Academic literature on the topic 'RWH'
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Journal articles on the topic "RWH"
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Ketha, Krishna Mohan V., Shilpakala Sainath Rao, and Chintamani D. Atreya. "Combinatorial Antimicrobicidal Peptides Exhibit Enhanced Activity Against Bacterial Contaminants In Stored Platelet Concentrates (PCs)." Blood 116, no. 21 (2010): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1124.1124.
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Abstract Abstract 1124 Introduction: Contamination of blood and blood components by bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites is a major safety risk in transfusion medicine. Novel proof-of-concepts for microbial reduction that enhance risk-to-benefit ratio of the treated products are still an unmet public health need in transfusion medicine. We have recently shown that synthetic antimicrobicidal peptides (AMPs) originating from thrombin-induced human platelet-derived antimicrobial proteins (named PD1-PD4) and repeats of Arginine-Tryptophan (RW1-RW5), demonstrate microbicidal activity against bacteria in plasma and PCs. In the present study we selected RW2, RW3 and RW4 and tested the effect of the peptides individually and in various combinations (cocktail) to see whether the cocktail approach enhances the antimicrobicidal activity of these peptides. Methods: The RW2, RW3 and RW4 peptides were tested on platelet samples spiked with 104 colony forming units (cfu) of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Each spiked sample was incubated individually with 10 mM of RW2, RW3, and RW4 peptides for 1 hour at 37°C to observe their individual effect. Peptides were then combined in the following way to assess their cocktail effect: RW2+RW3; RW2+RW4; RW3+RW4; RW2+RW3+RW4. Spiked sample without any peptide was included as control. Following incubation with the peptide a ten-fold dilution of the inoculum was made and a fixed volume plated on nutrient agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours and colonies were counted and expressed as cfu/ml. Results: Our analysis revealed that individual peptides RW2, RW3 and RW4 were either ineffective or were moderately microbicidal (100-fold reduction) against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa. However, in combination (cocktail), these peptides together demonstrated enhanced microbicidal activity against bacteria in spiked platelets. The combinations, RW2+RW4, RW3+RW4 and RW2+RW3+RW4 were the most effective that resulted in 1000-fold reduction of all three bacteria tested. Conclusion: The present study conclusively demonstrates the synergistic effect of antimicrobicidal peptides whose combined microbicidal activity is 1000-fold higher than when the peptide is acting alone. By selecting appropriate combination of AMPs against specific bacteria of interest, new proof-of-concepts could be developed that are alternatives to the current pathogen reduction agents. The findings and conclusions in this abstract have not been formally disseminated by the Food and Drug Administration and should not be construed to represent any Agency determination or policy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Kumar, Ashok, Bhanupriya Sharma, Vikash Vashsith, and Digambar Singh. "RWH and Conservation." International Journal of Civil Engineering 4, no. 8 (2017): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v4i8p102.
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Al-Ghobari, Hussein, and Ahmed Z. Dewidar. "Integrating GIS-Based MCDA Techniques and the SCS-CN Method for Identifying Potential Zones for Rainwater Harvesting in a Semi-Arid Area." Water 13, no. 5 (2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050704.
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An increasing scarcity of water, as well as rapid global climate change, requires more effective water conservation alternatives. One promising alternative is rainwater harvesting (RWH). Nevertheless, the evaluation of RWH potential together with the selection of appropriate sites for RWH structures is significantly difficult for the water managers. This study deals with this difficulty by identifying RWH potential areas and sites for RWH structures utilizing geospatial and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques. The conventional data and remote sensing data were employed to set up needed thematic layers using ArcGIS software. The soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) method was used to determine surface runoff, centered on which yearly runoff potential map was produced in the ArcGIS environment. Thematic layers such as drainage density, slope, land use/cover, and runoff were allotted appropriate weights to produced RWH potential areas and zones appropriate for RWH structures maps of the study location. Results analysis revealed that the outcomes of the spatial allocation of yearly surface runoff depth ranging from 83 to 295 mm. Moreover, RWH potential areas results showed that the study areas can be categorized into three RWH potential areas: (a) low suitability, (b) medium suitability, and (c) high suitability. Nearly 40% of the watershed zone falls within medium and high suitability RWH potential areas. It is deduced that the integrated MCDA and geospatial techniques provide a valuable and formidable resource for the strategizing of RWH within the study zones.
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Hoffman, Tanner J. S., Alinaitwe Collins, Joseph Lwere, and James B. Harrington. "Elevating the standard: a professionalized approach to community-based rainwater harvesting systems in Uganda." Waterlines 40, no. 2 (2021): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.20-00016.
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Where water resources are limited, rainwater harvesting (RWH) can provide on-site access to improved water sources. Community institutions are uniquely positioned to benefit from RWH; advocates have encouraged the installation of community-based RWH systems as a way to ameliorate water supply insufficiencies in low-income settings. However, poor quality RWH system installations and insufficient attention to management support have resulted in sustainability challenges, necessitating a commitment to higher standards for community-based RWH. Spurred on by an iterative learning cycle and commitment to innovation, the Ugandan Water Project has achieved RWH system design, installation, and management practices that are well adapted to Ugandan institutions. By investing in a professional crew, high-quality materials, and post-installation support, the Ugandan Water Project has achieved 96 per cent functionality two years after installation. The professionalized approach that the Ugandan Water Project employs can be used as a model to guide future RWH system installations in Uganda and elsewhere.
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Odhiambo, Kevin O., Basil T. Iro Ong'or, and Edwin K. Kanda. "Optimization of rainwater harvesting system design for smallholder irrigation farmers in Kenya: a review." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70, no. 4 (2021): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.087.
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Abstract The adverse effects of climate change on agriculture have been felt across the globe. Smallholder farmers in sub-Sahara Africa are particularly more vulnerable to the effects of climate change leading to loss of income and livelihood thus affecting global food security. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is emerging as a viable option to mitigate the negative effects of climate change by supporting rain-fed agriculture through supplemental irrigation. However, smallholder farmers are still grappling with a myriad of challenges hindering them from reaping the benefits of their investment in RWH systems. This review explores some of the factors behind the poor performance of RWH systems in Kenya and also seeks to suggest techniques that can be applied to optimize the design parameters for improved performance and the adoption of RWH systems. According to the review, RWH has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change among smallholder farmers. It allows for crop production beyond the growing season through supplemental irrigation. However, their impacts have been minimal due to the consistent poor performance of RWH systems. This is attributed to inefficiencies in design and construction brought about by lack of required technical skills among RWH system designers and implementers. Proper design and implementation are therefore paramount for better performance and adoption of RWH systems in the region. This will ensure that RWH systems are reliable, technically and economically feasible as well as possess a desirable water-saving efficiency.
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Arijuddin, Basyar I., Ig L. Setyawan Purnama, and Emilya Nurjani. "The sustainability of rainwater harvesting for supplying domestic water demand in Yogyakarta City." E3S Web of Conferences 76 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197604004.
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Yogyakarta city has a problem of water resources management along with the rapid development in this region. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be an alternative choice in urban water resources management. This study aims to determine the best RWH scenario as a sustainable water supply to meet domestic water demand in Yogyakarta City. The method used is the Sustainability Index with 3 parameters including reliability, resilience and vulnerability. Each parameter is a derivative of a water balance simulation of the RWH system using the data range in the period 2006–2015. This study compares the percentage of roof usage in the RWH system and the level of domestic water demand. The results of this study indicate that the RWH scenario by utilizing 50 %–75 % of the roof area can be ideally meet up to 80 % of domestic water needs in Yogyakarta City. RWH scenario with 100 % roof usage can meet all domestic water needs well. This study shows that the RWH system can have a positive impact on the management and sustainability of water resources in Yogyakarta City.
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Li, Zheng, Wentai Zhang, Yilahong Aikebaier, et al. "Sustainable Development of Arid Rangelands and Managing Rainwater in Gullies, Central Asia." Water 12, no. 9 (2020): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092533.
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Along with the global climate change, gully erosion, flood and drought jointly restrict the sustainable development of arid rangeland in Central Asia. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) system in gully is a flexible practice that alleviate complex environmental problems. In the Kulusitai watershed of Xinjiang, China, our study presented a decision-making system using GIS combined with multi-criteria analysis and a field survey to identify suitability of gully for RWH. The results showed that nearly 40% of rangeland belonged to high runoff potential area, and gullies as the runoff collection channel became the potential site of RWH. The selection of RWH systems depended on catchment environment and gully characteristics. Therefore, based on the unique natural conditions of Xinjiang and successful RWH cases in other regions, we discussed some suitable low-cost RWH techniques to restore degraded grassland and promote community development. Our study will provide some suggestions for ecological restoration and pasture management in arid regions of Central Asia.
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Dismas, Joshua, Deogratias M. M. Mulungu, and Felix W. Mtalo. "Advancing rainwater harvesting as a strategy to improve water access in Kinondoni municipality, Tanzania." Water Supply 18, no. 3 (2018): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.007.
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Abstract The Sustainable Development Goals concept advocates affordable, safe and clean water supply. The water shortage in Dar es Salaam city affects communities in different wards of Kinondoni municipality. As a strategy to improve water access, this study assessed opportunities for application of rainwater harvesting (RWH) technologies, communities’ knowledge of this and their willingness to adopt RWH technologies, and challenges for installation and maintenance of RWH technologies in areas of Makongo, Mbezi, Msasani and Kimara wards of Kinondoni municipality. Data collection involved interviews, questionnaires and observation while the SPSS tool was used for data analysis. Also, laboratory tests for water quality parameters were conducted. Results showed that rooftop RWH systems with proper components and proper maintenance were found to provide better quality water for domestic use than other sources. Laboratory tests revealed that rainwater was better than other water sources. Lack of knowledge was the main factor that hindered adoption of RWH technology. Also, initial investment cost was among the reasons deterring its adoption. Therefore, to improve the adoption rate of RWH technologies there should be an integrated participation of different stakeholders to educate and support communities to address RWH technologies’ challenges. This can be supported by a proposed institutional framework.
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Freni, Gabriele, and Lorena Liuzzo. "Effectiveness of Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Flood Reduction in Residential Urban Areas." Water 11, no. 7 (2019): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071389.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have many benefits being an effective alternative water supply solution, not only in arid and semi-arid regions. Also, these systems can be useful in the reduction of flood risk in urban areas. Nevertheless, most of the studies in literature focused on the potential of RWH in reducing water consumption, whereas few examples examined their efficiency in the retention of stormwater in flood-susceptible residential areas. The aim of this work was to investigate the reliability of RWH systems in terms of stormwater retention. Specifically, the performance of RWH tanks to supply water for toilet flushing, in more than 400 single-family houses in a residential area of Sicily (Southern Italy) was analyzed. The area of study was chosen due to its high susceptibility to flooding. A flushing water demand pattern was defined using water consumption data collected during a measurement campaign. The yield-after-spillage algorithm was used to simulate the daily water balance of the RWH tanks. The effect of the RWH implementation on flood volumes in the area of study was quantified using FLO-2D. Results point out that the potential of neighborhood RWH installation in the mitigation of flood risk is highly related to rainfall amount.
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Doulabian, Shahab, Erfan Ghasemi Tousi, Reza Aghlmand, Babak Alizadeh, Alireza Ghaderi Bafti, and Ali Abbasi. "Evaluation of Integrating SWAT Model into a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis towards Reliable Rainwater Harvesting Systems." Water 13, no. 14 (2021): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141935.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been recognized as one of the most reliable and efficient methods for water supply, especially in arid and semi-arid regions (ASARs) facing freshwater scarcity. Nevertheless, due to the inherent uncertainty of input data and subjectivity involved in the selection of influential parameters, the identification of RWH potential areas is a challenging procedure. In this study, two approaches for locating potential RWH sites were implemented. In the first approach, a frequently-used method of the multi-criteria decision analysis and geographic information system (MCDA-GIS) was utilized, while, in the second approach, a novel strategy of integrating the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model as a hydrology model into an MCDA-GIS method was proposed to evaluate its performance in locating potential RWH sites. The Mashhad Plain Basin (MPB) was selected as a case study area. The developed potential RWH maps of the two approaches indicated similar patterns for potential RWH areas; in addition, the correlation coefficient (CC) between the two obtained maps were relatively high (i.e., CC = 0.914) revealing that integration of SWAT as a comprehensive hydrologic model does not necessarily result in very different outputs from the conventional method of MCDA-GIS for RWH evaluation. The overlap of developed maps of the two approaches indicated that 3394 km2 of the study area, mainly located in the northern parts, was identified as high-potential RWH areas. The performed sensitivity analysis indicated that rainfall and slope criteria, with weights of 0.329 and 0.243, respectively, had the greatest sensitivity on the model in the first approach while in the second approach, the criterion of runoff coefficient (with weights of 0.358) had the highest impact. Based on results from the identification of the potential locations for conventional RWH techniques, pond and pan techniques are the most proper options, covering high-potential areas of RWH more effectively than other techniques over MPB.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "RWH"
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Zakaria, Saleh. "Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) North of Iraq." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26570.
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Rainwater harvesting is one of the methods that can ensure availability of water for winter crop in Iraq. Using this technique the excess rainwater (runoff) is stored in reservoirs of dams of different sizes. The water from these reservoirs can be used later when required to satisfy the crops requirements. It is believed that rainwater harvesting will be one of the solutions to overcome water shortages problem in Iraq.This work includes four parts dealing with macro rainwater harvesting modeling. The study area includes selected sites at three Governorates located north of Iraq (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Nineveh). In part one of the work, three selected sites at south, north and east of Sinjar district (Nineveh Governorate) were used. The slope of the study area at Sinjar district is less than 5%. The technique was first applied on southern Sinjar Mountain. Linear programming technique was adopted to optimize the irrigated area of barley crop for irrigation scenario of supplemental irrigation (SI) 100% of full irrigation requirements. Two scenarios of reservoir operation were considered for each main basin. In the first, each reservoir was operated as a separate unit while in the second all reservoirs in main basin were operated as one system. Both scenarios gave encouraging results. Scenario two however, was relatively better. The technique was applied again on the northern and eastern Sinjar Mountain area but with different catchments area and scenarios of irrigation (supplemental irrigation (SI) 100%, deficit irrigation (DI) 50%, and deficit irrigation (DI) 25% of full irrigation requirements). Wheat crop was considered as the main crop grown in the area. A linear programming technique was adopted to optimize the irrigated area for the above three scenarios of irrigation. The results of the three scenarios used indicated that, using deficit irrigation (DI) of 50% can be more beneficial than SI of 100% and DI of 25% of full irrigation requirements. Part two of the work includes application of Macro RWH technique at mountain areas in Northeastern part of Iraq. In these areas, all selected basins having slope more than 5 % and located at the rain-fed farms of Kurdistan region of Iraq, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates. The annual rainfall is greater than what was available at Nineveh Governorate. Part three of the work focused about the ability of Macro RWH technique to support wheat crop yield production in dry rain-fed farms at north Sinjar district, north west of Iraq, using wheat crop yield-water relationship that conducted by International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). Three scenarios of supplemental irrigation (100%, 75% and 50%) of full irrigation. requirements with, various rainfall conditions were used, two types of wheat (bread and durum) were considered. Part four of the work focused on climatic change and future prospects for Macro RWH technique. Box-Jenkins methodology for time series analysis and forecasting (ARIMA model) was used to study future rainfall for 4 main rainfall stations surrounding Sinjar area in order to forecast expected rainfall for the period 2012-2016. Future rainfall depths were forecasted with adoption of a confidence level of 95%. The future rainfall was employed for RWH technique. This part also includes a review of the impact of climatic change on countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region). The climatic model CGCM3.1 (T47) 2 was used to explain the changes in the average temperatures and rainfall on MENA region with special emphases on Iraq. Long term future seasonal rainfall during the period 2020-2099 at east Sinjar (Nineveh Governorate) showed a clear negative trend reflecting the reduction in total seasonal rainfall amount. For these future rainfall depths, the maximum, minimum and average harvested runoff volumes were estimated. The comparison of the runoff results between future and historical recorded rainfall for the same study area was carried out to show the future validity of rainwater harvesting. In order to estimate the amount of runoff that can be harvested from a given catchment area at eastern Sinjar, an attempt was made to provide set of charts that are easy to be used in order to estimate the equivalent harvested runoff depth (mm) for different selected rainfall depths under different hydraulic conditions for the catchment area. Macro rainwater harvesting (RWH) technique had been tested for future rainfall data that predicted by two emission scenarios of climatic change (A2 and B2) for the period 2020-2099 at Nineveh and Sulaymaniyah Governorates north of Iraq. The results of the four parts of the thesis reflect useful values for RWH and its influence to increase the irrigated area and then the crop yield in the studied region when combined with an effective system like supplemental irrigation. Rain-fed land in the studied areas requires effective technique in terms of saving significant runoff water for irrigation purposes and this might be achieved by rain-water harvesting (RWH) technique.<br>Godkänd; 2014; 20140310 (andbra); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Saleh Mohammed Saleh Zakaria Ämne: Geoteknik/Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Avhandling: Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) North of Iraq Opponent: Professor Ahmed Hachum, Dams and Water Resources Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq Ordförande: Professor Sven Knutsson, Avd för geoteknik, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Tisdag den 29 april 2014, kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Ljunggren, Petra, and Tom Poncin. "Regnvatteninsamling på Sandön : En undersökning av potentialen för regnvatteninsamling." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284572.
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Vatten är en livsnödvändig förutsättning för allt levande och förändringar i vattentillgången kan ha förödande konsekvenser. Därför är det viktigt att hitta ett hållbart sätt att konsumera och återanvända vatten på, särskilt i områden med risk för vattenbrist eller vattenkvalitetsproblem. Sandön är en skärgårdsö med speciell natur och denna studie behandlar en undersökning kring möjligheterna för implementering av regnvatteninsamling på ön för att minska grundvattenuttaget. Studien har omfattat en litteraturgenomgång, insamling, sammanställning och bearbetning av digitala data samt en fältstudie för insamling och kontroll av platsspecifika data. Resultatet av studien visar att möjligheterna för implementering av regnvatteninsamlingslösningar på Sandön är god och olika alternativa lösningar för insamling presenteras. Med den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen blir den möjliga mängd som går att ersätta med regnvatten 26,7 % av hushållets användning under månaderna juni, juli och augusti, beroende på fastighetens storlek och utrymme för uppsamlingstank samt antalet personer. Den begränsande faktorn är inte potentialen på 23 miljoner liter vatten per år, utan uppsamlingstankens volym som är beroende av fastighetens storlek. Den beräknade optimala totala tankvolymen med avseende på nederbörd och vattenanvändning för Sandön är 3 m3. Vad studien också visar är att grundvattenuttaget på sommaren inte kan täckas upp av enbart regnvatten och att ytterligare lösningar krävs.<br>Water is a critical necessity for all living creatures and changes in the reservoirs may have disastrous consequences. It is important to find a sustainable way to consume and re-use water, especially in areas with a higher risk of water shortageor quality issues. Sandön is an island in the Swedish archipelago with unique nature and this study includes a survey on the possibilities for implementation of rainwater harvesting on the island in order to decrease the groundwater consumption. The study has covered a literature study on books, reports and articles, collection and processing of digital data and a field study was performed. The result of the study shows that the possibilities of implementation of rainwater harvesting solutions on Sandön is good and different system alternatives are presented. With the most cost-effective system the quantity that is possible to replace with rainwater is 26,7 % of the households use during the months of June, July and August, depending on the properties size, space for placement of tanks and the number of people. The limiting factor is not the potential of 23 millions of liters of water per year, but the volume of the storage tank which is dependent on the size of the property. The optimal total tank volume for Sandön is 3 m3. The study also concludes that the water consumption during the summer can not be covered only by the collection of rainwater and additional solutions are needed.
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Glendenning, Claire. "Evaluating the impacts of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in a case study catchment: The Arvari River, Rajasthan, India." Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5835.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)<br>In many areas of India, increasing groundwater use has led to depleted aquifers. Rainwater harvesting (RWH), the small scale collection and storage of runoff to augment groundwater stores, is seen as a solution to the deepening groundwater crisis in India. However while the social and economic gains of RWH have been highlighted, there has not yet been a thorough attempt to evaluate the impacts of RWH on larger catchment hydrological balances. The thesis here will endeavour to address this research gap through a case study of the 476 km2 ungauged semi-arid Arvari River catchment in the state of Rajasthan. Over 366 RWH structures have been built in this catchment since 1985 by the community and the local non-government organisation (NGO), Tarun Bharat Sangh (TBS). The local effects of RWH structures and general catchment characteristics were determined through field investigations during the monsoon seasons of 2007 and 2008. The analysis described large variability in both climatic patterns and recharge estimates. Potential recharge estimates from seven RWH storages, of three different sizes and in six landscape positions, were calculated using the water balance method, which were compared with recharge estimates from water level rises in twenty-nine dug wells using the water table fluctuation method. The average daily potential recharge from RWH structures is between 12 – 52 mm/day, while recharge reaching the groundwater was between 3 – 7 mm/day. The large difference between recharge estimates could be explained through soil storage, and a large lateral transmissivity in the aquifer. Approximately 7% of rainfall is recharged by RWH in the catchment, which is similar in both the comparatively wet and dry years of the field analysis. This is because the capacity of an individual structure to induce recharge is related to structure size and capacity, catchment runoff characteristics and underlying geology. Due to the large annual fluctuations in groundwater levels, the field study results suggest that RWH has a large impact on the groundwater supply, and that there is a large lateral flow of groundwater in the area. The results inferred from the field analysis were then applied to a conceptual water balance model to study catchment-scale impacts of RWH. An existing model was not used because of the paucity of data, and the need to incorporate an effective representation of RWH function and impact. The model works on a daily time step and is divided into subbasins. Within the subbasin hydrological response units (HRUs) describe the different land use/soil combinations associated with the Arvari River catchment, including irrigated agriculture. Sustainability indices, related to water from groundwater and rainfall for irrigated agriculture demand, were used to compare scenarios of management simulated in the conceptual model. The analysis shows that as RWH area increases, it reaches a limiting capacity from where developing additional RWH area does not increase the benefit to groundwater stores, but substantially reduces streamflow. This limiting capacity was also seen at the local-scale, where cumulative potential recharge from an individual RWH structure reaches a maximum daily recharge rate. These results could have important implications for RWH development, but require further research. The analysis highlighted the important link between irrigation area and RWH area. If the irrigation area is increased at the optimal level of RWH, where the sustainability indices were greatest, the resilience of the system actually decreased. Nevertheless RWH in a system increased the overall sustainability of the water demand for irrigated agriculture, compared to a system without RWH. Also RWH provided a slight buffer in the groundwater store when drought occurred. While RWH addresses the supply-side issues of groundwater operation, the institutions that form rules for groundwater use must also be considered, because of the link between irrigation area and RWH. The Arvari River Parliament, the community-based group in the case study area, was examined according to Ostrom’s factors for collective action. It was found that the major limitation for the effectiveness of this group was the minimal information available about the aquifer characteristics.
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Blanchard, Jonathan Peter. "Rainwater Harvesting Storage Methods and Self Supply in Uganda." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3979.
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Self supply is an emerging approach to water supply which focuses on fostering household investment in incremental improvements to their water sources. When successful, it can lower costs and increase sustainability by offering users a larger share
of ownership in their own supply, and harnessing the already existing strengths of a community rather than trying to impose an external perspective. In addition to well upgrading and source protection, one of the key self supply areas is rainwater harvesting.
Uganda has a diverse selection of rainwater storage options, but many of them are scattered and disparate.
The objective of this study was to create a comprehensive collection of well-established Ugandan rainwater storage options, and to demonstrate the geographical disparities in availability, particularly for Rakai District, where the author lived and worked as a Water
and Sanitation Engineer for two years.
Data was gathered by interviewing key stakeholders in rainwater harvesting at the national, regional, and district level in order to gather their collective knowledge in rainwater harvesting storage techniques. In order to understand the availability and
pricing of manufactured products, a survey of Rakai District hardware stores determined the prices and range of volumes at which different manufactured products were available.
The study found 11 distinct technologies widely used for rainwater storage: three informal or traditional, three manufactured, and five built-in-place by skilled artisans. The traditional/informal technologies consisted of clay pots, pots and basins, and brick
mortar tanks. The manufactured products were plastic tanks ranging from 60 to 24,000 liters, corrugated iron tanks, and 55-gallon metal drums. The built-in-place tank technologies were mortar jars, tarpaulin tanks, ferrocement tanks, partially below ground ferrocement tanks, and interlocking stabilized soil brick tanks. The study also found that while the manufactured products are well distributed, built-in-place options have not spread beyond where they were originally introduced by NGO's trying to promote certain technologies.
With regard to costs, tanks with storage volume less than 1,000 liters had costs that ranged from 182 to 724 UGX/liter, with small plastic tanks being least expensive. For volumes between 1,000 and 10,000 liters, costs ranged between 42 and 350 UGX/liter,
with tarpaulin tanks providing the largest storage per unit cost. Above 10,000 liters of storage, tanks ranged from 35 to 341 UGX/liter, with tarpaulin tanks again ranking first by cost per unit volume.
In order for self supply to flourish, these technologies need to be implemented in such a way that fosters a thriving private sector and independent uptake of rainwater harvesting. This research provides a starting point by laying out the technologies, costs, and volumes
available.
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Quadros, Carlos Schmidt. "Rainwater harvesting case study: FCT/UNL campus." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/4799.
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Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, Perfil Engenharia Sanitária<br>With increasing pressure on the environment, particularly on water resources, due to outside forces such as climate change and population growth, water is nowadays a scarce and a valuable resource. With the need to find new alternatives, rainwater harvesting should be seen as an important strategy for better management of water resources, once it constitutes a free source of potable water.
Rainwater harvesting systems, which already have a global implementation, are a recognised way for urban buildings to reduce their reliance on the public mains supply. Its applications are predominantly non-potable, namely toilet flushing and gardening.
The aim of this report is to produce a comprehensive assessment of rainwater harvesting and its potential use all over the world, as well as the potential economical and environmental benefits. It is provided a description of all the rainwater harvesting system components, as well as water quality requirements according to the water final purpose.
A case study is presented, which main object is to evaluate the feasibility of rainwater harvesting for gardening, applied to the University Campus of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Universidade Nova, Lisbon (FCT/UNL). A detailed characterization of the existing irrigation system on campus is provided, as well as its potential ability to collect rainwater. According to the supply and demand balance, several scenarios are presented in order to provide the necessary information for the decision-makers to evaluate the best solution for the desired application. For such, all the available information was analyzed, in order to determine the environmental, technical and economical viability of the project.
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Melville-Shreeve, Peter. "Rainwater harvesting for drought mitigation and flood management." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/30260.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has seen a low level of uptake relative to similar settings such as Australia and Germany. The relatively low cost of municipal water in the UK limits the financial savings associated with RWH systems, especially in a domestic setting. Although financial benefits can be relatively low (in terms of reduced water bills), academic and practitioner studies have demonstrated the potential for RWH to significantly reduce potable water demands at typical UK houses. Hence, increased uptake of RWH has potential to contribute to mitigating droughts in water scarce regions. Stormwater management in the UK is receiving increasing attention at all levels; from grass-roots sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) such as downpipe disconnections and raingardens; through to implementation of urban realm attenuation schemes and continued development of guidance from UK policy makers. The public realm nature of most SuDS presents a need for partnership approaches to be fostered between infrastructure mangers and the general public. The application of RWH as a technology within the SuDS management train has been limited in the UK as policy makers have taken the view that RWH tanks may be full at the start of a design storm, and thus the potential for attenuation and peak discharge reduction has been largely ignored. However, in the last few years there has been a shift in emphasis; from RWH perceived purely as a water demand management technology to a focus on its wider benefits e.g. mitigating surface water flooding through improved stormwater management. RWH systems examined in this thesis are now available which offer multiple benefits to both end-users and water service providers. The application of RWH in a dual purpose configuration (to displace potable water demands and control stormwater discharges) has seen increasing interest during the development of this thesis. However, the successful design of RWH as a stormwater management tool requires a series of calculations to be completed. To date, practitioners have frequently relied upon low-resolution heuristic methods which lead to a small range of configurations being deployed, with minimal demonstrable stormwater control benefits. In this thesis, full details of novel and traditional RWH technologies were identified and described. Empirical data was collected, both in laboratory conditions and at field sites, to identify the real world operating characteristics of a range of RWH configurations. Additionally a new time series evaluation methodology was developed to enable RWH systems to be designed and analysed. This method quantifies water demand benefits and also focusses on stormwater management metrics (i.e. largest annual discharge and total discharge volume per year). The method was developed to enable a range of RWH configurations to be evaluated at a given site. In addition, a decision support tool (RainWET) was developed and tested which enabled the methods to be deployed in real world settings. The application of the RainWET software allowed a UK-wide, time series analysis of RWH configurations to be completed and the holistic benefits of a range of dual purpose RWH systems to be analysed and described. Evidence from the UK study suggests that a traditional RWH installation (3000l storage, 300l/day demand and 60m2 roof) installed at a house in a water scarce region (London, SAAR 597mm) was able to fully mitigate stormwater overflows over a 20 year analysis whilst providing a mean water saving of 31,255l/annum. An equivalent system located in the wettest region studied (Truro, SAAR 1099mm) saw mean reductions in the largest annual storm of 62% (range 35-86%) whilst satisfying a mean rainwater demand of 50,912l/annum. The study concluded that suitably designed dual purpose RWH systems offered better stormwater management benefits than those designed without a stormwater control device. In addition, the integration of smart RWH controls were shown to maximise stormwater control benefits with little or no reduction in a system’s ability to satisfy non-potable water demands.
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Rodriguez, Henry. "A Comparison of Rainwater Harvesting Tank Sizing Methods: Optimizing to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions versus Maximizing System Reliability." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo151577155419202.
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Ljungberg, Mathias. "Reklam för Responsiva Webbplatser : En studie i hur reklam bör utformas för internet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73378.
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Advertising in responsive websites is a quite new phenomenon and has therefore, previously not been a target for any mayor research. Todays society, where new technological innovations persistantly supersede others must be seen as a possible changer for how companies advertise to this society. This paper sheds light on many of the difficulties connected with advertising for responsive websites, but also possibilities and advices for the future. Through a litterature review and a focus group with respondents from a large communication agency in Umeå, insights, implications, solutions and thoughts both connected to specific websites but also around advertising for the future as a whole is presented. This paper can work as a subject of discussion, when designing responsive websites with advertising in mind or as a starter for future research.
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Castillo, Rebolledo Pablina Soledad. "(Vjing session) — FWD, RWD, FWD, RWD." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101554.
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Schröder, Gesine. "Raffiniert ... oder lieber roh?" Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-60680.
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Neun Jahre nach der russischen und französischen Erstveröffentlichung erschien 1922 im Russischen Musikverlag neben der englischen schließlich auch eine deutsche Übersetzung von Rimsky-Korsakows berühmtem Traktat. Exemplarisch wird die Rezeption von Rimsky-Korsakows Schrift untersucht 1. in nach 1922 geschriebene deutschsprachigen Instrumentationslehren 2. in Dokumenten des hochschulischen Unterrichts 3. in der deutschsprachigen Historiographie der fraglichen musiktheoretischen Teildisziplinen 4. anhand Kompositionen aus der Zeit um 1930. Die mit dem Orchester verbundenen Klangideale hatten sich gewandelt. Man legte Wert auf Trennschärfe und erstrebte einen Klang, der ein gespaltener genannt und als Gegensatz zu einem verschmelzenden konstruiert wurde. Man suchte eine rohe, holzschnitthafte Orchestration. Den tiefen klangtechnischen Einsichten Rimsky-Korsakows und dem Raffinement des russischen Orchestrators konnten und wollten sich die Musiker dennoch nicht entziehen. Im Konflikt zwischen der Faszination durch seine Schrift und der neuen Klangmode zeichneten sich alsbald mehrere Lösungen ab. Besonders eine war erfolgreich: Rimsky-Korsakows ausdrückliche Empfehlungen ließen sich gegen den Strich bürsten oder auch allzu wörtlich nehmen; genau das verbürgte in den Dreißiger Jahren Expressivität<br>Nine years after the Russian and eight after the French first publications, the German, alongside the English translation of Rimsky-Korsakov’s famous treatise was eventually published by the Edition Russe de musique in 1922. In answering this question, the following has been taken into account: i) orchestration guides written in German after 1922; ii) documents from education institutions; iii) German historiography of the theoretical discipline in question; and iv) works by German composers who are known to have reacted against Rimsky-Korsakov’s model of orchestration. The sound ideal associated with the orchestra had changed. Selectivity was emphasized and composers sought to create an orchestral sound that was seen as ‘split up’ and thought of as the opposite to something merging and melting. The new composers sought a raw, woodcut-like orchestration. Some musicians nonetheless could not or did not want to escape from the deep technical insights of Rimsky-Korsakov, from the sophistication and raffinement of the Russian orchestrator. The conflict between the fascination by his writing and the new sound fashion soon offered multiple solutions. Especially one of them was successful: Rimsky-Korsakov\\\'s explicit recommendations could be understood against the grain, or could be taken too literally: in the thirties just this guaranteed expressivity
Books on the topic "RWH"
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Sayre, April Pulley. Rah, rah, radishes!: A vegetable chant. Beach Lane Books, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "RWH"
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McCarton, Liam, Sean O’Hogain, and Anna Reid. "Climate Adaptation & RWH." In The Worth of Water. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50605-6_12.
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McCarton, Liam, Sean O’Hogain, and Anna Reid. "Health Effects of Utilising RWH." In The Worth of Water. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50605-6_6.
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Buxton, Marilynn L. Rapp. "Rah, Rah! Go, Team!" In Math Bafflers. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003236382-10.
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Fischer, R. X., and W. H. Baur. "RWY." In Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry. Framework Type Codes RON to STI. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70884-1_9.
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Fischer, R. X., and W. H. Baur. "RTH." In Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry. Framework Type Codes RON to STI. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70884-1_6.
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Fischer, R. X., and W. H. Baur. "RWR." In Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry. Framework Type Codes RON to STI. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70884-1_8.
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Roels, Harry. "RWE." In Deutsche Standards. Gabler Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-82497-4_64.
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Bien, Christian G., Christian E. Elger, Ali R. Afzal, et al. "RWS." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_6756.
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Bien, Christian G., Christian E. Elger, Ali R. Afzal, et al. "RTH." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_6730.
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Bien, Christian G., Christian E. Elger, Ali R. Afzal, et al. "RVH." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_7161.
Full textConference papers on the topic "RWH"
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Whear, John H. "Rainwater Harvesting in a Common Pool Resource: An Engineering Perspective." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64042.
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Water scarcity is a common problem throughout the Southwestern United States. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), in urban and suburban environments, has potential to conserve existing water resources and reduce flash flooding. Currently, little is understood on how to effectively access this untapped resource. However, participants of a Common Pool Resource (CPR) can achieve resource efficiencies greater than 90 percent. An exhaustive search of published materials was conducted, coupled with communications with the Texas Water Development Board, Edwards Aquifer Authority, San Antonio Water System, and other municipal water utilities. Analysis of CPRs and their design principals reveals that only the Edwards Aquifer Authority and its associated Groundwater Districts constitutes a functioning groundwater CPR in Texas. Of the CPR design principals, only effective monitoring requires engineering. Under the correct circumstances, it would be more appropriate to view RWH as a nested enterprise inside a functioning CPR. This paper explores the possibilities and difficulties of engineering associated with RWH as a nested enterprise in a CPR, specifically RWH in the Edwards Aquifer. A CPR success depends on management rather than engineering. Success of a CPR and its nested enterprises depends on participant behavior. Economic models, based on the mathematics of game theory, help understand how participants of a CPR respond to issues of fairness and communication. A cost effective device can provide effective monitoring of RWH performance. Once monitoring is provided, RWH can be integrated into existing cooperative CPR institutions.
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Hamid, Turahim Abd, and Basir Nordin. "Green campus initiative: Introducing RWH system in Kolej Perindu 3 UiTM Malaysia." In Environment (ISESEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isesee.2011.5977121.
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Pavithra, A., M. Pushpa, and J. Anitha Ruth. "RWH: Assessing Optimum Cistern Size Based on K-Means and Crowd Computing Approach." In 2020 International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icosec49089.2020.9215238.
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Whear, John H. "Rainwater Harvesting as a Distributed Resource." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40593.
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Explore the possibilities, difficulties, and benefits of large scale rainwater harvesting using recycled water distribution systems. This paper explores the growing use of recycled water and the possibilities that distribution systems have created. It investigates water quality of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems and the quality of recycled water and their uses. It examines the amount of rain water available using aproximatly 10% of available roof area in the city and examines the benefits of large scale rainwater harvesting unique to San Antonio. An exhaustive search of published materials was conducted, coupled with communications with the Texas Water Development Board and the San Antonio Water System. Quality standards for recycled water were compared with known test results for harvested rainwater. With the use of mathematical models, a distributed rainwater harvesting systems was compared to a stand alone system. Connection to a distribution system reduces the cost of rainwater harvesting by eliminating the need for large amounts of storage, which can account for 50% of the total costs of a standalone system. With minor filtering and periodic quality checks, large structures may supply sufficient amounts of rainwater to justify being a source of water in a recycled water distribution system.
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Bittner, Jiří, and Vlastimil Havran. "RDH." In the 2009 Spring Conference. ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1980462.1980475.
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Stabno, Michal, and Robert Wrembel. "RLH." In the ACM tenth international workshop. ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1317331.1317339.
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Li, Guodong, Rui Ma, Xinyu Liu, Yue Wang, and Lin Zhang. "RCH." In UbiComp/ISWC '20: 2020 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and 2020 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3410530.3414322.
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Zheng, Limin, Sen Shen, and David Wright. "Small Break LOCA Analysis of ACR-700 NPP." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89094.
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A small break loss of coolant accident (SB-LOCA) analysis to assess a preliminary conceptual design of the ACR-700 PHWR nuclear power plant (NPP) developed by AECL has been performed with CATHENA MOD 3.5d, a PHWR system thermal-hydraulic analysis code. The limiting break size has been found by performing a sensitivity study for three different break locations [i.e. reactor inlet header (RIH), HTS pump suction (PS) pipe and reactor outlet head (ROH)] under the limiting case (i.e. SB-LOCA with subsequent loss of class IV power with all safety systems available). The analysis results indicate that the SB-LOCA acceptance criteria are satisfied.
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Mohrehkesh, Shahram, and Michele C. Weigle. "RIH-MAC." In ACM The First Annual International Conference. ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2619955.2619962.
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"RWS tracks." In 2010 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rws.2010.5434083.
Full textReports on the topic "RWH"
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Dixon, K. HYDRAULIC TESTING OF LOST LAKE AQUIFER NEAR RECOVERY WELLS RWM018, RWM 3, AND RWM 5. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1471998.
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Dixon, K. L. Hydraulic Testing of Lost Lake Aquifer Near Recovery Wells RWM018, RWM 3, and RWM 5. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1472007.
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Baker, Stuart W. SIDR Relative Weighted Product (RWP) Assignment Process. Defense Technical Information Center, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada255801.
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Washington TRU Solutions. RH-TRU Waste Content Codes (RH TRUCON). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923806.
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Washington TRU Solutions. RH-TRU Waste Content Codes (RH-TRUCON). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923813.
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Washington TRU Solutions LLC. RH-TRU Waste Content Codes (RH-TRUCON). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924479.
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NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORP SANTA CLARA CA. Reliability Without Hermeticity (RWOH) for Integrated Circuits (IC). Defense Technical Information Center, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada284340.
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BOEING SIKORSKY JOINT VENTURE PHILADELPHIA PA. Comanche RAH-66 - 21st Century Multi-Mission Helicopter. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada354159.
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Ilman, Muhammad Zidni. AYAT TENTANG REZEKI DALAM PERSPEKTIF RUH AL-MA'ANI. Jurnal Madani: Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Humaniora, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33753/madani.v2i1.44.
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Frydman, Roman, and Joshua Stillwagon. Market Participants Neither Commit Predictable Errors nor Conform to REH: Evidence from Survey Data of Inflation Forecasts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp163.
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We develop a novel characterization of participants’ forecasts with a mixture of normal variables arising from a Markov component. Using this characterization, we formulate five behavioral specifications, including four implied by the diagnostic expectations approach, as well as three implied by REH, and derive several new predictions for Coibion and Gorodnichenko.s regression of forecast errors on forecast revisions. Predictions of all eight specifications are inconsistent with the observed instability of individual CG regressions’ coefficients, based on inflation forecasts from 24 professionals. Our findings suggest how to build on key insights of the REH and behavioral approaches in specifying individuals’ forecasts.