To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rwandan.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rwandan'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Rwandan.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
ALVES, ANA CRISTINA ARAUJO. "TALES ABOUT RWANDA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NARRATIVES ABOUT THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE OF 1994." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7152@1.
Full textAbstract:
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOA partir de uma abordagem pós-moderna/pós-estruturalista em Relações Internacionais, esta dissertação apresenta uma análise crítica de algumas narrativas sobre o genocídio ruandês de 1994. Nosso objetivo é desvelar as suposições de verdade implícitas nesses discursos; mostrar como essas suposições contradizem e questionam o caráter político/histórico declarado dessas narrativas; e discutir as implicações dessas suposições para a prática, no que diz respeito às políticas de pacificação e de resolução de conflitos. Apesar de considerarem o genocídio como um evento político e afirmarem o caráter cambiante dos termos Tutsi e Hutu na história, as principais narrativas correntes sobre o genocídio ruandês são despolizantes, essencialistas e a-históricas. Isso se deve à sua concepção moderna de história, à metafísica da subjetividade moderna que lhes subjaze e à sua noção de política em termos de poder e Estado. Por sua vez, esses traços se refletem na prática por meio de um tratamento aético, apolítico e irresponsável em relação à alteridade. Além disso, a intervenção humanitária baseada no princípio do Estado-territorial-soberano tem seu leque de opções políticas restrito pela compartimentalização dicursivo/territorial expressa nas dicotomias soberania/intervenção, guerra civil/genocídio, doméstico/externo. Nossa conclusão é de que essas conseqüências devem ser resistidas em termos, por um lado, da rearticulação radical entre subjetividade, responsabilidade e ética proposta por Emmanuel Levinas e, por outro lado, da formulação de uma nova relação entre os conceitos de fronteira, responsabilidade e intervenção humanitária, como esboçada por Michel Foucault.
Drawing on a post-modern/post-structuralist approach on International Relations, this dissertation presents a critical analysis of some of the narratives about the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Our objective is to reveal the truth assumptions implicit in these discourses; to show how these assumptions contradict and challenge the political/historical character declared in these narratives; and to discuss the implication of these assumptions for practice, in what regards politics of pacification and conflict resolution. Although the narratives under analysis consider the genocide as a political event and affirm the changing character of the terms Tutsi and Hutu in history, they are depoliticizing, essentialist, and ahistorical. This is due to their modern conception of history, to the modern metaphysic of subjectivity that underlies them, and to their notion of politics in terms of power and state. This is reflected in practice through the a-ethical, apolitical and irresponsible treatment towards alterity. Besides, the humanitarian intervention based on the principle of sovereignterritorial- state has its range of political options restricted by the discursive/territorial compartmentalization expressed in the dichotomies sovereignty/intervention, civil war/genocide, domestic/external. Our conclusion is that these consequences must be resisted in terms of, on the one hand, the radical rearticulation of subjectivity, responsibility and ethics proposed by Emmanuel Levinas and, on the other hand, a rearticulation of the concepts of boundary, responsibility and humanitarian intervention, as sketched by Michel Foucault.
2
Jeremy, Edward. "'Mastering the genocide narrative' : an analysis of the Rwandan Patriotic Front's official narrative of the Rwandan genocide." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22080.
Full textAbstract:
How should the relevant facts about the Rwandan Government's construction of their narrative ofthe Rwandan genocide be established? A frequent point of emphasis by scholars is that an official narrative usually is put forward by the dominant or ruling group to serve their interests: the contents and features oftheir narrative are capable of legitimating their claims to dominance. Different groups within that society might espouse alternative narratives of events. Neither the narratives of the dominant or ruling group, nor the challenging narratives are necessarily the most widely believed or influential account of a particular set of events. The most widely believed and influential narrative is usually referred to as a "master narrative". But official and challenging narratives compete to be the "master narrative". The 'Shoah' [the Hebrew term for "catastrophe"] as the narrative of the genocide of the ]ews of Europe is widely considered to represent the definitive master narrative of genocide and perhaps the twentieth century [LaCapra 1994 and 1998, Lipstadt 1986 and Maier 2000]. The discussion contained herein requires identification of a framework of issues relevant to official narratives: the construction of such a framework will be based on an analysis of [a] narratives of genocide and [b] three of the more prominent cases of official genocide- narratives. The chosen narratives are the Holocaust or Shoah, the Armenian Genocide and the Herero Genocide. Once constructed, this framework of analysis will then be applied to the official narrative of the RPF. The research design is thus a theoretical case study of sorts, with the theory distilled from scholarly literature on [a] and [b]. The case studies have been chosen because they represent the spectrum of narratives employed in the context of genocide: the Shoah as the master narrative of genocide; the Armenian genocide as a contested genocide narrative; and the Herero genocide as a 'silenced' genocide narrative.
3
Ta, Thanh. "Recreating the Rwandan state and Citizen : an analysis of diaspora politics and its role in transforming Rwandan identities." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20609.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation utilizes a descriptive case study method to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of identity politics in Rwanda. More specifically, this thesis situates identity politics in nation building in post-genocide Rwanda. In order to do so, this study examines diaspora engagement politics. The central question in this thesis is: In what ways, and to what extent, have identity politics affected the nation building project in post-genocide Rwanda, in relation to its diaspora? Rwanda's turbulent history raises many issues regarding the political and social construction of Rwandan identity, but scholarship has not thoroughly examined the diaspora and state engagement with the diaspora. This thesis sought to examine these dynamics. It will do so by examining: (1) the ways in which the Rwandan Patriotic Front reconfigured identities inside Rwanda by perpetuating the narrative of unity; (2) the collective identities ascribed to groups of citizens inside and outside Rwanda, based on this government narrative; (3) how the RPF governed perceptions abroad; and finally (4) the education programs to shape the ideal Rwandan citizen. This thesis concludes that the Rwandan government, while trying to rebuild the nation, has failed to transcend divisive identities that have pervaded in Rwanda. Instead, it has created a tightly controlled political space in which a restrictive single identity and narrative existed; furthermore, identity politics have been increasingly manipulated and controlled by the state apparatus. The state's engagement with its diaspora illustrates this.
4
Mekonnen, Biniam. "Reproducing ICT4D Tanzania to a Rwandan District." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-108216.
Full textAbstract:
ICT based health care policies in developing countries must be targeted at the poorest most rural member of the population where there is demand but little or no supply of health care. This is achieved through ICT4RD program which mainly focus on provisioning of ICT access to rural areas. In this regard, ICT4RD Tanzania built a local broadband which pass through fifteen villages around Serengeti district to benefit health, government and education sectors. There have been a number of discussions between countries located alongside the African great lakes to build a sustainable rural community networks providing basic public services as a research infrastructure network. The main motivation is to facilitate first mile initiatives to explore and demonstrate methods and solutions that could eventually be used to commercial actors to build production networks in areas where there is demand but little or no supply. The discussion has passed all the way and become a project called AGLARBRI(African Great Lakes Broadband Research Infrastructure). At this critical time, it is of technical interests to see if rural regions around the African great lakes could benefit from previous similar projects like Tanzanian ICT4RD project. This thesis addresses the aforementioned basic interest and uses a comparative case study tool to formulate and analyze the reproducibility of technical solutions produced by ICT4RD Tanzania program to a selected district in Rwanda. Intensive study on ICT4RD Tanzania technical solutions, on-site survey and radio mobile simulation analysis has been performed. Interview with health center employees, IT support personnel’s, and stakeholders, online questionnaires, direct observation while performing site survey and online official resources are used as primary and secondary source of data. The outcome of the thesis reveals that infrastructure design proposed by ICT4RD Tanzania program using fiber-wireless technology can also be used for a rural district in Rwanda in a similar fashion after considering local telecommunication regulations. It also proves that a great care needs to be taken while reproducing services between regions. Service reproducibility has also shown a failure to some extent. This is revealed by the use of Drug Management Application (DMA) and webmail applications. DMA application couldn’t be reproduced because the two rural areas used for comparison have different work flow for drug management. Reproducibility of webmail application has also shown a filer due to the fact that webmail system is not current interest for Kirehe district healthcare system. The outcome of the thesis also proves that ICT4RD Tanzania proposed infrastructure design solutions can be scaled and extended for similar rural areas along the AGLARBRI ring. Furthermore, service demand and work flow analysis is crucial to reproduce services along the area.ICT-baserad hälso-och sjukvård politiken i utvecklingsländerna måste riktas mot de fattigaste mest lantliga medlem av befolkningen där det finns efterfrågan, men liten eller ingen utbudet av hälso-och sjukvården. Detta arkiveras genom ICT4RD program som främst inriktas på tillhandahållande av ICT tillgång till landsbygden. I detta avseende byggde ICT4RD Tanzania en lokal bredband som passerar genom femton byar i närheten av Serengeti distriktet till att förbättra hälsan, myndigheter och utbildningssektorerna. Det har förekommit ett antal diskussioner mellan länder som ligger vid sidan av de afrikanska stora sjöarna att skapa en hållbar landsbygd med nätverk som ger viktigaste offentliga tjänster som en forskningsinfrastruktur nätverk. De viktigaste motiven är för att underlätta första milen initiativ att undersöka och demonstrera metoder och lösningar som kan så småningom skulle användas för att kommersiella aktörerna bygga upp produktions nätverket i områden där det finns efterfrågan, men liten eller någon leverans. Diskussionen har gått hela vägen och bli ett projekt som kallas AGLARBRI. På hans kritiska tiden är det av tekniska intresse att se om landsbygden runt de afrikanska stora sjöarna kan dra nytta av tidigare liknande projekt som Tanzanias ICT4RD projekt. Denna avhandling behandlar tidigare nämnda grundläggande intresse och använder en jämförande fallstudie verktyg för att formulera och analysera reproducerbarhet av tekniska lösningar som produceras av ICT4RD Tanzania för en vald distrikt i Rwanda. Intensiva studier på ICT4RD Tanzania tekniska lösningar, plats undersökning och radio mobil simulering analys har utförts. Intervju med hälso center, IT-stöd Personalens och intressenter, online frågeformulär, direkt observation under utföra platsundersökning och online officiella resurser används som primär och sekundär datakälla. Resultatet av thesis visar att konstruktionen av infrastruktur som föreslagits av ICT4RD Tanzania programmet med fiber-trådlös teknik kan också användas för en kommun i Rwanda på ett liknande sätt. Den visar också att en stor försiktighet måste tas samtidigt reproducerar tjänster mellan regionerna. Tjänsten reproducerbarhet har också visat ett misslyckande till viss del. Det visar med hjälp av DMA och webb post tillämpnngar . DMA tillämpning kunde inte reproduceras eftersom de två landsbygden används för Jämförelsen har olika arbetsflöde för läkemedel förvaltningen. Reproducerbarhet av webb post tillämpningar har också visat ett Filer på grund av att webbmail systemet inte är ett intresse för Kirehe distriktet hälso-och sjukvården. Avhandlingen visar också att ICT4RD Tanzania föreslagna infrastrukturen utformning lösningar kan skalas och förlängas liknande landsbygden längs AGLARBRI ringen. Dessutom är efterfrågan på tjänster och arbete flödesanalys är avgörande för att reproducera tjänster längs området.
5
Sharrad, Katherine Louise. "The Rwandan genocide : a post-colonial paradox /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars5327.pdf.
Full text
6
Togun, Kehinde. "Impact of internet access in Rwandan schools." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6991.
Full text
7
Aamaas, Åsmund. "Mass murder and motivation : the Rwandan genocide." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3564.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-134).This project is about mass murderers and the motivation for becoming perpetrators of mass murder. The Rwandan genocide is chosen as a case study. The project strives to explain what seems inexplicable; why tens of thousands of Rwandan men and women turned into killers during the hundred days of genocide in 1994, most of them with no history of murderous behaviour. This project is a testimony to the human capacity for evil. The motivations behind the Rwandan perpetrators were probably not umque. Similar motivations were important to different mass murders. Other mass murders, most importantly the Holocaust, serve as a theoretical and empirical backdrop throughout this thesis. This adds a comparative dimension to the study. This thesis is divided into six chapters with the main focus upon three motivational factors behind the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide: history, ideology and ordinary human traits. The first chapter introduces us to the topic of mass murder and discusses methodological issues in connection with the thesis. A qualitative analysis will be dominant in investigating the data; the data was gathered through interviews undertaken in Rwanda, South Africa and Norway, reports, documentaries, court verdicts and other secondary sources. In the second chapter, perpetrators behind one massacre, the killing of several thousand Tutsis at the Catholic Church in Nyarubuye, speak about their motivations for becoming perpetrators. The third chapter gives an introduction to the history of Rwanda and shows how distinction between Hutus and Tutsis became an ever more important part of Rwandan society from pre colonial times until the 1994 genocide. The fourth chapter builds an understanding of the importance of ideology for the perpetrators involved in the mass murder. The fifth chapter shows that general psychological traits were important for turning tens of thousands of Hutus into mass murderers. As we shall see in the conclusion, a history of distinction, Hutu Power ideology and ordinary psychological traits were all factors motivating the perpetrators of the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
8
Thun, Linn Silje Opdahl. "Being Rwandan in Quebec : The Influence of Rwandan Politics on Identity Formation, Social Relations and Organisation in the Diaspora." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Sosialantropologisk institutt, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25168.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis concerns Rwandese emigrants living in Quebec, Quebec, Canada, and the relations between them. It is based on 7,5 months ethnographic research in Quebec. The Rwandan diaspora in Quebec is constituted of individuals who arrived at different moments from the 1980’s onwards, for different reasons, and these factors are part of what influences their relations today. Both media and academia have shown a great interest in Rwanda and the Rwandese, especially since the genocide in 1994. However, the biggest focus has been on finding the reason for the genocide and the ethnic division that was at its root. Little attention has been given to the diaspora. The aim of this thesis is to draw a nuanced picture of the Rwandan diaspora, by linking the identity negotiations within the diaspora to individuals’ understanding of the history and politics of Rwanda; showing how attitudes towards the contested spaces of history and politics in Rwanda, affect the social relations of Rwandese living in Quebec. The fundamentally different ways of interpreting the past in Rwanda, is creating a schism in the population, both in Rwanda and abroad, and the Rwandan government’s policies aimed at the diaspora makes it an agent in shaping the diasporic reality. This is manifested in the two Rwandese organisations in Quebec, CRQ (Communauté des Rwandais de Québec) and AMIRWAQ (Amicale des Rwandais à Québec), whose goals and activities are similar. Whereas CRQ is cooperating with the Rwandan High Commissioner in Canada, AMIRWAQ does not want to affiliate with the Rwandan state. This is the space that needs to be navigated by the Rwandese in Quebec, and how this is done differs based on their own political and historical understanding, which is affected by their own experience of this history. The pain connected to the genocide brings survivors and others are able to share these feelings, together. Those who feel unable to share this pain, loses an opportunity to be part of a very strong community of Rwandese. Drawing on perspectives in anthropology on classification, social and collective identity, diaspora, collective memory and ritual, this thesis tries to give an integrative picture of the social sphere of Rwandese in Quebec. Through life stories and interpretation of the rituals of commemoration of the genocide, and wedding celebrations, what it means to be Rwandan in Quebec is explored.
9
Ratcliffe, Joel. "The (Post)Development of Rwandan Rice-Growers' Cooperatives." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31022.
Full textAbstract:
The Rwandan countryside is currently undergoing a process of rapid reform under ambitious government programs to modernize agriculture for participation in national and international markets. While the government asserts that it is pursuing pro-poor growth, many critics present significant evidence to the contrary. This thesis examines the use of farmers cooperatives within the ongoing government campaign of agricultural modernization, and it asks whether the co-ops themselves are sources of personal empowerment and material gain for the small producers. Adopting the “sceptical” post-development position advanced by Aram Ziai, the present research attempts to take a pragmatic look at the ways in which the co-ops meet or fail to meet the material and non-material needs of their members while appreciating that cultural preferences are heterogeneous and dynamic. While the use of farmers cooperatives appears appropriate for the Rwandan marshland, the co-ops examined very much fall short of the post-development social movement model.
10
Gihozo, Diane. "Adoption of e-procurement in Rwandan Public institutions." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98992.
Full textAbstract:
In the modern competitive business environment, government institutions need to embrace information communications technology to remain competitive. Procurement has been recognized as a priority government agenda by many public sector agencies worldwide. In the same line the Government of Rwanda has taken several initiatives to streamline its public procurement system to bring it into line with the fundamental principles of transparency, competition, economy, efficiency, fairness, and accountability. Seminega the director of Rwanda public procurement authority stated that e-procurement can help the Government of Rwanda to reach to the above-mentioned principles .E-procurement can be described as an electronic way of procuring goods and services as well as other procurement process activities with the help of internet and other information and communication technologies systems. Before the adoption of e-procurement in some institutions in Rwanda, all the procurement activities were done traditionally in their institutions and this procurement method has been criticized for having many deficits, that contributed to huge losses in public funds and lacks transparency, accountability, and fair competition. In this regard, the government of Rwanda decided to adopt an e-procurement system in its public institutions. the e-procurement system was launched in August 2016. The pilot stage started with eight public institutions, ministry of finance and economic planning is one of them and it is a case study used in this thesis research. it has been selected by the researcher because it is a cross-cutting ministry in the procurement process. Different forms of e-procurement have been discussed as well as benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of e-procurement. the purpose of this research study is to examine how the e-procurement system is used and explore the benefits and challenges associated with its adoption in Rwanda’s public institution. Qualitative research was chosen, and a case study was conducted in the ministry of finance and Economic planning. The source of data for the empirical is from personal interviews and second data. The findings of the present study demonstrate that the adoption of the e-procurement system brought several benefits to MINECOFIN but also it presents challenges associated with the adoption of e-procurement
11
Stone, Lacey Chanel. "Rwandan genocide economic decline and increased willingness to murder /." Click here for download, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1428857231&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full text
12
Collins, Barrie Munro. "The Rwandan war 1990-94 : interrogating the dominant narrative." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556458.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis interrogates a well-established consensus that the mass killings that erupted in Rwanda in 1994 upon the aerial assassination of President Habyarimana were the result of a planned and controlled genocide of Tutsis by Hutu extremists. It concludes that this dominant narrative is flawed and argues instead that the killings had a ‘bottomup’ character, were neither planned nor controlled, and were conducted in anarchic conditions. An historical background addresses the question of how ethnic identity formation relates to the 1990-1994 war. The war is reconstructed by means of a logical chronological narrative. Interviews of key individuals involved, checks of court records, and a critical survey of English and French literature has yielded, it is hoped, a more rigorous, reflective and nuanced approach toward the dynamics of the war. Claims for genocide planning and implementation are shown to be problematic. In place of a conspiracy of Hutu extremists, the thesis emphasises linkages between RPF strategy and conduct with various forms of Western intervention as salient forces generating conditions conducive to civilian slaughter. The material and ideological links between the protagonists of the Rwandan war and regional and international actors are situated within the context of the immediate post-Cold War period. A comparative study of genocide concludes that the number of genocides in the twentieth century should be restricted to three: the Nazi holocaust, the genocide of the Armenians, and the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples in German South-West Africa.
13
Munyandamutsa, Jean Baptiste. "Study of the Rwandan learners' intelligibility in spoken English." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55571/.
Full textAbstract:
The present study investigates the phonological productive and perceptual competence of a group of Rwandan learners of English and the effect that phonological deviations have on their intelligibility and comprehension in spoken English. In order to discover the hierarchy and degree of difficulty these subjects have in the segmental and suprasegmental features of English, productive and perceptual tests of words and sentences were designed and administered to a group of 60 subjects. The study also attempts to explain the effect of various interlanguage phenomena which occur in the production and perception of the pronunciation of English by Rwandan speakers. The results of this study support many of the claims of CA, EA and phonological interlanguage. Chapter One gives background sociolinguistic information on the roles of Kinyarwanda, French, Kiswahili and English in Rwanda. Chapter Two discusses a number of theoretical key issues involved in language learning and acquisition. Chapter Three defines the topic of the study, i.e. intelligibility and comprehension, to gain insight into the study and to provide a framework for the research design and methodology. Chapter Four is a description of the Kinyarwanda and English phonological systems, which is the basis of the predictions of the difficulties and the design of data for Chapters Five and Six. Chapter Five analyses, categorizes and explains the source of deviations in the data gathered from subjects' pronunciation of words and sentences as interpreted by native English speakers. Chapter Six analyzes the effect of phonological deviations on the subjects' comprehension of spoken English. Chapter Seven concludes the whole study with a discussion of the major findings, and suggests some useful steps towards more effective teaching of the pronunciation for better intelligibility and comprehension in English.
14
Samuel, Karin. "Bearing witness to trauma : representations of the Rwandan genocide." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4274.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis will examine representations of the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath in selected literary and filmic narratives. It aims in particular to explore the different ways in which narrative devices are used to convey trauma to the reader or viewer, thus enabling them to bear witness to it. These include language, discourse, image, structure and perspectives, on the one hand, and the framing of the genocide on screen, on the other hand. The thesis argues that these narrative devices are used to provide partial insight into the trauma of the genocide and/or to produce empathy or distance between readers and viewers and the victims, perpetrators and survivors of the genocide. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the selected novels and films advance the human dimension of the genocide. This will shift both victims and perpetrators out of the domain of statistics and evoke emotional engagement from readers and viewers. The thesis argues for the importance of narrative in bearing witness to trauma, particularly due to its unique ability to forge an emotional connection between reader or viewer and character. The primary texts analysed in the thesis are the novels Inyenzi: A Story of Love and Genocide by South African author Andrew Brown and Murambi, The Book of Bones by Senegalese author Boubacar Boris Diop, along with the films Shooting Dogs, directed by British Michael Caton- Jones, and Hotel Rwanda, directed by American Terry George. In addition to considering the use of narrative devices to produce empathy and engagement among readers and viewers, the thesis explores also the implications of the various outsider perspectives of the writers and film-makers, and the effect that this has on their narratives, not least given the role played by the world community in failing to avert the genocide .
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die voorstellings van Rwanda volksmoorde en die nagevolge in geselekteerde narratiewe tekste en rolprente. Die tesis poog om op verskillende maniere ondersoek in stel na die narratiewe middels om die trauma oor te dra na die leser en kyker. Dit sluit taal, diskoers, beelde, struktuur en perspektiewe aan die eenkant, en verfilming op die skerm aan die anderkant. Die tesis argumenteer dat narratiewe middels verskaf gedeeltelike insig van die trauma van die volksmoorde en/of genereer empatie of afstand tussen leser en kyker en die slagoffers, skuldiges en die oorlewendes van die volksmoorde. Aandag sal veral gegee word op welke wyse die geselekteerde romans en rolprente die menslike dimensie van volksmoord bevorder. Beide die slagoffers en skuldiges word uit die ondersoekterrein van statistieke geskuif en daar gaan gefokus word op die uitlok van emosionele betokkendheid van lesers en kykers. Die tesis argumenteer vir die belangrikheid van die narratief om as getuienis op te tree van trauma – veral as gevolg die unieke vermoë om tussen die leser of die kyker en die karakter emosionele bande te smee. Die primêre tekste wat in hierdie tesis geanaliseer word, is die romans, Inyenzi: A Story of Love and Genocide deur Suid-Afrikaner Andrew Brown, Murambi, The Book of Bones deur Senegalese skrywer Boubacar Boris Diop, en die rolprente Shooting Dogs, onder leiding van die Brit, Michael Caton-Jones en Hotel Rwanda, onder leiding van die Ierse, Terry George. Afgesien van die gebruik van narratiewe middels om empatie en betrokkenheid van lesers en kykers te genereer, ondersoek die tesis ook die implikasies van die onderskeie buitestaander perspektiewe van die skrywers en rolprentmakers en die effek op hulle narratiewe – veral die rol wat hulle speel in die wêreldgemeenskap om volksmoorde te voorkom.
15
White, Dean. "The UK's response to the Rwandan genocide of 1994." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2012. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/10122/.
Full textAbstract:
Former Prime Minister Tony Blair described the UK’s response to the Rwandan genocide as “We knew. We failed to act. We were responsible”; this thesis sets out to explore these three claims. The thesis, which draws on newspaper archives, oral history interviews and government documents obtained by the author under the Freedom of Information Act, as well as British and US official documents already made public, begins by exploring Britain’s knowledge and understanding of events in Rwanda in the build-up to, and during the first few weeks of, the genocide. It then moves on to review how the government responded and, by drawing on various theories of bystander intervention, to build up a multi-factor assessment of what influenced that response. The thesis finishes by addressing the question whether the British government, or indeed any other British foreign policy actor, bears responsibility for the crisis. It therefore looks at the Rwandan crisis from the perspective of various influences on foreign policy: the media, public opinion, Parliament and NGOs, as well as exploring the response of John Major’s government. The thesis concludes that media coverage of the genocide led to a significant misunderstanding of the crisis; this misunderstanding influenced the public response and shaped discussion within Parliament and government. In terms of official response, whilst it has to be acknowledged that the government initially failed to correctly identify the events in Rwanda as genocide and consequently delayed their response until the majority of killings had ended, the thesis shows that rather than failing to act the British government was in fact a leading aid donor to Rwanda and a leading provider of troops to the UN peacekeeping mission serving in Rwanda. This aid did come too late to prevent or halt the genocide, but did save many thousands of lives in the immediate aftermath.
16
Tsuruta, Aya. "'It is difficult to understand Rwandan history' : contested history of ethnicity and dynamics of conflicts in Rwanda during Revolution and Independence." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18019.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the question of what factors shaped Rwandan ethnicity in the late 1950s and early 1960s; in particular, how and why was ethnicity transformed into ‘political tribalism’ in decolonising Rwanda? The Rwandan genocide in 1994 and the subsequent post-genocide peace-building have drawn our attention to the problems of ethnicity and nationalism. While ethnicity and nationalism in Africa have been a matter of debate amongst the primordialist, instrumentalist and constructivist schools, it has become more or less accepted knowledge that ethnicity in Africa was constructed by dynamic interactions between Europeans and Africans in particular colonial contexts. This constructivist approach may have advanced our understanding of ethnicity in pre-colonial and colonial Rwanda, but our perception of Rwandan ethnicity in the 1950s and 1960s has not benefited from this academic trend. Instead, the literature on this issue, most of which was written several decades ago, tends to take a primordialist approach towards the Rwandan Revolution and the ethnic conflict that emerged at the end of colonial period. By theoretically adhering to a constructivist approach, and relying on John Lonsdale’s ‘political tribalism’ model in particular, the thesis argues that to take a nuanced hybrid-constructivist approach is essential, because primordial ethnic conflict was not the cause of the Revolution and other historical events, but the other way round. Ethnicity in Rwanda was not simply invented by the Europeans during the colonial period, nor was it so primordial that the conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutu was inevitable; in fact, several conflicts (and not always along ethnic boundaries) existed, and even some alternatives were suggested for ethnic cooperation. Ethnicity went through a dynamic transformation into ‘political tribalism’ through interactions between Rwandans and non-Rwandans, as well as through relationships amongst different groups of Rwandans. Various domestic factors – including intra-Tutsi leadership rivalry, the alliance among the political parties and the inter-ethnic power struggle – affected the process of the Revolution, and politicised ethnicity. External factors, such as factions within the Belgian administrations as well as the heated debates in the Cold War-era United Nations, also provided opportunities for Rwandan ethnicity to become politicised. Contingency, the mass movement of people, violence and the processes of revolution and decolonisation had a synergistic impact on the spread of ‘political tribalism’ over Rwanda. Primordial perceptions on ethnicity, as well as interpretations of the past, and visions for the future held by each actor, were factors that shaped ethnicity and forced the ethnic split into the foreground. In this sense, Rwandan ethnicity cannot simply be understood through the dichotomised debate of primordialists and constructivists. Rather, it was a more dynamic process of ethnic transformation with unaccomplished alternatives and inter/intra-group relationships, strongly bound by the historical and political contexts of the time. ‘Political tribalism’ and interpretations of the past have influenced and, even today, continue to influence post-colonial Rwandan politics.
17
Ngirabakunzi, Ndimurugero. "Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words and their significance in Rwandan culture." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words and their meaning in Rwandan culture to enable the youth to improve their communication and the values of Rwandan culture. It explores whether the use of Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words is a good way to communicate with one another or is a transgression of Rwandan culture. Its intent is to see the value that Rwandans assign to verbal taboos, particularly sexuality taboo words, to see how these taboos regulate Rwandans lives, to see the attitudes Rwandans hold towards them, and to find out the link there might be between sexuality taboo words, the information dissemination on HIV/AIDS and the spread of AIDS.
18
Daniels, Dustin R. "The economic and social justice impacts of Rwandan education policy." Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/2181926.
Full text
19
Heming, Alexa. "Fighting their way home : the militarization of the Rwandan '59ers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3777.
Full text
20
Gatwa, Tharcisse. "Churches and ethnic ideology in the Rwandan crises (1900-1994)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19779.
Full textAbstract:
It has been assumed that the 1994 Rwandan genocide and massacres during which more than a million of human beings were killed resulted from the "Hutu Power" ideology of the Habyarimana regime (1973-1994). The perspective of this thesis rests on new lines of reasoning looking at the root causes of that ideology from two angles. Firstly, from 1880's Rwanda was subjected to external influences which constructed a meta-narrative founded on the Hamite myth defending the "Batutsi supremacy". Secondly, the local elite, comprising the traditional Batutsi nobility, then the educated and the post-independence Bahutu ethno-politicians assimilated these constructs. In fact, the group of people, the Banyarwanda, which the explorers, then the missionaries encountered, were distributed in three social categories: the Bahutu, Batutsi and Batwa. These people had been living relatively peacefully together sharing many common factors including: cultural unity, language, religion, major social organisations like the clan and family habits such as intermarriages. Some lineages were, however, attempting to create their own identity. Out of that encounter between the West and Rwandan society, the image of Rwanda which was constantly projected was of a land dominated by a "race" of "Hamites of Caucasian origin who arrive in Rwanda from Ethiopia or Egypt". The 'Batutsi' were chosen by the new rulers, colonialists and the missionaries to promote "a Civilisation founded on Christianity". The other groups, the Bahutu and Batwa constituted the mass of "roturiers" relegated to a status of a second category citizens. Discriminatory policies were set up in cultural and political practices to reinforce the so-called differences in schools, evangelism and public sphere. An ethnic ideology, this thesis argues, emerged out of that meta-narrative.
21
Stonehouse, Jeff. "Concentrate to annihilate : a strategic analysis of the Rwandan genocide." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56412.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis has two goals. First, drawing upon centuries of strategic theory, I develop an analytical framework called the 'strategy hierarchy'. This heuristic device simplifies the diffuse field of strategic theory by focusing analysis on three interconnected themes: policy, grand strategy and military strategy. I argue that by using this framework it is possible to transfer the contributions of conventional strategic theory to episodes of genocidal violence. Second, I use the 'strategy hierarchy' as a lens through which to base an analysis of the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The 'policy' that preceded the genocide was developed by an entrenched political, economic and social elite called the akazu. In the late 1980s, this group of elites encountered three threats to their continued dominance: calls for multipartyism, an economic downtown and an invasion by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). The diverse methods of meeting this threat were the domain of 'grand strategy'. Prior to the outbreak of mass violence, the akazu and their network of supporters tackled these challenges politically, economically, socially, culturally and diplomatically. One of the key processes paralleling this multifaceted assault was the development of a genocidal ideology. According to this belief system, non-violent threats from the political opposition and from the Tutsi ethnicity were conflated with the armed and aggressive RPF. On 6 April 1994, President Habyarimana was assassinated. This 'strategic shock' resulted in a dramatic shift in grand strategic priorities. Pursuing elite policy, 'military strategy' took precedence over non-martial means. Two types of military strategy emerged. The primary strategy targeted Hutu politicians and rival elites. This strategy was largely successful within the first week of the genocide. Then, a new strategy emerged. The organizers of the genocide took advantage of and encouraged the traditional Tutsi practice of converging upon the churches for sanctuary during times of political upheaval. With thousands gathered at public locations, the perpetrators commissioned a series of extensive and high fatality massacres.Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan)
Graduate
22
Cieplak, Piotr Artur. "The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath in photography and documentary film." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609170.
Full text
23
Storey, R. A. "Storylines, scapegoats and state power : discursive representation of the Rwandan economy." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396896.
Full text
24
Ong'are, Peter Okeno. "Music and reconciliation in the aftermath of the 1994 Rwandan genocide." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10999/.
Full textAbstract:
Music has a long established and well acknowledged role in entertainment, education, development, therapy and other areas, but relatively little has been explored as to its role in the deeper aspects of reconciliation. The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have been marked by wars encompassing appalling atrocities, genocide, holocaust and diverse crimes against humanity Rwandan 1994 genocide being one of them; characterised by dehumanization, betrayals and annihilation leaving sore wounds of on-going antagonism between diverse social groups; motivating this research to focus on genuine reconciliation beyond the accustomed route of mere talks, discussions and prayers. This research uses ethnographic data from fieldwork conducted between 2009 and 2013 both in and outside Rwanda, supported by various recorded materials to discover how music was used in putting an end to atrocities, restructuring relationships, establishing and sustaining new ones. This research uses a more community-engaged strategy encouraging participation of those more directly involved at grass-roots level. The study explores Rwanda’s history highlighting music’s facility to bring people’s past into the present, to stress unifying elements within broader society; genocide to address its causes, propagating an awareness of shared responsibility and hope for the future; Rwandan refugee camps and how music helped them cope and return to Rwanda; Rwandan ‘New dawn’ how it was idealised and actualized leading to the birth of a New Era; Commemoration as part of national ritual for reconciliation; National Symbols and their unifying power; and the organisations involved in perpetuating peace, healing and reconciliation. The findings strongly suggest that music has an enormous power in reconciliation resting on its ability to address multiple emotional human needs simultaneously.
25
Kayitare, Emmanuel. "Factors Affecting Rwandan Informal Sector Workers' Participation in Public Pension Schemes." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2551.
Full textAbstract:
Social security is one of the key pillars of socioeconomic development in developing
countries. Despite being an internationally recognized basic right and a key pillar of
socioeconomic development, it does not protect the majority of the global workforce.
Over 90% of workers in developing countries do not have social security coverage, the
greatest percentage belonging to informal sector. In Rwanda, the national government has
stepped up efforts to extend coverage to the wider population, but informal sector
workers have not joined the existing pension scheme in significant numbers, and the
reasons for which are unclear. Guided by Maloney's theory of voluntarism; the purpose
of this phenomenological study was to examine the factors affecting the level of workers'
participation in informal sector in pension scheme in Rwanda. This study was designed to
provide new insights into the current social security situation of informal sector workers
in Rwanda and to contribute to the knowledge base on social security and the informal
sector. The research questions focused on awareness, income levels, and other factors
that can address the social security needs of informal sector workers. Data were collected
from 22 active workers from informal sector and 5 officials from ministries and agencies
who were well-versed with social security issues. Data were analyzed via Moustakas's
steps of epoche, phenomenological reduction, imaginative narration, and synthesis of
texture and structure. The results revealed that low incomes, lack of awareness, poor
benefit design, distrust of public schemes, and frustrating laws and procedures were
hindering the increased public pension coverage of informal sector workers in Rwanda.
These findings will help Rwandan policy makers to promote positive social change by
informing policies that enhance social protection of workers in informal sector.
26
Pitts, Teresa Ann. "Politics as Violence: A Girardian Analysis of Pre-Genocide Rwandan Politics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32533.
Full textAbstract:
In 1994 genocide occurred in the tiny, crowded country of Rwanda in the Great Lakes region of Africa. What was unique to that genocide was its efficiency and use of low technology weapons: somewhere around 800,000 to one million persons were killed, mainly by machetes and bullets, and often by neighbors, former friends, or relatives that they knew by name. The killers had been well-prepared for their roles via myth-building and reinforcement of old fears against the victims. There was little to no international intervention, although Rwanda had close political ties with France and a colonial history with Germany and Belgium. Although dozens of books and articles have been written seeking to understand, in both practical and theoretical ways, the motivations of the killers, this research looks to add to that body of knowledge by considering the ideas of a theorist outside traditional political theory â René Girard â and how they may shed some light on the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Girardâ s conception of mimetic rivalry and his theorization of scapegoating illuminate society-based characteristics of political competition between well-established factions of Rwandan society. These characteristics, if subjected to various manipulations of social positioning and control, can serve to precipitate brutal acts of believed conciliatory violence against a perceived causal group. Without examining the origin of violence in society, an understanding of the 1994 genocide is incomplete, and policies designed to prevent such genocides from recurring may not be effective.Master of Arts
27
Stratton, Michelle Diane. "Culture, Resilience, and Adaptation| The Voices of Rwandan and Congolese Refugees." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10242194.
Full textAbstract:
This research explores the experience of displacement and resettlement for Rwandan and Congolese refugees in New Hampshire, highlighting cultural perspectives and values that contribute to psychosocial resilience and a restored sense of well-being in these communities. Participants elaborated on their childhood experiences of culture, the disruptions of war and displacement, and their experience of resettlement and adjustment to life in the United States. The research considers the cultural perspectives and values that have contributed to well-being within African refugee communities, and that can generate a sense of stability as refugees negotiate cultural expectations in new homes. The research also considers intercultural relationships and relationships of psychosocial accompaniment. Phenomenological and ethnographic methodologies were used to gather and analyze data through the lens of liberation psychology and depth psychology. Decolonizing methodologies, including a commitment to reflexive practice and psychosocial accompaniment, were also integrated. Data was gathered through semi-formal interviews, focus groups, observations, and researcher field notes. Rarely are refugees invited by resettlement researchers to reflect on patterns of repair, restoration, and the generation of culturally informed adaptations. Participants in this study reveal their experience of culture, overlooked challenges, and the creative adaptations that generate possibilities for success and restored balance in families and communities. The research offers an approach to engaging cultural communities in responding to the challenge of resettlement with integrity, while drawing on resilience and familiar cultural patterns.
28
Benda, Richard Munyurangabo. "The test of faith : Christians and Muslims in the Rwandan genocide." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-test-of-faith-christians-and-muslims-in-the-rwandan-genocide(b83bdce7-1f06-4532-b463-eaefe5f774bb).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a critical inquiry into the response to the Rwandan genocide of 1994 by Christians and Muslims. Structured around the thesis that Muslims resisted the genocide better than Christians, it explores the historical, cultural, political and theological causes that motivated and explain the actions of both faith communities in the face of genocide. The first chapter offers a critique of the dominant colonial perspective from which the topic of religion and genocide has been studied so far. It presents pre-colonial Rwandans as evolving in a complex spiritual universe, Gakondo, where religion, morality and politics were closely linked. The rise of a centralised state and sacred monarchy resulted in the theological marginalisation of the Rwandan divinity Imana and the deformation of the political conscience of the Rwanda subject. The second and the third chapter deal respectively with the beginnings of Christianity and Islam in Rwanda within the context of colonization. They show the genealogy of Christianity’s political ambivalence and Islam’s marginalisation, both which played an important role in the genocide of 1994. One significant contribution of the second chapter is to problematise the epistemological confusion between Rwandan Christianity and Roman Catholicism. Chapter four suggests a framework for the understanding of ‘Rwanda 94’ as an instance of evil. It offers a critique of the epistemic hijacking that characterises research in the Rwandan events. The chapter argues for a historical and naturalistic approach to the study of ‘Rwanda 94’, which should be qualified as ‘autocide’ instead of genocide because of the intimacy between victims and perpetrators. Chapter five and six tackle the thesis that Muslims resisted the genocide better than Christians. Examination of the factual data and revisionist discourses in post-genocide Rwanda lead to the conclusion that the imputation of success to Islam and failure to Christianity is operated by virtue of expectations on both faith communities. More specifically, chapter six provides a theological reading of Christianity’s shortcomings as sin. Chapter seven addresses the paradoxical phenomenon of religious blossoming in post-genocide Rwanda and argues that it is faith-based resistance to genocide shown by many Muslims and individual Christians which made ‘God-talk’ possible and ensured the survival of institutional religion. Chapter eight gives a summary and critique of the process of reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda. It argues that Islam and Christianity need to develop an alternative model of reconciliation that challenges and moralises the State-engineered politics of reconciliation.
29
Baguma, Abdallah. "Women parliamentarians in Rwanda : women representatives or representing women? : a study of the Chamber of Deputies, the Lower House of the Rwandan Parliament." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192280.
Full text
30
Parrish, Skip-Thomas. "Too Few Voices, Too Many Distractions, Too Little Concern, Too Little Understanding: the American Media during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6000.
Full textAbstract:
Upwards of one million people died during the Genocide, Civil War, and Refugee Crisis in Rwanda and surrounding nations, during one of the fastest Genocides to occur in modern history. Even though the United Nations and its member states had a legal mandate to intervene in cases of Genocide due to the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, the world chose not to. While there were a myriad of reasons for this the media played a part in this situation.
Using the coverage of US print magazine articles, this thesis argues that the media missed the point and the signs of what was happening on the ground due to a fundamental lack of understanding of Rwanda, the African Great Lakes region, and Africa itself. Borrowing concepts of the creation of the “other,” lack of understanding of Africa, imperial language, and first world views of the third world from Edward Said and Curtis A. Keim this master's thesis shows that there were intellectual disconnects happening within the American press that made intervention nearly impossible. Once the Genocide was nearly complete and a more prosaic refugee crisis started America jumped at the chance to aid the refugees, a large number of them perpetrators of the Genocide, and the media showed reinvigorated interest in Rwanda.
What misconceptions about Rwanda caused the media to miss the point? Did the print media help perpetuate those misconceptions, knowingly or unknowingly? With a death toll from the Genocide alone of roughly 8,000 people per day and the vast majority of them dying within the first several weeks of the Genocide, many lives may have been saved if Rwanda was made a priority by the media. Instead, while the media reported stories about chthonic hatred, the world was more concerned about a much slower Genocide in Eastern Europe. While attention was focused on other global and national stories, a racist regime intent on exterminating the Tutsi was allowed to stay in power in Rwanda.M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
History
31
Munyaneza, Malachie. "A Comparative Study of the Book of Proverbs and Rwandan Proverbial Wisdom." Thesis, Roehampton University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515274.
Full text
32
Mugisha, Innocent Sebasaza. "Assessment and Study Strategies : A study among Rwandan Students in Higher Education." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60088.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to gain understanding of students’ experiences of assessment and the study strategies they adopt in the context of Higher Education in Rwanda. The study is governed by questions on how students conceive their experiences with assessment in their courses, how they determine study strategies, and how they reflect on alternative ways of assessment. The theoretical framework is based on socio-cultural approaches and on earlier research on assessment and theories of learning. The participants were drawn from third year and former geography students in two tertiary institutions. A four panel-wave design guided the data collection: a survey, focus groups, a follow-up questionnaire and individual interviews. The findings show that the majority of the students conceived assessment as course lecturers’ ways of collecting evidence from students to be used as benchmarks for grading, ranking and promotion at course level and for monitoring and controlling both students and teachers. Assessment was usually summative and could be both course-oriented in line with the curriculum and teacher-oriented in line with teachers’ course-notes. Moreover, the findings reveal that students rely heavily on senior students’ information about teachers’ styles of assessing, as a source for adopting study strategies. The participants experienced that learning took place under contextual pressure, which created fear for repetition or even expulsion. However, the students responded to this by adopting a combination of individual work and group work strategies. In contrast to the experienced modes of summative assessment, the participants had visions about formative assessment such as authentic and problem-solving assessment, and self- and peer- assessment, which they suggest could be employed as integral parts of the teaching and learning process. This is discussed in terms of assessment for learning as a cycle of events or as assessment of learning at the end of a course.Syftet med denna avhandling är att söka förståelse för studenters erfarenheter av bedömning och vilka studiestrategier de använder sig av inom högre utbildning i Rwanda. Studien vägleds av frågor om hur studenter upplever sina erfarenheter av bedömning i sina kurser, hur de bestämmer studie strategier och hur de reflekterar över alternativa bedömningssätt. Det teoretiska ramverket har sin grund i sociokulturell teori och tidigare forskning om bedömning och lärande. I datainsamlingen deltog studenter från två olika institutioner för högre utbildning inom ämnesområdet geografi, dels under deras tredje studieår, dels en tid efter det att de var nyexaminerade. Insamlingen pågick under fyra perioder och började med en enkät. Därpå följde samtal i fokusgrupper och en uppföljningsenkät med öppna frågor. Studien avslutades med intervjuer med en mindre grupp efter deras examen. Resultaten visar att majoriteten av studenterna uppfattade bedömningen som lektorernas sätt att samla bevis att användas som underlag för systematisk mätning av studenternas resultat och för att kunna rangordna dem. De användes även som underlag för uppflyttning till nästa kursnivå och för att kontrollera att kursen genomförts. Bedömningen var oftast summativ och kunde vara både kursorienterad och följa målen i kursplanen och lärarorienterad där målen var de som angavs i lärarens kurskompendier. Resultaten visar att när studenterna ska välja studiestrategi förlitar de sig i hög grad på information från tidigare studenters uppfattningar om lärares sätt att ställa frågor. Deltagarna uppfattade att lärandet skedde under press från omgivningen vilket skapade rädsla för att de skulle behöva repetera kursen eller bli relegerade om de inte blev godkända. Studenterna hanterade sin oro genom att använda sig av en kombination av individuellt arbete och grupparbete. När de redovisade sina visioner om bedömning föreslog de att formativa bedömningssätt skulle användas som integrerade delar av lärandeprocessen och gav exempel som autentisk bedömning, självvärdering och bedömning av en kamrat. Detta diskuteras i termer av bedömning för lärande under en pågående kurs eller bedömning av lärande i slutet av en kurs.
33
Modin, Larsson Lina. "A GDPR compliant address infrastructure mobile application for Ugandan and Rwandan users." Thesis, KTH, Medieteknik och interaktionsdesign, MID, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231093.
Full textAbstract:
More than half of the world's population are negatively affected by inadequate addresses. In Uganda and Rwanda, efforts have been done to implement a national address system but the effectiveness of those efforts have been prevented, due to lack of understanding and fears regarding its impact. With the help of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), because of its knowledge-generating foundation and substantial growth in East Africa, traditional address initiatives could be streamlined. However, negative consequences with ICT, such as surveillance, could cause the already existing reluctance to accept a system that not only registers a location but also an identity, to increase. Privacy, security and trust are therefore key factors to consider when developing a system that target areas characterized by distrust in organizations and government. This paper argues that the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides a strong framework when accomplishing this. By evaluating the user rights defined in GDPR from an interaction design perspective, this research aims to propose design guidelines that gives users agency of their personal information. This paper argues that redefining the rights as potential user actions gives the users control to manage their personal information, and further, that interest and understanding are important to enable conscious actions. With a Research through Design approach, user studies were conducted in Uganda and Rwanda, to evaluate how to design actions and information in order to enhance interest and understanding, and resulted in three design guidelines: User actions, Action layers and Information layers.Mer än hälften av världens befolkning är negativt påverkade av bristfälliga adresser. I Uganda och Rwanda har det gjorts insatser för att implementera ett nationellt adressystem, men effektiviteten av dessa insatser har förhindrats på grund av bristande förståelse och rädsla för dess inverkan. Med hjälp av Informations- och Kommunikationsteknik (IKT), på grund av sin kunskapsgenererande struktur och starka ökning i Östafrika, kan traditionella addressinitiativ effektiviseras. Negativa konsekvenser med IKT, såsom övervakning, skulle dock kunna leda till att den redan befintliga motviljan att acceptera ett system som inte bara registrerar en plats utan också en identitet, ökar. Integritet, säkerhet och förtroende är därför viktiga faktorer att tänka på när man utvecklar ett system som riktar sig till områden som karaktäriseras av misstro mot organisationer och myndigheter. Denna artikel argumenterar för att den nya Dataskyddsförordningen (GDPR) utformar ett starkt ramverk för att uppnå detta. Genom att utvärdera de användarrättigheter som definieras i GDPR från ett interaktionsdesignperspektiv, syftar denna forskning till att föreslå designriktlinjer som ger användaren full kontroll över sin personliga information. Detta arbete argumenterar att omdefiniera rättigheterna till potentiella användarfunktioner ger användarna kontroll att hantera sin personliga information, och vidare, att intresse och förståelse är viktiga faktorer för att möjliggöra medvetna handlingar. Med en Research through Design-metod genomfördes användarstudier i Uganda och Rwanda, för att utvärdera hur man bör utforma funktioner och information för att öka intresse och förståelse för användarrättigheterna. Detta resulterade i tre designriktlinjer: Användarfunktioner, Funktionslager och Informationslager.
34
Ndabaga, Eugene. "The dynamics of mother tongue policy in the Rwandan primary school curriculum." Thesis, University of Bath, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397785.
Full text
35
Bubenzer, Friederike. "Lost in bureaucracy : the experience of Rwandan refugee women in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3840.
Full text
36
Yotebieng, Kelly A. "The capacity to aspire among Rwandan urban refugee women in Yaounde, Cameroon." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1552294376449228.
Full text
37
Karenzi, Fabrice. "Football and a New National Identity : An Audience Survey of Rwandan Professionals." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-58769.
Full textAbstract:
Literature connects sports with creating a feeling of unity and nation building amongst people. In a country such as Rwanda, a nation that is rebuilding itself after ethnic tensions that resulted into genocide against one of the ethnic groups, the Tutsi, it is important to understand the role of the new national identity in the process of rebuilding the country. Subsequently, this study aimed at investigating the link between national identity and sport specifically how professionals in Rwanda, as football fans, perceive their national identity. To this end, the study used survey questionnaire to investigate perceptions of new national identity. The findings relate football to the new national identity based on unity and professionals identify themselves with that new national identity. These findings suggest that football plays an important role in building the national identity for a country. This study presents original findings about new Rwandan national identity and its representation and, thus, fills a gap in existing literature. It also serves as a basis to study further the Rwandan national identity.
38
Barnabe, Paula. "Xenophobia and social exclusion: Experiences of female Rwandan refugees in South Africa." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27442.
Full text
39
Söderberg, Cathérine. "Rwandan womens's role in decision-making on central, local and household level." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20696.
Full textAbstract:
Nine years after the genocide in Rwanda, women won 48 per cent of the seats in the parliament. In the next election of 2008 they became the most gender equal parliament in the world. But does this mean that women have received an extensive influence in decision-making in the Rwandan society? The aim with this study is to develop a deeper understanding of what role women have in decision-making at local political assemblies and in households. A field study with an ethnographical approach including interviews and observations in Rwanda was conducted in November-December 2011. Interviews with female and male farmers and urbanites were performed in order to understand their roles and responsibilities in their home. This thesis also contains a brief analysis of Rwandan women’s role in the pre-genocide society. Through a Neo-institutional approach, this thesis outlines what has contributed to women’s role today. Neo-institutionalism looks at societal changes with a holistic view and from three different aspects: the normative, cultural-cognitive and the regulative aspect. These three components of the theory are vital ingredients for a societal change to occur. My findings show that women participate in decision-making, not only on the central level, but also in local political assemblies. It also indicates that women of today partake in decision-making at the household level, earlier left to men alone. Women have also since 1999 gained equal rights by several legal regulations. My analysis shows that women’s influence in decision-making on central, local and on household level is a collateral consequence of the genocide.
40
Gilbert, Catherine. "Writing trauma : the voice of the witness in Rwandan women's testimonial literature." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14260/.
Full textAbstract:
During the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, acts of extreme violence were committed against women. This thesis aims to explore how Rwandan women genocide survivors respond to and communicate such a traumatic experience. From a perspective of trauma theory, it engages with the published testimonies of Rwandan women survivors, seeking to understand how the genocide is remembered in both individual and collective memory and the challenges Rwandan women face in the ongoing process of surviving trauma. Exploring the ways in which Rwandan women position themselves as witnesses, the first chapter addresses the crucial questions of who is a witness and who has the right to speak about a traumatic historical event. It distinguishes between different categories of witness and looks at the levels of witnessing in Rwandan women’s testimonies, as well as considering the role of the reader-witness in the act of testimony. Responding to an imperative of memory, the women are speaking on behalf of other survivors and honouring the memory of the victims. At the same time, the experience of genocide is shown to be deeply individual, and the second chapter provides a detailed analysis of the narrative strategies Rwandan women adopt to communicate the particularity of their experiences. Through a range of ‘translation’ techniques, the women reconstruct their individual chronologies and challenge the notion of the unsayability of trauma. However, the extremity of what the women have lived through can be incomprehensible to the reader, who is often unwilling to hear the story. One of the ways in which cross-cultural communication can be achieved is through collaboration, a process which is examined in the third chapter. The collaborator plays a complex role in the production of the testimonies, functioning not only as empathic listener, but also as writer, editor, and mediator of the story. This chapter draws out the problems associated with collaboration and also highlights its potential value for the Rwandan women as it is ultimately through the collaborator that they are able to convey their story to a Western audience. Gaining access to the Western publishing industry is just one of the many obstacles the women must face in communicating their stories, and the majority of survivors continue to be silenced. The role of silence both within and surrounding Rwandan women’s testimonies is the focus of the fourth chapter, which looks at the physical manifestations of silence within the narratives as well as the silencing of survivors in Rwanda and across the diaspora. The silencing of survivors’ stories has strong implications for the recovery of the individual, often preventing her from moving from surviving to living, a notion that is examined in the final chapter. Testimony is shown to play a central role in this transition. Yet, in the face of the politically motivated processes of national reconciliation, justice and commemoration, Rwandan women struggle to regain control over their narratives. This final chapter emphasises the importance of the community in helping women to reclaim their voice and tell their stories on their own terms. Overall, women remain marginalised figures in the writing of history, and this thesis seeks to underline the necessity of developing new ways of listening to the diversity of Rwandan women’s voices, in order not only to gain greater insight into how traumatised individuals remember but also to hear the challenge they pose to conventional Western modes of responding to trauma.
41
Uvuza, Justine. "Hidden inequalities : Rwandan female politicians' experiences of balancing family and political responsibilities." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2475.
Full textAbstract:
The number of women participating in Rwandan politics has significantly grown since the second half of 1994 (after the civil war and Tutsi genocide). Gradually, especially in parliament where women now compose 63.8%, this has attracted the attention of scholars and the international community. While Rwandan government and the international writers document Rwanda’s relative progress on increasing and promoting women’s participation in politics, the majority of academic work to date has investigated women’s representative role and in most cases explored women in the legislature. Little or no academic work has focused on female politicians’ experiences of balancing their traditional female responsibilities and the public (male-stream) roles they are now taking on. Using semi-structured one-to-one interviews with female politicians in the cabinet, lower and upper chambers of parliament, local government and from women’s major groups (umbrella and networks), this dissertation examines the women’s narratives of their lived experiences of balancing their private and public roles, and what impact this has had on their lives and career paths. This thesis argues that despite the relevance of women’s access to political posts/work, failure to tackle gender inequalities in all areas of socialisation reshape and reinforce patriarchy in significant ways – especially due to increased time and work penalty that appear not only detrimental to women’s lives but also to the country’s social-economic development. Change in these circumstances seems to require a cultural shift, almost as large as the cultural shift that brought women into politics. This thesis also argues that women’s substantive representative role is better understood if the social-political contexts within which they live and work are considered. This study contributes new ways of understanding and theorising women’s political participation in Rwanda (and in similar contexts) to policy makers and activists.
42
Wibabara, Charity [Verfasser]. "Gacaca Courts versus the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and National Courts : Lessons to Learn from the Rwandan Justice Approaches to Genocide / Charity Wibabara." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107610745/34.
Full text
43
Ingabire, Mackline. "An analysis of the legal regime governing transfer of cases from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) to the Rwandan domestic justice system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4444.
Full textAbstract:
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), established by the United Nations Security Council was originally set to wind up its affairs in 2010. However, by Resolution 1901 of the Security Council, ICTR's mandate has been extended to 2012.This will necessitate the transfer of residual cases to national courts for trial after it has closed. Rwanda considers itself a suitable candidate for referral, and hence has supported the ICTR Prosecutor's requests (five requests) for referral to its national courts.
44
Beloff, Jonathan R. "Viewing the world after genocide : the evolution of Rwandan foreign policy since 1994." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30265/.
Full text
45
From, Noah. "A New Mediea Reform : A field study on the New Rwandan Media Reform." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-26991.
Full textAbstract:
The central role of media in the Rwandan genocide of 1994 has led to restrictive precautions from the government. Restrictive legislation due to the genocide has for long limited media freedoms and been target for domestic and international critique. In light of the new media reform adopted in 2013 this essay seek to examine the experienced impact of the reform on the journalistic role as watchdog, setting the agenda, nation builder, agent of empowerment and government partner. The empirical material is based on qualitative interviews performed in Rwanda with journalists, bloggers, reform implementers and international collaborators. The analysis constitutes a discussion regarding to what extent the new reform seems to reinforce these roles. Here I will use my theoretical framework, namely Development Journalism, and the answers from the respondents in order to understand and examine this particular problem. The final part of the essay deals with my specific case, which is Rwanda’s media landscape after the newly adopted media reform. Here I will analyze the experienced change introduced by the new media reform. My essay finds that an official narrative, which is enforced by the Rwandan constitution, restricts the impact of the reform on the role of media
46
Hubbard, Jessica Alison. "Breaking the Silence: Women's Experiences With Sexual Violence During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31946.
Full textAbstract:
In times of war, women are subjected to sexual abuse that is largely ignored by military organizations, media outlets, and international courts. Existing literature has illustrated how wartime rape was accepted or dismissed in the past, and how today, while this practice continues, international courts are beginning to identify the harm being done to women, making explicit how rape is used as a tool of genocide. In this thesis I argue that wartime rape serves as a means of genocide, a way to eliminate a group of individuals and their culture. A recent example of how rape worked as genocide is seen in the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Rape was used as a systematic policy to destroy a group of people, the Tutsi, through torture and the spreading of AIDS. The purpose of this research is to examine genocidal rape from the perspectives of women who were raped in Rwanda during the genocide. The focus is on gaining insight to wartime rape as a form of genocide and the aftermath of rape on the women and the culture within which it occurred. Qualitative, feminist analysis was used to answer the following research questions: How do women raped in the Rwandan genocide describe and explain their experiences with rape and its aftermath? How did the intersection of gender and ethnicity contribute to violence against women during the genocide? What are the implications of rape for the women who experienced it and for their families, communities, and their cultural group?Master of Science
47
Magambo, Joseph. "Investigating perceptions of students' language needs at a Rwandan institution of higher learning." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007268.
Full textAbstract:
The site of this research is the Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). The research was undertaken to investigate first year students' perceived English language needs in order to study successfully at KIST. The research was intended to pave the way for differentiated English language syllabuses for students of varying English proficiency. It sought to answer the following questions: (1) what are students' perceived language needs in order to study through the medium of English at KIST? (2) To what extent does the current English language programme address these perceived needs? And (3) what are the differences in students' perceived language needs at different levels of proficiency? The research was carried out in an interpretive paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It took the form of a case study utilising questionnaires to collect data. Questionnaires were administered to students, mainstream subject lecturers and English lecturers. The student sample consisted of 212 students chosen from the four previously identified levels of proficiency (beginner, elementary, intermediate and advanced). The lecturer samples consisted of seven subject lecturers and eleven lecturers in English. The research tools used to collect data were administered questionnaires and document analysis. The chi-square statistical test was used to analyse quantitative data especially in establishing differences that appeared between dissimilar proficiency levels. Findings have shown that, although English is no longer a credit-bearing course, students are still interested in learning it. Students expressed a high positive perception for learning language structures, listening and speaking, and a need for reading and writing. However, although it was possible to establish stakeholders' (students, subject lecturers and lecturers in English) perceptions of students' needs, it was not easy to establish what students' real needs and difficulties in English are. Attempts to get valid answers to my questions were not conclusive. Although this research has implications for the future of English language teaching/learning at KIST there is a need for further investigation of students' needs. An important starting point would be to begin a debate at KIST about the whole issue of students' needs. Such research would exploit research tools/methods not used in this research (e.g focus group interviews and observations).
48
Ingabire, Valerie N. "Human resource capacity building and retention : a challenge for the Rwandan public sector." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5359.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Commercii - MComIn Rwanda, there is a serious concern that the human resource capacities to formulate and implement policies and programmes and deliver quality services to meet the Government's development priorities are not only limited but are eroding as well, despite efforts to the contrary. The purpose of this study is to examine the challenges of Human Resource capacity building and retention in the Rwandan Public Sector. Specific objectives are (i) to identify the civil servants' perceived reasons that make them quit the public sector after acquiring the desired skills by their working institutions; (ii) to identify the civil servants' perceptions on the measures to improve capacity retention in Rwandan public sector; (iii) to review the capacity building and retention challenges facing the Rwandan public sector; (iv) to contextualize problems of capacity building and capacity retention within the broader literature; and (v) to make recommendations regarding the specific strategies the Rwandan Public Sector should adopt to retain civil servants. The study was carried out in Western Cape Province, at the Universities of University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), University of Cape Town (UCT) and University of Stellenbosch (US). The eligible study participants were postgraduate Rwandan students pursuing masters and doctoral studies in various fields. A descriptive quantitative study design was used to collect data on the participants' perceived reasons as to why, after training, civil servants are likely to quit the public sector, together with the measures participants feel the Rwanda Public sector could put in place to retain the employees after training, as well as the human resource challenges facing Rwandan public sector. All 40 Rwandan postgraduate students pursuing masters and doctoral studies at the selected universities (based on Rwandan Embassy Records for 2010) were the sample for this study, and there was a 100% response rate. A structured self-administered, close-ended and pre-coded questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analysed using the SPSS software programeme, and descriptive statistics were used to describe various variables to answer the research questions. With regard to research ethics permission was granted by the Higher Degrees Committee of UWC and ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Grants and Study Leave Committee at UWC. Permission to conduct the study among Rwandanmasters and doctoral students on capacity building programmes supported by the Government of Rwanda was granted by the Rwandan Embassy. The purpose of the study was explained to the participants using the participants' information sheet. Signed informed consent both written and verbal was obtained from each individual participant. Participation was voluntary, anonymity of participants was assured, participants information was kept confidential and voluntary withdraw from the study at any time was guaranteed to participants. The findings demonstrate that 45% of the respondents do not intend to continue working in the Public Sector after training due to both financial considerations and workplace working conditions.The findings also indicate that 55% of the respondents intend to work in the public sector after training. The research recommends, amongst other things, that a larger survey be conducted among Rwandan students on study abroad programmes to ascertain if the reasons for quitting and perceived measures to remain in the public sector after training hold for all the civil servants on capacity building programmes.
49
Eltringham, Nigel Paul. "Discourse and genocide : the contest for 'reality' in post-genocide Rwanda." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368688.
Full text
50
Gahamanyi, Marcel. "Mathematics at work : a study of mathematical organisations in Rwandan workplaces and educational settings." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för studier av vuxenutbildning, folkbildning och högre utbildning (VUFo), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60260.
Full textAbstract:
To make mathematics more significant for the beneficiaries, the problem studied in this thesis is to investigate how to connect mathematical daily practices with educational contexts. The overarching aim is to investigate how to contextualise school mathematics within Rwandan cultural mathematics practices. The content of the thesis reports on the characteristics of mathematical organisations in three workplace settings (taxi driving, house construction and restaurant management) which in turn serve as source for the design of contextualised mathematical activities for student teachers in a teacher education programme. Three levels of mathematical practices are described: (1) mathematical practices that are performed by workers within their respective workplaces, (2) mathematical practices that are performed by student teachers while solving and posing contextualised mathematical tasks for secondary school students, (3) mathematical practices that are carried out by secondary school students. Data gathered from individual and group interviews, transcripts of group discussions and students’ written reports of mathematical work were analysed from the perspective of both activity theory and anthropological theory of didactics. Findings from workplace settings revealed that mathematical organisations performed by workers are characterised by techniques which are functional to the problem at hand, the cultural constraints and the educational background of the workers. As long as they are pragmatic towards the goals of the activity no further justification of the techniques used is needed, resulting in a mathematical organisation with undeveloped know-why (logos). On the contrary, at university and secondary school settings, students justified the used techniques throughout the related taught content of the subject mathematics. Also from each category of mathematical practice, it is shown that while connecting workplaces and educational settings the didactic transposition process was much influenced by the institutional conditions and constraints.För att göra matematiken betydelsefull för avnämarna är problemområdet som studeras i denna avhandling hur den matematik som finns i samhället kan överbryggas till en undervisningskontext. Syftet med avhandlingen är att undersöka hur man kan kontextualisera skolmatematik i kulturella praktiker i Rwanda. I avhandlingen belyses först matematisk organisation på tre arbetsplatser – i en taxiverksamhet, hos en byggmästare och hos en restaurangägare. Matematik i dessa verksamheter utgör underlag för att konstruera uppgifter för lärarstudenter inom ämnet matematik som först löser uppgifterna och sedan i sin tur konstruerar uppgifter för elever motsvarande årskurs nio i grundskolan. Uppgifterna konstrueras med utgångspunkt i den information studenterna fått om de tre verksamheterna. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av individuella intervjuer, gruppintervjuer och bandinspelade gruppdiskussioner samt studenters och elevers nedtecknade lösningar på respektive uppgifter. Data analyserades med hjälp av aktivitetsteori och antropologisk didaktisk teori. Resultaten från arbetsplatserna visade att matematisk organisation kännetecknades av tekniker som är funktionella för de problem som behövde lösas, de kulturella villkor som förelåg och deltagarnas utbildningsbakgrund. Så länge som teknikerna ledde till önskade mål för verksamheten fanns inga behov att utveckla tekniken som kännetecknades av en matematisk organisation med outvecklad logos. I kontrast till denna strategi sågs studenter och elever i respektive miljöer redovisa de tekniker som användes och motivera dem i enlighet med vad som krävs inom matematikämnet. Den matematiska transpositionsprocessen som utfördes av deltagarna i de olika miljöerna influerades i hög grad av rådande institutionella villkor och begränsningar.