Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'S 405 2014'
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Laurent, Thomas. "Réponse de la canneberge (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) à l'aération du sol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26491.
Full textLeBel, Geneviève. "Effets de bactériocines sur le pathogène porcin "Streptococcus suis"." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25219.
Full textArfaoui, Leila, and Leila Arfaoui. "Compréhension des effets des propriétés intrinsèques des exopolysaccharides produits «in situ» seuls ou en présence de polysaccharides commerciaux sur la microstructure et les propriétés rhéologiques du yogourt ferme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25196.
Full textLes bactéries productrices d’exopolysaccharides (EPS) sont utilisées dans la fabrication du yogourt pour améliorer la viscosité, la texture et la rétention d’eau. Ces améliorations sont plutôt reliées aux propriétés intrinsèques des EPS et à leurs interactions avec les protéines qu'à leurs quantités. Dans plusieurs pays, les polysaccharides commerciaux (PS) sont autorisés comme agents stabilisants dans le yogourt. Les interactions EPS-PS peuvent aussi influencer positivement ou négativement les propriétés finales des yogourts. Malgré plusieurs études réalisées, la relation structure-fonction des EPS particulièrement dans les systèmes avec stabilisants a été peu étudiée et n’est pas entièrement comprise. Même les études portant sur le rôle de certaines propriétés intrinsèques des EPS ont été effectuées dans un système ne contenant que l'EPS. Les effets des EPS dans un système contenant des PS commerciaux sont encore non étudiés et donc inconnus. Ainsi, cette étude a été menée dans le but de mieux comprendre les effets de certaines propriétés intrinsèques des EPS produits in situ seuls ou en présence des PS commerciaux sur les propriétés rhéologiques, physiques et microstructurales du yogourt. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que la charge négative de l'EPS ou PS contribue à l'amélioration de la fermeté et de la viscosité du yogourt mais augmente la synérèse. La rigidité, la linéarité et le poids moléculaire d'un EPS ou PS ont augmenté nettement la viscosité. Concernant la synérèse, les EPS ou PS neutres et rigides ont permis une très bonne amélioration de la capacité de rétention d'eau du yogourt par rapport au contrôle. Les résultats des PS utilisés avec la souche produisant un EPS anionique, rigide et linéaire n'ont pas montré d'effets majeurs sur la fermeté et la viscosité tandis qu’une diminution de la synérèse a été observée avec la pectine seulement. Une amélioration de la fermeté et de la viscosité a été observée lorsque les PS ont été utilisés avec les souches produisant des EPS neutres. L'amélioration de la viscosité était notamment plus importante avec les PS rigides. Les résultats de cette thèse ont rapporté, pour la première fois, des effets intéressants de certaines propriétés intrinsèques des EPS et/ou PS aussi bien dans la formation du gel laitier que sur les propriétés finales du yogourt. Ces résultats offrent aussi aux industriels et chercheurs laitiers des prémisses permettant de choisir les souches EPS+ et/ou PS afin de corriger ou améliorer une ou plusieurs propriétés spécifiques du yogourt.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are widely used in yogurt to improve viscosity, texture and water retention capacity. These improvements were shown to be related to the intrinsic properties of EPS and their interactions with proteins rather than to their concentration. Additionally, in many countries, commercial PS are used as stabilizers in yogurt. The co-presence of in situ-produced EPS and PS could also positively or negatively influence the properties of yogurt. Up to now, the structure-function relationship of EPS has not been widely studied and is still poorly understood. This context is more challenging since all studies on the role of some intrinsic properties of EPS have been carried out in systems containing only EPS. The effects of EPS in a system containing commercial PS are still unknown. In this context this study was performed to understand the effects of some intrinsic properties of EPS produced in situ by lactic acid bacteria used alone or in the presence of commercial PS on the rheological (gel formation, firmness and viscosity), physical (syneresis) and microstructural properties of yogurt. The results obtained in this study showed that the negative charge of the PS or EPS contributed to both yogurt firmness and viscosity improvements but increased syneresis. The backbone stiffness and linearity as well as the molecular weight of PS or EPS increased yogurt viscosity. Moreover, the neutral and stiff EPS or PS were able to improve yogurt water retention capacity as compared to control. The use of PS with an anionic, rigid and linear EPS producing strain, did not show major effects on both yogurt firmness and viscosity. However, only pectin was able to improve water retention capacity. The addition of PS to yogurt fermented by neutral EPS-producing strains improved viscosity and firmness. The highest viscosity values were obtained with stiff PS. Results of this thesis reported for the first time interesting effects of some EPS and/or PS intrinsic properties in both gel formation and final yogurt properties. Such results would also help dairy manufacturers and researchers to choose the suitable EPS+ strain/PS combination to correct or improve specific properties of yogurt.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are widely used in yogurt to improve viscosity, texture and water retention capacity. These improvements were shown to be related to the intrinsic properties of EPS and their interactions with proteins rather than to their concentration. Additionally, in many countries, commercial PS are used as stabilizers in yogurt. The co-presence of in situ-produced EPS and PS could also positively or negatively influence the properties of yogurt. Up to now, the structure-function relationship of EPS has not been widely studied and is still poorly understood. This context is more challenging since all studies on the role of some intrinsic properties of EPS have been carried out in systems containing only EPS. The effects of EPS in a system containing commercial PS are still unknown. In this context this study was performed to understand the effects of some intrinsic properties of EPS produced in situ by lactic acid bacteria used alone or in the presence of commercial PS on the rheological (gel formation, firmness and viscosity), physical (syneresis) and microstructural properties of yogurt. The results obtained in this study showed that the negative charge of the PS or EPS contributed to both yogurt firmness and viscosity improvements but increased syneresis. The backbone stiffness and linearity as well as the molecular weight of PS or EPS increased yogurt viscosity. Moreover, the neutral and stiff EPS or PS were able to improve yogurt water retention capacity as compared to control. The use of PS with an anionic, rigid and linear EPS producing strain, did not show major effects on both yogurt firmness and viscosity. However, only pectin was able to improve water retention capacity. The addition of PS to yogurt fermented by neutral EPS-producing strains improved viscosity and firmness. The highest viscosity values were obtained with stiff PS. Results of this thesis reported for the first time interesting effects of some EPS and/or PS intrinsic properties in both gel formation and final yogurt properties. Such results would also help dairy manufacturers and researchers to choose the suitable EPS+ strain/PS combination to correct or improve specific properties of yogurt.
Bisson, Gauthier Laurie. "Structure et composition de la végétation de marécages isolés et riverains dans le sud du Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25876.
Full textThis project aimed to characterize the structure and composition of isolated and riparian swamps in the St. Lawrence lowlands region of southern Quebec. Vegetation surveys were made in 56 swamps distributed in two watersheds. We also collected data on soil physical characteristics, microtopography, topography and land use of those swamps. Isolated and riparian swamps showed differences in vegetation composition. Herbaceous broad-leaved plants and pteridophytes which are both associated with good soil drainage were more abundant in riparian swamp. The most important factors driving this pattern were associated with soil wetness that positively impacted plant establishment. Isolated swamps showed higher richness and diversity than riparian swamps but the latter had bigger trees. These distinctions might reflect the differences in the ecosystem services such swamps provide and suggest the need for management scenarios adapted to swamp types in order to preserve their biodiversity and associated ecosystem services.
Barchechath, Jérémie, and Jérémie Barchechath. "Étude du potentiel nutraceutique des fibres de canneberge et de bleuet." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25348.
Full textLes résidus fibreux de canneberge et de bleuet issus du processus d’extraction des polyphénols ont été étudiés pour tenter de les valoriser pour des applications nutraceutiques. Ces travaux se sont plus précisément intéressés aux fibres alimentaires et à leurs polyphénols associés. Ces deux composantes sont reconnues pour leurs effets positifs sur le système digestif dont notamment le maintien de la santé de la flore intestinale. Les résidus fibreux de canneberge et de bleuet obtenus en laboratoire ont été caractérisés pour leurs contenus en polysaccharides non-amidonnés totaux (54,3% pour la canneberge et 46,5% pour le bleuet), solubles (respectivement 21,9% et 21,5%), insolubles (respectivement 32,4% et 25%) et leurs compositions respectives en monosaccharides. Les mesures rhéologiques des fibres (capacité de rétention d’eau, d’huile, capacité de gonflement et viscosité) ont montré des propriétés physiques avantageuses en comparaison à d’autres types de fibres. Le contenu en proanthocyanidines non-extractibles fut alors mesuré par lecture spectrophotométrique (1,3% pour les fibres de canneberge et 2,4% pour celles de bleuet). Une technique utilisant un agent chaotrope fut spécifiquement développée pour obtenir une fraction significativement réduite en polyphénols (contenant respectivement 0,6% et 0,9% de proanthocyanidines). Les fibres brutes et réduites en polyphénols ont alors été administrées à des souris pour tester leurs impacts respectifs sur la flore intestinale. L’ajout de fibres brutes a fait augmenter la concentration de Clostridium coccoides et de Clostridium leptum et diminuer le compte de Lactobacillus alors que celui de Faecalibacterium praunsnitzii a uniquement augmenté avec les fibres réduites en polyphénols mettant en avant un probable effet inhibiteur des polyphénols sur F. prausnitzii. Des souches probiotiques ont alors été cultivées in vitro avec des fibres natives et réduites en proanthocyanidines. Un effet bifidogène ainsi qu’une augmentation de la croissance de Lactobacillus salivarius ont été observés lors de l’ajout de fibres de canneberge et de bleuet. Selon le type de bactérie, les effets différentiels observés avec les fibres brutes ou réduites en proanthocyanidines montrent la capacité de la flore à métaboliser les polysaccharides et leurs polyphénols associés mais aussi un potentiel effet inhibiteur des composés phénoliques. Les fibres de canneberge et de bleuet pourraient ainsi constituer des prébiotiques favorisant indirectement la réduction du risque lié à certaines maladies chroniques intestinales.
The process of polyphenol extraction from cranberry and blueberry yields a fibrous matter that was studied for a potential valorization in nutraceutical applications. More precisely, this work focuses on the dietary fiber content and its associated polyphenols. These two compounds were acknowledged for their positive effects over the gastro-intestinal tract including the preservation of a healthy colonic microbiota. The polyphenol extraction process was replicated in laboratory in order to obtain cranberry and blueberry fibrous matter. These extracts were analysed for their contents in total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) (54,3% for cranberry and 46,5% for blueberry), soluble NSP (respectively 21,9% and 21,5%), insoluble NSP (respectively 32,4% and 25%) and their respective monosaccharides composition. Rheological measurements (water and oil retention capacities, swelling capacity and viscosity) showed advantageous physical properties compared to other types of fibers. Subsequently, the non-extractable proanthocyanidins contents were quantified by spectrophotometric reading (1,3% for cranberry fibers and 2,4% for blueberry fibers). A method, employing a chaotropic agent, was specifically designed to produce fibers with a significantly reduced content in non-extractable proanthocyanidins (respectively containing 0,6% and 0,9% of PAC). Both native and modified fibers were fed to mice in order to assess their respective impact on intestinal flora. The addition of native fibers was associated with an increase in the concentration of Clostridium coccoides and Clostridium leptum and a diminution of the count of Lactobacillus whereas the concentration of Faecalibacterium praunsnitzii was exclusively increased by the use of fibers reduced in polyphenols. This observation highlighted a potential inhibitory effect of polyphenols on F. prausnitzii. Probiotics strains were therefore cultured in vitro with native and modified fibers. A bifidogenic effect and an increase of the Lactobacillus salivarius concentration were observed when substrate was cranberry or blueberry fibers. According to the type of bacteria, the differential effect monitored between native and proanthocyanidins reduced fibers underlies the flora capacity to metabolize fibers and their associated polyphenols and also a potential inhibitory effect from phenolic compounds. The cranberry and blueberry fibers could therefore constitute prebiotics that favor indirectly the reduction of gastro-intestinal diseases risks.
The process of polyphenol extraction from cranberry and blueberry yields a fibrous matter that was studied for a potential valorization in nutraceutical applications. More precisely, this work focuses on the dietary fiber content and its associated polyphenols. These two compounds were acknowledged for their positive effects over the gastro-intestinal tract including the preservation of a healthy colonic microbiota. The polyphenol extraction process was replicated in laboratory in order to obtain cranberry and blueberry fibrous matter. These extracts were analysed for their contents in total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) (54,3% for cranberry and 46,5% for blueberry), soluble NSP (respectively 21,9% and 21,5%), insoluble NSP (respectively 32,4% and 25%) and their respective monosaccharides composition. Rheological measurements (water and oil retention capacities, swelling capacity and viscosity) showed advantageous physical properties compared to other types of fibers. Subsequently, the non-extractable proanthocyanidins contents were quantified by spectrophotometric reading (1,3% for cranberry fibers and 2,4% for blueberry fibers). A method, employing a chaotropic agent, was specifically designed to produce fibers with a significantly reduced content in non-extractable proanthocyanidins (respectively containing 0,6% and 0,9% of PAC). Both native and modified fibers were fed to mice in order to assess their respective impact on intestinal flora. The addition of native fibers was associated with an increase in the concentration of Clostridium coccoides and Clostridium leptum and a diminution of the count of Lactobacillus whereas the concentration of Faecalibacterium praunsnitzii was exclusively increased by the use of fibers reduced in polyphenols. This observation highlighted a potential inhibitory effect of polyphenols on F. prausnitzii. Probiotics strains were therefore cultured in vitro with native and modified fibers. A bifidogenic effect and an increase of the Lactobacillus salivarius concentration were observed when substrate was cranberry or blueberry fibers. According to the type of bacteria, the differential effect monitored between native and proanthocyanidins reduced fibers underlies the flora capacity to metabolize fibers and their associated polyphenols and also a potential inhibitory effect from phenolic compounds. The cranberry and blueberry fibers could therefore constitute prebiotics that favor indirectly the reduction of gastro-intestinal diseases risks.
Emond, Charles. "Développement de particules de lactosérum aux propriétés contrôlées par injection de vapeur." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25330.
Full textCheese yield has always been a major concern for industrial cheese makers. By valorising whey, the main coproduct of the cheese making process, cheese makers can achieve a higher yield and a lower waste output. However, these operations could be optimized. By studying a direct steam injection (DSI) process, this project aimed to optimize the transformation of whey protein concentrates into a dairy ingredient oriented towards the increase in cheese yields. Since DSI has not been used before in this particular context, the process was modelled to describe its yield and predict the functional properties of the aggregates produced. The models created allowed the description of denaturation and aggregation mechanisms that had not been observed before. They have also allowed identifying temperature and pH as the best parameters of the process to achieve the ideal functional properties for cheese reincorporation.
Scantland-Marchand, Sara-Myriam. "Transcriptome et métabolisme de l'ovocyte bovin." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25530.
Full textDuring growth, oocytes store large quantities of maternal mRNAs within their cytoplasm. These mRNAs can then be translated into proteins at different times to sustain oocyte maturation and early development, up until a crucial step in development: the embryonic genome activation. Three categories of mRNAs can be identified during this period: stored mRNAs, mRNAs in the process of being translated (polyribosomal mRNAs) and mRNAs fated for decay. Of these three categories, only polyribosomal mRNAs have an impact on the underlying cell physiology. Within this text, we have developed a method to isolate polyribosomal mRNAs to facilitate the study of oocyte and early embryo physiology. This methodology allowed us to investigate the energetic metabolism of mitochondria and protein synthesis during oocyte maturation. All five mitochondrial complexes as well as energy production are strongly incapacitated during oocyte maturation. The direct impact of such an incapacitation is a limitation of ATP production by mitochondria and the initiation of quiescence within the oocyte which results in an important diminution of translational potential. These discoveries caused us to start inquiring about the presence of alternative mechanisms which could sustain the energetic needs of the oocyte during maturation. The transfer of molecules such as AMP and AMPc from the cumulus and the salvage of AMPs freed during the degradation of the poly(A) tail of maternal mRNAs appear to be two important mechanisms which could sustain the energetic needs of the oocyte. Thus, it seems that oocyte maturation represents not only a period of preparation for fertilization through a nuclear, cytoplasmic and molecular maturation but also a period of entry into quiescence and metabolic slow down in order to survive the long wait before fertilization and subsequent embryonic genome activation.
Clerson-Guicherd, Frédérick. "De la contractualisation du système laitier suisse, des leçons à en tirer." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25328.
Full textThe Swiss dairy sector ended its quotas of production in 2009 after 32 years of supply management. A policy of mandatory contracts between manufacturers and producers then took place. The producers regroup, sometimes with a manufacturer, to help in negotiation and in the deliveries. The passage of regulation policy, supply management, to a coordination policy, mandatory contracts, raises the issue of the capacity of the policy to achieve the goals set by the government and the requests of the industry. Thus, using semi-structured interviews and a review of the literature and the markets, it has been observed that the goals of institutions have been achieved. For the manufacturers, their requests seems to have been completed, unlike the producers’. Based on these results, it appears that a mandatory contract policy should include monitoring mechanisms and enforcement.
Sall, Papa Malick. "Étude du compost et du lixiviat obtenus par cocompostage des résidus agroalimentaires à la ferme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25890.
Full textBoulet, Marie Michèle. "Identification de biomarqueurs du syndrome métabolique par une approche métabolomique chez l'humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25462.
Full textMetabolomic profiling of obese individuals revealed high blood levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) possibly linked to altered adipose tissue BCAA catabolism. We examined plasmatic AA profiling linked with visceral obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors as well as gene expression and protein abundance of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes in adipose tissue of lean-to-obese women. We showed that obese women had significantly higher circulating BCAA, glutamate and tyrosine levels. Moreover, circulating BCAA levels were positively related to glucose homeostasis variables in addition to total and subcutaneous adiposity markers while glutamate and C3 acylcarnitine levels were positively associated with visceral adipose tissue area and triglycerides. Obese women had lower expression and protein levels of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes in visceral adipose tissue specifically. The results of this study suggest that plasma concentrations of BCAA, tyrosine and glutamate are elevated in obese individuals. This could be associated with a reduction in expression and protein abundance of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes mainly observed in omental adipose tissue of obese individuals.
Ben, Rejeb Zeineb. "Biosynthèse du lactosucrose à partir du lactose et du saccharose par approche homogène en utilisant la B-galactosidase libre et par approche hétérogène en utilisant la B-galactosidase immobilisée sur différents matériaux silicieux mésoporeux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25262.
Full textLes oligosaccharides sont des glucides qui modulent la flore colique et améliorent l’équilibre de la santé humaine. Ils sont largement utilisés comme prébiotiques. Le lactosucrose est un oligosaccharide qui attire de plus en plus le milieu scientifique et industriel. Il est un trisaccharide (Glucose-Fructose-Galactose), non digestible avec un pouvoir sucrant faible. Ce trisaccharide peut être synthétisé par voie enzymatique, via la bioconversion du lactose et du saccharose, et ceci en utilisant la levansucrose, la fructofuranosidase ou la β-galactosidase. Durant ce travail, la β-galactosidase extraite à partir d’Aspergillus oryzae a été utilisée pour synthétiser le lactosucrose. Dans un premier temps, et afin d’optimiser le rendement en lactosucrose, nous avons étudié différents paramètres avec l’enzyme libre. Une concentration équimolaire de 60% entre le lactose et le saccharose, un pH de 5 et une température de 40°C se sont révélés optimaux pour la production du lactosucrose. L’optimum est obtenu avec un rendement de 25% (76,27 g/L) en lactosucrose. Un sous-produit a été isolé, il s’agit d’un autre oligosaccharide (tetrahexose) avec une concentration de 14,52 g/L. La production actuelle du lactosucrose et d’autres oligosaccharides à l’échelle industrielle est onéreuse due au coût élevé des enzymes, d’où le recours à immobiliser celles-ci pour pouvoir les recycler et les réutiliser et par conséquent, minimiser les coûts de production. Dans cette deuxième partie, nous avons utilisé sept différents matériaux siliceux pour immobiliser l’enzyme (β-galactosidase d’Aspergillus oryzae) en utilisant le glutaraldéhyde (GA) comme agent de ‘cross-linking’, et effectuer la réaction de transglycosylation par la suite dans une approche hétérogène et comparer le rendement de la réaction avec celui de l’enzyme libre (approche homogène). Les matériaux synthétisés ont différentes tailles de pores qui varient de 5 à 24 nm et aussi différentes formes poreuses (hexagonale, cubique, sphérique, forme d’oignon, etc.). Cette différence de taille et de forme a affecté énormément la rétention enzymatique par ces matériaux ainsi que le rendement de la réaction en phase hétérogène. La majorité des matériaux synthétisés présentent une bonne activité. Cependant, l’enzyme immobilisée sur la silice en forme de mousse (MCF) montre un rendement maximal, qui dépasse celui obtenu par l’enzyme libre, ce qui confirme que l’immobilisation d’enzyme sur des supports siliceux mesostructurés peut conférer à l’enzyme des conditions réactionnelles améliorées afin d’augmenter sa stabilité et par conséquent sa performance. Le recyclage de ces biocatalyseurs a été effectué 5 fois successives. Le rendement obtenu à la 5ème régénération est équivalant à plus que 80% du rendement initial pour la majorité des matériaux testés.
Genois, Alexandre. "Contribution au développement d'un procédé de conservation des haricots verts par la synergie de l'acétate de potassium électro-activé et d'un traitement thermique modéré." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25269.
Full textCrevier, Benoit. "Enrichissement en vitamine D des fromages de type Cottage et Camembert." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25496.
Full textJacob, Raphaëlle. "Évaluation d'une intervention visant l'amélioration des connaissances en nutrition et des pratiques alimentaires recommandées par les entraîneurs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25464.
Full textCoaches are a major source of nutrition information and influence for young athletes. Yet, most coaches do not have specific or formal training in nutrition and their knowledge is insufficient to properly guide their athletes on this topic. These observations show that the majority of coaches have the intention to recommend hydration, whereas less than half have the intention to recommend carbohydrates or proteins to their athletes. Subjective norm and perceived behavioral control (PBC) represent key determinants of coaches’ intention to recommend these sports nutrition practices. These data led us to the development of an intervention aimed at improving coaches’ advice regarding sports nutrition. The results suggest that a theory-based intervention combined with decision-making algorithm on sports nutrition recommendations appears to be effective in maintaining coaches’ knowledge in sports nutrition over time, and in having coaches providing better sports nutrition advice to athletes.
Rezvani, Reza. "Evaluation of acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and adipokines in relationship with determinants of obesity and its consequences." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25252.
Full textObesity is associated with many major metabolic disorders, especially diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and fatty liver disease. Aimed at developing effective therapies for obesity and its complications, new research has intensified to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms by which obesity induces or amplifies its major adverse consequences. Adipose tissue, as an endocrine organ, secretes several hormones termed “adipokines” that are involved in energy homeostasis and weight regulation. Dysfunction of adipokine pathways has been recognized as a key etiological factor of obesity-induced disorders. Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is an adipokine that stimulates triglyceride synthesis and storage in adipose tissue by enhancing glucose and fatty acid uptake. ASP acts via its receptor C5L2. This thesis investigates several human populations under varying external and internal conditions and evaluates changes in adipokines, in particular ASP and its related proteins, in association with obesity determinants. This overall aim is achieved through four studies including the following: I) evaluation of adipokines in healthy overweight/obese adults consuming glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages to determine the effects of diet composition on adipose tissue function II) a cross-sectional population-based study to determine fasting serum ASP and its relationships with cardiometabolic risk factors in a relatively high risk adult population III) a study on severely-obese pre/post-menopausal women, who underwent bariatric surgery, to determine associations of hepatic gene expression of complement C3 related receptors, sex hormones, adipokines and metabolic profiles as well as evaluating obesity improvement after surgery IV) a study on women with a wide age and BMI range to determine plasma adipokine levels and adipose tissue depot gene expression of C3 and related receptors in association with metabolic syndrome criteria, ovarian hormones and metabolic profile. I found different responses of ASP and its receptor according to gender, metabolic disorder, sex hormone levels, organ involvement and diet composition: all factors critical as obesity determinants. The results presented here demonstrate that ASP may mediate the link between obesity-related exogenous factors and biologic events that lead to obesity consequences. In conclusion, these findings validate that obesity is a low-grade inflammatory status with multi-organ involvement, evidencing sex differences and dynamic interactions between immune and metabolic response determinants.
Plante, Sabrina. "Développement d'un programme alimentaire pour porcelet sevré en production biologique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30577/30577.pdf.
Full textEsteves, Patricio. "Optimisation de la culture de microspores isolées chez les orges de printemps à six rangs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30476/30476.pdf.
Full textDoubled haploid (DH) plants are completely homozygous individuals that can be generated via in vitro androgenesis. DHs are useful as research tools both for genetic studies and in plant breeding. Isolated microspore culture (IMC) is the most efficient way to produce DHs. Unfortunately, six-row spring barley genotypes, the main type produced in Eastern Canada, are considered recalcitrant because of a low embryogenesis and a high rate of albinism. Our objective was to develop an IMC protocol more suitable to this type of barley. We carried out exploratory work on four barley cultivars: ACCA and Léger (six-row, spring), Gobernadora (two-row, spring) and Igri (two-row, winter). In a first phase, we explored four factors. First, we found that a 2-4-fold increase in the yield of embryogenic microspores is possible by optimizing the harvest stage for each genotype. Second, two pretreatments (0.3M mannitol for 2 days or a combination of cold and heat over 15 days) both performed significantly better than the commonly used cold pretreatment (28 days at 4°C). Third, an induction medium containing mannitol doubled green plant regeneration. Fourth, we observed a marked effect of microspore plating density on the number of green plants obtained, with 106 microspores/ml yielding the best results. In a second phase we explored the use of alternative growth regulators both in the induction medium (thidiazuron and dicamba) and in the regeneration medium (meta-topoline). Compared to control media containing 6-benzyl-aminopurine, our improved induction medium lead to a 5.1-fold increase in green plant production, mainly achieved by reducing albinism. Similarly, our regeneration medium yielded 2.9-fold more green plants than the control. Finally, these results were successfully validated using F1 genotypes from a breeding program. On the whole, we have succeeded in substantially improving the efficiency of IMC in this type of recalcitrant barley.
Drouin-Chartier, Jean-Philippe. "Impact de la consommation de produits laitiers sur l'hypertension artérielle essentielle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25619.
Full textSliti, Besma. "Optimisation des paramètres de l'équation de Van Genuchten pour la gestion d'irrigation d'un champ de canneberges." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25433.
Full textThis study’s main objective is to estimate Van Genuchten's parameters by using a manual grid as well as the inverse method of HYDRUS-1D and PEST. It aims to determine irrigation requirements in a cranberry field. Hydraulic parameter optimization depends on input variables, initial data and imposed constraints such as mentioned by Mayer (1999). However, hysteresis in coarse texture soil, linear or uniform root distribution and simulation numerical code selection may influence hydraulic parameter optimization quality and the model calibration program responsible for the simulation. Model digital efficiency has been evaluated based on statistical criteria. The calibrated model by HYDRUS-1D taken from pressure head field data provides more accurate digital analyses.
Carbonneau, Élise. "L'influence de l'étiquetage nutritionnel sur les sensations d'appétit et les attitudes à l'égard des aliments." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25383.
Full textNutritional labeling is one of the national and worldwide strategies to improve eating habits, especially in a context where the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases is steadily increasing. While the association between nutritional labeling and food intake has been studied extensively in the last decades, the impact on appetite sensations is much less documented in the scientific literature. Moreover, the association between nutritional labels and food perceptions is subject to a variety of results in the literature. The results presented in this paper highlight the importance of addressing these issues. The meals with a low-fat label were perceived as more satiating than the meals with the calorie label, mainly among obese women. Moreover, differences in appetite sensations were observed according to the degree of meals’ appreciation among both normal-weight and obese women. In conclusion, those results suggest that nutritional labeling may influence consumers’ perceived sensations by altering their perceptions of food.
Perron, Julie. "Influence de l'affichage nutritionnel sur l'apport en calories et en nutriments chez les femmes de poids normal et obèses." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25481.
Full textTo promote health and prevent obesity among the population, one strategy implemented by instance of public health is nutrition labeling on food products. This strategy has been targeted as a key tool to inform and help individuals in making healthier food choices and facilitate adoption of better eating behaviors. In Canada, the most prevalent voluntary type of labeling is related to fat content message. Another example of labeling strategy increasingly implemented in an attempt to reduce obesity is posting of calories at point-of-purchase and it is now mandatory in some United States’ restaurant chains. This work is dedicated to weight and nutritional labeling issues. The main objective of the research is to measure the impact of fat related nutrient claim and posting calorie on calorie and nutrient intake of women during a 10-day period. The results show that these two labeling strategies do not affect the calorie intake of women.
Naimi, Sabrine. "Isolement, caractérisation et étude "in vitro" de l'activité anti-inflammatoire de différentes souches probiotiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25210.
Full textObesity and related metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Several studies have shown that a high-fat diet induces a change in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and an increase in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) serum levels. LPS are considered as the trigger for chronic inflammation inducing a set of metabolic disorders. According to recent studies, probiotics contribute to the prevention of metabolic diseases by reducing inflammation caused by LPS. However, the inflammatory process is complex and only a few tracks are discussed. This study aims to 1) identify and characterize new probiotic strains of Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium and Bifidobacterium isolated from cheese, raw milk and feces of infants and adults and 2) to study in vitro the anti-inflammatory activity of heat-killed bacteria and the conditioned media of each of these strains using the murine macrophage cell line J774.1. The anti-inflammatory effect of these bacterial extracts was evaluated by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO), the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the absence and presence of LPS from Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5. Among the fifty two strains tested, three Lactobacillus, two Bifidobacterium and one Propionibacterium showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the production of NO and IL-6 and stimulating the production of IL-10 in basal condition and in presence of LPS. These strains will be used in an in vivo study in obese insulin resistant mice to confirm their anti-inflammatory profiles.
Beaudet, Valérie. "Effets de la composition de la ration sur la synthèse apparente de vitamines B dans le rumen de la vache laitière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25800.
Full textOver the past years, scientific community interest on B-vitamin synthesis in the rumen of dairy cows has increased, and strategies employed to enhance their endogenous synthesis reside in the formulation of diets. Several dietary factors influence the amount of B vitamins reaching the intestine and this project was undertaken to evaluate the effects of two of these parameters on B-vitamin apparent ruminal synthesis (ARS) in dairy cows. On one hand, the dietary concentration of extruded linseed, and on the other hand, the nitrogen level and the energy source of the diet were studied. The first trial was conducted in two phases which differed in their basal forage diet. In the first one, cows received hay based diet while in the second one, cows received corn silage based diet. Each experiment was performed with four Holstein cows which ingested extruded linseed supplements at 0, 5, 10 or 15% on DM basis. Increasing extruded linseed concentration in the diet induced a greater duodenal flow of vitamin B6 and folates in both experiments. Vitamin B6 degradation in the rumen decreased with the increased concentration of linseed only in the experiment with corn silage-based diets. Folate ARS increased with a higher supply of extruded linseed in both phases. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin B12 were not affected by treatments. The second trial was carried out with four Holstein cows receiving dietary treatments comparing two nitrogen levels (high: 14% of crude protein; low: 11% crude protein) and two energy sources (high in starch or high in fiber). Decreasing dietary nitrogen concentration reduced vitamin B6 duodenal flow and increased its ruminal degradation. It also reduced folate duodenal flow and ARS. The rich-starch diets increased duodenal flow and ruminal balance of riboflavin, vitamin B6 and folates while the rich-fiber diets increased vitamin B12 duodenal flow and ARS. In summary, the results from the current study demonstrate that, in lactating dairy cows, dietary characteristics influence the individual supply of B vitamins differently.
Parvarandeh-Farimani, Nafiseh. "Évaluation du contenu en mycotoxines de différents hybrides de maïs-grain cultivés au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26358.
Full textRajaonary, Maëlle. "Étude des effets d'un extrait de peptides du lait sur la réponse immune chez la souris saine." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25378.
Full textRocha, Nestor Raul. "Débits de crue et analyse hydrologique de petits bassins versants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30696/30696.pdf.
Full textMagallón-Servin, Paola, and Paola Magallón-Servin. "Development of an inoculant of phosphate rock-solubilizing bacteria to improve maize growth and nutrition." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24965.
Full textL'utilisation directe de roche phosphatée (RP) est une alternative viable pour remplacer les coûteux fertilisants chimiques dans les pays en voie de développement. L'utilisation de bactéries solubilisatrices de RP (BSRP) est un bon moyen pour augmenter la réactivité de la RP. L'objectif principal de ce travail a été d'obtenir des isolats provenant de la mycorhizosphère du maïs possédant une grande capacité de solubilisation de RP, compatibles avec la mycorhize arbusculaire (MA) et présentant des traits associés aux rhizobactéries favorisant la croissance de plantes (RFCP) pour le développement d'un inoculant bactérien pour le maïs.À partir de 118 isolats obtenus de maïs biologique cultivé au Québec, huit BSRP ont été identifiés comme Asaia lannaensis Vb1, Pseudomonas sp. Vr14, Rahnella aquatilis (Vr7, Vr13 et Sr24) et Pantoea agglomerans (Vr9, Ve16 et Vr25). En milieu liquide, les isolats ont dissous le P des RP selon leur réactivité (Gafsa> Tilemsi> Maroc). La solubilisation des RP s'est effectuée par la production d'acides organiques (OA) et l'abaissement du pH. Les meilleures BSRP de chaque groupe: (A. lannaensis Vb1, Pseudomonas sp. Vr14, R. aquatilis Sr24 et P. agglomerans Vr25) ont été sélectionnées selon leur capacité élevée de solubilisation de la RP et de leur production d'acide indolacétique (AIA) et de sidérophores. L’importance des biofilms formés, ainsi que le degré de motilité variaient selon les isolats et tous étaient compatibles avec le Glomus irregulare (Gi). L’étude de la colonisation des racines montre que R. aquatilis Sr24 et P. agglomerans Vr25 ont été les meilleurs colonisateurs. Lors des expériences en serre, certains mélanges contenant R. aquatilis Sr24, P. agglomerans Vr25 et Gi, ont amélioré la biomasse, l'absorption des nutriments et la colonisation de la plante en association avec un champignon mycorhizien indigène du maïs cultivé dans un sol non stérile et fertilisé avec la RP Marocaine. Nous attribuons ces résultats à leur capacité d'être de bonnes BSRP colonisatrices des racines. Elles sont aussi compatibles avec Gi et sont capables de produire de l'AIA et des sidérophores. Cette thèse démontre donc le potentiel d'utilisation de BSRP comme inoculant afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de l'utilisation directe de RP comme fertilisant phosphaté pour l'agriculture durable du maïs.
Phosphorous is the second most important nutrient for plant growth, but its availability is often reduced. Therefore high quantities of expensive soluble P-fertilizers are added to soil. Direct use of phosphate rock (PR) is an alternative to chemical P-fertilizers in developing countries and for sustainable agriculture. In order to increase PR reactivity the use of phosphate rock-solubilizing bacteria (PRSB) is a good alternative. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to obtain mycorrhizosphere-competent PRSB presenting other PGPR-associated traits to be used for the development of an inoculant to improve maize growth and P nutrition. Out of 118 isolates obtained from organically grown maize in Quebec, eight PRSB were identified as Asaia lannaensis Vb1, Pseudomonas sp. Vr14, Rahnella aquatilis (Vr7, Vr13 and Sr24) and Pantoea agglomerans (Vr9, Ve16 and Vr25). All isolates were able to mobilize P from different sparingly soluble P sources in solid media. In liquid medium the isolates were able to solubilize P from PRs according to their reactivity (Gafsa> Tilemsi> Morocco). PRs were solubilized by the production of organic acids (OAs) and by lowering the pH. The best PRSB from each group (A. lannaensis Vb1, Pseudomonas sp. Vr14, R. aquatilis Sr24 and P.3 agglomerans Vr25) were selected based on their high PR solubilization, and capacity for indolacetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production. These four isolates presented different biofilm formation and motility capacities and were compatible with Glomus irregulare (Gi). A root colonization study showed that R. aquatilis Sr24 and P. agglomerans Vr25 were the best root colonizers. Vr25 was very competitive when used with other PRSB. In greenhouse trials, plant inoculation with R. aquatilis Sr24 and P. agglomerans Vr25 in addition to Gi, increased the biomass, nutrient uptake in non-sterile soil amended with Moroccan PR (MPR). We attribute these results not only to their PR-solubilizing capacity but also for their ability to be good PRSB, competitive root colonizers, compatible with Gi and to produce IAA and siderophores. This thesis shows that PRSB with AM fungi can be used as inoculants to improve the efficiency of the direct use of PR as P fertilizer for sustainable maize production.
Phosphorous is the second most important nutrient for plant growth, but its availability is often reduced. Therefore high quantities of expensive soluble P-fertilizers are added to soil. Direct use of phosphate rock (PR) is an alternative to chemical P-fertilizers in developing countries and for sustainable agriculture. In order to increase PR reactivity the use of phosphate rock-solubilizing bacteria (PRSB) is a good alternative. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to obtain mycorrhizosphere-competent PRSB presenting other PGPR-associated traits to be used for the development of an inoculant to improve maize growth and P nutrition. Out of 118 isolates obtained from organically grown maize in Quebec, eight PRSB were identified as Asaia lannaensis Vb1, Pseudomonas sp. Vr14, Rahnella aquatilis (Vr7, Vr13 and Sr24) and Pantoea agglomerans (Vr9, Ve16 and Vr25). All isolates were able to mobilize P from different sparingly soluble P sources in solid media. In liquid medium the isolates were able to solubilize P from PRs according to their reactivity (Gafsa> Tilemsi> Morocco). PRs were solubilized by the production of organic acids (OAs) and by lowering the pH. The best PRSB from each group (A. lannaensis Vb1, Pseudomonas sp. Vr14, R. aquatilis Sr24 and P.3 agglomerans Vr25) were selected based on their high PR solubilization, and capacity for indolacetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production. These four isolates presented different biofilm formation and motility capacities and were compatible with Glomus irregulare (Gi). A root colonization study showed that R. aquatilis Sr24 and P. agglomerans Vr25 were the best root colonizers. Vr25 was very competitive when used with other PRSB. In greenhouse trials, plant inoculation with R. aquatilis Sr24 and P. agglomerans Vr25 in addition to Gi, increased the biomass, nutrient uptake in non-sterile soil amended with Moroccan PR (MPR). We attribute these results not only to their PR-solubilizing capacity but also for their ability to be good PRSB, competitive root colonizers, compatible with Gi and to produce IAA and siderophores. This thesis shows that PRSB with AM fungi can be used as inoculants to improve the efficiency of the direct use of PR as P fertilizer for sustainable maize production.
Garneau, Julien. "Comment les économistes perçoivent-ils la gestion de l'offre dans le secteur laitier canadien?" Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25509.
Full textRecent trade agreements or trade talks have put the Canadian dairy supply management on the spotlight, and its pertinence has been questioned. To better understand the perception of Canadian economists on the subject, 18 in-depth interviews have been realised, followed by a survey sent to 2,200 economists in Canada. Results indicate that 51% of the economists in the sample are not favorable to supply management while 43% are. Three types of economists have been identified among the ones not in favor, while two types were identified among the ones favorable. Finally, the probability of being in favor in supply management is related to the level of agricultural economic heterodoxy, the attitude toward “other” functions of agriculture, applied knowledge of the Canadian dairy sector, as measured by our survey, and level of experience. Key words: Supply management, Dairy production, Farming, Market institution, Coordination, Perception, Opinion, Economists, Canada, Survey, Typology, Descriptive analysis, Logit, Economic Theory.
Le, Page-Gouin Justine. "Étude de l'interaction entre institutions et acteurs dans l'industrie porcine québécoise." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25517.
Full textCollective marketing, an institution that is used by the Quebec hog industry to market its products, has changed four times between 1989 and 2009. The influence of institutions is often omitted in contemporary economic studies, although they shape the articulation of the sector. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the interaction between institutional changes in the marketing of agricultural products and the chain organization with regard to the strategies of key players. To do this, a literature review and interviews with the Quebec hog industry leaders were performed. These institutional changes have had effects on incentives, supply uncertainty, behavior and organization of the sector. In addition, these amendments to collective marketing have their roots in the economic environment and the behavior of players who uncover flaws in the system. However, sometimes institutional stability factors hinder these changes. Keywords: Hog, Quebec, Collective marketing, Institutional changes.
Saliba, Lea Cadi. "Effet d'un supplément d'huile de lin avec différents niveaux d'amidon dans la ration sur le profil en lactones et les proportions de différents intermédiaires du processus de biohydrogénation de l'acide α-linolénique dans le lait chez la vache". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25435.
Full textDort, Junio. "Effet de la protéine de morue sur la régénération musculaire consécutive à une blessure chez le rat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25208.
Full textThe overall aim of this thesis was to study the effects of cod protein on regeneration of skeletal muscle following injury in rats. We observed that recovery of muscle mass and/or growth were higher in animals consuming the cod protein regimen, leading to larger fiber size compared with those consuming the casein diet. The beneficial effects of cod protein on muscle regeneration were also shown by higher level of myogenin, lower number of centrally-nucleated fibers and reduced interstitial space. Specifically, the current thesis was designed to identify which specific amino acids in cod protein could underly its impact on muscle repair and to investigate the pathways supporting these effects. Our results showed that cod protein reduced the density of pro-inflammatory macrophages (ED1+) and the level of COX-2 while increasing the density of anti-inflammatory macrophages (ED2+) compared to casein, due to its high levels of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine. However, this anti-inflammatory action could only partially explain the positive effect seen with cod protein on muscle recovery because the addition of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine to casein, although it closely mimicked the anti-inflammatory effect of cod protein, did not support muscle growth and regeneration as did cod protein. When examining the IGF1-Akt/PKB signaling during the recovery period, we observed that cod protein decreased the level of MuRF1 early after the injury, indicating a reduced muscle protein degradation compared to casein. Data also suggest that cod protein might have increased muscle protein synthesis during the later phase of the recovery process based on an increased phospho-Akt-Ser473. Hypertrophic and anti-catabolic effects exerted by cod protein were only partially driven by its high levels of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine. Through this work in rats, we have demonstrated that while the beneficial effects of consuming cod protein on inflammation are driven by its high levels of arginine, glycine, taurine and lysine, these amino acids only partly contribute to the effect seen with cod protein on muscle mass recovery following injury. These data could help elaborate more efficient nutritional strategies in order to optimize muscle recovery after injury.
Maillard, Émilie. "Évaluation des changements quantitatifs et qualitatifs du stock de carbone du sol après l’application d’effluents d'élevage." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25374.
Full textFor both agronomic and environmental purposes, it is important to quantify the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks to animal manure application. The objectives of this PhD thesis were : 1/ To quantify the response of SOC stocks to manure application from a large worldwide pool of individual studies, and to assess the impact of explanatory factors such as climate, soil properties, land use and manure characteristics; 2/ To determine the influence of tillage and cropping systems on the response of SOC stocks to the application of liquid dairy manure (LDM); 3/ To determine the impact of LDM on SOC stocks in the whole soil and specific physical fractions corresponding to different levels of protection. The meta-analysis (chapter 1) suggests that overall, at the global scale, animal manure application results in significantly larger SOC stocks compared to mineral fertilization or unamended control. The magnitude of SOC stock response to manure application depends mainly on the cumulative manure-C input. Climate also influenced the SOC stock response but its effect could not be decoupled from that of manure-C input. At a local scale, 15 and 21 years of LDM application resulted in significantly higher SOC stocks compared to an unamended control (chapter 3) or mineral fertilization (chapters 2 and 3). For both sites, the LDM effect was limited to the topsoil (down to 20- or 30-cm). In Normandin (QC), the magnitude of the SOC stock response to LDM was dependent on crop sequence, with a much greater effect of LDM application in SOC stocks in the perennial-based rotation than in the cereal monoculture (chapter 2). In Agassiz (BC), the magnitude of the SOC stock response was dependent on manure C input and this response seemed to be smaller with the combined application of LDM and mineral fertilization (chapter 3). In addition, LDM application favoured the incorporation of C in relatively protected fractions of organic matter.
Hassane, Moumouni Kadidiatou. "Construction d'une carte génétique pour le mil, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., par une approche de génotypage par séquençage (GBS)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30678/30678.pdf.
Full textA high-density SNP genetic map was constructed for pearl millet using a mapping population of 93 F2 individuals. Firstly, a Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) protocol involving a combination of restriction enzymes PstI-MspI with PCR primers including three selective bases was used to obtain 3,321 SNP markers. Following several filtration processes, 314 non-redundant SNPs distributed over seven linkage groups were used to build a map covering a total genetic distance of 640 cM with an average interval of 2.1 cM between SNPs. The size of the linkage groups varied considerably (62 cM to 123 cM). Finally, 19 SSR markers were analyzed on the parents of the population in order to find those that were polymorphic and thus bridge the gap between our map and those reported previously. Among them, four SSR markers were polymorphic and have established a correspondence between four linkage groups in our map and previous maps. The availability of such a map may be exploitable for the identification of regions associated to some important agronomic characters.
Blais, Élise. "Utilisation du CIDR MD pour l'induction de l'oestrus chez la brebis en contre-saison sexuelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30462/30462.pdf.
Full textFernandez, Benoit. "Activité biologique et impact sur le microbiote intestinal des bactéries lactiques bactériocinogènes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30845/30845.pdf.
Full textBacteriocins are proteinaceous compound naturally produced by several bacterial strains with an inhibition activity directed against closely related bacteria. Recently, the production of bacteriocins was proposed as an important mechanism of action involved in the antimicrobial activity of probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. This research aimed to evaluate the ability of some bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria to produce their bacteriocins in the physiological and microbiological conditions of the digestive tract. Three strains, namely L. lactis biovar diacetylactis UL719 (producing nisin Z), P. acidilactici UL5 (producing pediocin PA- 1) and L. lactis ATCC 11454 (producing nisin A) were used as models throughout this thesis. Experiments performed with the TIM-1 digestive tract simulator have shown that P. acidilactici had a survival rate of 17 % in the stomach and small intestine. Passage in the proximal part of the digestive tract had little effect on the inhibitory activity of this strain. A slight over-expression of the genes encoding production of bacteriocin has been observed even at the end of the ileum. Unlike P. acidilactici UL5, L. lactis ATCC 11454 was less resistant to gastrointestinal stress, with a survival rate of less than 1 %. In addition, the three bacteriocin-producing strains considered in this study were proved able to grow and produce their bacteriocins in a culture medium simulating the colonic environment. In the case of P. acidilactici, we demonstrated significant inhibition of Listeria in the colonic medium and that this inhibition was directly correlated with the production of pediocin since no inhibition was observed with a non-producing mutant. Finally, we studied the ability of P. acidilactici to survive and produce its bacteriocin in the ileac conditions and the impact of this inhibitory activity on the balance of ileac microbiota of healthy humans. Microbiological analyzes revealed that P. acidilactici survived throughout the transit although it was not able to grow, probably due to a weak competitivity compared to the ileac microbiota. These observations may explain the low inhibitory activity of P. acidilactici against L. monocytogenes that we measured.
Gauthier, Marie-Eve. "Restoring peatland plant communities on mineral well pads." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25320.
Full textPeatlands are largely represented in the boreal region of Alberta but little is known about their restoration on well sites. The goal of this study is to compare plant communities and substrates in order to recover peatland vegetation. Two field experiments tested which plant communities (bog, bog-aspen ecotone, willow-sedge fen, shrubby rich fen, treed rich fen) would best regenerate on different substrate (sawdust, clay loam, mix sawdust-clay, peat, surface roughness). We found that peatland communities can establish on mineral soil after propagules transfer using the moss layer transfer technique (MLTT). The choice of plant community, where the propagules are harvested is key to bryophytes establishment. Peat amendment facilitated the plants establishment. The MLTT is a promising approach to restore fen plants on well sites. We recommend a scale-up experiment for a whole well site to test the validity of MLTT within pad removal techniques.
Baldoceda, Baldeon Luis Manuel. "Analyses génomiques et phénotypiques contrastant les embryons bovins des races Holstein et Jersey." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25437.
Full textFor the past decades, milk production has been increasing due to several factors such as the use of high genetic merit individuals. In this regard, Jersey cows have been of interest for the producers because of high protein and fat indexes in their milk compared to others breeds. However, there are some challenges associated with Jersey particularly poor results using embryo cryopreservation which could help to massively commercialize the genetic material of this breed. It was observed that the Jersey breed have low pregnancy rates following embryo transfer of cryopreserved Jersey embryos compared to the Holstein breed. Here, we hypothesised that those differences between these two breeds in embryo cryopreservation are due to specific phenotypic and genotypic characteristics at the embryo level. Initially, the results of this study showed differences on the phenotype, lipid profile and genomic differences of Jersey embryo characterized by the higher lipid droplets content associated with low mitochondrial function which will determine the low success with cryopreservation. Subsequently, we assessed the phenotype and genotype of embryos using L-carnitine supplementation in the in vitro embryo culture medium in order to compensate those characteristics in Jersey embryos. The results of this study revealed moderate beneficial effects of L-carnitine supplementation in Jersey embryos through low effect of L-carnitine on mitochondrial activity. To define the impact of mitochondrial function on the embryo viability during our study, we developed a method to compensate the mitochondrial dysfunction during early embryo development in bovine model. To do that, Vitamin K2 supplementation in the in vitro embryo culture medium was applied which showed a positive effect on the mitochondrial function leading to satisfactory phenotypic and genotypic changes in the embryos. In conclusion, this study resulted in identification and characterization of the cattle breeds effects as a critical factor on cryopreservation performance and embryonic metabolism of the mitochondria. Our results emphasized that mitochondrial function is an important feature of embryonic development in cattle, which can provide opportunities to improve embryonic viability.
Fuchs, Jérôme. "Contrôle de la contamination de Listeria monocytogenes dans les drains d'industries alimentaires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25347.
Full textThe microbiological cleanliness of surfaces has always been of paramount importance in the food industry. Although this is known to all, means of ensuring this are constantly improving due to a better understanding of bacterial adhesion, growth and spread, to fight against the propagation and growthing pathogenic microorganisms in this type of industry. A known foodborne pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes was exposed to a commercial product composed of a conventional detergent matrix and a bacterial consortium of several strains of Bacillus selected by our industrial partner seeking to be close to real drain conditions in industrial food processing plants. The experiments are performed at 10, 20 and 30°C, in a system with or without agitation and in an environment rich in nutrients (Brain Heart Infusion) to avoid cell growth restriction. Two concentrations were used in this study for the pathogen (3 and 5 log cfu/mL) and the commercial product (bacterial consortium at 3 and 5 log cfu/mL). Growth curves of pure culture and culture in competition were produced in order to compare the effect of the commercial product on the pathogen. pH monitoring is also carried out to analyze the microbiological activity in the environment. It was observed that the commercial product is able to inhibit the pathogen. Overall, this inhibition is stronger at 30, than at 10 °C. In addition, the inhibition is favored when the bacterial consortium is at 5 log cfu/mL and when L. monocytogenes is at 3 log cfu/mL. Agitation also has a positive effect by amplifying the inhibition of the pathogen by promoting the growth of competitive flora of the commercial product consisting mainly of aerobic microorganisms. The greatest efficacy is observed at 10 °C with stirring for two competitions, probably because of the inhibitory effect of the matrix itself. The first competition was when the consortium was at 5 log cfu/mL - pathogen log 5 cfu/mL: pathogen cell counts were reduced by 1 log cfu/mL with an initial 5 log cfu/mL at the beginning. The second concentration was with the consortium at 5 log cfu/mL – pathogen 3 log cfu/mL. In this case, L. monocytogenes decrease to go under the detection limit, a difference of 9 log cfu/mL between the pure culture and culture in competition. However, at 10°C in competition, when the bacterial consortium was at 3 log cfu/mL, no change was observed in the growth of L. monocytogenes in relation to its growth in pure culture, whether with or without agitation. This system is complex. Phenomena controlling the growth of these bacteria in the environment are multiple and may act synergistically. This document provides details of these interactions with the competing bacteria and the product’s matrix.
Babou, Kammoe Romuald Brice. "Élimination des ions ammonium de solutions aqueuses par la silice mésoporeuse (SBA-15) fonctionnalisée avec des groupements organiques acides." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25183.
Full textWater pollution resulting from the excessive presence of nitrogen nutrients arising from agricultural practices and human activities such as the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater has become a major environmental problem. The main objective of this study is to optimize the formulation of new adsorbents for the removal of ammonium ions contained in agricultural runoff. For this purpose, two mesoporous materials functionalized with arene and propyl sulfonic acid groups by cocondensation and post-synthesis grafting on the one hand and a novel adsorbent containing a bridged benzene moiety on the other hand were synthesized. They have been characterized and tested in batch and continuous modes. Arene and propylsulfonic acid adsorbents with an organosilane/silica molar ratio of 20% show a maximum adsorption capacity of about 25 mg NH4+/g at the lowest temperature studied (5° C). For a given initial ammonium concentration, the removal efficiency (W) increased with increasing adsorbent loading. The adsorption capacity was improved by increasing the molar organosilane silica ratio to reach 42 mg NH4+/g with a ratio of 40% at 25 ° C. The equilibrium data of both adsorbents followed the Langmuir model and the kinetic pseudo second order model is the one that best describes their kinetic behavior. Negative values of the enthalpy (ΔH0) and entropy (ΔS0) obtained indicate that the reaction is exothermic and that there is downward of the random arrangement of the adsorbate at the solid/liquid interface, respectively. Finally, the adsorbents are regenerated easily and maintained their adsorption capacity after five consecutive cycles of adsorption-desorption. The continuous study was conducted with the arene sulfonic acid adsorbent synthesized by grafting. The results obtained show that the time of occurrence of breakthrough curves decreases with increasing flow rate and initial ammonium concentration, but increases with increased bed height. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models allowed a good prediction of experimental breakthrough curves. Finally, the breakthrough curves were not changed significantly after three consecutive cycles of adsorption-desorption. With the adsorbent containing the bridged benzene group, adsorption capacities between 34 and 40 mg NH4+/g were obtained.
Le, Xuan Thang. "Étude du mécanisme de gélification du gel couplé B-lactoglobuline/gomme xanthane et des propriétés du gel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30570/30570.pdf.
Full textThe associative electrostatic interaction between native β-lactoglobulin (βlg) and xanthan gum (XG) resulting in the formation of electrostatic gels was studied by several techniques. The main objectives of this study were firstly to better understand the role of βlg and XG in gel structuration and the interactions involved in gel stabilization and secondly to relate gel behaviors to their microstructures. The gelation processes of βlg-XG mixtures were monitored by viscoelastic measurements and the microstructure of the gels was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope. The effect of several environmental factors including the βlg-XG ratio, biopolymer concentration, ionic strength, acidification rate, and presence of neutral polysaccharides (inulin and β-glucan) were investigated. It was revealed that the initial network of XG provided a frame for gel organization; the βlg aggregated along the XG chains and played a role of cross-linking agent. Gel structure and behavior can then be modified and tailored through the adjustment of βlg-XG ratio, biopolymer concentration, and ionic strength. The effect of acidification rate was studied using different quantities of glucono-delta-lactone (GDL). This approach allowed reducing the gelation time without modification in gel structure. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the conformation of proteins during gelation with the XG. It was found that the secondary conformation of βlg did not change during the electrostatic interaction with the XG. The involvement of hydrogen bonds (between βlg-XG, βlg-βlg) and hydrophobic interactions (between βlg-βlg) in gel stabilization upon thermal treatment of gel at 80°C for 30 minutes were determined. The heat treatment has not only improved the stability but also reduced gel syneresis. The results of this project should enable the food, biomedical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industries to develop new functional semi-solid products or new interesting materials to incorporate active molecules.
Zaddem, Meriem. "Application de la méthode des surfaces de réponse pour l'optimisation du blanchiment du son de blé par du peroxyde d'hydrogène et son incorporation dans une farine de pain." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30637/30637.pdf.
Full textThe incorporation of the wheat bran in wheat flour with the aim of increasing its nutritional value causes problems in manufacturing bakery products, because this incorporation changes the rheological and colorimetric properties of the dough. The bleaching with hydrogen peroxide can improve the color of the wheat bran, consequently could contribute to increase the potential of use of the wheat bran in the industry of products with wheat flour. The aim of this study was to develop a formula of bleaching wheat bran by using some hydrogen peroxide as bleaching agent and to optimize the conditions of discoloration. For that purpose, the response surface method was used to determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the concentration of the wheat bran ( SB) and the duration of the reaction which will give the best chromatic profile to the product in particular the indications L*,a* and b* of the system HunterLab. We developed in this study a formula of bleaching which allowed eliminating the brown color of the wheat bran. This formula has been optimized to reach the typical color of the commercial wheat bran flour. The optimization was made by the response surface methodology, and a relation of approximation between the parameters of the reaction and the desired answers has been proposed: L* = 78, a* = -2.6 and b* = 18.8. These results were found with the combination of the following parameters: a concentration of hydrogen peroxide at 20%, a concentration of wheat bran at 10% and stirring time at 20 minutes. This formula has been used to study the effect of the pH leading to an enhanced yellow tint of the wheat bran at pH = 11. The bleaching of the wheat bran decreased its water retention. We were able to notice a decrease of 1g of water by gram of sample compared with the unbleached wheat bran. We also showed that the bleaching increased considerably the extractability, the percentage passed of 20 % as the unbleached bran in 90 % for the bleached bran. Besides, for mixtures with wheat bran flour, the found results showed the existence of a single color in the case of the mixture of the flour in 20 % and the bleached wheat bran in 5 and 10 %. In the case of use of the unbleached wheat bran (5, 10 and 15 %), the results showed the existence of two colors on the surfaces of mixtures.
Lessard, Marie-Hélène. "Le suivi de la croissance et de l'activité spécifique des mycètes pendant l'affinage du Camembert." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30731/30731.pdf.
Full textCamembert cheese is characterised by a fungal microbiota which forms a complex surface ecosystem that has been little studied until now. Monitoring growth and activity during the ripening period remains a challenge. This ecosystem is mainly composed of Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium camemberti, but other yeasts such as Kluyveromyces lactis and Debaryomyces hansenii may be present. All these Fungi are responsible for the appearance and the development of typical sensory characteristics of mold ripened cheeses that develop during the ripening period and are therefore of technological interest for the cheese industry. Despite their importance, little work has focused on the in-depth study of this ecosystem. Given the filamentous and invasive nature of multicellular Fungi, traditional microbiological methods on agar medium are imprecise. A real time PCR (qPCR) has therefore been developed for the monitoring of mixed cultures containing the most common fungi (P. camemberti, G. candidum, D. hansenii and K. lactis) for the ripening of Soft Cheese Model Curds (SCMC). The results show that P. camemberti and G. candidum quickly dominate the ecosystem while K. lactis remains less abundant. When D. hansenii is added to the ripening culture, the growth of all other Fungi is reduced, except for K. lactis which is completely inhibited. General knowledge concerning these Fungi consist mostly on biochemical data, and genetic information carried by P. camemberti and G. candidum are poorly described. Moreover, their expression profiles during ripening are still unknown. CamemBank01 and its almost 8000 genes is then the first transcriptomic study concerning these fungi. Functional annotation of the sequences obtained revealed that the predominant functions found in CamemBank01 were associated with the development of the sensory properties and that these functions were expressed mainly within the first two weeks of ripening. The results presented in this work suggest that numerous genes expressed during Camembert ripening could be potential biomarkers. Future work should focus on better understanding the activity of these fungi and allow optimal use of ripening cultures.
Tableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Munger, Hélène. "Travail réduit du sol et système sans intrants chimiques : impact sur le rendement : la fusariose de l'épi et la cécidomyie orangée chez le blé panifiable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30760/30760.pdf.
Full textBecause bread wheat grown under sustainable practices is currently in high demand, trials were conducted in order to assess the combined effect of three tillage treatments with high-input or low-input system on wheat performance, fusarium head blight (FHB) and wheat midge. In 2009, higher wheat yields were obtained with moldboard plow (regardless of the system) and with chisel plow and no-till in the high-input system. In 2010, they were obtained with moldboard plow or high-input system. These yields were related to better weed control. Deoxynivalenol content was not affected by tillage and was lower in low-input system than in high-input system in the year with strong FHB pressure. Wheat midge incidence was mostly unaffected by treatments.
Boivin-Piché, Jonathan. "Fabrication de fromages de type Cheddar à partir de laits de fromagerie concentrés en protéines et fortifiés en vitamine D." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30818/30818.pdf.
Full textVitamin D plays an important metabolic role in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. However, according to a recent study, 10 % of Canadians are deficient in vitamin D and 32 % having levels considered inadequate to maintain a good bone health. In Canada, due to its regulation, milk is a good source of vitamin D. However, as milk consumption is decreasing continuously, other sources of vitamin D, such as cheeses, would fulfill the nutritional needs of Canadians. To reduce the loss of vitamin D in whey during cheesemaking, Cheddar cheeses were manufactured from milk concentrated by ultrafiltration. This process allowed the reduction of the amount of whey produced during cheese manufacturing and consequently improved the vitamin D retention in the cheese.
Essekkouri, Taoufik. "Optimisation du microclimat des potées fleuries produites en serre dans une optique d'économie d'énergie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30758/30758.pdf.
Full textPoirier, Nadine. "Analyse des besoins décisionnels des femmes ménopausées présentant une obésité abdominale concernant le choix d’une approche nutritionnelle de perte de poids." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25291.
Full textThe objective of this master’s thesis is to assess the decisional needs of postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity regarding the choice of a nutritional treatment for weight loss between a low-fat diet and a diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Four focus groups led by a moderator using an interview guide based on the Ottawa Decision Support Framework were conducted among 17 postmenopausal women (median age 59 years). A content analysis of focus groups’ verbatim revealed that sufficient levels of nutritional skills and knowledge, consideration of physiological impacts and sensory aspect of each approach, food availability, social support, finances and motivation are the main decisional needs identified for each nutritional approaches. Our findings could inform the design of decision support interventions that address the decisional needs of postmenopausal women for making and implementing informed decisions about a nutritional approach for weight loss.
Laramée, Catherine. "Évaluation d'une intervention visant la promotion de comportements alimentaires favorables à une saine gestion du poids chez les jeunes athlètes féminines." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30438/30438.pdf.
Full textKang, Hye-Ji. "Étude de l'impact de la phosphorylation de la co-polymérase sur l'interaction entre les protéines du complexe de polymérisation des exopolysaccharides chez Lactobacillus rhamnosus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30589/30589.pdf.
Full textLactobacillus rhamnosus RW-9595M and ATCC 9595 have 99 % identical 17 open reading frames (ORFs) identified as putative genes coding for EPS biosynthesis and both strains produce very different EPS amounts: 543 mg l-1 (RW-9595M) and 108 mg l-1 (ATCC 9595). Reversible phosphorylation has been proposed as a mechanism to regulate the polymerization of EPS in lactic acid bacteria and three proteins, tyrosine kinase, tyrosine phosphatase and co-polymerase are proposed to be responsible for this regulation. The aim of this project was to demonstrate the impact of the phosphorylation of these proteins, especially the co-polymerase (Wzd), on the protein complex for EPS polymerization in L. rhamnosus. To test the effect of phosphorylation on their interactions, Wzd and Wze were expressed in L. lactis subsp. cremoris and E. coli. In L. lactis subsp. cremoris, the presence of certain combinations of genes can be associated with EPS production yields. In E. coli, gene expression can be controled and the proteins purified in order to study their interactions and phosphorylation state in vitro. Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363, a non EPS-producing strain, was transformed with two recombinant plasmids coding for the genes required for EPS synthesis. These transformants with operons from either RW-9595M or ATCC 9595 produce 326 and 302 mg l-1 respectively, with lower yields than RW-9595M. The proteins encoded by wzd and wze are respectively the co-polymerase and the kinase which theoretically participate in determining the chain length of the EPS. These two proteins do not autophosphorylate when they are alone, but together form a complex. The non-phosphorylated complex of two proteins allows the phosphorylation of Wzd by Wze, in the presence of ATP. This phosphorylation destabilizes the protein interaction with Wze. The transient interaction with phosphorylated Wzd leads to autophosphorylation of Wze in the presence of ATP. In addition, the activity of Wzd is modulated by tyrosine phosphorylation allowing autophosphorylation of Wze. Thus, the phosphorylation of Wzd may be an additional step of reversible phosphorylation for polymerization of EPS. This study may help advance our understanding of the relationship between the characteristics and biological functions of these polymers.
Iquira, Elmer. "Caractérisation de ressources génétiques conférant une résistance partielle à la sclérotiniose chez le soja." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30219/30219.pdf.
Full textWhite mold is an important disease of soybean in North America. Genetic resistance to this disease is a cost-effective way to control this disease. In order to better understand the genetic control of resistance, we first developed two research tools: i) a method to characterize soybean lines in terms of their resistance to white mold; and ii) a genotyping approach for obtaining information on hundreds or thousands of markers simultaneously. In a second phase, we used these new tools to identify the genomic regions responsible for resistance to white mold via two approaches: i) a "traditional" biparental QTL mapping approach and ii) an association mapping approach. At first, we developed and validated a reliable and reproducible method for artificial inoculation to measure resistance to white mold. Then, we developed a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach to quickly and efficiently characterize a large number of SNP markers in soybean. As part of this work, a protocol for preparing GBS genomic libraries has been developed as well as a pipeline of bioinformatics analysis to call SNPs. Finally, genetic mapping analysis was performed on two populations to identify genomic regions conferring resistance to white mold. In the first case, a population of 141 F6 lines from a cross between the cultivars Majesta and Hikmok Sorip was characterized for resistance to the disease. By using a dense genetic map counting 515 SNP markers obtained by GBS, we have identified a region on chromosome Gm07 contributing to the resistance observed in the cultivar Majesta. In the second case, 101 unrelated soybean lines were characterized for their resistance to disease and were genotyped with 8,397 SNP markers obtained by GBS. The mapping association analysis identified three chromosomal regions strongly associated with disease resistance. The strongest association was found on chromosome Gm03, while regions on chromosomes Gm08 and Gm20 also showed significant associations. These results will facilitate the identification of exotic lines in which resistance is likely based on different genes to be introduced in the Canadian germplasm.
Jeudy, Sagine. "Estimation des bénéfices associés à l'amélioration de la qualité de l'eau : application de l'approche des comportements défensifs aux producteurs agricoles québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30506/30506.pdf.
Full textThis study aims to analyze the benefits associated with improved water quality by applying the method of "defensive behavior" to Quebec farmers. Perception variables about the degradation of water quality and the environment and characteristics about individuals and farms were included in probit and poisson models to analyze their impact on the probability of adoption of three BMPs, two defensive measures and a health function and to explore the causality between defensive measures and the adoption of BMPs. Many of the aforementioned variables have significant impacts on the adoption of BMPs and defensive measures. We also found that the adoption processes of the three BMPs were correlated. However, we found no link between the adoption of defensive measures and the adoption of BMPs. Finally, the adoption of BMPs reduces the number of days with illness symptoms.