Journal articles: 'S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus'

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Mani, Rinosh J., Anil J. Thachil, and Akhilesh Ramachandran. "Discrimination of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29, no. 5 (May 2, 2017): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717702687.

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Accurate and timely identification of infectious etiologies is of great significance in veterinary microbiology, especially for critical diseases such as strangles, a highly contagious disease of horses caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. We evaluated a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) platform for use in species- and subspecies-level identification of S. equi isolates from horses and compared it with an automated biochemical system. We used 25 clinical isolates each of S. equi subsp. equi and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Using the MALDI-TOF MS platform, it was possible to correctly identify all 50 isolates to the species level. Unique mass peaks were identified in the bacterial peptide mass spectra generated by MALDI-TOF MS, which can be used for accurate subspecies-level identification of S. equi. Mass peaks (mass/charge, m/ z) 6,751.9 ± 1.4 (mean ± standard deviation) and 5,958.1 ± 1.3 were found to be unique to S. equi subsp. equi and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, respectively. The automated biochemical system correctly identified 47 of 50 of the isolates to the species level as S. equi, whereas at the subspecies level, 24 of 25 S. equi subsp. equi isolates and 22 of 25 S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates were correctly identified. Our results indicate that MALDI-TOF MS can be used for accurate species- and subspecies-level identification of S. equi.

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Priestnall, Simon L., Kerstin Erles, Harriet W. Brooks, Jacqueline M. Cardwell, Andrew S. Waller, Romain Paillot, Carl Robinson, Alistair C. Darby, Matthew T. G. Holden, and Sandra Schöniger. "Characterization of Pneumonia Due to Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in Dogs." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 11 (September 22, 2010): 1790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00188-10.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus has been linked to cases of acute fatal pneumonia in dogs in several countries. Outbreaks can occur in kenneled dog populations and result in significant levels of morbidity and mortality. This highly contagious disease is characterized by the sudden onset of clinical signs, including pyrexia, dyspnea, and hemorrhagic nasal discharge. The pathogenesis of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in dogs is poorly understood. This study systematically characterized the histopathological changes in the lungs of 39 dogs from a large rehoming shelter in London, United Kingdom; the dogs were infected with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. An objective scoring system demonstrated that S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus caused pneumonia in 26/39 (66.7%) dogs, and most of these dogs (17/26 [65.4%]) were classified as severe fibrino-suppurative, necrotizing, and hemorrhagic. Three recently described superantigen genes (szeF, szeN, and szeP) were detected by PCR in 17/47 (36.2%) of the S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates; however, there was no association between the presence of these genes and the histopathological score. The lungs of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus-infected dogs with severe respiratory signs and lung pathology did however have significantly higher mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) than in uninfected controls, suggesting a role for an exuberant host immune response in the pathogenesis of this disease.

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Paillot, Romain, Alistair C. Darby, Carl Robinson, Nicola L. Wright, Karen F. Steward, Emma Anderson, Katy Webb, et al. "Identification of Three Novel Superantigen-Encoding Genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, szeF, szeN, and szeP." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 11 (August 16, 2010): 4817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00751-10.

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ABSTRACT The acquisition of superantigen-encoding genes by Streptococcus pyogenes has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in humans, and the gain of four superantigens by Streptococcus equi is linked to the evolution of this host-restricted pathogen from an ancestral strain of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. A recent study determined that the culture supernatants of several S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains possessed mitogenic activity but lacked known superantigen-encoding genes. Here, we report the identification and activities of three novel superantigen-encoding genes. The products of szeF, szeN, and szeP share 59%, 49%, and 34% amino acid sequence identity with SPEH, SPEM, and SPEL, respectively. Recombinant SzeF, SzeN, and SzeP stimulated the proliferation of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, in vitro. Although none of these superantigen genes were encoded within functional prophage elements, szeN and szeP were located next to a prophage remnant, suggesting that they were acquired by horizontal transfer. Eighty-one of 165 diverse S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains screened, including 7 out of 15 isolates from cases of disease in humans, contained at least one of these new superantigen-encoding genes. The presence of szeN or szeP, but not szeF, was significantly associated with mitogenic activity in the S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus population (P < 0.000001, P < 0.000001, and P = 0.104, respectively). We conclude that horizontal transfer of these novel superantigens from and within the diverse S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus population is likely to have implications for veterinary and human disease.

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Hong, Kyongsu. "Characterization of the arginine deiminase ofStreptococcus equisubsp.zooepidemicus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 868–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-041.

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Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is an important cause of infectious diseases in horses and rarely humans. Little is known about the virulence factors or protective antigens of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. In the present study, I designed original primers based on an alignment of the gene sagp(arcA) from Streptococcus pyogenes encoding streptococcal acid glycoprotein – arginine deiminase (SAGP/AD) to amplify the S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus counterpart sequence by polymerase chain reaction, and I analyzed the sagp(arcA) gene of the organism. Using chromosomal walking steps, I identified a contiguous eight-gene locus involved in SAGP/AD production. Their open reading frames were found to share significant homologies and to correspond closely in molecular mass to previously sequenced arc genes of S. pyogenes, thus they were designated ahrC.2 (arginine repressor), arcR (CRP/FNR transcription regulator), sagp(arcA) (streptococcal acid glycoprotein – arginine deiminase), putative acetyltransferase gene, arcB (ornithine carbamyl transferase), arcD (arginine–ornithine antiporter), arcT (Xaa-His peptidase), and arcC (carbamate kinase). The SAGP homologue of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SzSAGP), encoded by arcA gene of the bacteria (arcA(SZ)), was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. When in vitro growth inhibitory activity of the recombinant SzSAGP was tested against MOLT-3 cells, it inhibited the growth of the cells during the 3 days of culture in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by the induction of apoptotic cell death. The recombinant protein also possessed AD activity. By immunoblot analysis using both anti-SzSAGP-SfbI(H8) and anti-SfbI(H8) sera, I was able to demonstrate that the SzSAGP protein is expressed on the streptococcal surface.Key words: SAGP, arginine deiminase, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus.

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Erol, Erdal, Stephan J. Locke, Judy K. Donahoe, Mary A. Mackin, and Craig N. Carter. "Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. from horses." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, no. 1 (January 2012): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638711434138.

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The goal of this retrospective study was to have a comprehensive picture of the β-hemolytic streptococci of horses including tissue/organ distributions and susceptibility patterns against specific antimicrobials between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010. A total of 2,497 β-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 2,391 cases, of which Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was the most frequent isolate (72.0%). Other species isolated were Streptococcus dysgalactia subsp. equisimilis (21.3%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (5.8%), and unidentified β-hemolytic streptococci (0.9%). As expected, S. equi was mostly isolated from lymph node abscesses and the respiratory tract in foals and adult horses. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and S. equisimilis were mostly isolated from placenta, fetal tissues, and genital tract of horses; S. zooepidemicus and S. equisimilis were also recovered in significant numbers from a number of other organs including lung, liver, brain, kidney, and joints, indicating a much broader tissue tropism than S. equi. In addition, more than 1 Streptococcus spp. was recovered in 106 cases, indicating the co-existence of these bacteria in some horses. This data also suggested that S. equisimilis is a major bacterial agent of horses, contrary to present knowledge. Based on Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial susceptibility data, streptococci were found to be generally susceptible to cephalothin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, and ticarcillin and clavulanate. Resistance to antimicrobials has not developed over the years, except for gentamicin and tetracycline against S. equisimilis.

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Mahmood, S. H. "Molecular Identification of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in Horses." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 38, no. 2 (December 28, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v38i2.215.

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The objective of this study to evaluate the existence of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi as probable agents of naturally occurring infection of the equine upper respiratory disease from the Equestrian club in Baghdad city. Nasal swabs and pus samples from 141 horses with upper respiratory tract infections were collected. Results indicated that different microorganisms were isolated and identified S. equi subsp equi (30 isolates), S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (14 isolates), S. equisimilus (9 isolates), Enterococcus. fecalis (17 isolates), Pasteurella spp. (29 isolates), Staphylococcus spp. (25 isolates), Bacillus spp. (24 isolates), Pseudomonas spp.(16 isolates), and E. coli (21 isolates). All 30 isolates of S. equi was characterized by biochemical tests. For molecular identification of the subspecies S. equi one genomic region SeM was amplified.

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Lannergård, Jonas, Margareta Flock, Staffan Johansson, Jan-Ingmar Flock, and Bengt Guss. "Studies of Fibronectin-Binding Proteins of Streptococcus equi." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 11 (November 2005): 7243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.11.7243-7251.2005.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of strangles, a disease of the upper respiratory tract in horses. The initiation of S. equi subsp. equi infection is likely to involve cell surface-anchored molecules mediating bacterial adhesion to the epithelium of the host. The present study describes the cloning and characterization of FNEB, a fibronectin-binding protein with cell wall-anchoring motifs. FNEB can thus be predicted as cell surface located, contrary to the two previously characterized fibronectin-binding proteins in S. equi subsp. equi, FNE and SFS. Assays of antibody titers in horses and in experimentally infected mice indicate that the protein is immunogenic and expressed in vivo during S. equi subsp. equi infection. Using Western ligand blotting, it was shown that FNEB binds to the N-terminal 29-kDa fragment of fibronectin, while SFS and FNE both bind to the adjacent 40-kDa fragment. S. equi subsp. equi is known to bind fibronectin to a much lower degree than the closely related S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, but the binding is primarily directed to the 29-kDa fragment. Inhibition studies using S. equi subsp. equi cells indicate that FNEB mediates cellular binding to fibronectin in this species.

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Fernández, Elena, Verena Blume, Patricia Garrido, Matthew D. Collins, Ana Mateos, Lucas Domínguez, and José F. Fernández-Garayzábal. "Streptococcus equi subsp. ruminatorum subsp. nov., isolated from mastitis in small ruminants." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 2291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63145-0.

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Six isolates of an unknown Gram-positive, catalase-negative, chain-forming, coccus-shaped organism isolated from ovine and caprine mastitis were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. On the basis of cellular morphology and the results of biochemical tests, the organism was tentatively identified as a streptococcal species. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies confirmed that the organism is a member of the genus Streptococcus, with Streptococcus equi as its closest phylogenetic relative (98·8 % similarity). DNA–DNA pairing studies showed that the unidentified organism displayed more than 70 % relatedness to the type strains of S. equi subsp. equi and subsp. zooepidemicus. Despite the relatively high DNA–DNA reassociation values, biotyping and ribotyping allowed clear differentiation of the unknown bacterium from the two recognized subspecies of S. equi. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular genetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown Streptococcus isolates from ovine and caprine mastitis be classified as a novel subspecies, Streptococcus equi subsp. ruminatorum subsp. nov. The type strain is CECT 5772T (=CCUG 47520T=Mt 167T).

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Høyer-Nielsen, Anne Kirstine, Shahin Gaini, Anne Kjerulf, Rudi Kollslíð, Torkil Á. Steig, Marc Stegger, and Jan Jóanesarson. "Sepsis, Endocarditis, and Purulent Arthritis due to a Rare Zoonotic Infection with Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2018 (June 14, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3265701.

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Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is mostly known as an opportunistic pathogen found in horses and as a rare human zoonosis. An 82-year-old male, who had daily contact with horses, was admitted in a septic condition. The patient presented with dyspnea, hemoptysis, impaired general condition, and severe pain in a swollen left shoulder. Synovial fluid from the affected joint and blood cultures showed growth of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a vegetation on the aortic valve consistent with endocarditis. Arthroscopic revision revealed synovitis and erosion of the rotator cuff. Technetium-99m scintigraphy showed intense increased activity in the left shoulder, suspicious of osteitis. The infection was treated with intravenous antibiotics over a period of five weeks, followed by oral antibiotics for another two months. The patient recovered without permanent sequelae.

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Meehan, Mary, Fiona M. Burke, Susan Macken, and Peter Owen. "Characterization of the haem-uptake system of the equine pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. equi." Microbiology 156, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1824–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.036087-0.

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Streptococcus equi possesses a haem-uptake system homologous to that of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The system consists of two ligand-binding proteins (Shr and Shp) and proteins (HtsA–C) with homology to an ABC transporter. The haem-uptake system of S. equi differs from that of S. pyogenes and S. zooepidemicus in that Shr is truncated by two-thirds. This study focused on the SeShr, SeShp and SeHtsA proteins of S. equi. Analysis of shr, shp and shphtsA knockout mutants showed that all three proteins were expressed in vitro and that expression was upregulated under conditions of iron limitation. SeShr possesses no membrane-/cell wall-spanning sequences and was shown to be secreted. Both SeShp and SeHtsA were confirmed to be envelope-associated. Recombinant SeShp and SeHtsA proteins have been previously shown to bind haem and SeHtsA could capture haem from SeShp. This report extends these studies and shows that both SeShp and SeHtsA can sequester haem from haemoglobin but not from haemoglobin–haptoglobin complexes. Like full-length Shr, SeShr possesses haemoglobin and haemoglobin–haptoglobin binding ability but unlike full-length Shr, it lacks haem- or fibronectin-binding capabilities. Analysis of SeShr truncates showed that residues within and upstream of the near transporter (NEAT) domain are required for this ligand binding. Structural predictions suggest that truncation of NEAT1 in SeShr accounts for its impaired ability to bind haem. Haem and haemoglobin restored to almost normal the impaired growth rates of wild-type S. equi cultured under iron-limiting conditions. However, no difference in the growth rates of wild-type and mutants could be detected under the in vitro growth conditions tested.

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Feary, Darien J., Doreene Hyatt, Josie Traub-Dargatz, Susan Roach, Robert L. Jones, Ching Ching Wu, and Paul S. Morley. "Investigation of Falsely Reported Resistance of Streptococcus Equi Subsp. Zooepidemicus Isolates from Horses to Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 5 (September 2005): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700515.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the perceived increase in resistance of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus ( S. zooepidemicus) isolated from the lower respiratory tract of horses to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (SXT). The recorded SXT-susceptibility results of 50 S. zooepidemicus isolates from the tracheal wash fluid of equine patients examined at Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital from each of 2 time periods (1987–1990 and 1997–2001) were compared and statistically analyzed using a cross-sectional study design. There was a statistically significant difference between the documented resistance of S. zooepidemicus isolated in the 1987–1990 time period (8%), using quantitative microbroth dilution, and the resistance reported for isolates from the 1997–2001 time period (42%), using Kirby–Bauer agar disk diffusion. Laboratory investigation revealed inadequate quality control of media and subsequent falsely reported resistance of S. zooepidemicus from 1997 to 2001 time period. This study demonstrates how minor deviations from prescribed laboratory-testing guidelines can have a major effect on antimicrobial susceptibility test results. The study also underscores the need for regular surveillance and monitoring of trends in antimicrobial susceptibility to detect and correct such problems. In addition, epidemiologists and others collecting data from laboratories should be cautioned to interact with the laboratory regarding interpretation of results of various testing methods to ensure accurate analysis and conclusions.

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Sitthicharoenchai, Panchan, Rachel Derscheid, Kent Schwartz, Nubia Macedo, Orhan Sahin, Xuhua Chen, Ganwu Li, Rodger Main, and Eric Burrough. "Cases of high mortality in cull sows and feeder pigs associated with Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus septicemia." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 4 (June 12, 2020): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720927669.

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Investigations of 2 cases of high mortality in cull sows and feeder pigs from a buying station in Ohio and cull sows at an abattoir in Tennessee were conducted at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The animals were presented as weak, lethargic, and some with high fever. Rapidly escalating mortality was reported to be as high as 30–50% within groups at the buying station over 8–10 d, and 30–40% over 5–7 d at the abattoir. Splenomegaly and red lymph nodes were the most consistent macroscopic findings, with scant fibrinous polyserositis observed in one sow. The microscopic lesions of vasculitis, fibrin thrombi, fibrinosuppurative polyserositis, and intralesional bacteria were consistent with acute bacterial septicemia. Bacterial culture isolated Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus ( S. zooepidemicus) from multiple organs, including spleen, lung, and kidney. PCR tests were negative for African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus 2, and Salmonella spp. Porcine circovirus 3 was inconsistently detected at low levels by PCR, with a lack of associated lesions. Next-generation sequencing identified S. zooepidemicus and porcine partetravirus in the serum sample of the feeder pig from the buying station. Phylogenetic analysis of the szP gene indicated that the S. zooepidemicus isolates from Ohio and Tennessee are in genotype VI. We conclude that the cause of these high mortality events in swine was S. zooepidemicus septicemia.

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Bustos, C. P., M. J. Marfil, N. S. Lanza, and N. Guida. "Estudio de la capacidad productora de biofilm en Streptococcus equi subsp. equi." Revista Veterinaria 28, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/vet.2811289.

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Luego de adherirse, las bacterias pueden desarrollarse en forma de biofilm, es decir, una comunidad de células bacterianas adheridas y envueltas en una matriz extracelular producida por ellas mismas. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) es una bacteria adaptada al equino que produce la adenitis equina y que puede permanecer en nasofaringe y bolsas guturales de animales recuperados que actúan como portadores y fuentes de infección. Diversos investigadores han propuesto la producción de biofilm bacteriano como modelo de infecciones crónicas y de portadores asintomáticos en seres humanos y animales. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad productora de biofilm de S. equi. Se trabajó con 84 aislamientos de S. equi utilizando el método colorimétrico de la microplaca y el del portaobjeto, observando microscópicamente la presencia de polisacárido extracelular (PSE) y la formación de aglomerados celulares. En el método colorimétrico, se obtuvieron valores homogéneos a las 18 h de incubación, sin encontrarse diferencias con los distintos medios testeados (p>0,05). La mayor producción fue a las 36 h de incubación, alcanzándose los valores más altos en presencia de plasma equino (p<0,05). El 66% de los aislamientos presentó PSE, sin observarse diferencias entre los aislamientos de enfermos y de portadores. Se encontró asociación entre la formación de aglomerados celulares y producción de PSE (p<0,05). Se logró demostrar por primera vez la capacidad de S. equi para producir biofilm, observándose la formación de una sustancia compatible con el PSE que podría favorecer la permanencia de la bacteria en los caballos portadores. Además, algún componente plasmático del equino sería estimulante de la formación de biofilm como se ha observado en Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Se propone profundizar en el estudio del biofilm para contribuir al conocimiento del comportamiento de S. equi en los portadores.

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Kirinus, J. K., L. Pötter, L. T. Gressler, F. L. L. Leite, and A. P. C. Vargas. "Perfil fenotípico e susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de Streptococcus equi isolados de equinos da região Sul do Brasil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31, no. 3 (March 2011): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2011000300008.

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As características fenotípicas [morfológicas, bioquímicas, susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA), concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) da benzilpenicilina] de 38 isolados de Streptococcus equi oriundos de amostras clínicas de animais com adenite equina foram alvo deste estudo. A fenotipia demonstrou três padrões de colônias, três biotipos de fermentação de carboidratos e variação de 0 a 0,4 no IRMA. Todos os isolados de S. equi demonstraram sensibilidade à penicilina, tanto pelo método de disco difusão quanto pelo método de microdiluição. A CIM e CBM média de benzilpenicilina foi de 0,0095μg/mL e 0,0267μg/mL para S. equi subesp. equi e de 0,0128μg/mL e 0,0380μg/mL para S. equi subesp. zooepidemicus. Os valores de CIM e CBM diferiram entre as subespécies (p<0,05). O diâmetro do halo de inibição de penicilina demonstrou relação com a CIM (ì=0,03638 - 0,00072x) para S. equi subesp. equi. Também foi demonstrada relação entre o diâmetro do halo de inibição de penicilina com a CBM para S. equi subesp. equi (ì=0,10931- 0,00223x). Entretanto para as amostras de S. equi subesp. zooepidemicus esta relação somente foi verificada para a CBM (ì=0,1322 - 0,00271x). A CIM de benzilpenicilina frente às amostras isoladas da região Central, Planalto e Sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram estatisticamente semelhantes, mas diferiram do isolado do estado do Paraná, sugerindo o caráter atípico desta cepa. Todos os isolados de S. equi são sensíveis à penicilina e sulfazotrim, confirmando a eleição destes antimicrobianos para o tratamento das infecções por este agente na clínica veterinária. Os resultados obtidos não dispensam a utilização prudente dos antimicrobianos.

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Hoopes, J. Todd, Caren J. Stark, Han Ah Kim, Daniel J. Sussman, David M. Donovan, and Daniel C. Nelson. "Use of a Bacteriophage Lysin, PlyC, as an Enzyme Disinfectant against Streptococcus equi." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 5 (January 9, 2009): 1388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02195-08.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus equi is the causative agent of the purulent infection equine strangles. This disease is transmitted through shedding of live bacteria from nasal secretions and abscess drainage or by contact with surfaces contaminated by the bacteria. Disinfectants are effective against S. equi, but inactivation by environmental factors, damage to equipment, and toxicity are of great concern. Bacteriophage-encoded lysins (cell wall hydrolases) have been investigated as therapeutic agents due to their ability to lyse susceptible gram-positive organisms. Here, we investigate the use of one lysin, PlyC, as a narrow-spectrum disinfectant against S. equi. This enzyme was active against >20 clinical isolates of S. equi, including both S. equi subsp. equi and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Significantly, PlyC was 1,000 times more active on a per weight basis than Virkon-S, a common disinfecting agent, with 1 μg of enzyme able to sterilize a 108 CFU/ml culture of S. equi in 30 min. PlyC was subjected to a standard battery of tests including the Use Dilution Method for Testing Disinfectants and the Germicidal Spray Products Test. Results indicate that aerosolized PlyC can eradicate or significantly reduce the S. equi load on a variety of materials found on common stable and horse-related equipment. Additionally, PlyC was shown to retain full activity under conditions that mimic a horse stable, i.e., in the presence of nonionic detergents, hard water, or organic materials. We propose PlyC as the first protein-based, narrow-spectrum disinfectant against S. equi, which may augment or supplement the use of broad-spectrum disinfectants in barns and stables where equine strangles is prevalent.

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Pansani, Augusto Marsola, Igor Renan Honorato Gatto, Danila Fernanda Rodrigues Frias, and Dora Inés Kozusny-Andreani. "PREVALÊNCIA E RESISTÊNCIA A ANTIBIÓTICOS DE (Streptococcus equi) DA CAVIDADE NASAL DE EQUINOS HÍGIDOS NO MUNICÍPIO DE FERNANDOPÓLIS, SÃO PAULO, BRASIL." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 10, no. 2 (April 22, 2016): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2016.10.2.5542.

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A adenite equina, popularmente chamada de garrotilho, é uma enfermidade contagiosa, causada pela bactéria Streptococcus equi. A enfermidade é conhecida por ter alta morbidade e baixa letalidade e seus prejuízos econômicos devem-se à perda de performance e alto custo do tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença e o perfil de resistência a antibióticos de Streptococcus equi da cavidade nasal de equinos hígidos da região de Fernandópolis – SP. Foram utilizados 50 equinos hígidos sem raça definida e com idade entre 12 a 24 meses. De cada animal foram colhidas amostras de exsudato da cavidade nasal por meio de swabs esterilizados e em seguida colocados em tubos contendo ágar base acrescido com 5% de sangue ovino desfibrinado. Os isolados que apresentaram colônias mucosas e β-hemolíticas foram analisados pela coloração de Gram, submetidos ao teste da catalase, e identificados pelo sistema API Rapid ID 32 Strep. Todos os isolados foram avaliados em difusão em placa. Foram isolados sessenta e sete amostras de Streptococcus equi, das subespécies equi e zooepidemicus. Verificou-se prevalência maior de S. equi subesp zooepidemicus (p < 0,001). A maioria dos isolados de S. equi subespécies equi foram mutirresistentes, havendo diferenças significativas entre os diferentes antibióticos (p < 0,005), enquanto que foi verificada maior susceptibilidade nos isolados S. equi subespécies zooepidemicus (p < 0,05). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que ambas as subespécies de Streptococcus equi fazem parte da microbiota normal da cavidade nasal de equinos, e que as mesmas diferem quanto a susceptibilidade aos antibióticos.

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Lindmark, Hans, and Bengt Guss. "SFS, a Novel Fibronectin-Binding Protein from Streptococcus equi, Inhibits the Binding between Fibronectin and Collagen." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.5.2383-2388.1999.

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ABSTRACT The obligate parasitic bacterium Streptococcus equisubsp. equi is the causative agent of strangles, a serious disease of the upper respiratory tract in horses. In this study we have, using shotgun phage display, cloned from S. equisubsp. equi and characterized a gene, calledsfs, encoding a protein termed SFS, representing a new type of fibronectin (Fn)-binding protein. The sfs gene was found to be present in all 50 isolates of S. equi subsp.equi tested and in 41 of 48 S. equi subsp.zooepidemicus isolates tested. The sfs gene is down-regulated during growth in vitro compared to fnz, a previously characterized gene encoding an Fn-binding protein fromS. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Sequence comparisons revealed no similarities to previously characterized Fn-binding proteins, but high scores were obtained against collagen. Besides similarity due to the high content of glycine, serine, and proline residues present in both proteins, there was a nine-residue motif present both in collagen and in the Fn-binding domain of SFS. By searching the Oklahoma S. pyogenes database, we found that this motif is also present in a potential cell surface protein fromS. pyogenes. Protein SFS was found to inhibit the binding between Fn and collagen in a concentration-dependent way.

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Poyart, Claire, Gilles Quesne, Stephane Coulon, Patrick Berche, and Patrick Trieu-Cuot. "Identification of Streptococci to Species Level by Sequencing the Gene Encoding the Manganese-Dependent Superoxide Dismutase." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 1 (1998): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.1.41-47.1998.

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We have used a PCR assay based on the use of degenerate primers in order to characterize an internal fragment (sodAint ) representing approximately 85% of the genes encoding the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase in various streptococcal type strains (S. acidominimus,S. agalactiae, S. alactolyticus, S. anginosus, S. bovis, S. constellatus,S. canis, S. cricetus, S. downei,S. dysgalactiae, S. equi subsp.equi, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus,S. equinus, S. gordonii, S. iniae,S. intermedius, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. parasanguis,S. pneumoniae, S. porcinus, S. pyogenes, S. salivarius, S. sanguis,S. sobrinus, S. suis, S. thermophilus, and S. vestibularis). Phylogenetic analysis of these sodAint fragments yields an evolutionary tree having a topology similar to that of the tree constructed with the 16S rRNA sequences. We have shown that clinical isolates could be identified by determining the positions of theirsodAint fragments on the phylogenetic tree of the sodAint fragments of the type species. We propose this method for the characterization of strains that cannot be assigned to a species on the basis of their conventional phenotypic reactions.

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Kasap, Sevim, Engin Kennerman, Huban Gocmen, Huseyin Cihan, and Mihriban Ulgen. "Results of cytological and microbiological examination using tracheal aspiration in race horses with lower respiratory tract disease." Acta Veterinaria Brno 87, no. 4 (2018): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201887040339.

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Respiratory tract disease is the second most common cause of poor performance in racehorses after musculoskeletal disease. Lower respiratory tract disorders (LRTD) are common in thoroughbred horses of all ages. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was any association between the microbiological and cytological examinations. Fifty horses ranging in age from 2 to 6 years were examined. Horses with only upper respiratory tract abnormalities identified by endoscopy (at rest) were eliminated from the study and horses with LRTD were used in this study. Tracheal aspirate specimens were collected for cytological and microbiological examinations. Thirty six horses had positive and 14 horses had negative cultivation. The isolated bacteria included β-haemolytic Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (38.8%), Escherichia coli (22.2%) and other bacteria that were isolated at rates ranging from 0.4 to 1.8%. Percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and mast cells were evaluated in the cytological examination. The percentages of neutrophils were significantly higher in the samples with isolated bacteria (35.75 ± 2.60%) compared to the samples from which bacteria were not isolated (16.79 ± 2.36%) (P < 0.001). This study shows that S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus could play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of LRTD. It also demonstrates the importance of evaluating the microbiological findings of the tracheal aspirate specimens from horses suffering from respiratory infections, in addition to performing a detailed clinical examination and other complementary tests that focus on the respiratory system, such as endoscopy and cytology of the tracheal aspiration.

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Nicholson, Mary Lou, LaReesa Ferdinand, Jacquelyn S. Sampson, Andrea Benin, Sharon Balter, Sergio Wyton Lima Pinto, Scott F. Dowell, Richard R. Facklam, George M. Carlone, and Bernard Beall. "Analysis of Immunoreactivity to aStreptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus M-Like Protein To Confirm an Outbreak of Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis, and Sequences of M-Like Proteins from Isolates Obtained from Different Host Species." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 11 (2000): 4126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.11.4126-4130.2000.

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The etiologic agent of a large 1998 outbreak of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSGN) in Nova Serrana, Brazil, was found likely to be a specific strain of Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus from contaminated cheese (S. Balter et al., Lancet 355:1776–1780, 2000). In the present study, we used a serologic screen for a known surface-exposed virulence factor to confirm the epidemiologic findings. Using primers flanking a previously characterized M-like protein gene (J. F. Timoney et al., Infect. Immun. 63:1440–1445, 1995), we amplified and sequenced the M-like protein (designated Szp5058) gene and found it to be identical among four independent acute-phase PSGN patient isolates. Convalescent-phase sera from 33 of 44 patients in the PSGN outbreak were found to contain antibodies highly reactive to a purified Szp5058 fusion protein, compared with 1 of 17 control sera (P < 0.0001), suggesting that Szp5058 was expressed during infection and further implicating this strain as the cause of the PSGN outbreak. The predicted signal sequence and cell wall association motif of Szp5058 were highly conserved with the corresponding sequence from S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus SzpW60, while the predicted surface-exposed portions differed markedly between these two proteins. The 5′ end of the szp5058 gene, including its variable region, was identical to the szp gene from another strain associated with a previous PSGN outbreak in England (M. Barham et al., Lancet i:945–948, 1983), and the corresponding szpsequence found from the Lancefield group C type strain isolated from a guinea pig. In addition, the hypervariable (HV) portion ofszp5058 was identical to a previously published HV sequence from a horse isolate (J. A. Walker and J. F. Timoney, Am. J. Vet. Res. 59:1129–1133, 1998). Three other strains ofS. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, including another strain previously associated with a PSGN outbreak, were each found to contain a distinct szp gene. Two of these szpgenes had HV regions identical to szp regions from isolates recovered from different host species.

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Ribas, L. M., M. C. Rosa, C. E. W. Nogueira, I. S. Finger, R. C. Cunha, and F. P. L. Leite. "“Cell ELISA” como ferramenta auxiliar no controle da adenite equina." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 1 (January 2018): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9637.

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RESUMO Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) como ferramenta auxiliar no controle da adenite equina. Foi avaliada a presença de anticorpos anti-Streptococcus equi subsp. equi em equinos com doença clínica de garrotilho, portadores assintomáticos e potros vacinados. Equinos doentes demonstraram absorbâncias médias superiores (P<0,05) às médias observadas nas demais categorias examinadas. Equinos portadores assintomáticos apresentaram valores médios de absorbância superiores (P<0,05) aos animais com cultura negativa. Logo após a vacinação, potros apresentaram elevação nos níveis de anticorpos, seguida de um decréscimo nos níveis 90 dias após a segunda vacinação. O “Cell ELISA” foi eficiente para a detecção de anticorpos em equinos expostos a antígenos de S. equi, diferenciando-se de infecções por S. zooepidemicus. O “Cell ELISA” mostrou-se uma alternativa clínica para o diagnóstico indireto da adenite equina, diferenciando-se, entre equinos assintomáticos, os potenciais portadores da infecção. Os resultados observados em potros vacinados confirmam o potencial de utilização desse teste como ferramenta em programas de vacinação contra garrotilho pelo monitoramento de rebanhos pós-vacinação. Esses resultados sugerem que o “Cell ELISA” é uma promissora ferramenta auxiliar no controle da adenite equina.

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Laus, F., A. R. Attili, M. Cerquetella, A. Spaterna, B. Tesei, and V. Cuteri. "Endoscopic findings, microbiological and cytological evaluation of tracheal aspirates in a population of Standardbred horses with poor performances." Veterinární Medicína 54, No. 9 (October 30, 2009): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2009-vetmed.

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Sixty-two Standardbred horses housed at the same racetrack, with history of reduced exercise tolerance, cough lasting for at least two weeks and/or prolonged recovery time were clinically examined. An endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx, larynx and trachea to the level of the carina was performed, amount of mucus in trachea was registered and samples of tracheal wash for cytological and microbiological examinations was collected. A strong statistical association between amount of mucus in trachea and neutrophils percentage in tracheal wash was found. Bacteria isolated included Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (14 horses), Streptococcus pneumoniae (four horses), S. mutans (four horses), S. equinus (four horses) and Burkholderia cepacia (10 horses). S. zooepidemicus and S. pneumoniae were associated with elevated amount of mucus and increased neutrophilic percentage. B. cepacia was associated with cytological evidence of haemosiderophages but its role in racehorses needs further investigations. Mycoplasma spp. and Pasteurella spp. have not been isolated, suggesting that, as for the other putative causes of inflammatory airway diseases, infection could have a regional distribution among horse populations. This study shows that various types of airway inflammations exist in the examined population and that S. zooepidemicus and S. pneumoniae could play an important role in etiopathogenesis of airway inflammation in some horses. Particulate matter, pro-inflammatory agents or noxious gases present in the stables or on the track matter, could be the cause of inflammation in non infected horses.

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Mélançon, D., and D. Grenier. "Production and Properties of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances from the Swine Pathogen Streptococcus suis Serotype 2." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 8 (August 2003): 4482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.8.4482-4488.2003.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major pathogen found in the upper respiratory tract of swine. In this study, isolates of this bacterial species were tested for the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS). Of the 38 strains tested, four inhibited the growth of other S. suis isolates according to a deferred-antagonism plate assay. Interestingly, three of the strains were originally isolated from healthy carrier pigs and were considered nonvirulent. Three isolates (94-623, 90-1330, and AAH4) that produced BLIS in liquid broth were selected for further characterization. None of the inhibitory activities was related to the production of either organic acids or hydrogen peroxide. The BLIS produced by these strains were heat stable and proteinase K, pronase, and elastase sensitive but were trypsin and chymotrypsin resistant. They were stable at pH 2 and 12 and had molecular masses in the range of 14 to 30 kDa. Maximum production was observed during the mid-log phase. Following a curing procedure with novobiocin, only 90-1330 lost the ability to produce BLIS, suggesting that the BLIS might be plasmid encoded. Analysis of the inhibitory spectra revealed that the BLIS-producing strains also inhibited the growth of Actinobacillus minor, Actinobacillus porcinus, Enterococcus durans, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, and S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. This study reports for the first time the ability of the swine pathogen S. suis serotype 2 to produce BLIS with the characteristics of classic bacteriocins. Further studies are required to investigate the possibility of using bacteriocin-producing strains to prevent swine infections caused by virulent strains of S. suis serotype 2.

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Choi, Seong-Kyoon, Chul-Song Park, and Gil-Jae Cho. "Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Isolated from Thoroughbred Horses Using Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) in Korea." Open Agriculture Journal 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501913010067.

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Background:Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) is a new global molecular typing method used for analyzing the DNA polymorphisms in bacteria. In this study, using MLST, we analyzed the sequence profiles ofStreptococcus (S.) zooepidemicusisolates from the Jeju and Jangsu provinces in South Korea.Objective:This study characterized the molecular epidemiology ofS. zooepidemicusinfection in Thoroughbred horses using MLST with an aim to control and prevent bacterial endometritis in mares.Methods:A total of 79S. zooepidemicusisolates were included in this study. Sequencing of the 7 loci for the MLST analysis was performed as described in the MLST website manual (http://pubmlst.org/szooepidemicus/) with some modifications. For each locus, every unique sequence was assigned a distinct allele number, and each Sequence Type (ST) was defined by a series of 7 integers (the allelic profile) corresponding to the alleles at the 7 loci (arcC,nrdE,proS,spi,tdk,tpi, andyqiL)using the MLST module in the Main Workbench.Results:Among the 79 isolates, 73 different MLST patterns were identified, each corresponding to 1-3 strains. The genetic relationships between the 79 isolates are presented in a dendrogram, and they diverged by up to 11% homology. At 11% homology, three MLST groups, M1, M2, and M3, were identified, and at 26% homology, five subgroups, L1-L5, were observed.We observed various MLST patterns in the strains isolated from Jeju and Jangsu. In addition, by estimating the epidemiological relationships among the strains isolated from Jangsu in 2007 and Jeju in 2009, which had similar MLST patterns, we determined that some strains from Jangsu may have been transported to Jeju.Conclusion:MLST can be used as a framework for determining the epidemiological relationships that form the genetic basis of host and infection site selection.

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Jovanović, M., G. Stevanović, T. Tošić, B. Stošović, and M. J. Zervos. "Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus meningitis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47487-0.

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A 72-year-old woman was hospitalized for Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus meningitis. The same organism was cultured from her two horses. She denied contact with horses, but had a practice of consuming unpasteurized milk from a cow. The cow was in the same stable as the horses, and the ill woman's son milked the cow.

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Villamil, Iago, Marta Serrano, and Elisabeth Prieto. "Endocarditis por Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus." Revista chilena de infectología 32, no. 2 (April 2015): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182015000300017.

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Мешев, Э. М., Црай Бесланович Кагермазов, and Л. Д. Тимченко. "Дифференциация β-гемолитических стрептококков, изолированных из половых органов и вымени крупного рогатого скота." Аграрная Россия, no. 4 (August 25, 2009): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2009-4-26-28.

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Исследовано, что на слизистых оболочках половых органов и в вымени крупного рогатого скота часто паразитируют представители нескольких видов β-гемолитических стрептококков: Str. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Str. anginosus, Str. equi subsp. equi, Str. canis, Str. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, Str. agalactiae, Str. pyogenes и др.

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Mori, Nicanor, Jose M. Guevara, Drake H. Tilley, Jesus A. Briceno, Joseph R. Zunt, and Silvia M. Montano. "Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus meningitis in Peru." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.050245-0.

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Lindmark, H., K. Jacobsson, L. Frykberg, and B. Guss. "Fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus." Infection and immunity 64, no. 10 (1996): 3993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.64.10.3993-3999.1996.

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Мешев, Э. М., Х. К. Амшоков, and А. А. Диданова. "Видовая принадлежность стрептококков серологической группы С, изолированных от лошадей кабардинской породы." Аграрная Россия, no. 9 (September 11, 2015): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2015-9-29-32.

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С использованием современных методик из патологического материала от лошадей с признаками различных заболеваний выделены стрептококки, обладающие гемолитической активностью. Из 15 исследованных культур стрептококков 4 выделены из проб носовых смывов лошадей с признаками респираторной инфекции, 3 — из половых органов кобыл, по 2 культуры — из гнойных ран у жеребцов, суставной жидкости жеребят с признаками септицемии и из молочной железы кобыл с признаками мастита. Одна культура была изолирована из пупочного канатика новорожденного жеребенка с признаками пупочного сепсиса. У выделенных культур установлена серогрупповая принадлежность, у стрептококков серологической группы С изучали в соответствии с существующими методиками: рост в среде с 6,5 % NaCl и 40 % желчи, устойчивость к 60°С в течение 30 мин, устойчивость к бацитрацину, пирролидонилариламидазную реакцию, САМР-тест, реакцию Фогес – Проскауэра, дезаминирование аргинина, гидролиз гиппурата, эскулина и крахмала, образование кислоты из сорбита, трегалозы и рибозы. Для установления видовой принадлежности выделенных культур использовали идентификационные ключи R. Facklam. Практически из всех видов патологического материала изолированы Str. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, реже — Str. equi subsp. equi. Обнаружить Str. equi subsp. equisimilis в исследованном патологическом материале нам не удалось. В двух случаях из патологического материала изолирован Str. dysgalactiae sub. dysgalactiae. Характерно, что Str. equi subsp. zooepidemicus и Str. equi subsp. equi вызывали более тяжело протекающие патологические состояния, тогда как Str. dysgalactiae sub. dysgalactiae вызывал заболевания, склонные к хроническому течению с менее выраженными поражениями тканей.

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Båverud, V., S. K. Johansson, and A. Aspan. "Real-time PCR for detection and differentiation of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus." Veterinary Microbiology 124, no. 3-4 (October 2007): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.020.

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Javed, R., A. K. Taku, Rakhi Gangil, and R. K. Sharma. "Molecular characterization of virulence genes of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in equines." Veterinary World 9, no. 8 (August 2016): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.875-881.

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Alber, J., A. El-Sayed, C. Lammler, A. A. Hassan, R. Weiss, and M. Zschock. "Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction for Identification and Differentiation of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi." Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 51, no. 10 (December 2004): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00799.x.

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Blum, Shlomo, Daniel Elad, Nonna Zukin, Inna Lysnyansky, Limor Weisblith, Shmuel Perl, Orly Netanel, and Dan David. "Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections in cats." Veterinary Microbiology 144, no. 1-2 (July 2010): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.040.

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Saleh, M., and V. Vialette. "Toxic shock syndrome related to Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus." Case Reports 2013, sep06 1 (September 6, 2013): bcr2013200566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-200566.

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Watson, Joshua R., Amy Leber, Sridhar Velineni, John F. Timoney, and Monica I. Ardura. "Recurrent Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Bacteremia in an Infant." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 9 (July 15, 2015): 3096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01306-15.

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We describe a case of an infant with recurrent bacteremia caused byStreptococcus equisubsp.zooepidemicus, likely transmitted from mother to infant. Our case highlights the importance of an epidemiological history and molecular diagnostics in ascertaining insights into transmission, pathogenesis, and optimal management.

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Etchecopaz, A. N., A. J. Muñoz, C. P. Bustos, G. Martinez, A. Perez, E. V. Moras, C. A. Iovannitti, and N. Guida. "Kinetic of biofilm formation by Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 39 (April 2016): S96—S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.207.

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AHMAD MIR, Irfan, Bablu KUMAR, Anil TAKU, Farah FARIDI, Mohd ALTAF BHAT, Naseer AHMAD BABA, and Tahir MAQBOOL. "Bacteriological and Molecular Detection of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in Equines of Northern India." Journal of Equine Science 24, no. 3 (2013): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1294/jes.24.53.

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CHANTER, N., N. COLLIN, N. HOLMES, M. BINNS, and J. MUMFORD. "Characterization of the Lancefield group C streptococcus 16S-23S RNA gene intergenic spacer and its potential for identification and sub-specific typing." Epidemiology and Infection 118, no. 2 (April 1997): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268896007285.

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The 16S-23S RNA gene intergenic spacers of isolates of Streptococcus equi (n=5), S. zooepidemicus (n=5), S. equisimilis (n=3) and S. dysgalactiae (n=2) were sequenced and compared. There were distinct regions within the spacer, arranged in the order 1–9 for all S. equi and one S. zooepidemicus isolate and 1,2 and 4–9 for the remaining isolates. Region 4 was identical to the tRNAala gene found in the 16S-23S intergenic spacers of other streptococci. Regions 1, 5, 6 and 7 had distinct variations, each conserved in different isolates. However, amongst the intergenic spacers there were different combinations of variant regions, suggesting a role for DNA recombination in their evolution. The intergenic spacer of all isolates of S. equi and one S. zooepidemicus isolate were almost identical. Primers derived from the variant sequences of regions 1 and 5 to 6 were used to group all S. zooepidemicus (n=17) and S. equi (n=5) into 1 of 8 types by polymerase chain reaction; three S. zooepidemicus isolates typed the same as S. equi. S. equi and S. zooepidemicus were clearly distinguishable from S. equisimilis and S. dysgalactiae which had shorter regions 5 and 6 and no region 7. Most homology for the group C sequences was found in previously published sequences for the 16S-23S intergenic spacers of S. anginosis, S. constellatus, S. intermedius, S. salivarius and S. agalactiae. A 75-90 nucleotide length shared with S. anginosus and S. intermedius in opposite orientations in the two main variants of region 6 supported the role for DNA recombination in the evolution of the spacer. The 16S-23S intergenic spacers indicate that S. zooepidemicus was the archetypal species for S. equi and that both are genetically more distant from S. equisimilis and S. dysgalactiae. The intergenic spacer can be used to identify specifically the group C. streptococci and as an epidemiological marker for S. zooepidemicus.

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MINCES, L. R., P. J. BROWN, and P. J. VELDKAMP. "Human meningitis from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus acquired as zoonoses." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 3 (May 24, 2010): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001184.

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SUMMARYStreptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus rarely causes meningitis in humans by contact with domestic animals or their unpasteurized products. In this paper we reviewed the literature pertaining to the epidemiological and clinical aspects relating to this infection on previously reported cases of human disease. Additionally, the case of a 51-year-old female who acquired meningitis with this organism after contact with a horse is described. This patient was successfully treated with ceftriaxone, yet penicillin remains the treatment of choice. This aetiological agent should be considered in the proper epidemiological context.

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Preziuso, Silvia, Martina Moriconi, and Vincenzo Cuteri. "Genetic diversity of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolated from horses." Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 65 (August 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.012.

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Held, Jürgen, Roland Schmitz, Mark van der Linden, Thomas Nührenberg, Georg Häcker, and Franz-Josef Neumann. "Purulent pericarditis and pneumonia caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.066290-0.

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Purulent pericarditis is a life-threatening disease that usually manifests following bacteraemia or through spreading from an intrathoracic focus. Only a few cases of this disease have been reported with Lancefield group C streptococci as aetiological agents, and the primary focus in these infections remains unknown. We report a case of purulent pericarditis with septic and cardiogenic shock, caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (group C) in a 51-year-old patient. The pathogen was possibly contracted through contact with horses. Most probably, it caused initially pneumonia before spreading to the pericardium, either directly or via the bloodstream. A combined therapeutic approach, consisting of antibiotic therapy and repeated pericardial drainage, was necessary to ensure a clinical cure. After discharge, long-term follow-up for development of constrictive pericarditis is considered mandatory.

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Alber, J., A. El-Sayed, S. Estoepangestie, C. Lämmler, and M. Zschöck. "Dissemination of the superantigen encoding genes seeL, seeM, szeL and szeM in Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus." Veterinary Microbiology 109, no. 1-2 (August 2005): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.05.001.

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Liu, Qiuying Selina, Brannon Raney, and Farzana Harji. "Impending rupture of mycotic aortic aneurysm infected with Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 8 (August 2020): e235002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-235002.

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Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus is a beta-haemolytic, group C streptococcal bacterium. Although it is an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in horses, transmission to human can lead to severe infections. Here, we present a patient with S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus bacteraemia and consequent development of mycotic aneurysms.

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Ma, Z., J. Geng, H. Zhang, H. Yu, L. Yi, M. Lei, C. p. Lu, H. j. Fan, and S. Hu. "Complete Genome Sequence of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Strain ATCC 35246." Journal of Bacteriology 193, no. 19 (September 13, 2011): 5583–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.05700-11.

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Krahulec, Ján, and Jana Krahulcová. "Characterization of the new β-glucuronidase from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 74, no. 5 (April 2007): 1016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0745-3.

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Ke, Chunlin, Deliang Qiao, Jianguang Luo, Zuomei Li, Yi Sun, Hong Ye, and Xiaoxiong Zeng. "Immunostimulatory activity and structure of polysaccharide from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 57 (June 2013): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.033.

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Siddique, Romana, and Hasan Hasnaeen Ahmed. "Isolation, Identification and Characterization of AZO Dye reactive Violet 5R Degrading Bacterial Strains from the Textile Sludge." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 41, no. 2 (January 29, 2018): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v41i2.35493.

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Three bacterial strains, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Brevibacillus centrosporus and Paenibacillus azoreducens, have been isolated from the sludge samples collected from Textile Industry, Bhaluka, Bangladesh, which have the abilities to degrade Reactive Violet 5R. The decolourization rate was different for the different concentrations of the same dye. Brevibacillus centrosporus displayed a decolorization rate of 94.55%, 90.79%, 91.17% when inoculated and incubated in an SM broth containing the azo dye reactive violet 5R at 1% (v/v), 3% (v/v) and 5% (v/v) concentrations respectively for a consecutive 5 days. Paenibacillus azoreducens showed a decolorization rate of 85.63%, 86.48%, 38.81% for the 1% (v/v), 3% (v/v), and 5% (v/v) of the azo dye reactive violet 5R respective concentrations. On the other hand Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus produced intriguing results where the decolorization rates were 67.78%, 21.69%, 40.10% for 1% (v/v), 3% (v/v) and 5% (v/v) respectively of the azo dye reactive violet 5R.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 2, 136-143, 2017

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Jannatabad, A. A., G. R. Mohammadi, M. Rad, and M. Maleki. "Molecular Identification of Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in Nasal Swabs Samples from Horses Suffering Respiratory Infections in Iran." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 15, 2008): 468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.468.471.

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Cvetojević, Đorđe, Oliver Radanović, Vesna Milićević, Nemanja Jezdimirović, and Branislav Kureljušić. "Polyarthritis in Goat-Kids Caused by Streptococcus Equi Subspecies Zooepidemicus." Acta Veterinaria 67, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2017-0035.

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AbstractInfectious arthritides in goats is mainly caused by mycoplasmas and Caprine Arthritis- Encephalitis virus (CAEV). Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a member of Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic streptococcus that commonly colonizes the mucous membranes of healthy equids which is also capable to induce different pathological conditions in many animal species. In this paper we described a case of polyarthritis in four Alpine goat-kids caused by S. zooepidemicus. Goat-kids originated from a farm where sheep, llamas, shepherd dogs, cows and horses were kept with goats. During the external examination of carcasses, crusts and discrete hyperemia were seen on the earlobes beneath the ear tag, as well as swollen joints. Necropsy findings included severe fibrinous polyarthritis in all four examined kids. Shoulder, knee and hip joints were affected. From all affected joints S. zooepidemicus was isolated. Neither Mycoplasma spp. nor CAEV genome were detected from the affected joints. Most likely the goatkids were infected with S. zooepidemicus through the lesions on earlobes which were made after the tagging. As a possible source of bacteria, we recognized the horses and dogs. Due to the lack of any signs of illness in other animal species on the farm, as well as negative pathomorphological findings in other organs, we assumed that the isolated strain is highly adapted to goat-kids. Our report is the first described case of polyarthritis in goat-kids caused by S. zooepidemicus.

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Journal articles on the topic 'S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus'

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