegration with break structure, before estimating the demand for money in Rwanda and Burund
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Cloete, Jacob. "The politics of belonging and a contest for survival: Rethinking the conflict in North and South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6808.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDI set out to rethink the ongoing conflict in North Kivu and South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). I highlight two problems with regards to the current conceptualisation of the conflict in North Kivu and South Kivu. The first is a theoretical problem and here I demonstrate that the Banyarwanda and Banyamulenge’s quest for belonging has so far been restricted to citizenship. Congolese Banyarwanda and the Banyamulenge find themselves in a peculiar situation, at various times in the postcolonial Congolese state they had recognition from above but lacked recognition from below. It is in this context that a politics of belonging developed. The second problem is with regards to the history of the conflict. I argue that most scholarly works take the 1993 conflict in North Kivu as the starting point of the conflict, but the conflict can be traced back to an earlier date. It was with this in mind that I pose the following question: Can the conflict in North and South Kivu in the DRC be considered as a politics of belonging between indigenous Congolese and Kinyarwanda speaking Congolese, and a contest for survival between Hutu and Tutsi elites?
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Drozenová, Blanka. "Postavení vybraných zemí východní Afriky ve světové ekonomice a perspektivy jejich budoucího vývoje." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73748.
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This thesis deals with the position of the selected countries of East Africa in the world economy and prospects of their future development. The first chapter provides basic information about Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda. The second chapter belongs to the most important ones and deals with the historical context. The third part adds some information about the UN approach to the events in this territory. The fourth chapter is devoted to foreign policy orientation. The next two chapters are the most significant ones: the fifth part deals with development of economy and current economic situation, the sixth part discusses foreign trade. The last chapter provides an outlook for the future of these African countries.
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Habiyambere, Gaspard. "Rwanda : les influences extérieures dans la politisation, la radicalisation et la reconstruction d'une société ethnopolitiquement conflictuelle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA019.
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L’objet de cette thèse en science politique est de dégager, à partir de l’histoire politique du Rwanda et de ses influences ou relations extérieures africaines et internationales (notamment avec le Burundi, la RD du Congo, l’Ouganda, l’Allemagne, la Belgique, la France, le Royaume-Uni, les États-Unis, l’ONU, l’UE, l’UA), les causes de l’effondrement de l’État rwandais (lors du génocide de 1994) et les pistes de solutions qui pourraient aider à sa reconstruction et/ou reconstitution. Cela pourrait aussi servir d’exemple à d’autres pays (notamment d’Afrique, d’Asie et d’Amérique latine) qui utilisent l’appartenance ethno-raciale et/ou régionale de la population, la mobilisation des gens sur base de leurs identités réelles ou supposées, la politisation des races ou des différences, la racialisation de la politique, le copinage politique ou tout simplement les ‘’voies négatives’’ de l’ethnopolitique comme fondement intellectuel ou label idéologique du pouvoir. Une réponse durable aux sanglants affrontements et aux crises politiques incessantes qui agitent le Rwanda et le Burundi pourrait être un projet politique autre qu’ethno-racial (basé plutôt sur la paix, la démocratie et le développement humain), la séparation géographique de type "Hutuland" et "Tutsiland" « par des moyens pacifiques et par voie d'accord », (selon les accords d'Helsinki de 1975 de l’OSCE dans le prolongement de la Charte de l’ONU sur le droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes de 1945, art.1 et de 1966, art.1) dans le scénario de l’ancien Ruanda-Urundi, mais avec chacun une seule communauté, et l’intégration régionale à l’instar de l’Union européenne, tout en respectant le droit internationalThe purpose of this PhD thesis in political science is to pinpoint, based on the political history of Rwanda and its external influences or relations at african and international level (particularly with Burundi, the DR of Congo, Uganda, Germany, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, the UN, the EU and the AU), the causes of the collapse of the Rwandan state (during the 1994 genocide) and the potential solutions that could help to rebuild and/or reform it. This could also serve as an example to other countries (particularly those in Africa, Asia and Latin America), which use the ethno-racial and/or regional affiliation of the population, the mobilization of people based on their real or supposed identities, the politicization of races or differences, racialization of politics, political cronyism or quite simply the “negative ways” of ethnopolitics as an intellectual basis or ideological label of power. A sustainable response to the bloody conflicts and endless political crises afflicting Rwanda and Burundi could be a political project rather than an ethno-racial one (based more on peace, democracy and human development), geographical separation in the style of "Hutuland" and "Tutsiland" “by peaceful means and through agreement” (according to the 1975 Helsinki Accords of the OSCE in the extension of the UN Charter on the right of peoples to self-determination in 1945, Art.1 and 1966, Art.1) in the setting of the former Ruanda-Urundi, but each with a separate community and regional integration in a manner similar to that of the European Union, while respecting international law
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Nduwayo, Jean-Marie. "L' imaginaire de l'Occident médiéval au Burundi et au Rwanda de la fin du 19e siècle aux années 1960 : construction, diffusion et motifs du succès." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010566.
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I La thèse, subdivisée en trois parties, porte sur l'histoire sociale et politique du Burundi et du Rwanda, pays faisant partie de la région des grands lacs africains, de la fin du 19eme siècle aux années 1960 sous un regard croise avec l'imaginaire I' Occident médiéval dans les deux pays. La première partie trace les fondements du pouvoir et son fonctionnement dans les deux pays. La religion qui rend le roi sacré, le contrôle de la terre et la vache assurent la stabilité du pouvoir. La deuxième partie montre comment le modèle féodal de l' Occident a servi de référence dans l'approche des réalités locales. Un vocabulaire, emprunté au Moyen Age, a été mobilise pour designer les réalités de cette région. La dernière partie analyse les éléments de comparaison entre l'ordre médiéval européen et l'ordre ancien des grands lacs africains. Elle répond à la question: pourquoi les Burundais et les Rwandais ont trouve le modèle médiéval occidental intéressant au point de se l'approprier.
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Royer, Arnaud. "De l'exil au pouvoir, le destin croisé des réfugiés burundais et rwandais dans la région des Grands Lacs africains depuis 1959." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010533.
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Depuis le début des années 1960, plusieurs centaines de milliers de réfugiés ont fui le Burundi et le Rwanda pour échapper à la répression gouvernementale, aux massacres généralisés ou à l'inverse aux accusations de persécutions. Notre recherche analyse sur plusieurs décennies ces flux, mais surtout leurs traitements par les gouvernements des pays d'origine et d'accueil, le HCR et leurs " soit disant" ou avérés représentants politiques et militaires. Voulant dépasser les lieux communs sur les réfugiés en haillons, nous avons replacé leurs mouvements et leurs installations au sein de luttes relatives à l'acquisition, le renforcement et la déstabilisation des pouvoirs politiques. Depuis les indépendances, que ce soit au moment de leur exil ou de leur retour, les réfugiés burundais et rwandais affectent et sont affectés par les politiques étrangères des pays de la région des Grands Lacs, mais aussi contribuent à configurer les enjeux domestiques dans les pays hôtes et les pays d'accueil.
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Bararu, Isidore. "L'intégration des jeunes immigrants francophones des pays des Grands Lacs africains (Burundi, République Démocratique du Congo et Rwanda) dans la vie socioprofessionnelle à Ottawa - Gatineau." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28754.
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Cette thèse se penche sur la problématique de l'intégration des jeunes immigrants francophones des pays des Grands Lacs africains (JIFPGLA) dans la vie socioprofessionnelle à Ottawa-Gatineau. L'objectif consiste à explorer l'expérience de ce groupe de jeunes en rapport avec leur intégration dans la société d'accueil. Il s'agit d'examiner comment les éléments du capital humain et social ainsi que d'autres axes discriminatoires s'enchevêtrent pour empêcher ces jeunes immigrants de pénétrer le milieu de l'emploi.
Le premier chapitre est consacré à une étude historique, politique et législative de l'immigration canadienne et africaine. Il présente le contexte de l'immigration canadienne entachee par des inégalités qui conduisent à l'exclusion et à la discrimination. Le deuxième chapitre pose la problématique de recherche. Il analyse les caractéristiques de la population immigrante. Il établit le portrait de jeunes immigrants au Canada et celui des immigrants originaires des pays des Grands Lacs africains. Le troisième chapitre concerne le cadre théorique. Il conceptualise les termes qui sous-tendent l'intégration. Il analyse aussi le courant de l'interactionnisme symbolique étudié à travers la pensée de l'École de Chicago. Il s'agit de voir comment les immigrants interagissent et réagissent avec les composantes de la société lorsqu'ils font face aux problèmes d'inégalités liés au capital humain et social ainsi qu'aux dimensions de la construction de frontières ethniques, de l'ethnicité et de l'ethnie. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré à la méthodologie de la recherche. Il propose une méthode qualitative basée sur des entrevues semi-structurées, effectuées auprès d'un échantillon de quinze répondants. Une analyse et une interprétation des données des entrevues, suivies par une brève description de chaque répondant, ont été réalisées. Les chapitres cinq et six comprennent deux volets empiriques du capital humain et social. Le premier répertorié les discriminations et rend compte de leur incidence sur l'intégration. Le deuxième volet met l'emphase sur l'importance des réseaux primaires et secondaires dans le processus d'intégration. La conclusion retrace en amont et en aval les étapes qui ont caractérisé ce travail. Il en résulte qu'au Canada en général et dans la Région d'Ottawa-Gatineau en particulier, la discrimination envers les JIFPGLA existe sous une forme directe ou indirecte. Conséquemment, ces jeunes n'ont pas la même chance d'accès aux emplois comparativement aux jeunes Canadiens de souche1.
1Par Canadien de souche, nous entendons des personnes qui sont installées au Canada depuis de nombreuses générations, à tel point qu'elles ne sont plus considérées comme des immigrants ni des descendants d'immigrants.
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Nyberg, Oskarsson Gunilla. "Le mouvement pentecôtiste - une communauté alternative au sud du Burundi 1935-1960." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Missionsvetenskap, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4277.
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This thesis is a contribution to a hitherto neglected area of research: The African Pentecostal Churches, that do not belong to those called African Indigenous Churches (AICs). It is a case study from the perspective of southern Burundi, the periphery of the ancient kingdom. The Pentecostal Movement in Burundi was born in the encounter between Swedish Pentecostal missionaries and the population in the southern part of the country. This study highlights what happened in that encounter. The thesis consists of six parts. The first is a survey of the Pentecostal Movement in Sweden. The diachronic structure of parts two to five focuses on the development within the Burundian Pentecostal Churches and their relationship to the Burundian society 1935-1960. In the sixth part the diachronic approach is augmented by structural analyses, showing how aspects in the Pentecostal Movement developed. The Pentecostal missionaries accepted in part the traditional world view, the belief in a spiritual world and non-rational explanations to misfortunes in life. They encouraged the Burundians to do spiritual experiences, and especially the baptism in the Holy Ghost. The Burundian evangelists and church elders played a decisive role. It was their task to reformulate the Pentecostal message in Kirundi, which was not spoken by the missionaries. They moulded the message into a Burundian Pentecostal message, at the same time respecting the teaching of the early missionaries. They succeeded in doing that so well that the Pentecostal Movement became a popular movement, in certain places the dominating Christian denomination, in spite of the parallel work done by the Catholic Church, encouraged and supported by the Belgian state. This thesis builds on material taken mainly from unpublished sources from archives in Burundi, Sweden, Rome, Great Britain and Denmark. These are supplemented by interviews, most of them made by the author.
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Bizimana, Syldie. "A critical analysis of the right to education for refugee children in Great Lakes : the case study of Burundi." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5296.
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Originally the aim of this study was the exploration of the current situation of the right
to education for refugee children in Burundi and Rwanda being the two countries with
the highest number of refugees in Africa. However because of lack of information
about the refugee situation in Rwanda, this study is limited to analysis of the situation
in Burundi. This study then analyses the state of implementation of the international
and national legal instrument by the government of Burundi and suggest ways of
implementing the existing international and national legal framework.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Ass. Prof. Frederick Juuko, of the Faculty of Law, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Nabirire, Musa. "L'actualité de l'héritage philosophique de Kant dans la construction d'une paix durable pour le développement de l'Afrique des Grands Lacs." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAK012.
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La pacification de l’Afrique des Grands Lacs mise à feu et à sang au cours de ces deux dernières décennies est le but ultime de cette thèse. Face au revers qu’ont connu plusieurs initiatives visant à mettre fin aux violences dans cette région, notre préoccupation a été de chercher dans le kantisme une nouvelle raison d’espérer. Ainsi, ce travail tente de montrer comment l’héritage philosophique de Kant peut contribuer au rétablissement de la paix et au développement au Rwanda, au Burundi et en République Démocratique du Congo, trois pays de cette région, meurtris par des guerres. Notre démarche a été d’examiner la pensée morale et politique de Kant dans laquelle nous avons trouvé les fondements de son modèle, élaboré dans un contexte de guerres en Europe. La discussion sur sa réception et la montée du nationalisme stigmatisant le cosmopolitisme kantien, nous a conduit à établir un lien entre la promotion, par le régime nazi, de la race aryenne supposée être supérieure à d’autres et considérée comme modèle d’organisation sociale, et la propagation des préjugés similaires par l’administration coloniale en Afrique des Grands Lacs postulant la suprématie des Tutsi « faits pour régner » sur les Hutu et les Twa, simples nègres voués à la servitude. Instrumentalisé par les politiques soucieux de conquérir le pouvoir, ce « jugement raciste », sans fondement, sera une des causes de l’hécatombe génocidaire dans laquelle seront engouffrés le Rwanda et le Burundi avant d’étendre ses effets sur le Congo où les conflits prendront une dimension économique et impliqueront plusieurs pays africains et d’autres acteurs non africains. Cependant, capitalisant la réémergence du cosmopolitisme reprise par les fondateurs de la SDN et ceux de l’ONU, nous avons souligné la pertinence de la coopération et l’articulation des différences comme préalable à une paix durable. Avec Ricœur et Arendt, deux post-kantiens, nous avons lancé les jalons de réconciliation dans les trois pays, en nous référant à l’expérience franco-allemande et sud-africaine. Nous avons souligné l’importance de la réforme des institutions onusiennes et celles des États de la région pour qu’à travers le républicanisme naisse l’état de droit. L’hospitalité exprimée par le cosmopolitisme et le commerce international dans la pensée kantienne, se traduirait par la coopération interétatique et la fusion des organisations régionales en une union économique et monétaire qui poserait les bases d’une fédération d’États africains et garantirait une paix durable sur le continent et dans la région des Grands LacsThe pacification of the African Great Lakes plagued by violence during these last two decades is the ultimate goal of this thesis. After the failure of several initiatives to end violence in the region, our concern was to look in the Kantism a new reason to hope. Thus, this work attempts to show how the philosophical legacy of Kant can contribute to peace and development in Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo, three countries of the region ravaged by wars. Our approach has been to consider the moral and political thought of Kant in which we found the foundations of this theory of peace developed in the context of wars in Europe. The discussion of its receipt and the rise of nationalism stigmatizing the Kantian cosmopolitanism, has led us to establish a connection between the promotion by the Nazi regime of the aryan race supposed to be superior than others and considered as a model of the social organization, with the spread of similar prejudices by the colonial administration in the African Great Lakes applicant Tutsi supremacy "created to rule " the Hutu and Twa, simple doomed to slavery negroes. Exploited by politicians anxious to gain power, this "racist judgment," unfounded, will be one of the causes of the genocidal massacre in which will be engulfed Rwanda and Burundi before extending its effects on the Congo, where conflicts will take an economic dimension and involve a number of African countries and other non-African actors. However, capitalizing the reemergence of cosmopolitanism recovery by the founders of the League of Nations and those of the UN, we have stressed the relevance of cooperation and articulation of differences as a precondition for lasting peace. With Ricœur and Arendt, two post-Kantians, we launched the foundation for reconciliation in the three countries, referring to the Franco-German and South African experience. We stressed the importance of the reform of the UN institutions and states of the region so that through the republicanism the state of law should be promoted. The hospitality expressed by cosmopolitanism and international trade in the kantian thought, would result states’ cooperation and the gathering of regional organizations in an economic and monetary union which would lay the foundation of a federation of African states and ensure a lasting peace on the continent and in the Great Lakes region
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Leclercq, Sidney. "Resilience of Fragility: International Statebuilding Subversion at the Intersection of Politics and Technicality." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/258442.
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For the past two decades, statebuilding has been the object of a growing attention from practitioners and scholars alike. ‘International statebuilding’, as its dominant approach or model guiding the practices of national and international actors, has sparked numerous discussions and debates, mostly around its effectiveness (i.e. if it works) and deficiencies (i.e. why it often fails). Surprisingly, little efforts have been made to investigate what international statebuilding, in the multiple ways it is mobilized by various actors, actually produces on the political dynamics of the ‘fragile’ contexts it is supposed to support and reinforce. Using an instrumentation perspective, this dissertation addresses this gap by exploring the relationship between the micro-dynamics of the uses of international statebuilding instruments and the fragility of contexts. This exploration is articulated around five essays and as many angles to this relationship. Using the case of Hamas, Essay I explores the European Union’s (EU) terrorist labelling policy by questioning the nature and modalities of the enlisting process, its use as foreign policy tool and its consequences on its other agendas, especially its international statebuilding efforts in Palestine. Essay II examines a Belgian good governance incentive mechanism and sheds the light on the tension between the claimed apolitical and objective nature of the instrument and the politicization potential embedded in its design and modalities, naturally leading to a convoluted implementation. Essay III analyses the localization dynamics of transitional justice in Burundi and unveils the nature, diversity and rationale behind transitional justice subversion techniques mobilized by national and international actors, which have produced a triple form of injustice. Essay IV widens this scope in Burundi, developing the argument that the authoritarian trend observed in the 2010-2015 period did not only occur against international statebuilding but also through self-reinforcing subversion tactics of its appropriation. Finally, essay V deepens the reflection on appropriation by attempting to build a theory of regime consolidation through international statebuilding subversion tactics. Overall, the incremental theory building reflection of the essays converges towards the assembling of a comprehensive framework of the in-betweens of the normative diffusion of liberal democracy, the inner-workings of its operationalization through the resort to the international statebuilding instrument and the intermediary constraints or objectives of actors not only interfering with its genuine realization but also contributing to its antipode of regime consolidation, conflict dynamics and authoritarianism.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Atfield, Tom. "Reading The Brothers Karamazov in Burundi." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10756/285097.
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In 1999, aged eighteen, I read 'The Brothers Karamazov' by Dostoevsky. I read this novel in Burundi, where I witnessed the suffering of others. The country's basic problem was civil war, which is best described in this terse note: "Rwanda, the sequel. Same story, different location. Nobody cares." The well-publicised problems in Rwanda in 1994 didn't end, they went next-door. The only thing separating the problems of those two countries was the most heavily landmined stretch of road on the planet. It was on this road, which was littered with the remains of vehicles and people, that I experienced the immediacy of 'the problem of evil'.I had hoped that the book I held in my hands on those lifetime-long hours on the road would resonate with my experience. Ivan Karamazov's accusation of the God who creates a world of atrocities seemed fuelled by an unflinching look at senseless, disteleological suffering. I had hoped that Ivan, with his face turned against God, could countenance the horror I saw. Karamazov's stance has been seen as the antithesis of theodicy, which is the attempt to reconcile faith in God with the existence of evil. This antithesis seems to overcome the distance between the experience of real suffering and the account of that suffering given by academic theodicy. Ultimately, however, that distance remains. Dostoevsky's protagonist in his railing against God connects no more with the victims in this world than a writer of theodicy does with her defence of God.
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Mitchell, Stacey Marie Gibson. "Historical institutionalism, prospect theory and an alternative theory of collective violence the cases of Rwanda and Burundi /." 2007. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/mitchell%5Fstacey%5Fm%5F200705%5Fphd.
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Kratinová, Petra. "Analysis of composite indicators of sustainable development and their interpretation for the Democratic Republic of Congo." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-249536.
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Diploma thesis deals with construction of a composite indicator and its interpretation for the Democratic Republic of Congo. The theoretical part is focused on sustainable development and steps how to construct a composite indicator. In the practical part, there is subsequently constructed a composite indicator and performed its analysis. Analysis is based on each pillar of sustainable development. The closing part of the thesis is devoted to proposals and suggestions on how to improve the current situation in DRC.
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Jagwe, John Nkalubo. "The impact of transaction costs on the participation of smallholder farmers and intermediaries in the banana markets of Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25567.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture is considered a critical sector in attaining economic growth for most economies in Africa. However, for the sector to play its role, it needs to be commercialised to enable smallholder farmers to participate in markets and, hence, improve their incomes and livelihoods. In most developing economies, smallholder farmers find it difficult to participate in markets because of the numerous constraints and barriers mostly reflected in the transaction costs that make access to input and output markets difficult. When analysing the effects of transaction costs on market participation, much attention has been accorded to farmers while ignoring middlemen/traders who are also part of the marketing system. Furthermore, studies on the effect of transaction costs on market participation tend to focus on grains and cereals while ignoring agrocommodities that are more perishable. The purpose of this study was to holistically examine the effects of transaction costs on participation of smallholder farmers and middlemen in banana markets of the Great Lakes region in central Africa. The study adopted a non-separable household model which incorporated fixed and proportional transaction costs in the function of maximising utility subject to resource constraints. The Heckman procedure was used to determine the factors affecting the discrete choice of smallholder farmers on whether to sell and quantities to sell while catering for selection biases. Probit analysis was used to determine the farmers’ choice of selling point while the ordinary least squares method was used to analyse the extent of participation of traders. Variables capturing transaction costs in regards to information gathering, negotiating, contracting, monitoring and enforcing of contracts were used in the analyses. The empirical analyses were based on secondary data availed for 2666 farming households and 494 traders located in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda. The results of the study indicate that fixed and proportional transaction costs distinctly affect the participation of smallholder farmers in markets. Belonging to farmer groups facilitates information exchange which reduces fixed transaction costs and, hence, increases the likelihood of farmers to participate in markets. The size of a household, distance to markets and ownership of transport means, which is linked to proportional transaction costs, influence the extent of farmer participation in markets. The choice of selling point was significantly influenced by household size, the gender of the household head, off farm revenue, access to price information and the extent of remoteness of household. The effects of transaction costs on market participation of smallholder farmers were more evident in the analyses for bananas than in the one for beans. The participation of traders was significantly influenced by gender, trading experience and supply distance which relate to the bargaining prowess, business networks and per unit transport cost, respectively. Interventions geared towards supporting associations for farmers may facilitate information exchange and enhance bargaining and contracting skills which subsequently reduce transaction costs. Policies aimed at supporting investment in rural infrastructure, in terms of feeder road networks and market places, can lead to reduction in transaction costs and thereby enhance participation of farmers and traders in markets.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted
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Wambugu, Lydia Wakarindi. "Forced migration, gender, social capital and coping strategies in Western Tanzania." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/5310.
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Hategekimana, Celestin. "Solidarity with strangers : the challenges posed by the Great Lakes region refugees to the Ministry of the Anglican Cathedral of the Holy Nativity, Pietermaritzburg." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/282.
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This thesis focuses on the challenges posed by the refugees from the Great Lakes Region to the ministry of the Anglican Cathedral of the Holy Nativity in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. It intends to inform the Christian world in general and specifically the Anglican Cathedral of the Holy Nativity of the current refugee situation and its causes. Furthermore, this study shows that understanding the refugees' livelihood strategies is a prerequisite to improved interventions. Using the Sustainable Livelihood Framework, this study describes some of the positive and negative outcomes from the mechanisms and strategies developed by refugees in order to stabilize and enhance their situation. Looking at the livelihood challenges faced by the Great Lakes Region refugees, this study shows how UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) has been in a weak position to challenge the policies of its funders and host governments even when those policies fail to respond adequately to refugee problems.Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.
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Mujawamariya, Consolee. "Living with xenophobia : understanding the lived experiences of Burundian and Rwandese refugees in Durban (South Africa)." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10074.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of the study described in this report was to better understand the lived
experiences of refugees from Burundi and Rwanda living in the inner city of Durban and
facing xenophobia. This study was motivated by available research evidence that
xenophobia is a widespread phenomenon, together with the researcher’s own experience
of living as a refugee in South Africa. The investigation was guided by ‘structural social
work theory’ and used a qualitative descriptive approach. The sample of the study,
purposively selected using snowball sampling technique, consisted of ten adult refugees
from Burundi and Rwanda who had been granted refugee status in South Africa. As a
data collection tool, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants. To
ensure trustworthiness, criteria of credibility, dependability, confirmability and
transferability were taken in account.
The study revealed that all the participants have fled their respective countries due to
ethnic conflicts and on-going civil wars. Traumatised by the experience that had led to
their flight, all ten participants were found to have been re-traumatised further along the
flight, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome were common. It was possible to
demonstrate that this background experience undermined participants’ ability to cope
with xenophobia. Xenophobia was found to feature in the form of both interpersonal and
structural violence, the latter consisting of both social and economic marginalisation and
exclusion. According to the research participants, the prevailing xenophobia in South
Africa can be attributed to a number of interconnected factors including: the impact of
South Africa’s apartheid history on attitudes of South Africans towards black foreigners,
coupled with a general lack of knowledge about who are refugees; high levels of violence
coupled with an apparent social acceptability of crime; as well as the negative statements
of the media about foreigners in general and refugees in particular. Against this
background, participants indicated a range of coping strategies, including the following:
escape from identity; psychological and social withdrawal; living in overcrowded inner
city areas to cut costs of living and minimise risks of exposure to xenophobic violence;
embracing self and informal employment.
Based on the study findings, this research report concludes with the proposition of a
number of recommendations towards curbing xenophobia in South Africa and enabling
refugees to overcome past traumatic experiences, integrate and become active
contributors to South Africa’s economy, in line with the qualifications that they may have
attained prior to flight. To this end, contributions are required of everyone concerned
with the refugees’ integration including the South African government, the media, the
social work profession, the refugees themselves, as well as the communities amongst
which they live. Much more research needs to be done to increase social workers’
understanding of the needs of refugees and of xenophobia, and to guide appropriate
professional responses.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.