Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'S 405 UL 2013 T141'
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Talbot, Émilie. "Impact de la protéine de morue sur la sensibilité à l'insuline, le métabolisme du glucose et divers marqueurs cardiovasculaires chez des femmes atteintes du syndrome des ovaires polykystiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29767/29767.pdf.
Full textDallaire, Marie-Pierre, and Marie-Pierre Dallaire. "Effets in vivo de la nutrition lipidique sur les micro-domaines membranaires de la glande mammaire et la désaturation des acides gras chez le bovin laitier." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24671.
Full textLes effets de traitements alimentaires lipidiques sur la composition des rafts membranaires et l’activité de désaturation des acides gras de la glande mammaire et sur les performances productives des bovins laitiers ont été étudiés. La recherche a donné lieu à deux articles distincts, dont celui présenté dans ce mémoire, qui montre que des apports 1) en acides linoléiques conjugués a diminué la transcription du gène de la ∆9-désaturase sans affecter son activité enzymatique apparente; 2) en huile de sterculia fœtida a réduit l’activité de la ∆9-désaturase tout en augmentant l’abondance relative de l’ARNm codant pour cette enzyme ou; 3) en huile de poisson a diminué l’activité de l’enzyme sans en affecter la transcription génétique. Les résultats de cette recherche démontrent que l’activité de désaturation de la glande mammaire de même que les performances de production des bovins laitiers peuvent être modifiées par différents apports lipidiques alimentaires.
D'Amour, Noémie. "Établissement des bandes riveraines par recolonisation spontanée et leur succession végétale en milieu agricole." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25335.
Full textLa protection de la végétation le long des cours d’eau en milieu agricole est nécessaire en vue d’améliorer la qualité de l’eau et assurer une certaine diversité végétale. Les processus de régénération spontanée qui forment les communautés riveraines ainsi que les facteurs influençant le succès de la recolonisation ont été à ce jour peu étudiés. Des relevés de végétation et de données environnementales ont été effectués dans 124 bandes riveraines à différents stades de succession. La richesse et la diversité végétale des bandes riveraines n’ont pas augmenté en fonction de l’âge sauf pour les arbres et arbustes qui étaient plus diversifiés dans le talus des bandes plus vieilles. La succession végétale s’explique faiblement par les facteurs abiotiques, mais probablement davantage par les facteurs biotiques, notamment par l’arrivée d’une espèce arborée ou arbustive. Les résultats mettent en évidence la nécessité d’intervenir le long des rivières par des projets d’aménagement.
Protection of vegetation along streams in agricultural areas is necessary to improve water quality and support plant diversity regionally. Little is known about the spontaneous regeneration processes that shape the vegetation communities and the variables influencing the success of the re-colonisation processes, thus on the factors that could be manipulated to facilitate riparian buffer restoration. Vegetation surveys and environmental data were performed on 124 riparian buffers at different stages of plant succession. The richness and diversity of riparian vegetation did not increase as a function of age except for trees and shrubs that were more diverse in the slope of the oldest buffers. Our results suggest that biotic factors were the main driver of plant succession, rather than abiotic factors, precisely following the arrival of certain species of shrubs or trees and their subsequent influence. This research highlights the need for action along our waterways by restoration projects.
Pelletier, Vincent. "Irrigation de la canneberge basée sur des seuils de tension de l'eau dans le sol." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30006/30006.pdf.
Full textThe onset of irrigation based on a soil water tension threshold (SWTI) allows cranberry plants to grow in a comfort zone. According to different authors, this threshold could be 6.5 kPa, or 8.0 kPa. A field study was required to confirm these recommendations. This study was conducted to determine the optimum SWTI value that would optimize water productivity (WP) without decreasing yield. A randomize complete block design has been set up during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in three sites in Québec and one site in Wisconsin. In all cases the soil was fine sand. Values of SWTI ranged from 5.5 to 10.0 kPa and dry and wet treatments were compared to control treatments. The treatment with a SWTI value of 8.5 kPa has never been irrigated because the rain kept soil water tension under this threshold. The WP was significantly greater from 15 to 79 % in dry treatments and significantly lower from 21 to 50 % in wet treatments. The dry treatment with a SWTI value of 10.0 kPa had a significant yield depletion of 11 %. It was the only treatment with a significant yield difference. Fine sands seem to have sufficient capillary flux to the cranberry uptake for a soil water tension up to 8.0 kPa. After this threshold, capillary flux seems to be too low to feed cranberry plants and results in yield depletion. Based on the current results, a SWTI value of 8.0 is recommended to maximise water productivity without affecting yield. With this threshold, cranberry growers could improve their productivity with energy and labor savings.
Tableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Chouinard-Michaud, Caroline, and Caroline Chouinard-Michaud. "Effet de la sélection génétique et d'une régie de coupe AM et PM sur la teneur en énergie et les attributs de la valeur nutritive de la luzerne." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24857.
Full textAfin d’améliorer la teneur en glucides non structuraux (GNS) chez la luzerne, deux essais ont été implantés en 2006 et 2008 pour évaluer trois populations (GNS teneur moyenne, élevée ou faible) selon deux moments de fauche, soit en matinée (9h00) et en fin de journée (15h00). Il s’agissait d’évaluer la réponse à la sélection, l’interaction entre les populations et le moment de fauche et de vérifier l’incidence de la sélection sur la valeur nutritive et le rendement. Les résultats obtenus démontrent une différence significative à la hausse pour la population GNS+ attribuable principalement à la différence de concentration en amidon. Aucune interaction population par moment de fauche n’a été observée. L’augmentation de la digestibilité est en partie due à l’augmentation des GNS. Aucune différence de rendement n’a été observée. Le moment de fauche a été plus important que la sélection sur les teneurs en GNS peu importe les coupes.
Rinaldi, Laure. "Impact de l'ajout de polysaccharides dans des matrices laitières gélifiées acides sur la digestion gastro-intestinale des protéines et des réponses métaboliques associées." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24191.
Full textNutrients of food matrixes have to be bioaccessible and bioavailable to reach vital organs and be metabolized. Dairy proteins (caseins and whey proteins) possess an important nutritional value because of their high content in essential and branched amino acids (AA) affecting postprandial metabolic responses. These proteins have an essential technical function in yogurt process. Polysaccharides (PS) can be added in yogurts as stabilizers. Previous studies showed that starches, pectins (common PS used by the dairy industry), and β-glucans (stabilizers of interest as soluble fiber) modulated protein digestion (in vitro and in vivo) and postprandial metabolic responses. An in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) model was developed to analyze protein digestion in standardized dairy products with different PS composition (without PS, starch 0.75%, β-glucan 0.4%, pectin 0.2%). The formulations showed different viscosities under controlled shear representative to GI conditions. AA bioaccessibility was different depending on the added PS but was not related to the yogurt viscosity. The in vivo study, realised with animal model, using the same yogurts showed different impact of added PS on AA bioavailability and on metabolic responses. In particular, in comparison to the control yogurt the starch supplementation decreased significantly the gastric emptying and the plasmatic Phe concentration, an AA associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes. Fifteen minutes after yogurt with β-glucan consumption, glycemia decreased significantly and insulin clairance increased in comparison to other yogurts. These results show the interest to study the impact of food matrix composition on matrix integrity and on release kinetics of nitrogenous nutrients in GI tractus, and on associated metabolic responses here beneficial for diabetic subjects.
Lavoie, Judith. "Étude du comportement rhéologique en digestion in vitro de systèmes modèles laitiers enrichis en fibres." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25170.
Full textThis project aims to measure the effect of enrichment in polysaccharides of a dairy matrix on its rheological behaviour when subjected to in vitro digestion. The rheological behaviour of solutions containing milk protein (3,9%), xanthan gum (0,7%), carob gum (0,7%) and their binary or ternary mixtures, acidified by HCl with stirring, was followed during in vitro digestion. The rheological behavior of solutions of skimmed milk powder (3,5% and 4% of protein) enriched or not with same polysaccharides (0,7%) and fermented has also been followed during in vitro digestion. The mode of acidification affected the rheological behavior of solutions containing proteins. The viscosity of the acidified and fermented solutions decreased throughout digestion, except for the protein solutions containing xanthan gum for which viscosity increased at the transition from gastric to intestinal stage. Integration of polysaccharides to a dairy matrix would, therefore, modulate its viscosity during digestion and could provide physiological benefits.
Jeanne, Thomas. "Caractérisation et optimisation des paramètres microbiens dans une pile bio-électrochimique fonctionnant au lisier de porc." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25230.
Full textSaffon, Maxime. "Development of a new dairy ingredient for the utilization of buttermilk constituents." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30076/30076.pdf.
Full textThe use of buttermilk in food formulation is limited due to the extensive water-holding capacity of its phospholipids. The goal of this project was to develop a new approach for the valorization of buttermilk’s constituents. This by-product is rich in valuable components with promising nutritional, healthy, and functional properties such as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) constituents, the phospholipids. The two main processes of production of dairy aggregates have been combined resulting of the intensive heat-denaturation of whey proteins at low pH (4.6) in presence of proteins from buttermilk. First, results showed that it was possible to substitute whey proteins by different levels of buttermilk proteins in the process and that the presence of buttermilk constituents led to the formation of mixed aggregates with new functional properties such as a low water-holding capacity. Results revealed that aggregates are pre-formed during the preparation of the buttermilk concentrates involving whey proteins, casein, and MFGM proteins. Phospholipids are integrated to the aggregates through the MFGM at low temperature (65°C), but seem to directly interact with the proteins at higher temperatures ( 80°C). These pre-formed aggregates from buttermilk can act as aggregation nucleus for the proteins from whey. The types of interactions that occur between the proteins significantly affected the properties of the aggregates such as their water-holding capacity, their size, and the solubility of the powder. Finally, it was possible to use the mixed aggregates in the production of set-type yogurt. Whey:buttermilk aggregates were acting more like a passive than a reactive filler, but some possible interactions with the proteins from the skim milk were observed due to the high concentration of thiol groups of the aggregates before heating. However, the dispersibility of the powder must be strictly controlled. Overall, this project proposed a new approach for the use of buttermilk and allowed a better understanding of the thermal behavior of its constituents.
Goumon, Sébastien. "Effets de la configuration du camion et de la manipulation sur le bien-être du porc d'abattage pendant le transport." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29757/29757.pdf.
Full textTransportation is necessary, but has been reported as the most stressful step of swine production. This thesis aimed at identifying stressors contributing to physiological and behavioural stress responses of market-weight pigs during transport, and to develop means of reducing those stress reactions. This thesis demonstrated the effect of stressors associated with vehicle design. It was found that unloading pigs was easier when a ramp with a slope equal to or lower than 21o, no step at the bottom of the ramp, or an angle of entrance equal to or lower than 30o was used. Results also highlighted that ramp length could be detrimental to the way the animal perceived the ramp. Results also showed that under Canadian climatic conditions, long transports (18 h) in cold weather appear to be more detrimental to pig’s welfare. Exposure to cold temperature made pigs reluctant to rest on cold floors and caused an increase in metabolism (cold coping mechanism) and thirst. This thesis also demonstrated that factors associated with animal handling and previous experience could contribute to the stress of transport. It was found that daily exercise, by itself, improved the ease of handling and reduced cardiovascular response, while it appeared that a previous exposure to a ramp had no beneficial effects. Results also highlighted the importance of rest duration on the capacity of adaptation to stress, by demonstrating that when pigs are not initially given enough rest to recover from exercise, the recovery from a subsequent exposure to the same exercise is negatively affected. Overall, this thesis suggests that some improvements in truck design and animal handling should be made in order to improve the welfare of market-weight pigs during transport.
Gimenez, Vidal Marc. "Isomérisation du lactose en lactulose par électro-activation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29776/29776.pdf.
Full textIn the present work, electro-isomerization of lactose into lactulose has been studied. Effects of lactose concentration (5 and 10%) and applied DC-electric field (100 and 200 mA) on the electro-isomerization of lactose into lactulose and on process efficiency were investigated. Total cathode area of 21.5 cm2 was used; giving electric current density of 4.65 mA/cm2 and 9.30 mA/cm2, respectively. Milk whey permeate (4.7 0.15% lactose) obtained by ultrafiltration was also used as feed solution in the electro-activation reactor. The effect of processing time on lactose electro-isomerization rate (lactulose formation yield), by-product (glucose, galactose, epilactose and fructose) formation, and global electric resistance of the electro-activation reactor has been investigated. The process was run during 60 min and samples were taken every 10 min. Obtained results showed the high effectiveness of the developed electro-activation technology to convert lactose into lactulose. After 60 min electro-activation at ambient temperature (23 1 C), 25% electro-isomerisation yield was obtained. By excluding lactose, the end product purity was 96.28 0.18%, which is similar to the pharmakopoeia requirements for lactulose powder. Moreover, no epilactose was formed. Not systematically, galactose was detected in some samples (<1.5%) and only some traces of fructose were detected (<0.31%). The global electric resistance of the electro-activation reactor decreased as the electro-activation time was increased indicating the high energetic effectiveness of this new electro-isomerization technology.
Vézina, Frédérique. "Développement d'un nouveau modèle coopératif axé sur la coordination efficace d'un secteur agricole." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30324/30324.pdf.
Full textThe lack of coordination is an important issue in the agricultural sector, particularly in terms of horizontal coordination among producers. Indeed, in addition to the various market problems, the transmission of market signals is blurred by the important delay between the decision to produce, the action and the result. This fact implies that an institution is essential for the organization of agriculture. It is in this context that the cooperative movement has been developed to coordinate the agricultural sector against the market power of buyers. However, several internal problems in governance, capitalization and the preservation of cooperative identity have limited the role of cooperation in the coordination of agricultural sector. Therefore, considering these internal issues, and through analyzing a successful agri-food cooperative, a new cooperation model is developed to coordinate more efficiently a Canadian agricultural sector. Keywords: Cooperative, agriculture, agri-food, coordination, governance, capitalization, cooperative identity, hybrid, Fonterra.
Conway, Valérie. "Potentiel nutraceutique des constituants du babeurre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30039/30039.pdf.
Full textLes composés mineurs de la membrane du globule de gras laitier (milk fat globule membrane, MFGM) ont été associés à diverses activités biologiques. Le babeurre, en raison de son processus d’obtention, est un produit d’origine laitière particulièrement riche en composés de la MFGM. Cette caractéristique explique l’intérêt grandissant porté à ce sous-produit de la fabrication du beurre, quadruplant le nombre d’articles scientifiques lui étant consacré au cours des 20 dernières années (PubMed). La grande majorité des travaux réalisés jusqu’à aujourd’hui au sujet du babeurre visait à fractionner ou encore à concentrer ses différents constituants, principalement ses phospholipides. Par contre, l’impact biologique de l’ensemble des composantes du babeurre, avant et après digestion, reste encore mal connu. Le but de cette recherche était donc d’évaluer l’impact de l’ensemble des constituants du babeurre sur différents facteurs de risque associés aux maladies cardiovasculaires (CVD). Dans un premier temps, les résultats de cette recherche ont permis de démontrer le potentiel du babeurre frais concentré par microfiltration (MF) à diminuer la solubilité micellaire du cholestérol dans un modèle d’étude in vitro. Ces résultats probants laissaient présager la capacité de certains constituants du babeurre à moduler l’absorption intestinale du cholestérol. Par contre, le fractionnement de ces derniers s’est avéré avoir un impact négatif sur le potentiel d’insolubilisation du cholestérol observé précédemment. Ensuite, les constituants mineurs du babeurre, fort possiblement en raison de ses phospholipides, ont démontré leur capacité à influencer positivement le profil lipidique chez des sujets modérément hypercholestérolémiques lors d’une étude clinique réalisée en chassé-croisé. De plus, lors de cette même étude clinique, la consommation de babeurre, possiblement en résultante de l’action de composantes peptidiques, s’est avérée capable d’abaisser la tension artérielle chez des patients normotendus lorsque comparée à un placebo. Enfin, des peptides issus de l’hydrolyse de babeurre frais (UF) ont démontré un potentiel antioxydant supérieur à ceux obtenus du lactosérum (UF) et du lait écrémé dans un modèle d’étude in vitro. Dans le cadre de l’ensemble des études de ce projet, les différentes activités biologiques se sont avérées peu influencées par l’action des traitements thermiques lorsque les produits subissaient une hydrolyse (p. ex. à la suite de leur consommation). Les résultats de cette étude permettent de mieux comprendre les propriétés bénéfiques du babeurre et ouvrent la voie à une nouvelle utilisation de ce dernier comme ingrédient actif. En effet, ce projet novateur a permis de démontrer le potentiel du babeurre en tant qu’aliment fonctionnel plutôt que comme une source de composés nutraceutiques devant être purifiés ou concentrés. Ainsi, il semble que l’ensemble des constituants du babeurre joue un rôle au niveau des bienfaits observés sur les facteurs de risque de CVD.
Paquette, Isabelle. "Étude et évaluation d'une matrice protéique pour la protection de bactéries probiotiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30122/30122.pdf.
Full textSo far, many probiotic bacteria have been recognized for their beneficial effects on human and animal health. However, to act efficiently, these microorganisms must be delivered alive in the intestine, but several bacterial strains with high probiotics potential are greatly affected by acidic conditions of the stomach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo performance of succinylated β-lactoglobulin tablet to protect two probiotics, Bifidobacterium longum R0175 (Bl) and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 (Lh), from harsh stomach conditions. The capacity to release alive these two bacteria in the pig intestine was evaluated by bacterial counting and quantitative PCR on Bl and Lh. The influence of these two strains on the intestinal microbiota was also evaluated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Although some effects were observed on Ruminococcaceae, the results did not allow to conclude that the encapsulation of probiotics with succinylated β-lactoglobulin help to improve survivor after gastric transit.
Lizotte, Pierre-Luc. "Caractérisation, récolte et valorisation de la fibre de maïs à basse teneur en eau au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30133/30133.pdf.
Full textCorn stover is the aerial part of the plant excluding grain, sometimes called MOG (material other than grain). Stover is generally a crop residue because most grain growers leave it on the ground after grain harvest. Dry corn stover can be used as bedding material or as a solid fuel on the farm. However, the cold and wet climate prevailing in Eastern Canada considerably limits the harvest of dry corn stover (moisture content < 15%) in the fall. Standing corn plants were sampled in fall 2008 to 2010 in order to determine the potential stover yields. For a site located in a 2300-2500 CHU (crop heat unit) zone, stover yields varied from 6.2 to 8.0 tonnes of dry matter (DM) per hectare. Yields ranging from 7.7 to 10.5 t DM ha-1 were measured for two other sites located in the 2900-3100 CHU zone. Large scale field harvest trials were done in spring from 2009 to 2011. The available stover yield in the spring averaged 63% (6.6 t DM ha-1) of the stover yield in the previous fall. Based on fall yields, 47 to 50% of the stover was collected using haymaking equipment. The average moisture content was 9.0%. Collection efficiency was reduced to 45% with a flail windrower but a gain in productivity was measured (5.2 ha h-1) compared to mowing and raking operations (2.3 and 2.0 ha h-1). Harvest losses from a self-loading wagon were smaller (6%) than from a round baler (15%). The cost of field operations varied between $29.04 and $34.30 t-1 DM depending on the harvest sequence. Storage cost was as high as $71.85 t-1 DM for bulk material harvested with the self-loading wagon. Large square and round bale storage cost was estimated at $29.87 t-1 DM and $59.44 t-1 DM, respectively. Corn stover had a higher absorption index (2.8) than wood shavings (1.8) and saw dust (2.1) used at the farm. The calorific energy of corn stover ranged from 16.86 to 17.64 MJ kg-1 while the ash content varied between 4.80 and 7.31%. Results should allow effective planning of cost and operations related to dry corn stover harvested in the spring.
Bourlaud, Anne-Sophie. "Perceptions et attitudes face aux aliments : étude d’association et impact sur l'estimation du contenu calorique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30377/30377.pdf.
Full textPaquet, Valérie. "Caractérisation des corps multilamellaires sécrétés par Dictyostelium discoideum." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29626/29626.pdf.
Full textReid, Marie-France. "Situation financière des fermes laitières du Québec : évolution 1999-2008." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29714/29714.pdf.
Full textThéolier, Jérémie. "Approches biochimiques et bioinformatiques pour l'identification de peptides antimicrobiens d'origine laitière." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24757.
Full textDiarrassouba, Fatoumata. "Interactions between ß-lactoglobulin and nutraceutical ligands riboflavin, vitamin D₃ and lysozyme : formation, physico-chemical and biological characterization of functional delivery scaffolds." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22672.
Full textThe major whey protein, β-lactoglobulin (βlg) is well recognized for its interesting structural properties and ability to interact with ligands with varying size and characteristics. Riboflavin (RF) and vitamin D3 (D3) were selected as small amphiphilic and hydrophobic nutraceutical models, respectively, and Lysozyme, as a larger size ligand model. Spectroscopic methods were used to demonstrate interaction between βlg and RF. βlg and RF form a complex, which was irradiated according to the NCI/NIH Developmental Therapeutics Program. The βlg-RF complex exhibited an important anti-proliferative activity against skin melanoma cancer cell lines, probably due to the generation of reactive oxygen species as the result of the interaction between RF and βlg. The impact of the βlg-D3 complex on the solubility and stability of the D3 was studied using spectroscopic methods and chromatography. The findings indicate that the βlg-D3 complex is stable at the gastric and intestinal pHs and increases the solubility of the vitamin. A βlg-based scaffold, named coagulum, enriched with D3 (94.5 ± 1.8 % of encapsulation efficiency) was prepared by using the capacity of βlg to self-aggregate. Electronic microscopy images showed that microspheres, with high D3 encapsulation efficiency (90.8 ± 4.8 %), were formed as the result of electrostatic interactions between βlg and Lyso. The efficiency of βlg-based scaffolds to improve the solubility, stability and bioavailability of the D3 was evaluated by performing in vitro and in vivo experiments using animal model. The βlg-based scaffolds significantly increased the solubility, stability bioavailability of D3 (p < 0.001). Overall, the present study showed that βlg, due to its structural properties, can be used to form protein-based matrices compatible with a food and an oral administration while preserving the biological activity of RF, D3 and possibly other bioactive molecules.
Alper, Iraz Aicha. "Défi phylogénétique chez la levure d'intérêt laitier geotrichum candidum." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29595/29595.pdf.
Full textAlmady, Saad. "Technical feasibility of the mechanical release of predator insects to control the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30284/30284.pdf.
Full textThe Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a pest insect that can cause real damage to potato, tomato, and eggplant crops by consuming their leaves if left uncontrolled. The CPB is becoming an alarming phenomenon because of its presence in about 16 million km² spread across North America, Europe, and Asia, and it is still spreading. Currently, chemical insecticides are the most effective mean to control the CPB. Unfortunately, the exclusive use of chemicals to control the CPB becomes ineffective after few years because this pest insect succeeds to develop resistance to such chemicals. Also, excessive and uncontrolled use of chemical insecticides is costly for potato growers and could lead to serious human health and environmental problems. Therefore, scientists have been trying to find interesting alternatives to control the CPB. One of these alternatives consists of using the biological control by massive release of natural enemies of the CPB. This chemical free alternative has several significant advantages as it allows producing organic food while preserving the environment. The effectiveness of this alternative in controlling CPB populations has been proven at small scale. However, hand release of predator insects at large scale is unconceivable. To remedy to this problem, some recent studies carried out in the last few years have focused on the mechanical release of predators to control pest insects. The objective of this research study was to test a mechanical distributor of second, third, and forth-instar nymphs of Podisus maculiventris in a potato field. Obtained results showed that the mechanical release system is efficient in releasing predators in potato plots. Also, the control of CPB in the mechanical release plots is as efficient as that in the manual release plots compared the check plots with no control.
Koffi, Kouassi. "Contribution au développement d'un procédé de stabilisation d'une boisson à base d'eau et de sirop d'érable par la technologie d'électro-activation en solution." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30160/30160.pdf.
Full textDeveloping new methods to treat food and food products by the use of electrochemical techniques has played an important role in number of industrial processes. Among these electrochemical techniques, electro-activation is currently a new technology to treat and improve the quality of products and aqueous solutions in the food industry. Electro-activation is called "reagentless technology", which means a technology without the use of chemicals to auto-generate the conditions for chemical treatment of a food solution. Thus the main objective of this study was to develop a new technological approach using electro-activation as an electrochemical method for physico-chemical stabilization drinks from maple. The purpose of the study was to assess electrochemical parameters such as pH, redox potential (O.R.P), the transmittance and the Brix degree and energy consumption during electro-activation of the product. To achieve this objective, experiments were conducted using three different configurations of the electro-activation reactor which differ each over by the position of the anions exchange membrane (AEM) and the cations exchange membrane (CEM) relative to the electrodes and the nature of the electrolyte (NaCl or Na2CO3) contained in the central cell of the reactor : configuration # 1 (Anode | Product | AEM | Na2CO3 | CEM | NaCl | Cathode), configuration #2 (Anode | Product | CEM | Na2CO3 | AEM | NaCl | Cathode) and configuration #3 (Anode | Product | CEM | NaCl | AEM | NaCl | Cathode). The results showed the effectiveness of electro-activation to reduce pH, to improve the biological value of the product by increasing redox potential. At room temperature, the minimum pH reached was 3.89 for a maximum redox potential of 417.33 mV; configuration # 3, showed the highest acidification rate. Electro-activation technique yielded minimum pH of 3.78, to a redox potential of 329.67 mV, at 55 °C under application of a current of 150 mA. Product’s transmittance increased slightly during electro-activation, but, no effect on the Brix degree was recorded. As with any industrial process, the study also focused on the determination of ideal electro-activation conditions by using an optimization method based on the response surface method (MSR) of Minitab ® software, according comparative analysis, to determine the best factors combination allowing to obtain highest product acidity and redox potential combined with a minimum overall electric resistance (RG) of the reactor. Optimization related to the comparative study of configurations #1, #2 and #3, under the application of currents of intensity 50, 70 to 100 mA, at room temperature (T = 23 ° C) indicates that electro-activation performed with the configuration #3 for 77.5 min under a current of 100 mA, are conditions that optimize the process: pH 4.8; O.R.P: 343.3 mV; RG : 646.3 Ω. For the comparative study of configurations # 1 and # 3, under the application of a constant current of 150 mA at temperatures (T > Ta) results indicate a treatment time of 108 min, configuration # 3, temperature 35 ° C as operating conditions for optimal response : pH 4.2, O.R.P : 398.26 mV, RG: 530.6 Ω. Regarding the study on setting configuration # 3, under 150 mA at temperatures (T ≥ Ta) the best conditions are temperature 46.6 ° C and a treatment time of 118 min, for an optimize response of : pH 4.1, O.R.P : 343.2 mV, RG : 410.4 Ω.
Blackburn, Patricia. "Marqueurs métaboliques mesurés à jeun et en phase postprandiale et risque cardiométabolique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29652/29652.pdf.
Full textRichard, Caroline. "Étude des mécanismes responsables des effets bénéfiques de la diète Méditerranéenne, avec et sans perte de poids, chez des hommes avec le syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30537/30537.pdf.
Full textMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic perturbations that predisposes to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Scientific evidence increasingly suggests that adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) improves several components of MetS and decreases the incidence of cardiovascular events. However, it is unclear why the MedDiet reduces the risk of CVD and what are the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect. Moreover, studies have shown that adherence to the MedDiet is associated with weight loss which is a major confounding factor. So far, the impact of the MedDiet per se, i.e. without weight loss, on the main components of MetS is unknown. This thesis presents study results for which the main objective was to investigate the mechanisms by which the MedDiet, with and without weight loss, reduces the risk of CVD in men with MetS. Several components of the metabolism were studied in order to determine the mechanisms underlying the favorable impact of the MedDiet on features of MetS. The extent to which body weight reduction maximizes the impact of the MedDiet on these CVD risk factors was also studied. Altogether, data from this study revealed that consumption of the MedDiet, even without weight loss, beneficially modified lipid metabolism except for HDL (high-density lipoprotein) in men with MetS. The MedDiet led to a reduction in plasma LDL-apoB (low-density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein B) concentrations, which was mainly attributable to an increase in the clearance rate of LDL particles. The MedDiet without weight loss was also associated with reductions in the proportion of small, dense LDL particles and plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein. However, the MedDiet without weight loss had no beneficial effect on adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines derived from adipose tissue as well as concentrations of cell adhesion molecules; weight loss is required to improve these components of MetS. Thus, the beneficial effect of the MedDiet, irrespective of weight loss, on CVD risk is mainly due to an improvement in apoB metabolism and a lower systemic inflammation. Overall, weight loss has little additional impact on lipid metabolism except that of HDL particles.
Singh, Parminder. "Optimisation des processus de séparation de matière sèche à partir du lisier de porc en ajoutant du biochar." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29264/29264.pdf.
Full textChauvette, Sam. "L'impact de l'application de sable sur la gestion des plantes nuisibles dans la canneberge biologique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29399/29399.pdf.
Full textRobert-Grenon, Jean-Philippe. "Étude de l'ARN polysomal durant la maturation de l'ovocyte bovin." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30125/30125.pdf.
Full textDouville, Gabriel. "Étude de l'expression génique dans les cellules de granulosa bovines provenant de différents statuts folliculaires et dans les cellules de granulosa humaines provenant de différents protocoles de stimulation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29859/29859.pdf.
Full textThis master’s thesis focused on the analysis of follicle growth in the ovary of both cows and humans. Genes’ transcription in follicular granulosa cells indicates which molecular mechanisms are modulated in the follicle. The first part of this project, in bovine, aimed to determine the transcriptomic profile of medium-sized follicles, between 6-9 mm, belonging to the follicular phase containing the most competent oocytes. In the human facet, the impact of hCG administration, a pre-ovulatory hormone, was evaluated at the transcriptomic level in a stimulated cycle. For the first time, genic indicators are specifically associated to three key phases of follicular development, especially the plateau phase, or early atresia, which correspond to an enhanced competence of the oocyte to produce an embryo. These results are an important step towards further defining the molecular mechanisms at work during follicular development, or folliculome.
Gravel, Karine. "Manger avec sa tête ou selon ses sens : Perceptions et comportements alimentaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30068/30068.pdf.
Full textWhile the prevalence of obesity has increased in the population, the thin-idealization can lead to concerns about body weight. Dieting is a common practice, especially among women. Even if a small weight loss has positive effects in the short term on obesity-related problems, success of energy-restricted diets is negligible over the long term. Losing weight is not without consequence, since some physiological adaptations can occur and persist over time, and may promote weight regain after diet-induced weight loss. One psychological consequence of dieting may be described as the perceived deprivation related to cognitive restraint, i.e. feeling of not eating what or as much as one would like. Energy-restricted diet and restrictive approach to lose weight show limits and this fact leads to consider effective alternatives in the long term. It is in this context that the work of the present thesis has been conducted, through: 1) an experimental study among 352 men and women; and 2) a randomized clinical trial among 50 restrained women. The first study focused on the cognitive perceptions of foods and the purposes were to investigate the impact of nutrition claims on food perceptions and intake, as well as the influence of gender, body weight and the level of restrained eating on these variables. The results showed that nutrition claims were effective in changing perceived “healthiness” and “fatteningness” of a food, but these changes in perceptions did not translate into a change in the food behaviors, as measured by food intake. The second study focused on the sensory perceptions of food and the purposes were to investigate whether a sensory-based intervention can influence eating-related attitudes and behaviors, reliance on physical signals for hunger and satiety, as well as the number and the type of terms used to describe a food. The results have shown that the sensory intervention has improved some eating-related attitudes and behaviors, without exacerbating other undesirable behaviors such as restrained eating. Then, the sensory-based intervention has also helped restrained women to be more objective about food, which may facilitate a more intuitive approach to eating. The results of this work suggest that the cognitive dimension of food should not be overrated at the expense of the sensory dimension.
Ndiaye, Mamadou. "Optimisation du blanchiment du tourteau de canola par du peroxide d'hydrogène, extraction des protéines et caractérisation de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29963/29963.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this research study was to develop a method to find a formula for effective bleaching of canola meal. Optimization methodology based on response surfaces (MRS) was used to determine the pH, the concentrations of meal (CM), and hydrogen peroxide (HP) which provide the optimum color profile. The experimental approach was to find the optimum conditions for bleaching canola meal. We found the following parameters: L * = 83.46, a * = -3.66, b * = 17.18, BI = 18.05, with the combination of pH = 10, HP = 10 (v/v) and CM = 2.6515 (p / v). MSR also allowed finding a formula which gives a bleaching color profile identical to whole wheat pastry and sifted flour, oats and rye. The other objective was to analyse/investigate the extraction conditions of protein isolates bleached canola meal (ITB) and unbleached (ITNB) and study their functional properties. The study of protein functionality meal bleached in the presence and absence of salt and their comparison with the unbleached protein meal under the same conditions showed that the ITB have good foaming and emulsifying properties. Emulsifying capacities of ITB with or without salt are 65.22 and 63.83%, respectively, and remain higher than those of ITNB ( 50%); the stabilities of emulsions also follow the same trend. The foaming capacity and foam stability of ITNB with or without salt are lower than those of ITB with and without salt. The results showed good ability of ITB to form an emulsion and foam in the presence of salt. The optimal bleaching had a positive impact on the extractability of dry matter as well as the functional properties of the isolates.
Vo, Thi Ngoc Dung. "Étude de l'effet de l'homogénéisation sur la stabilité des protéines seules et des complexes protéines / pectines en milieu acide en présence de fibres solubles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30253/30253.pdf.
Full textThere is an increasing demand for beverages enriched with proteins and dietary fibers but this development is still a technological challenge due to protein instability in acidic condition after heat treatment. The objective of this work was to study the effect of homogenization before/after pasteurization on the stability of proteins and proteins/pectin complexes in presence of β-glucan in juice model during the storage at 4°C. The stability was evaluated by visual observation (phase separation, precipitation) and distribution of proteins was determined at storage time of 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The size, the charge of the particles and the viscosity of the solutions were measured in days 1 and 28. A homogenization step performed after pasteurization increased the proteins’ stability by significant decrease in particle size. However, the homogenization performed before pasteurization had no effect. The addition of low concentrations of pectin did not stabilize the proteins after pasteurization. The complexes obtained had a low charge and a large size that homogenization could not reduce. The addition of β-glucan promoted the proportion of precipitate for the beverage with proteins alone and did not affect proteins’ stability in the presence of pectin. However, the insoluble proteins in the precipitate phases are resuspended easily by some tube inversions. This work demonstrated that homogenization is a simple treatment that could help stabilize fortified beverages but it requires adaptation to usual procedure.
Côté, Julie Anne. "Activité de la diacylglycérol acyltransférase des tissus adipeux : un marqueur de dysfonction métabolique?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30042/30042.pdf.
Full textIn humans, the acyl-CoA : diacyglycerol acyltranferase (DGAT), a transmembrane enzyme mainly found in the endoplasmic reticulum, plays an important role in triglyceride synthesis as it catalyses the final step in the synthesis of these lipid molecules. Studies in animals and humans have demonstrated that this enzyme is implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. We examined the relationship between DGAT activity and total adiposity, as well as body fat distribution, adipocyte size and the metabolic profile, with a particular emphasis on blood lipoprotein composition. We found that abdominal obesity is not related to alterations in DGAT activity when expressed per g microsomal protein or 1000 cells. A defect in TG synthesis rate is predictive of adiposity and blood lipoprotein TG enrichment only when considering DGAT activity per tissue lipid mass.
Gutierrez, Luis Felipe. "Production of lactobionic acid by oxidation of lactose over gold catalysts supported on mesoporous silicas - Reaction optimization and purification process proposal." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29991/29991.pdf.
Full textThe worldwide surplus and low cost of lactose have drawn the attention of researchers and industry to develop innovative processes for the production of value-added lactose derivatives, such as lactobionic acid (LBA), which is a high value-added product obtained from lactose oxidation, with excellent properties for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Investigations on LBA production by means of catalytic oxidation of lactose over palladium and bismuth-palladium supported catalysts have shown good conversion rates and selectivities towards LBA, but the main problem of these catalysts is their instability by leaching and deactivation by over-oxidation during the reaction. Supported gold catalysts have shown to outperform palladium and bismuth-palladium catalysts for the oxidation of carbohydrates. However, there is still a big challenge in finding a robust catalyst for the lactose oxidation. In this dissertation, new gold catalysts supported on mesoporous silica materials (Au/MSM) have been synthesized by two different methods, and evaluated as catalysts in the oxidation of lactose. The catalytic materials were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, XRD, FTIR, TEM and XPS. The effects of the operating conditions such as temperature, pH, gold loading and catalyst/lactose ratio on the lactose conversion were investigated. Finally, the demineralization process of the sodium lactobionate solution obtained at the reactor outlet has been studied using two approaches: bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) and ion-exchange technology. Highly active Au/MSM were successfully formulated by the co-condensation of a mixture of bis [3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl] tetrasulfide (BTESPTS), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and the gold precursor (HAuCl4) in acidic media, using the triblock co-polymer EO20PO70EO20 as template. It was found that by increasing the BTESPTS/TEOS molar ratio, the structure of the synthesized materials changed from a highly ordered 2D hexagonal structure to a mixed hexagonal-vesicle and cellular foam structure. Under the optimal operating conditions (gold loading = 0.7%wt, T = 65ºC, catalyst/lactose ratio = 0.2, pH = 8-9, air flow = 40 mL·min-1), the lactose was completely converted into LBA after 80-100 min reaction, when using the catalysts synthesized from mixtures containing 6-10% molar concentration of BTESPTS. These catalytic materials were characterized by the predominance of a wormhole-like structure, favorable for the reagent accessibility to the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of about 8 nm intercalated in the silica walls. AuNPs of about 5-6 nm were also successfully loaded of mesoporous SBA-15 and SBA-15-CeO2 materials, by the wet adsorption of the gold cationic complex [Au(en)2]3+ (en=ethylenediamine) in alkaline media. These catalysts retained the well-ordered 2D hexagonal structure typical of SBA-15, and showed high activity to lactose oxidation. After 60 min of reaction, the Au/SBA-15-CeO2 catalysts (Ce/Si = 0.2) showed the highest catalytic activity (100% lactose conversion) and 100% selectivity towards LBA, when used at the optimal operating reaction conditions described above. These results suggest that ceria plays a role in the enhancement of the catalytic activity, where the coordination and agglomeration states of Ce atoms could have an important effect. In general, the XPS study on the oxidation states of gold on the Au/MSM surfaces revealed the coexistence of metallic and oxidized Au species, whose relative abundance followed the order Au0 >>>Au+1 > Au+3. In the case of Au/SBA-15-CeO2 catalysts, the presence of both Ce3+ and Ce4+ oxidation states was also observed. Catalysts’ recycling experiments showed that the activity of Au/SBA-15 and Au/SBA-15-CeO2 was significantly reduced (40-65%) after consecutive oxidation reaction cycles, when washing with water was used as regeneration process. On the contrary, these catalytic samples conserved their catalytic activity when calcination was used as regeneration method, indicating that one of the causes of deactivation of Au/MSM might be the strong adsorption of organic species on the catalyst surface. Moreover, significant amounts of Au were found in the solution after consecutive reaction cycles, demonstrating that the leaching of the active phase into the reaction solution is another important cause of the catalyst’ deactivation. Experimental data showed that both BMED and ion exchange technology might be used for producing LBA from its sodium salt. However, taking into account that it is the first time that BMED is used for this application, this process still needs further improvement for industrial applications, since a demineralization rate of 50% was achieved after applying a voltage difference of 5.0-5.5 V during 100-180 min to a three-compartment electrodialysis stack, while a complete sodium removal was achieved after 10-30 min when using a commercial strong cation exchange resin (AmberliteTM FPC23 H).
Traore, Modibo. "Impacts nutritionnels et métaboliques du jeûne du mois de ramadan chez des maliens diabétiques de type 2." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29699/29699.pdf.
Full textEmond, Catherine. "Réhabilitation de tourbières industrielles contaminées par l'eau salée : végétation de marais salés et amendements." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30402/30402.pdf.
Full textCoastal cutover bogs are prone to sea water contamination. It keeps them unvegetated because of salinity, acidity, high water table level and low nutrients availability. We want to encourage plant colonization of those bogs using salt marsh vegetation and amendments. A field experiment aimed to examine whether rock phosphate (P2O5) and dolomitic lime (CaO.MgO) improve growth of (1) Carex paleacea, (2) Spartina pectinata transplants, (3) salt marsh diaspores transfer of different maturity - July, (4) August and (5) a bare peat control. A greenhouse experiment tested the lime dose needed by C. paleacea and S. pectinata. Results showed that P improved growth of all plant treatments because of P deficiency in bogs, while C. paleacea resulted in greater vegetation cover and aerial biomass, and diaspores transfer in higher diversity. Lime failed to improve vegetation growth. Rehabilitation should be done using P, salt marsh diaspores transfer and C. paleacea transplantation.
Ngom, Mame Cheikh Ibra. "LE PRIX DE RÉFÉRENCE AMÉRICAIN ( URNER-BARRY ) EST-IL REPRÉSENTATIF: Impact sur les oeufs décoquillés au Canada ?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29469/29469.pdf.
Full textCanadian producer’s policy towards processors regarding pricing is based on the Urner-Barry (UB) price, which is supposed to reflect market conditions in the U.S. egg sector. The objective of this policy was to ensure the competitiveness of Canadian egg processing industry. The price gap between domestic and UB price was and still is indirectly paid by consumers through a producer levy that enters the cost of production calculation. Since this agreement, the egg industry has been growing faster than expected and a consumption pattern has affected demand structure while Canadian pricing system remains unchanged. The pricing of eggs for processing has become more of an issue for two main reasons. Firstly, the HRI network has gradually gained importance currently they account for nearly 30% of national egg consumption. Secondly, At a U.S. level, production has experienced structural changes, resulting in a greater concentration, vertical integration and specialization. This tends to be maintained otherwise increase the magnitude of the compensation paid by consumers. The objective of this study is to assess the representativeness of the Urner-Barry price based on the methodology developed by Maynard and to apply it to breaking eggs for the period 2005-2010. This led us to verify possible complementarities between UB and ECI and finally, to discuss options that the Canadian egg value chain could consider in breaking eggs price. Results show that the price index used is representative even if there is a complementary relationship between the different pricing mechanisms in the United States. However, to maintain the growth of the process egg industry, we should take into account consumer demand and the marketing of eggs should still be based on US reference price.
Moisan-De, Serres Joseph. "Influence du paysage de bleuetières sur les communautés de pollinisateurs indigènes du Lac-St-Jean et évaluation du potentiel de pollinisation des pollinisateurs du bleuet nain." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29330/29330.pdf.
Full textPilote, Alexandre. "Impact de la moulée sur la performance et l'apparition de mauvais goût chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) élevée en système d'aquaculture en recirculation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29829/29829.pdf.
Full textPilon, Vanessa Joanne. "Dynamique à long terme des érablières à leur limite nordique de répartition au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30333/30333.pdf.
Full textVan, Sterthem Annie. "Influence des minis tunnels sur le développement et la productivité des fraisiers aphotopériodiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29704/29704.pdf.
Full textCagnone, Gael. "Impact du stress de la culture in vitro sur la survie et le transcriptome embryonnaire chez le bovin. « Entre adaptation et viabilité »." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29884/29884.pdf.
Full textFor 40 years, assisted reproductive technologies have given life to millions of offspring (human and others mammals), however numerous studies have reported lower gestational survival after embryo transfer and higher risk of perinatal syndromes. One reason for ART disappointment is the lower quality of produced embryos as a result of suboptimal condition of in vitro culture (IVC). In vitro environment induces stresses that affect viability and then gestational competence. To better understand the impact of ART on embryo quality in the bovine, transcriptomic analyses have detected differential expression in hundreds of genes in IVC embryos compared to theirs in vivo counterparts. However, how the differentially expressed genes translate into developmentally compromised embryos is unresolved. Here, we hypothesized that analyzing the gene expression specifically associated to increased stress conditions of in vitro culture could identify the transcriptomic signature associated with the compromised quality of ART-derived embryos. Therefore, our strategy used microarray technology to characterize transcriptomic markers expressed by bovine blastocysts cultured in conditions which are known to impair embryo development. Separate exposure to high glucose stress, oxidative stress and high lipid stress conditions were used to exaggerate the IVC impact on embryo viability in the bovine model. Results highlighted the progressive impact of energetic stress on the Warburg metabolism, a developmental process that allows pathological adaptation to mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, the analysis of embryonic response to oxidative stress showed the implication of inflammatory and fibrosis-like reaction to pro-oxidant exposure, and the association with embryonic quality. Finally, our last study showed the impact of serum and lipids on both metabolic and inflammatory response, complementing the identification of the developmental mechanisms underlying the stress response to sub-optimal IVC conditions. To conclude, we have characterized biomarkers of embryonic stress in the bovine, offering perspectives in the diagnostic of embryonic viability and the development of alternatives to ameliorate the culture conditions for early embryos.
Hatoum, Rima. "Levures laitières à activité antimicrobienne : une nouvelle génération de cultures protectrices et de probiotiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24261.
Full textThe overall objective of this thesis was to isolate and identify new yeast strains from Quebec dairy products with antagonistic activity against food-borne pathogens such as Listeria sp. It also aims to evaluate the potential of these strains to be used as a natural food biopreservation. A total of 95 isolates of yeasts isolated from milk and cheese of Quebec were screened. Four yeasts, in particular, namely Candida tropicalis LMA-693, Debaryomyces hansenii LMA-916, Pichia fermentans LMA-256, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus LMA-827 selected for their inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes. The inhibitory activity of these strains appears to be related to the production of an extracellular hydrophobic substances extracted from the culture supernatant. The evaluation of the inhibitory activity of these strains showed a strong inhibition against L. ivanovii HPB28 with microbial reduction of 97, 92, 84 and 78 %, respectively. Attempts to purify and characterize peptides produced by W. anomalus were conducted from the culture supernatant. Two protein HPLC peaks have demonstrated significant inhibition of L. ivanovii HPB28 were then identified and purified. In the second part of the thesis, the protective effect of D. hansenii LMA-916 and W. anomalus LMA-827 was analyzed as well as their acetone extracts concentrated against L. monocytogenes LMA-1045 in Camembert cheese model curd. Microbiological analyzes of different curds models showed significant inhibition of L. monocytogenes LMA-1045 in Camembert curd models containing the acetone extracts from the first day of ripening up to the fifth and ninth days. The electron microscopy observations revealed an extensive cell lysis, with the formation of pores. Finally, the survival of D. hansenii LMA-916 in a Camembert curd model under the gastrointestinal stress was studied using dynamic simulator in vitro gastrointestinal tract (TIM-1). The behavior of this strain showed a digestive stress tolerance and survival rate (number of CFU in the effluent from the TIM-1 / number of CFU input to the TIM-1 multiplied by 100) 2.08 % comparing with 1.85 % for Saccharomyces boulardii.
Grégoire, Caroline. "Caractérisation du mécanisme d'absorption du silicium par Equisetum arvense." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30060/30060.pdf.
Full textSilicon (Si) is an abundant element in the environment. Plants benefit greatly from Si absorption, which results in increased resistance to stresses. There appears to be a link between high Si absorption via specific transporters, and the beneficial effects linked to this element. Recently, two groups of Si influx and efflux transporter were identified in the roots of Si-accumulating higher plants. Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) is a primitive plant and one of the strongest Si accumulators in the plant kingdom. The main objective of this thesis was to identify and characterize horsetail Si transporters. By sequencing the horsetail root transcriptome, we identified a multigene family of aquaporin Si influx transporters: aquaporins of the subgroup NIP. Comparison of known functional domains and phylogenetic analysis of sequences revealed that the horsetail proteins belong to a different group than higher-plant Si transporters. The horsetail proteins contain a STAR pore as opposed to the GSGR pore common to all previously identified Si influx transporters. In order to determine its functionality, the proteins were heterologously expressed in both Xenopus oocytes and Arabidopsis, and the results showed high Si influx activity. We also identified in horsetail two homologues of Lsi2 Si efflux transporters that share low sequence identity with their higher plant homologues. In order to determine its functionality, one of the horsetail Lsi2 was heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes, confirming its Si efflux activity. Overall, high Si accumulation by horsetail may be linked to the number of Si influx and efflux transporter, but also to their high transport activity. These findings on horsetail Si transporters allow a comparison between primitive plants and agronomic species, to optimize the use of Si against stresses.
Desmarais, Amélie. "Contribution à l'étude du mécanisme de formation des monomères cycliques d'acides gras à partir d'acides gras oméga-3 et leur métabolomique chez le rat." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29984/29984.pdf.
Full textCouture, Steven. "L'évaluation des connaissances en nutrition des entraineurs et des pratiques alimentaires recommandées à leurs athlètes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29990/29990.pdf.
Full textThe objectives of this study were to evaluate high school coaches’ knowledge in sports nutrition and the nutrition practices they recommend to their athletes. Forty-seven high school coaches in “leanness” and “non-leanness” sports from the greater region of Quebec completed a questionnaire on nutritional knowledge and practices. Participants obtained a total mean score of 68.4 % for the nutrition knowledge part of the questionnaire. No significant difference in nutrition knowledge was observed between coaches from “leanness” and “non-leanness” sports. Gender, number of year of experience, level of coaching did not influence nutrition knowledge in coaches whereas education level and specific coaching certification significantly and positively influence coaches’ nutrition knowledge. The most popular nutrition practices that coaches recommended to improve athlete performance were hydration and consumption of protein-rich foods. Overall, findings from this study indicate that coaches need sports nutrition education and specific training that will give them the knowledge to properly advise their athletes.
Dioum, Abdou. "Élimination des ions nitrate en solution aqueuse par adsorption sur un organosilicate mésoporeux de type SBA-15." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29710/29710.pdf.
Full textFortin, Gabrielle. "Une technologie de génotypage par séquençage (GBS) au service de la sélection de lignées de pommes de terre résistantes au nématode doré (globodera rostochiensis)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30310/30310.pdf.
Full textFournier-Gosselin, Guillaume. "Étude du procédé d'évaporation des extraits de canneberge et bleuet sur la base des rendements énergétiques et de leur qualité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29847/29847.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this project is to optimize the evaporation of small fruit liquid extracts, a crucial step in the transformation process of nutraceutical extract production in order to increase its energetic efficiency while keeping a good product quality. The impact of temperature (55, 65 and 75°C) was studied over 3 main parameters; the energetic consumption, the vaporization rate and the extract quality. Its consumption was calculated based on measurements made on the state of the system and on the product. The vaporization rates were measured with level differentials on retention tanks and the product quality evaluation was based on the Folin-Ciocalteu method. For the energetic consumption, they increase from 0.358 to 0.373 kWh/l when passing from 55 to 75 °C. For the vaporization rates, they increase from 462 l/h to 902 l/h when passing from 55 to 75 °C. As for the quality, none of the extracts presents signs of deterioration.
Bastien, Maxime. "Étude de la résistance à la sclérotiniose chez le soya." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30341/30341.pdf.
Full textSclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most important soybean diseases in Eastern Canada. Using resistant varieties is the most efficient and economic way to repress this disease. However disease pressure in the field fluctuates considerably from year to year according to climatic conditions, thus impeding the identification of resistant material. We developed a reliable and reproducible artificial inoculation method to assess resistance in the greenhouse and in the field. Named the «cotton pad method», it relies upon applying a piece of cotton pad soaked in a mycelial suspension on a floral bud and to measure the ensuing lesion length one week after inoculation. This quick and easy method provides disease ratings similar to the reference method used in Québec and is able to distinguish true resistance from disease avoidance mechanisms. We then used the cotton pad method to evaluate the degree of resistance in a panel of 130 soybean lines representing the genetic diversity present in this species in Quebec. In parallel, we developed a high-throughput genotyping by sequencing method for soybean and used it to genotype the collection. Sequencing provided 266.7 million distinct sequences, which yielded 7,864 SNPs on the 20 soybean chromosomes after several filtering steps. Association mapping performed between the genotype of the lines and their resistance level revealed the presence of four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with SSR resistance. The strongest association was validated in a biparental population generated from a cross between two parents contrasted at this locus. Furthermore, none of the most resistant lines developed so far carries all of the resistance alleles, which suggests that it is possible to develop lines presenting increased SSR resistance. These results are promising for marker assisted or genomic selection.