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Journal articles on the topic 'Rwandan Civics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Gierszewska, Wioleta, and Vicente C. Sinining. "Civic education in Rwanda: the impact of the Itorero program." Edukacja Międzykulturowa 23, no. 4 (2023): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/em.2023.04.03.

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The authors discuss the transformation in civic education in Rwanda. Before the arrival of the colonizers, Rwanda had traditions in education and uniting societies. Colonialism destroyed the educational system and divided the society. The re-introduction of the traditional system has been also explored – the example of the Itorero program and its impact on the unity and reconciliation efforts of the government – on the basis of various conducted studies. The main aspects that are taken into account in this study include: the significance of civic education, the Itorero program and the best pre

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2

Sydor, Guy, and Pierre Philippot. "Conséquences psychologiques des massacres de 1994 au Rwanda." Dossier : Les états de stress post-traumatique 21, no. 1 (2007): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032389ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Un programme de recherches portant sur la prévalence des réactions de stress posttraumatique est décrit. Ce programme est spécifiquement centré sur les conséquences psychologiques des événements d'avril 1994 au Rwanda et du génocide qui a suivi. Il comporte trois études psycho-épidémiologiques : une sur les enfants rwandais non accompagnés; une autre sur un petit groupe de coopérants belges; et une dernière sur un échantillon important de civils et de militaires belges ayant vécu les événements rwandais. L'impact psychologique des événements rwandais est décrit en terme de prévalence de

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3

Kambanda, Safari, Vedaste Ndizera, Celestin Ndikumana, Janvier Murenzi, and Marie Rosine Uwineza. "Understanding Constitutional Culture in Rwanda through Social Norms and Practices from the Monarchy to the Republic." African Quarterly Social Science Review 2, no. 2 (2025): 173–82. https://doi.org/10.51867/aqssr.2.2.16.

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Modern states are constitutional states. This statement normally lets us immediately think of the written document: the constitution. Studying the constitution of a country/nation normally means that we study the written document and its interpretation. With this definition and understanding, we normally end up with a legal and positivist understanding of “constitution”. Constitution is something for lawyers, a set of fundamental rules with normative character. This study sought a wider understanding of the constitution as a set of norms that define a political and social order that is close t

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4

Guichaoua, André. "Justice pénale internationale au Rwanda." Socio 19 (2024): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/12jau.

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Trente ans après l’épisode final de la guerre civile et du génocide des Rwandais tutsis, le Mécanisme international appelé depuis 2010 à exercer les fonctions résiduelles des tribunaux pénaux pour le Rwanda et l’ex-Yougoslavie a clôturé pour l’essentiel les procédures relatives aux ultimes dossiers d’accusés poursuivis par le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda. Cet article propose un bilan succinct de son activité et des débats que suscite le transfert de ses archives aux autorités nationales lors de sa fermeture prochaine.

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Niyibigira, Pierre, Innocent Twagirimana, and Theogene Sekarama. "Uruhare rw'itorero mu kwimakaza imikoreshereze y'imvugo iboneye y'ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda mu kiciro cya kabiri cy'amashuri yisumbuye mu burezi bw'ibanze bw'u Rwanda." Journal of Indigenous Languages (JIL) 3, no. 1 (2025): 63–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15384418.

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This study examined how Itorero programs may enhance Kinyarwanda language expression in Advanced-level students in Rwanda’s basic education system in some selected schools in the Nyanza district. It was prompted by concerns over the frequent misuse and lack of proficiency in Kinyarwanda among secondary school learners. Like all languages globally, Kinyarwanda has established norms for proper usage. Rooted in Rwandan tradition, Itorero is a unique civic and cultural education program and was seen as a valuable platform for promoting correct language use and fostering responsible citizensh

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Hussein, Jeylan Wolyie. "Fostering Interethnic Contact and Integrative Peace Education in the University Settings of Rwanda." Ethnic Studies Review 41, no. 1-2 (2018): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2018.411206.

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In the effort to reemerge from the scourge of the genocide, Rwanda needs to adapt reliable reconstructive and re-integrative processes. Peace education programs are among the interventions that can help the effort toward interethnic reintegration. Peace education can help students rethink history, reframe memories and differences, reconsider narratives and myths that lead to interethnic rivalry, and reimagine ways of tackling sources of interethnic tensions. This article proposes Interethnic Contact and Integrative Peace Education Programs (ICIPEPs) to inspire reflection on and critical engage

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7

Nasaba, Robert Madoi, and Nakiwala Aisha Sembatya. "Is we they? A cross-cultural study of responses to COVID-19 updates in Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda." Journal of African Media Studies 13, no. 3 (2021): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jams_00053_1.

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This article delineates the material relations, routines and sensorial responses inhabited by people in Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda during the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic. It grounds views on a discourse of behavioural change while exploring how Ugandans, Kenyans and Rwandans responded to COVID-19 messages populated on selected official government Twitter accounts. The article is a mixed methods study that employs a numeric and discursive analytic approach, with the nudge theory proving particularly congenial. Findings show that a civic nationalism was enunciated in the hinterland. The

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8

Ferrié, Christian. "La propagande de la guerre « psychologique »." Raison présente N° 226, no. 2 (2023): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rpre.226.0049.

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Cet article s’intéresse à ce que la propagande de guerre dénomme « guerre psychologique » depuis la Grande Guerre jusqu’au génocide rwandais en passant par les guerres coloniales de contre-insurrection (par exemple, en Indochine ou en Algérie). La guerre totale prend pour cible la population civile dans l’objectif de la terroriser par des bombardements. La guerre psychologique accompagne les interventions militaires des troupes régulières et les actes terrorisants des forces spéciales (assassinats, tortures, etc.). Elle est un dispositif psycho- terroriste d’embrigadement des civils dans la gu

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9

Esperance, Umuhoza, and An Sung-Hoon. "Impact of project procurement systems on performance of Rwandan building construction projects." Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal 15, no. 1 (2023): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2023-0016.

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Abstract Delivering a construction project successfully is associated with the procurement system used. In other words, the selection of the appropriate system can guarantee the success of the construction project. Therefore, this paper evaluated and compared the effects of the most-utilised project procurement systems on the key performance criteria in the Rwandan building construction projects such as time, cost, quality and scope. A questionnaire survey was conducted among contractors, consultants and clients, and a total of 73 questionnaires were used for the analysis. The survey results,

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Rottensteiner, Christa. "The denial of humanitarian assistance as a crime under international law." International Review of the Red Cross 81, no. 835 (1999): 555–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1560775500059794.

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Le droit international humanitaire interdit le recours à la famine contre la population civile en temps de conflit armé. En même temps, les Conventions de Genève et les Protocoles additionnels obligent les parties au conflit à s'assurer que les personnes civiles reçoivent l'assistance dont elles ont besoin. Le présent article examine dans quelles circonstances le refus d'accorder cette assistance humanitaire devient un crime en droit international. L'auteur approche la question sous trois angles différents : crime de guerre, crime contre l'humanité et crime de génocide. Cette étude se base sur

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Ibekwe, 1Sixtus Obioma and 2Onyemegbulem 2Brendan Chijindu. "CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT'S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXAMPLE." International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) 5, no. 3 (2023): 59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8168908.

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Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation. Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designi

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Lisimo Alingi, Agustin. "Efficacité de la diplomatie en période précoloniale et règlementation des conflits Rwando-Congolais : Essai des pistes de solution." Revue Congolaise des Sciences & Technologies 2, no. 4 (2022): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59228/rcst.023.v2.i4.59.

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Les pratiques de la diplomatie sont plus anciennes que la pénétration coloniale en Afrique, particulièrement en République Démocratique du Congo. Elles se sont manifestées à travers les grands ensembles notamment les empires et les royaumes. Ces pratiques ont été remarquables dans les relations amicales des empires Lunda, Luba et des royaumes Kongo et Kuba pour ne citer que ceux-là. Ils ont été au centre de tout un réseau des relations diplomatiques. Ainsi, l’Egypte pharaonique, selon Edmond Jouves, ne vivait pas en vase clos. Il entretenait des rapports avec d’autres Etats. Dans la même optiq

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Ntabanganyimana, Timothee. "The Role of Public Art in Urban Environment Development." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 11, no. 03 (2022): 56–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6408426.

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<em>With the integration of global economy, the urbanization process in Rwanda develops rapidly. It appears particularly important to build city image. As manifestation of city characteristics, it reflects spiritual outlook of a city.  Public art has participated in the process of transforming the aesthetics and symbolic meanings of civic centers across the country, even though for the most part its creative potential has been curtailed by the priority of urban planning and architecture as shapers of civic space. This research study discusses the role of public art in influencing urban en

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14

Sundberg, Molly. "Training for Model Citizenship: An Ethnography of Civic Education and State-Making in Rwanda." Anthropologie & développement, no. 42-43 (September 1, 2015): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/anthropodev.387.

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Jacob, Jacob Udo-Udo. "Target Gutahuka: The UN’s Strategic Information Intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Media and Communication 4, no. 2 (2016): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i2.583.

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This paper examines the nature and impacts of two information intervention radio programmes broadcast on Radio Okapi—the radio service of the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A matched randomization technique was used to assign Rwandan Hutus and Congolese autochthons in South Kivu to listen to either of the two programmes within their naturalistic contexts for 13 months. At the end of the treatment, participants’ perceptions of barriers to peace; descriptive and prescriptive interventions; victimhood and villainity; opportunities for personal development and civic engagement; an

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Cieplak, Piotr. "(Extra)ordinary images: photography, memory and creative documentary – Rwanda and Argentina." Journal of the British Academy 12 (May 22, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/012.a06.

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This essay is a reflection on two creative documentary films produced as outputs of projects supported by the British Academy: The Faces We Lost (2017) and (Dis)Appear (2023). Both films focus on the commemorative and memorial functions of domestic and ID photographs – The Faces We Lost in relation to the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda and (Dis)Appear in relation to the civic-military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983). The essay outlines the importance of domestic and ID photographs in each context and discusses some of the conceptual, formal and creative decisions behind the tw

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Deslaurier, Christine. "Des guerres civiles et des individus au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993-1996)." Hypothèses 2, no. 1 (1999): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/hyp.981.0053.

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Thomson, Susan. "Sundberg, Molly: Training for Model Citizenship. An Ethnography of Civic Education and State-Making in Rwanda." Anthropos 111, no. 1 (2016): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2016-1-303.

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19

Martial, MUMBA KAKUDJI. "Le sort de la population civile de l’Est pendant la période de l’état de siège et l’impact de l’adhésion de la RDC dans la CAE sur les droits de l’homme." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 10, no. 2 (2023): 148–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2023-2-148.

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La partie Est de la République Démocratique du Congo, en sigle RDC, est dans une guerre qualifiée par les experts de « guerre qui ne dit pas son nom ». Une guerre à répétition qui, il y a plus de deux décennies, cause la perte en vies humaines et violations graves des droits de l’homme dont la plupart des victimes sont les personnes civiles. Cette guerre demeure, nonobstant l’intervention de la Communauté internationale et de l’armée congolaise. Dans la recherche des solutions à ce défi sécuritaire, le Gouvernement Congolais a déclaré l’état de siège dans cette partie Est du pays. Il n’y a pas

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Protik, Ali E., Ira Nichols-Barrer, Jacqueline Berman, and Matt Sloan. "Bridging the information gap between citizens and local governments: Evidence from a civic participation strengthening program in Rwanda." World Development 108 (August 2018): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.016.

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21

Monjane, Celso M., and M. Anne Pitcher. "The Elusive Dream of Democracy, Security, and Well-Being in Mozambique." Current History 121, no. 835 (2022): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.835.177.

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The 1992 peace accords ending a 16-year civil war, followed by the 1994 democratic elections, promised a brighter political and economic future for Mozambique. Despite the adoption of multiparty politics and robust economic growth since the 1990s, however, Mozambique today faces seemingly intractable challenges. Amid increasing allegations of electoral fraud, Frelimo continues to be the country’s ruling party, a position it assumed after independence in 1975. Political insiders control most of the country’s considerable economic assets, including vast natural gas deposits in the north. A viole

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Allen, Tim. "Les Nations Unies et le retour au pays des personnes déplacées." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 76, no. 808 (1994): 374–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100090183.

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Selon le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR), il y avait en 1970 2,5 millions de réfugiés dans le monde. Dix ans plus tard, ils étaient 11 millions. Au début des années 90, ce sont en moyenne quelque 10 000 personnes qui, chaque jour, ont été forcées de fuir au-delà des frontières de leur pays par des guerres civiles toujours plus nombreuses. En 1993, le nombre des réfugiés était estimé à 18,2 millions. En outre, il y avait dans le monde au moins 24 millions de personnes déplacées é l'intérieur des frontières de leurs pays (HCR, 1993:1). La situation s'est encore aggrav

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Brunet-Lefèvre, Timothée. "Un procès de voisins ?" Les Cahiers de la Justice 3, no. 3 (2024): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cdlj.243.0461.

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Depuis 2014, des ressortissants rwandais sont jugés en France pour leur participation au génocide des Tutsi de 1994. Ce fut le cas d'Octavien Ngenzi et de Tito Barahira, jugés conjointement en 2016 (première instance) et en 2018 (appel) à Paris. À l'occasion de leurs procès, leurs anciens voisins ont été appelés à témoigner. Deux décennies après le génocide, un procès en France est devenu un lieu de « retrouvailles » et de confrontation entre accusés et victimes constituées parties civiles. À partir de l'ethnographie de ces procès et de l'étude de leurs archives audiovisuelles, cet article int

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Whitelaw, Jackie. "Profile: Will Arnold." Structural Engineer 97, no. 2 (2019): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/lctb7008.

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One of Will Arnold's highlights after being named Young Structural Engineering Professional of the Year was judging the Structural Awards. But he had to do that from Rwanda, as he explained to Jackie Whitelaw.

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Derdaele, Elodie. "Les crimes internationaux : vers un droit pénal supranational ?" Civitas Europa 6, no. 1 (2001): 245–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/civit.2001.957.

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The advent of international criminal courts and the adoption of the Rome Statute aimed at creating a permanent international criminal court raise the question of whether the desire to punish the most odious crimes is leading inexorably to the creation of a supranational criminal law. Is the real intention to create an international legal system binding on States ? And if so, with what end in mind ? We know that international law is not limited to the regulation of relations between sovereign States. If the Westphalian view of international relations still has its followers, one notes increasin

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Bimenyimana, Pierre C., Paul Bukuluki, Eugene Rutembesa, Ronald M. Synness, and Jean C. Byungura. "Social work community practice from a government discourse perspective: Motives for youth volunteers in controlling COVID-19 in Rwanda." Journal of Social Work in Developing Societies 6, no. 2 (2024): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jswds.v6i2.3.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, countries were in emergencies to contain the envisioned danger. Rwanda was no exception. Among strategies adopted by the country to control the pandemic were community interventions by youth volunteers. Using social movement and self-determination theories, the paper investigated the policy perspective of the motives for the voluntary engagement of these youths in controlling the pandemic so that these motives could be documented for future emergencies. A qualitative approach was adopted to explore what motivated these youths by analysing government discourses, wh

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Mohamud, Ayub Elmi, and Abdifatah Omar Ga'al. "European Union’s Good Governance Efforts in East Africa." Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU) 3, no. 1 (2025): 20–30. https://doi.org/10.59336/471zgn25.

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This study investigates the European Union's (EU) efforts in promoting good governance in East Africa, with a focus on institutional reforms, support for the rule of law and anti-corruption initiatives, and local governance strengthening programs. A qualitative approach was employed, utilizing document analysis and case studies from East African countries, including Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Somalia, and Rwanda. Data were gathered from EU reports, governmental publications, and scholarly articles to assess the impact of EU interventions on governance structures. The findings reveal that the EU'

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Towler, Ian, Brandon Mills, Matthew Lofts, Benjamin Mills, Peter Crosthwaite, and Divesh Mistry. "Rutaka footbridge in Rwanda: a low technology deck launch." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 172, no. 3 (2019): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.18.00045.

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Turmusani, Majid. "L’évaluation du programme «réadaptation à base communautaire» au Rwanda." Canadian Journal of Disability Studies 6, no. 2 (2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjds.v6i2.356.

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Cet article est basé sur une recherche évaluative du projet « réadaptation à base communautaire, RBC », réalisée au Rwanda en 2012 et en 2013. Il concerne un partenariat entre le ministère de la Santé (Minisanté) et Handicap International (HI), où le Minisanté a demandé l’assistance technique de HI dans la mise en œuvre d’un projet pilote de RBC impliquant l’élaboration de politiques, le renforcement des capacités des professionnels de la santé et la prestation de services au niveau communautaire. Le projet est cofinancé par l’Union européenne et Handicap International pour une durée de 4 ans.

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Nduwayezu, Pascal, and Dr Gacinya John. "Contribution of Internal Rules and Regulations Approaches to the Academic Performance in Secondary Schools in Gasabo District, Rwanda." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science IX, no. I (2025): 1238–51. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.9010104.

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This study explores the contribution of internal rules and regulations to academic performance in secondary schools within Gasabo District, Rwanda. Internal rules, including policies on attendance, discipline, behavior, and student assessment, are essential in creating a structured and conducive learning environment. By ensuring consistency and reducing classroom distractions, these regulations directly impact students’ focus and engagement, leading to improved academic outcomes. Additionally, attendance policies and behavioral expectations contribute to enhanced student accountability and aca

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Bo, Li, Marie Judith Kundwa, Cui Yu Jiao, and Zhu Xu Wei. "Pavement performance evaluation and maintenance decision-making in Rwanda." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 12, no. 5 (2019): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42947-019-0053-9.

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Oxman, Bernard H., and Brigitte Stern. "Universal jurisdiction over crimes against humanity under French law—grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949—genocide—torture—human rights violations in Bosnia and Rwanda." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 2 (1999): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998008.

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In rejavor. In re Munyeshyaka.French Cour de cassation, Criminal Chamber, March 26, 1996.In Re Munyeshyaka. 1998 Bull, crim., No. 2, at 3.French Cour de cassation, Criminal Chamber, January 6, 1998.In the Javor case, certain Bosnian victims of the policy of “ethnic cleansing” that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were refugees in France, tried to rely on the universal jurisdiction of the French courts in order to file a criminal complaint (plainte avec constitution departie civile) with an investigating magistrate (juge d'instruction) against their Serb torturers.

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Kitchin, James, Rosie Goldrick, and Kelly Alvarez Doran. "Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture: climate-positive design using locally sourced materials." Structural Engineer 99, no. 7 (2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/njlo6557.

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In this article, authors from MASS Design Group describe how they and their partners pursued climate-positive design for the campus of the Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture. The article relates the project’s approach to material selection, construction methods, structural spans and thermal properties, which enabled a 60% reduction in cradle-to-gate carbon emissions. On-site sequestration through reforestation will lead to the project becoming carbon neutral before 2040.

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Ogu, Sokari. "Ethnicity and resource allocation management: Practical consideration." Journal of Commerce, Management, and Tourism Studies 2, no. 3 (2023): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.58881/jcmts.v2i3.107.

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This paper analyses the theoretical issues underlying the problems of ethnicity and resource sharing, basing its discussion on recent continental developments (as in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Rwanda and Nigeria). Arguing for ethnic identification and integration into national development matrix, it notes that smaller group domination by the larger ones (or the reverse) does not only trigger suspicion and governance tension but engender political independence agitation that could culminate in disintegration of nations (as found in the former Yugoslavia and Soviet Union). Why do we have ethn

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O'Connell, Bethesda, Deborah Slawson, Megan Quinn, Phillip Scheuerman, and Olushola Ogunleye. "Biosand water filter evaluation: pilot study of field use indicators in Cyegera, Rwanda." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 67, no. 6 (2018): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2018.159.

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Irakoze, Amina, Kwanho Lee, and Kee Han Kim. "Holistic Approach towards a Sustainable Urban Renewal: Thermal Comfort Perspective of Urban Housing in Kigali, Rwanda." Buildings 13, no. 1 (2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010146.

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Urban upgrading programs are implemented to enhance the living conditions in a city. However, the concept of to what extent the life of the targeted communities is improved remains contested and fluid. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, it evaluated for the first time the indoor thermal conditions in the three main urban housing types in Kigali and analyzed whether the ongoing urban renewal takes into consideration occupant thermal comfort. Second, alternatives to improve thermal performance of urban housing were investigated and recommendations were given. Results indicate that mo

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Ayetor, G. K., Innocent Mbonigaba, Joshua Ampofo, and Albert Sunnu. "Investigating the state of road vehicle emissions in Africa: A case study of Ghana and Rwanda." Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 11 (September 2021): 100409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100409.

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AHONEN, SIRKKA. "PERFORMING CITIZENSHIP - Training for Model Citizenship: An Ethnography of Civic Education and State-Making in Rwanda. By Molly Sundberg. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 2014. Pp. 296. No price given, paperback (ISBN 978-91-554-9054-6)." Journal of African History 57, no. 2 (2016): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853716000153.

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Adedayo, Olatunde, Manlio Michieletto, Eunice Bamidele, and Marie Ntigulirwa. "Application of Hybrid Green Fences for Security in Public Building Designs in Nigeria: Lessons from Kigali, Rwanda and Abuja, Nigeria." Journal of Construction in Developing Countries 25, no. 1 (2020): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jcdc2020.25.1.8.

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Karakoç, Sedanur. "Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Aid Activities." Nous Academy Journal, no. 1 (October 15, 2023): 63–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10012769.

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Although humanitarian aid activities aim to relieve suffering and improve the existing situation, in some cases this goodwill can do more harm than good. There are moral dilemmas experienced for various reasons on the basis of this. A humanitarian action in a civil war may experience a moral dilemma for various reasons, and this dilemma may lead to various bad consequences. As a result of all these, the duration and severity of the civil war may increase. In this study, moral dilemmas experienced in humanitarian aid activities in civil wars will be discussed. Moral dilemmas will be examined, a

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Kannan, Narayanan. "Study of Drawdown–Drain Discharge Relationship and its Application in Design of Cost Effective Subsurface Drainage System in Mugogo Swamp, Busogo, Rwanda." Water Resources Management 22, no. 8 (2007): 1113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-007-9215-7.

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Luna, Alden Reuben. "Distorting boundaries, amalgamating perspectives: A proposed integration of international law on protection of refugees and stateless persons in higher education curricula." Bedan Research Journal 7, no. 1 (2022): 278–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v7i1.41.

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The United Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) proclaims that “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood (Article 1),” and are “entitled to all the rights and freedoms outlined in (said) Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, property, birth or another status. (Article 2)” This formal declaration is supposed to be a simple institutionalization of a generally recogniz

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Khamala, Charles A. "Genocide denial and freedom of political expression in the Ingabire case." African Human Rights Yearbook / Annuaire Africain des Droits de l’Homme 2 (March 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.29053/2523-1367/2018/v2n1a19.

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ABSTRACT: Despite the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda having convicted numerous genocidaires, some genocide sympathisers still deny the genocide. Such a corruption of scholarship inflicts secondary victimisation on Tutsi ethnic minorities. In Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v Rwanda the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights rejected an opposition leader’s conviction and sentence for her ‘double genocide’ statement, finding that the state could have adopted less restrictive measures to attain legitimate national security purposes. To evaluate Rwanda’s genocide minimisation laws crimin

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Drumbl, Mark A. "Punishment Postgenocide: From Guilt to Shame to 'Civis' in Rwanda." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.263314.

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NGOMBA, Felly LUKUNGA. "RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES ET COOPERATION BILATERALE ENTRE LE RWANDA ET LA REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO : FACTEURS DE DETERIORATION ET PERSPECTIVES DE CONSOLIDATION." Revue Intelligence Stratégique 04, no. 008 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.62912/hgjy7105.

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Il ressort de cet article que les relations entre le Rwanda et la République Démocratique du Congo ont donné lieu à des situations de refroidissement et de réchauffement au cours des dernières décennies. Les divergences croissantes entre les deux pays se sont à plusieurs reprises violemment exprimées lors des conflits armés à l’est de la RDC. Depuis les années 1990, la sous-région des Grands-Lacs africains traverse des crises qui ont débouché à une guerre civile et interétatique au point de menacer la sécurité internationale. Ces crises auront perturbé les relations diplomatiques entre les Eta

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Tirrell, Jonathan M., Erin I. Kelly, John Gasasira Gasana, et al. "‘That is when justice becomes complete.’ Exemplars’ perspectives on forgiveness as a civic virtue in post-genocide Rwanda." Journal of Moral Education, July 28, 2022, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2022.2094903.

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de Dieu, Gatesi Jean, Shuai Bin, Wencheng Huang, and Ntakiyemungu Mathieu. "Comparison of supervised machine learning algorithms for road traffic crash prediction models in Rwanda." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, November 29, 2023, 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jtran.23.00078.

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As the country developed, and there was a rapid growth of various modes of transport, as well as the occurrence of road traffic crashes. Rwanda also faced the same challenges of road traffic crash severity, in which every year the number of fatalities increased progressively. To overcome these challenges, the study has focused on comparing the classification performance of eight supervised machine learning algorithms in order to visualize which is the best to predict crash severity and identify the potential crash-influential factors in Rwanda. The quantitative datasets of road traffic crashes

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NTAKIRUTIMANA, Elison, and Aminadab NTAHONDEREYE. "Assessment of Tax Compliance in Selected Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Kigali City, Rwanda." EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY., May 8, 2023, 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.62103/unilak.eajst.13.1.224.

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The objective of the study was to assess the level of tax compliance among SMEs in Kigali city in terms of Taxpayers ’registration, keeping books and records, Fulfilling tax obligation on time and attitude to tax evasion. Taxpayers ’registration is at a moderate level (Mean=2.31). Keeping books and records is done at a moderate level (Mean= 2.91). In general, the level of fulfilling tax obligations on time is moderate (Mean= 3.04). In general, negative attitude to tax evasion is at a high level (Mean= 3.42). These findings were in line with the study conducted by Isbell (2017) where he showed

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Perazzo, Silvia Alejandra. "La neutralidad en las misiones de paz de las Naciones Unidas: un análisis a partir de los casos de Somalia y Rwanda." Estudios de Asia y África, September 1, 2011, 559–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v46i3.2003.

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Las misiones de paz de las Naciones Unidas es una de las respuestas que posee la Organización para llevar a cabo su propósito de asegurar la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Por regla general, éstas deben desplegarse con el consentimiento del Estado receptor, no entrar en combate salvo legítima defensa y mantener una estricta neutralidad con respecto a las partes en conflicto; de esta forma las Naciones Unidas evitan transformarse en una parte de la contienda, preservan la soberanía del Estado y se escabullen dela acusación de implementar un “colonialismo multilateral”. En este artículo a p

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Bristow, James, Richard Murphy, and Tim White. "Designing sustainable and resilient water and energy infrastructure for a campus in Rwanda." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering, May 17, 2022, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.21.00234.

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This paper sets out the approach, solutions and lessons learnt designing sustainable and resilient water and energy infrastructure for the Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture. It showcases the role that decentralised infrastructure and nature-based solutions can play in addressing the demand for infrastructure and food security. It argues there is a need to design for both current and future uncertainty, and to work with and protect the environment. Finally, it discusses the role of two-way knowledge sharing between international and local partners to build and benefit from capabilit

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