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Journal articles on the topic 'Rwanda Youth'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Owoso, A., S. Jansen, D. M. Ndetei, A. Musau, V. N. Mutiso, C. Mudenge, A. Ngirababyeyi, A. Gasovya, and D. Mamah. "A comparative study of psychotic and affective symptoms in Rwandan and Kenyan students." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016001074.

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Aims.War and conflict are known to adversely affect mental health, although their effects on risk symptoms for psychosis development in youth in various parts of the world are unclear. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 and Civil War had widespread effects on the population. Despite this, there has been no significant research on psychosis risk in Rwanda. Our goal in the present study was to investigate the potential effects of genocide and war in two ways: by comparing Rwandan youth born before and after the genocide; and by comparing Rwandan and Kenyan adolescents of similar age.Methods.A total of 2255 Rwandan students and 2800 Kenyan students were administered the Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) Screen. Prevalence, frequency and functional impairment related to affective and psychosis-risk symptoms were compared across groups using univariate and multivariate statistics.Results.Rwandan students born before the end of the genocide and war in 1994 experienced higher psychotic and affective symptom load (p’s < 0.001) with more functional impairment compared with younger Rwandans. 5.35% of older Rwandan students met threshold for clinical high-risk of psychosis by the WERCAP Screen compared with 3.19% of younger Rwandans (χ2 = 5.36; p = 0.02). Symptom severity comparisons showed significant (p < 0.001) group effects between Rwandan and Kenyan secondary school students on affective and psychotic symptom domains with Rwandans having higher symptom burden compared with Kenyans. Rwandan female students also had higher rates of psychotic symptoms compared with their male counterparts – a unique finding not observed in the Kenyan sample.Conclusions.These results suggest extreme conflict and disruption to country from genocide and war can influence the presence and severity of psychopathology in youth decades after initial traumatic events.

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2

Ndagijimana, Joseph, Tharcisse Nzasingizimana, and Almas Heshmati. "An Analysis of the Determinants of Youth Employment in Rwanda." UKH Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (September 13, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v2n2y2018.pp1-10.

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The main objective of this research is to analyze the determinants of youth employment in Rwanda from the point of view of the demand, supply and the general labor market. An analysis of the data shows that a skill gap is most critical for employment creation and a transition from school-to-work seems problematic. Further, questions remain about what factors influence youth employment in Rwanda and how youth employment is related to poverty reduction and distribution of income. The study uses a multinomial logit model to shed light on the determinants of youth employment status in the country using data from the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). It verifies how the current status of youth employment in Rwanda has evolved over time and based on its findings it provides policy recommendations to promote youth employment. The research finds that youth employment in Rwanda is influenced by gender, age, education and geographical location. The finding of this research has implications for the youth unemployment in Kurdistan Region.

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3

Urayeneza, Yves, and S. Ramachandran S. Ramachandran. "Attitude Towards Traditional Sexual Practices Among Youth in Rwanda." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/jan2014/156.

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4

Ngamije, James, and Callixte Yadufashije. "Understanding youth with substance use disorders (SUDs) in Rwanda: A health promotion perspective." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 11, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v11i4.28123.

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Youth drug abuse has been subject of public concern for many years. In Rwanda, despite nearly two decades of developing prevention initiatives, the problem persists with significant disparities present across the country. This review evaluates a health promotion perspective that addresses the specific needs of vulnerable youth.

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5

Plancke, Carine. "Contemporary Dynamics in Rwandan Dances: Identity, Changing Creativity and the Globalisation of Affect." Dance Research 34, no. 2 (November 2016): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/drs.2016.0157.

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In contemporary Rwandan society, a revitalisation of ‘traditional’ dances can be observed which manifests in the proliferation of youth dance troupes, especially in urban areas. This revival is part of the drive, which has characterised Rwanda, to reconstruct itself after the traumatic 1994 genocide and to create a new, unified nation that strives to be ‘modern’ and integrated into the global market economy. This article explores the repertoire and dynamics of current Rwandan dance performances as they embody the new national identity, pointing to differences between the practices and views of dancers trained in the pre-genocide period and dancers from contemporary youth troupes. In this respect, two divergent views of creativity, found among these two categories of dancers, are distinguished: a perspective that privileges improvisation as a key creative process, on the one hand, and a view of creativity as innovation and the realisation of novel, pre-designed forms, on the other. With regard to the affective power of these performances, the article advances that contemporary dance shows generate affect, as bodily intensity, among the onlookers captured by the flow of spectacular, homogeneously performed dance forms. While evocative of Rwanda's new national identity, the latter neutralise connections with the dancers' subjective history and erase the dances' sociocultural background. In a final note, the changing dynamics in Rwandan dances are linked beyond this specific case study to the flow-closure dialectic of globalisation. It is suggested that dance's dual nature of both rhythmic flow and visual form is what makes it such a privileged marker of identity in our uncertain and violence-generating global times.

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6

Pontalti, Kirsten. "The orderly entrepreneur: Youth, education, and governance in Rwanda." African Affairs 118, no. 470 (January 1, 2019): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady063.

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7

Boris, Neil W., Lisanne A. Brown, Tonya R. Thurman, Janet C. Rice, Leslie M. Snider, Joseph Ntaganira, and Laetitia N. Nyirazinyoye. "Depressive Symptoms in Youth Heads of Household in Rwanda." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 162, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.162.9.836.

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8

Denov, Myriam, Leah Woolner, Jules Pacifique Bahati, Paulin Nsuki, and Obed Shyaka. "The Intergenerational Legacy of Genocidal Rape: The Realities and Perspectives of Children Born of the Rwandan Genocide." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 17-18 (May 15, 2017): 3286–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517708407.

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Brutal acts of sexual violence were documented on a mass scale during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. While existing scholarship on sexual violence has significantly increased our understanding of the challenges confronting survivors, gaps in knowledge remain regarding the lived experiences of children born of genocidal rape. This study sought to explore the realities and perspectives of children born of genocidal rape, and the existing opportunities and challenges they experienced in postgenocide Rwanda. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with 60 participants born of genocidal rape in Rwanda. Findings highlight the key challenges that these youth face in the postgenocide context, including struggles with identity and belonging, ambivalence in the mother–child relationship, and a desire to learn of their biological origins and heritage. The findings suggest that children born of conflict-related sexual violence face a distinct set of challenges and needs that have yet to be formally addressed. Our findings highlight the need for the development of programs, policies, and services specific for this important, yet overlooked group of young people affected by armed conflict.

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9

Thurman, Tonya R., Leslie Snider, Neil Boris, Edward Kalisa, Eleazer Nkunda Mugarira, Joseph Ntaganira, and Lisanne Brown. "Psychosocial support and marginalization of youth-headed households in Rwanda." AIDS Care 18, no. 3 (April 2006): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120500456656.

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10

Denov, Myriam, Laura Eramian, and Meaghan Shevell. "“You Feel Like You Belong Nowhere”: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and Social Identity in Post-Genocide Rwanda." Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, no. 1 (May 2020): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1663.

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Globally, the systematic use of sexual violence in modern warfare has resulted in the birth of thousands of children. Research has begun to focus on this often invisible group and the obstacles they face, including stigma, discrimination and exclusion based on their birth origins. Although sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide has been documented on a massive scale, little research has focused on the relational dynamics between mothers who experienced genocide rape and the children they bore. This paper explores the post-genocide realities of these two under-explored populations, revealing two key tensions in relation to identity-building and belonging. Drawing upon in-depth interviews conducted with 44 mothers and 60 youth, we examine how youth participants’ quest for the truth in forming their own identities is often in conflict with mothers’ efforts to disassociate their identities from sexual violence and genocide. Furthermore, both mothers’ and children’s identities remain ‘caught’ in the rigid ethnic politics of the genocide at the national level. Ultimately, this article highlights that the distinction between the self and the larger politics of post-genocide Rwanda are not easily disentangled, as challenges faced by these families exist at the nexus of the personal and the national, the individual and structural.

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Grant, Andrea Mariko. "The making of a ‘superstar’: the politics of playback and live performance in post-genocide Rwanda." Africa 87, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972016000747.

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AbstractThis article considers the reconstruction of Rwanda's post-genocide music industry through the national music competition, Primus Guma Guma Super Star. It explores local ideas about ‘playback’ and ‘live’ music, and argues that these two performative categories can be understood as wider metaphors for the relationship between the Rwandan state and its citizens, particularly Rwandan youth. On the one hand, Guma Guma aims to create the ideal post-genocide celebrity subject who will ‘play back’ a unified, de-ethnicized Rwandan identity with body and words. On the other, during the first two seasons of the competition, audiences demanded ‘live’ performance and Guma Guma prompted heated debate about ‘taboo’ topics, revealing enduring differences along socio-economic, ethnic and regional lines. Rather than affirm an inclusive Rwandan identity, Guma Guma hinted at its fragility and underscored the multiple and conflicting ways in which young people identify themselves and evaluate ‘truth’ in the post-genocide era. The article contributes not only to literature on popular culture in Africa, but also to studies that focus on mediation and changes in recording technology. Although scholars have quite rightly attempted to dissolve the boundary between the live and the mediated, I suggest that the boundary continues to do cultural and political work, particularly in developmental states.

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Thurman, Tonya Renee, Leslie A. Snider, Neil W. Boris, Edward Kalisa, Laetitia Nyirazinyoye, and Lisanne Brown. "Barriers to the community support of orphans and vulnerable youth in Rwanda." Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 7 (April 2008): 1557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.001.

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13

Test, F. S., S. D. Mehta, A. Handler, E. Mutimura, A. M. Bamukunde, and M. Cohen. "Gender inequities in sexual risks among youth with HIV in Kigali, Rwanda." International Journal of STD & AIDS 23, no. 6 (June 2012): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011339.

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14

Smith Fawzi, M. C., L. Ng, F. Kanyanganzi, C. Kirk, J. Bizimana, F. Cyamatare, C. Mushashi, et al. "Mental Health and Antiretroviral Adherence Among Youth Living With HIV in Rwanda." PEDIATRICS 138, no. 4 (September 27, 2016): e20153235-e20153235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3235.

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15

Ng, Lauren C., Frederick Kanyanganzi, Morris Munyanah, Christine Mushashi, and Theresa S. Betancourt. "Developing and Validating the Youth Conduct Problems Scale-Rwanda: A Mixed Methods Approach." PLoS ONE 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2014): e100549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100549.

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16

Pontalti, Kirsten. "Kinship ‘matters’: Continuity and change in children’s family relations across three generations in Rwanda." Childhood 25, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0907568217753523.

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Studies of children and youth in Africa increasingly document fundamental changes in young people’s lived experience. However, most studies neglect to locate children’s experiences and actions within their broader historical, social and institutional context. Drawing from 10 consecutive months of historical and ethnographic fieldwork in Rwanda, this article examines how young people have reproduced and changed their kinship relationships across three generations as they live at the interface of multiple rule systems, ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’.

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17

Harelimana, Jean Bosco, and Musangamfura Ignace. "Major Challenges Affecting Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Rwanda." Management and Organizational Studies 5, no. 4 (October 18, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/mos.v5n4p41.

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This paper sought to determine the specific challenges affecting financial performance of Microfinance institutions(MFIs) in Rwanda.This study used the cross-sectional survey research design. The target population of the study was 199 respondentsfrom clients of selected Microfinance institutions and 53 respondents from managers and staff of MFIs. Aquestionnaire was used to collect data. The data was first explored for the underlying factor structure among thestudy variables through factor analysis. Thereafter, the study undertook both descriptive and inferential statisticalanalyses.The findings revealed that liquidity, NPL, return on asset and return on equity are powerful instrument of financialperformance of MFIs in Rwanda, it assumes that the strategies to be taken in order to address the main challengesfacing MFIs in Rwanda are: Legal and Regulatory environment, Support infrastructure, Client Protection, Financialinclusion, Financial Education as well as Gender and Youth inclusion. The policy and law should also be reviewed toallow the transformed MFIs a tax holiday and exempt from tax any assets donated or transferred to the deposit takingmicrofinance institutions.

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Dzinamarira, Tafadzwa, Gashema Pierre, and Nadine Rujeni. "Is HIV Self-Testing a Potential Answer to the Low Uptake of HIV Testing Services Among Men in Rwanda? Perspectives of Men Attending Tertiary Institutions and Kimisagara Youth Centre in Kigali, Rwanda." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 11 (September 13, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n11p67.

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Rwanda has generally experienced low uptake of HIV testing services among men. However, the reasons behind this have not been researched. The main aim of this study was to explore whether HIV self-testing (HIVST) would have the capacity to improve uptake of HIV testing services among men in Rwanda. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study of 22 men attending tertiary institutions and the Kimisagara Youth Centre in Kigali, Rwanda. Data collection was conducted through open interviews. Data analysis was conducted through thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that most men had poor knowledge of HIVST, but the majority were willing to adopt it. Four main themes emerged during data analysis. Theme one indicated that men experienced a lack of sufficient information on HIVST. From theme two, it was uncovered that some men were indifferent to HIVST. From theme three, it emerged that most men perceived the cost as the main barrier to HIVST; however, if it was offered free of charge, they were willing to adopt it. Finally, theme four revealed that most men willing to adopt HIVST were concerned about the potential social harm and possible adverse events associated with HIVST.

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19

Bodansky, Daniel, and Kevin Jon Heller. "International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda—genocide—conspiracy to commit genocide—complicity in genocide—mens rea—judicial notice." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 1 (January 2007): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000029614.

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Prosecutor v. Karemera, Ngirumpatse, & Nzirorera. Case No. ICTR-98-44-AR73(C). Decision on Prosecutor's Interlocutory Appeal of Decision on Judicial Notice. At <http://www.ictr.org>.International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Appeals Chamber, June 16, 2006.In an interlocutory appeal in Prosecutor v. Karemera, the appeals chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) held that the commission of genocide against the Tutsis in 1994 is a “fact of common knowledge” of which trial chambers must take judicial notice (Appeals Decision, paras. 35, 38). The decision represents a significant reversal in ICTR practice: although some trial chambers have been willing to take notice of “widespread and systematic attacks” against Tutsis in Rwanda, they have uniformly insisted that the question of whether the attacks amounted to genocide is so fundamental that formal proof is required.As noted in the indictment, Edouard Karemera and Jospeh Nzirorera were minister-level officials in the Rwanda’ interim government (Indictment, paras. 1, 3) and served, along with Mathieu Ngirumpatse, as the national executive leadership of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND) (id., para. 9). They are charged with, inter alia, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, genocide, and—alternatively—complicity in genocide (id.). The prosecution alleges that they created, recruited, and organized the Interahamwe, the vicious youth wing of the MRND; provided members of the Interahamwe with weapons and military training; and helped formulate and implement policies of the interim government of April 8, 1994, that were intended to incite, encourage, and abet killings of Tutsis (id., para. 14).

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Negash, Solomon. "Perception of African Youth on Personal Computer Utilization." International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 3, no. 2 (April 2012): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jissc.2012040103.

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The tendency to pursue innovativeness and adopt new technologies has been found more likely with younger individuals and a strong relationship between attitude and personal computer (PC) utilization has been found. However, research in these areas is mainly focused on high-income countries. Do these findings hold for low-income countries? What are the perceptions of African youth on the factors that impact PC use? There is a dearth of micro-level studies that promote understanding about the behavior of individuals in low-income countries. This study looked at demographic data including age, gender, grade level, region, and prior experience among 228 youth from Ethiopia and Rwanda. PC utilization constructs including complexity, long-term consequences, and facilitating conditions were studied. The author found access to PCs at least three times a week and providing structured computer training programs as major factor for increased PC utilization. Computer centers with more female instructors were found to have larger female enrollment. The author also found younger groups (15 year olds and younger) disagreed about PC utilization factors. Implications and directions for future research are also included.

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21

Nimbabazi, O. "Breast Cancer Reduction Initiatives in Rwanda." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 133s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.53000.

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Background and context: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death for women. In Africa women are diagnosed much younger, with a substantial number of cases affecting women under the age of 20. In Rwanda, breast cancer patients constitute 15.8% of overall cancer patients and new cases increase as people start being aware and go screening, however breast cancer with early detection can be well treated to live longer and palliative care can be given. It's with that reason in Rwanda different initiatives have put in place to reduce the breast cancer. Aim: The aim of these initiatives is to raise awareness of breast cancer to the population and promoting early detection as breast cancer is treatable when it's diagnosed at early stage. Also these initiatives gives information about risk factors and how changing lifestyle with early detection can help on reducing new cases. Strategy/Tactics: These initiatives are done through public health campaigns, gatherings and walks throughout the country educating breast cancer risk factors, prevention and importance of early diagnosis. The programs reached young ladies to start prevention early by making outreaches at school and youth centers. And all the initiatives are accessible by every citizen as they are all free. Program/Policy process: In promotion of early diagnosis many nurses for health center have been trained how to diagnose breast cancer and how to educate patients that attend those health facilities, then for awareness public health campaigns are done and also with different media are used like talk shows and informative posters are in different public places like hospitals. Outcomes: With the past 2 years of mass campaigns, walks and outreaches, there have been improvement in understanding of population about breast cancer, and both men and women are interested to be educated more with that the number of people going for diagnosis have been increased and participation in outreaches is high. What was learned: The population is always eager to be educated about cancer and how they can prevent it and with these initiatives have been proved by numbers that attend campaigns and it's important to take initiative to reduce its incidence by making the community aware of it and take early preventive measures. And this to be more successful there should be public and private partnership to put effort and reach a large population for breast cancer can be diagnosed treated at early stage hence reduction its prevalence.

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BORIS, NEIL W., TONYA R. THURMAN, LESLIE SNIDER, ERIN SPENCER, and LISANNE BROWN. "Infants and young children living in youth-headed households in Rwanda: Implications of emerging data." Infant Mental Health Journal 27, no. 6 (2006): 584–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20116.

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23

Lee, Laura May. "Youths navigating social networks and social support systems in settings of chronic crisis: the case of youth-headed households in Rwanda." African Journal of AIDS Research 11, no. 3 (October 2012): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2012.734976.

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24

Kagoyire, Marie Grâce, and Annemiek Richters. "“We are the memory representation of our parents”: Intergenerational legacies of genocide among descendants of rape survivors in Rwanda." Torture Journal 28, no. 3 (November 27, 2018): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i3.111183.

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Introduction: The 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda subjected thousands of women to rape as part of a range of other genocidal atrocities. This article explores what it means in everyday life to be a descendant of such mothers. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in eastern Rwanda. The twelve respondents, all descendants of genocide-rape survivor mothers, participated in focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. Topics focused on different aspects of the intergenerational transmission of trauma and the mitigation of this transmission by the psychosocial support from which their mothers benefited. The phenomenological method as developed by Giorgi (2012) was used to analyze the transcripts. Findings: All respondents, regardless of their birth circumstances, are marked by growing up with a severely traumatized mother. Children conceived during rape are specifically marked by the absence of a perpetrator father unknown to them, the others by the lack of many (extended) family members. They all benefited from the psychosocial support provided to their mothers. Discussion: Genocidal rape causes specific kinds of suffering and specific identity problems for the children born as a consequence of genocide-rape. However, even if the children were not conceived during the rape, their level of suffering is similar. Conclusion: The effects of the intergenerational transmission of trauma related to the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda should be recognized among all youth deeply affected by it. Appropriate policies and programs should be designed and implemented to moderate the effects and strengthen resilience to ensure a peaceful future on an individual, interpersonal, and inter-relational community levels.

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Babalola, Stella. "Perceived Peer Behavior and the Timing of Sexual Debut in Rwanda: A Survival Analysis of Youth Data." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 33, no. 4 (August 2004): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:joyo.0000032643.49494.93.

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Celis, Hanne, Brian A. Jingwa, Olivier Degomme, Ronan Van Rossem, Marleen Temmerman, and Kristien Michielsen. "Characteristics of participants in an HIV prevention intervention for youth in Rwanda: results from a longitudinal study." Afrika Focus 27, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02702005.

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Introduction. This paper studies determinants of participation in a peer-led school-based HIV prevention intervention in Rwanda. Methods. A baseline survey among 1071 students (mean age 17 years) assessed potential determinants of participation, while a follow-up six months in the intervention measured actual participation in the intervention. Statistical models were built using multivariate linear and multinomial regression analysis predicting overall participation, participation in group discussions and individual counseling. Results. Those who recently had sex, had been tested for HIV, feel more susceptible to HIV, have a higher sexual self-concept, a more positive future perspective (only for non-sexually active), and boys, were more likely to participate in group activities. Also students from the same class as the peer educator and boarding school students were more likely to participate in group activities. Older students and those with low external health locus of control participated more in individual counseling. Discussion. Participation could be increased by investing in general well-being of young people, organizing girls-only activities, and diversifying activities.

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Tirrell, Jonathan M., Elizabeth M. Dowling, Patricia Gansert, Mary Buckingham, Caitlin A. Wong, Sara Suzuki, Catherine Naliaka, et al. "Toward a Measure for Assessing Features of Effective Youth Development Programs: Contextual Safety and the “Big Three” Components of Positive Youth Development Programs in Rwanda." Child & Youth Care Forum 49, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-019-09524-6.

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Baldwin, Gretchen. "Constructing identity through commemoration: Kwibuka and the rise of survivor nationalism in post-conflict Rwanda." Journal of Modern African Studies 57, no. 3 (September 2019): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x19000259.

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AbstractIn the years following Rwanda's civil war, the country has remembered those killed in the 1994 genocide with 100 days of official commemoration, known as Kwibuka. The temporary commemoration period is characterised by an explicit acknowledgement and public discussion of ethnic identity, which stands in puzzling contrast to the state's policy of ethnic non-recognition, enforced during the rest of the year in hopes of achieving national homogeneity (Ndi Umunyarwanda). Thus, one observes seemingly diametrically opposed practices of legally erasing identity groups because of their link to conflict and a unique, three month-long saturation of reminders in the form of public speeches, memorial programming and burials, and commemorative signage. A blurring of ‘Tutsi’ with ‘survivor’ and the deliberate passing down of survivor identity to Tutsi youth have created, over time, conditions for a ‘survivor nationalism’, which exacerbates social tensions and risks sustainable peace in the long term.

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Marshall, Sara L., Deborah Edidin, Vineeta Sharma, Graham Ogle, Vincent C. Arena, and Trevor Orchard. "Current clinical status, glucose control, and complication rates of children and youth with type 1 diabetes in Rwanda." Pediatric Diabetes 14, no. 3 (December 28, 2012): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12007.

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30

Brown, Lisanne, Tonya R. Thurman, Janet Rice, Neil W. Boris, Joseph Ntaganira, Laetitia Nyirazinyoye, Jean De Dieu, and Leslie Snider. "Impact of a mentoring program on psychosocial wellbeing of youth in Rwanda: Results of a quasi-experimental study." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 4, no. 4 (November 16, 2009): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450120903193915.

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Collison, Holly, Simon Darnell, Richard Giulianotti, and P. David Howe. "The Inclusion Conundrum: A Critical Account of Youth and Gender Issues Within and Beyond Sport for Development and Peace Interventions." Social Inclusion 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i2.888.

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The sport for development and peace (SDP) sector is made up of various development-focused policies and programs that seek to engage, stabilise, empower and create social and economic change. SDP projects, most often run by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), have been implemented in regions enduring physical conflicts, health pandemics, major gender divisions and other social crises that have a great impact on youth. In this context, sport has been accorded the difficult task of facilitating greater access for marginal, vulnerable or community groups whilst positively contributing to the attainment of diverse development objectives. While the ‘where’ and ‘why’ of SDP has been largely accounted for, the attention in this article is on the ‘who’ of SDP in relation to the notion of inclusion. Drawing on extensive research conducted in Jamaica, Kosovo, Rwanda and Sri Lanka, the idea of SDP as an inclusionary practice is critically investigated. While SDP may ‘give voice’ to participants, especially to individuals with athletic ability or sporting interests, the extent to which this creates social contexts that are fundamentally inclusive remains open to discussion. In this sense, while targeting populations, groups or individuals remains an attractive strategy to achieve specific goals, for example youth empowerment or gender equality, empirical assessments complicate the presumption that SDP programming leads to inclusion, particularly at a larger societal level. The article considers a matrix of inclusion criteria, potential outcomes, and the tensions arising between targeted SDP programming and the often-exclusionary dimensions of sport more broadly, with a focus on youth and gender issues.

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Denov, Myriam, and Meaghan C. Shevell. "An arts-based approach with youth born of genocidal rape in Rwanda: The river of life as an autobiographical mapping tool." Global Studies of Childhood 11, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043610621995830.

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Given the tragedy of war and genocide, words often cannot adequately capture the complexity of war-related experiences. Researchers are increasingly utilizing the arts to enable multiple forms of expression, as well as for its therapeutic and empowering qualities. This paper outlines the use of the “river of life,” an arts-based autobiographical mapping tool, conducted with 60 youth born of rape during the genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda who continue to live with this intergenerational legacy of sexual violence. The article begins with a review of current arts-based methods and their relevance for war-affected populations and an overview of the genocide, sexual violence, and the lived realities of children born of rape. We then outline the “river of life” mapping tool, where participants drew their life histories using the metaphor of a river, addressing the ebbs and flows of their lives and the obstacles and opportunities they encountered. Developed in collaboration with local researchers, participants were invited to share the meaning of their drawing with researchers, explaining key events throughout their life course, utilizing metaphors, and symbolism to convey their experiences. The article highlights how the “the river of life” facilitated key insights into the post-genocide experiences of children born of rape, and the long-term impacts at the family, community and societal levels, and proved to be especially helpful in enabling youth participants to process and communicate their histories of genocide and experiences of stigma and discrimination. The “river of life” was also reported by participants as having unintended positive effects, including closure and clarity in navigating their past and their futures. While not without limitations, we argue that this mapping tool represents an important addition to arts-based methods that can be used with populations who have experienced profound forms of violence and marginalization.

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Grant, Andrea Mariko. "Bringing The Daily Mail to Africa: entertainment websites and the creation of a digital youth public in post-genocide Rwanda." Journal of Eastern African Studies 13, no. 1 (November 17, 2018): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2018.1547255.

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COFFMAN, JENNIFER E. "The Orderly Entrepreneur: Youth, Education, and Governance in Rwanda. Catherine A. Honeyman. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016. 320 pp." American Ethnologist 45, no. 3 (August 2018): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/amet.12678.

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Shuriye, Abdi O., and Mosud T. Ajala. "The Future of Statehood in East Africa." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (March 30, 2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p221.

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<p>With the deterioration of political and security situations in Somalia and Kenya’s involvement in the war against al-shabaab as well as its political miscalculation and the lack of exit plan, add to this, the fading democratic conditions in Eritrea, accompanied by the political uncertainties in Ethiopia, since the demise Meles Zenawi Asres and the extermination of the opponents, as shown in last general election, as well as the one-man-show political scenario in Uganda and the likely disintegration of Tanzania into Zanzibar and Tanganyika, indicated by the ongoing elections; the political future of East African governments is predictably taking erroneous turns. It seems therefore, God forbids, there is a political catastrophe in the making as far as the state as an authoritative institution is concerned in East Africa.<br />One observes that the social fabric of these states, take Kenya, which used to be a solid in its social and political values, as an example, is drastically changing into a pattern-of-Somali-like tribal syndrome. The expiration of the government institutions, civil societies, law and order in Eritrea, the austere political future of Djibouti, the irrepressible and incurable wounds of Burundi and Rwanda are shrilling pointers of such fear.<br />Not to forget, the strained Muslim-Christian relations, which is now deeply rooted in these communities and states, the thick-headedness of most East Africa’s political leaders and the rapid increase of the youth population as well as the proxy war in business between China and the West on the region. These factors are the core indicators of the future of state and strong government in East Africa. The study covers several nations in East Africa including Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda.</p>

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Staub, Ervin. "The Roots of Evil: Social Conditions, Culture, Personality, and Basic Human Needs." Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 3 (August 1999): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_2.

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Evil actions are defined as repeated or persistent, not commensurate with provocation and causing extreme harm, at times due to repetition. Evil develops or evolves. As individuals and groups harm others, they tend to develop characteristics that make further and more intense harmdoing probable. In this article, I explore instigating conditions (difficult life conditions in a society, group conflict); cultural characteristics; the nature of evolution, with its psychological and social processes in individuals and groups; and the passivity and complicity of bystanders that lead to genocide and other collective violence. I consider the question of whether bystanders can be regarded as evil, focusing on the genocide in Rwanda as an example. I examine the socialization and experience of children and youth that lead to aggression and the subsequent evolution of aggression toward greater violence and evil. I explore the way personal characteristics and a system of relationships can lead to sexual abuse by fathers. One organizing concept in understanding the generation of violence that causes extreme harm is the frustration of basic human needs and their subsequent destructive fulfillment.

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Baingana, Ambrose R., and Serge M. M. Remy. "Rwanda medical students association strategies to reach behavior change vis-à-vis HIV/AIDS, sexuality and reproductive health among youth via peer education training in Nyanza and Huye districts of the southern province of Rwanda." Contraception 78, no. 2 (August 2008): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2008.04.104.

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Denov, Myriam, and Sara Kahn. "‘They Should See Us as a Symbol of Reconciliation’: Youth Born of Genocidal Rape in Rwanda and the Implications for Transitional Justice." Journal of Human Rights Practice 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huz011.

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Price, Michael. "The Orderly Entrepreneur, Youth Education, and Governance in Rwanda, by Catherine A. Honeyman, University of Stanford Press, Stanford, CA, 2016, 301 pp., £22.99." Journal of School Choice 11, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 660–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2017.1395609.

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Zarb, Alicia. "Catherine A. Honeyman, The Orderly Entrepreneur. Youth, Education, and Governance in Rwanda, Stanford University Press, 2016, 320 pages, ISBN : 9780804799850, $30." Revue internationale des études du développement N° 245, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ried.245.0010.

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Sundberg, Molly. "The Orderly Entrepreneur: Youth, Education, and Governance in Rwanda by Catherine A. Honeyman Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016. Pp. 320. $27.95 (pbk)." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 4 (November 23, 2017): 718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x17000362.

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Abbott, Pamela. "The Orderly Entrepreneur: Youth, Education and Governance in Rwanda by Catherine A. Honeyman Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2016, 320 pp., £66 (hardback), ISBN: 0804797978." Journal of Development Studies 54, no. 7 (October 17, 2017): 1274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2017.1389065.

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Mukashema, Immaculée. "THE CHALLENGING ABSENCE OF ADULTS IN YOUTH-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS: THE CASE OF DISSENSION MANAGEMENT AMONG THE FAMILY MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS HEADED BY A SIBLING IN RWANDA." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 5, no. 2.1 (2014): 354–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs.mukashemai.5212014.

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Umulisa, Irenee, Thierry Nyatanyi, Jean Baptiste Koama, Samuel Rwunganira, Jeanine Condo, Tura Galgalo, Jean Marie Uwimana, et al. "A Mixed Outbreak of Epidemic Typhus Fever and Trench Fever in a Youth Rehabilitation Center: Risk Factors for Illness from a Case-Control Study, Rwanda, 2012." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, no. 2 (August 3, 2016): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0643.

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Shearer, Samuel. "Catherine A. Honeyman. The Orderly Entrepreneur: Youth Education and Governance in Rwanda. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016. xiii + 301 pp. Figures. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Paper. $27.95. ISBN: 978-0804799850." African Studies Review 62, no. 3 (January 14, 2019): E24—E26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2018.138.

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Ansoms, A. "Stuck: Rwandan youth and the struggle for adulthood." African Affairs 112, no. 449 (August 23, 2013): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adt050.

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Hilker, Lyndsay McLean. "Everyday ethnicities: identity and reconciliation among Rwandan youth." Journal of Genocide Research 11, no. 1 (March 2009): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623520802703640.

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Sommers, Marc. "Rwandan Youths and the African Future." Anthropology News 36, no. 4 (April 1995): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1995.36.4.1.3.

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Mirza, Sadaf. "Childhood Bypassed: Rwanda's Youth-Headed Households." SAIS Review of International Affairs 26, no. 2 (2006): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.2006.0039.

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Mukabutera, Assumpta, Jean de Dieu Bizimana, Olufemi Owoeye, and Manassé Nzayirambaho. "Correlates of psychosocial outcomes among youth heads of households participating in mentoring programs: A study among Rwandan youths from Bugesera District." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2012.708460.

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