Academic literature on the topic 'S-parameter and specific absorption rate (SAR'
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Journal articles on the topic "S-parameter and specific absorption rate (SAR"
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Nurul, Inshirah Mohd Razali, Seman Norhudah, and Ilham Aliyaa Ishak Nur. "Design and Specific Absorption Rate of 2.6 GHz RectangularShaped Planar Inverted-F Antenna." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 2 (2018): 741–47. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i2.pp741-747.
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This article presents the investigation of specific absorption rate (SAR) of a rectangular-shaped planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) at frequency of 2.6 GHz. Initially, the design antenna is presented with parametric study concerning the dimensions of antenna patch length, shorting plate, ground plane and substrate. The proposed PIFA antenna has -20.46 dB reflection coefficient and 2.383 dB gain. The PIFA’s SAR is correlated with the antenna gain and excitation power. The analysis shows that higher gain contributes to a lower SAR value. While, the higher excitation power causes a higher SAR value. All the design and analysis are performed using the CST Microwave Studio.
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Nur, Ilham Aliyaa Ishak, Seman Norhudah, and Asmawati Samsuri Noor. "Specific Absorption Rate Assessment of Multiple Microstrip Patch Antenna Array." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 16, no. 4 (2018): 1500–1507. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i4.9041.
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Interaction between electromagnetic field (EMF) radiated from multiple antennas and human body is crucial to be explored as multiple antennas are the essential implemented devices to achieve the requirements of the future evolved fifth generation (5G) technology. Thus, this article presents a significant study of the radiated EMF effect from a single, and multiple antennas towards human through the assessment of specific absorption rate (SAR). The single antenna, 1 x 2, 1 x 3 and 1 x 4 arrays of microstrip patch antennas are designed to cover mobile operating frequencies of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 GHz. Two types of human head phantoms are implemented in this study, which are specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) and Voxel head model that placed close to single antenna or antenna array to investigate the penetration of EMF towards the human tissue. The single antenna or antenna array is placed with fixed distance of 10 mm from the phantom, which excited by maximum allowable power of 19 dBm in CST Microwave Studio 2016. The effect of the radiated EMF that quantified by SAR parameter, which depicts satisfying results against the established standard limits at averaged 1g and 10g mass of tissues for all designated frequencies that utilized for single and multiple antennas.
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Gerhardt, D. "Definition of a parameter for a typical specific absorption rate under real boundary conditions of cellular phones in a GSM networkd." Advances in Radio Science 1 (May 5, 2003): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-1-335-2003.
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Abstract. Using cellular phones the specific absorption rate (SAR) as a physical value must observe established and internationally defined levels to guarantee human protection. To assess human protection it is necessary to guarantee safety under worst-case conditions (especially maximum transmitting power) using cellular phones. To evaluate the exposure to electromagnetic fields under normal terms of use of cellular phones the limitations of the specific absorption rate must be pointed out. In a mobile radio network normal terms of use of cellular phones, i.e. in interconnection with a fixed radio transmitter of a mobile radio network, power control of the cellular phone as well as the antenna diagram regarding a head phantom are also significant for the real exposure. Based on the specific absorption rate, the antenna diagram regarding a head phantom and taking into consideration the power control a new parameter, the typical absorption rate (SARtyp), is defined in this contribution. This parameter indicates the specific absorption rate under average normal conditions of use. Constant radio link attenuation between a cellular phone and a fixed radio transmitter for all mobile models tested was assumed in order to achieve constant field strength at the receiving antenna of the fixed radio transmitter as a result of power control. The typical specific absorption rate is a characteristic physical value of every mobile model. The typical absorption rate was calculated for 16 different mobile models and compared with the absorption rate at maximum transmitting power. The results confirm the relevance of the definition of this parameter (SARtyp) as opposed to the specific absorption rate as a competent and applicable method to establish the real mean exposure from a cellular phone in a mobile radio network. The typical absorption rate provides a parameter to assess electromagnetic fields of a cellular phone that is more relevant to the consumer.
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Jemima Priyadarshini, S., and D. Jude Hemanth. "Investigation of Nanomaterial Dipoles for SAR Reduction in Human Head." Frequenz 73, no. 5-6 (2019): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2018-0220.
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Abstract The Nanomaterial is a pioneer in the field of modern research for its unique properties. Human exposure analysis is inevitable due to the rapid growth in technology. The concern for human welfare indicates a need for reduction of human exposure towards the radiation caused by the devices. The dielectric properties of the nanomaterials can be ideal for exploration in the field of biomedical engineering. Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a vital parameter for exposure analysis. This paper investigates the impact of Nanomaterials on the human exposure analysis. For this purpose, a dipole radiating structure operating at GSM frequency of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz are designed with conventional Copper material and compared with Carbon nanomaterials such as Graphene, Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) for performance evaluation. Further, the specific absorption rate estimates absorption of radiation in IEEE Sam phantom human head with equivalent tissue properties. The comparison of calculated SAR with the radiating structures that are designed with the equivalent properties of that of Nanomaterials. The evaluation of Nanomaterial Antennas at the center frequency is estimated, and performance is evaluated. The designed Nanomaterials interact with IEEE SAM Phantom and SAR is calculated. The analysis of SAR impact with nanomaterials is investigated in this work.
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Iacob, Nicusor. "Pitfalls and Challenges in Specific Absorption Rate Evaluation for Functionalized and Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia." Coatings 15, no. 3 (2025): 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15030345.
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In recent decades, magnetic hyperthermia (MH) has gained considerable scientific interest in cancer treatment due to its ability to heat tumor tissues deeply localized inside the body. Functionalizing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with vector molecules via specific organic molecules that coat the particle surface has enabled targeting particular tissues, thereby increasing the specificity of MH. MH relies on applying radiofrequency (RF) magnetic fields to a magnetic nanoparticle distribution injected in a tumor tissue. The RF field energy is converted into thermal energy through specific relaxation mechanisms and magnetic hysteresis-driven processes. This increases the tumor tissue temperature over the physiological threshold, triggering a series of cellular apoptosis processes. Additionally, the mechanical effects of low-frequency AC fields on anisotropic MNPs have been shown to be highly effective in disrupting the functional cellular components. From the macroscopic perspective, a crucial parameter measuring the efficiency of magnetic nanoparticle systems in MH is the specific absorption rate (SAR). This parameter is experimentally evaluated by different calorimetric and magnetic techniques and methodologies, which have specific drawbacks and may induce significant errors. From a microscopic perspective, MH relies on localized thermal and kinetic effects in the nanoparticle proximity environment. Studying MH at the cellular level has become a focused research topic in the last decade. In the context of these two perspectives, inevitable questions arise: could the thermal and kinetic effects exhibited at the cellular scale be linked by the macroscopic SAR parameter, or should we find new formulas for quantifying them? The present work offers a general perspective of MH, highlighting the experimental pitfalls encountered in SAR evaluation and motivating the necessity of standardizing the devices and protocols involved. It also discusses the challenges that arise in MH performance evaluation at the cellular level.
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Wang, Mengxi, Guohui Yang, Yu Li, and Qun Wu. "In Vitro Physical and Biological Evaluations of a 2.4 GHz Electromagnetic Exposure Setup." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 1 (2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360112.
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In this paper, a 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiation system for cells in vitro was designed from the perspective of optimal energy coupling of cell samples. The validity of the design was verified by FDTD simulation, physical test and biological experiment. The electromagnetic parameters of SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) and temperature rise were obtained by FDTD simulation. The validation of temperature simulation was confirmed by comparing the actual measurement data and the simulation data. The SAR relative uniformity between samples was tested by cell biological experiment, in which ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), a typical and sensitive biological parameter reacting to electromagnetic radiation in cells, of different sample dishes induced by 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiation with an incident power of 0.5 W was analyzed. We found that the size of cell dish affects the energy coupling intensity, the polarization characteristics of electromagnetic wave determines the distribution pattern of SAR, and the uniformity of sample energy absorption in this radiation system is good.
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Okoye, Obiora E., Bubu Atisi, Melvin Idonje, and Ezekiel O. Agbalagba. "Evaluating the Effect of Electromagnetic Field from Electrical Distribution Substations in Aguata, Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. VI (2024): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.906037.
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This study evaluates the radiation safety implications of electromagnetic field (EMF) from electrical distribution sub-stations in Aguata Local Government Area (LGA), Anambra State, Nigeria, using the EMF meter with a laser distance meter in-situ. Ten (10) locations of 11KV distribution sub-stations were mapped out and used for the study. The results of the in-situ measurement of Electric Field (E) and Magnetic Field (H) were used to evaluate the Power Density (S), Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and Statistical analysis which includes descriptive statistics, inferential statistical tests (T-test) and graphical analysis to evaluate significant differences of EMF levels between different locations. The EMF emitted by these distribution substations was examined using data from the various locations. The results obtained show that EEDC Office has the highest electric field of 0.6633 V/m, while Oko Road has the second highest of 0.7783 V/m. The magnetic field intensity varies across locations, with Oko Road having the largest of 1.3317 A/m. Power density varied, with Oko Road having the highest 1.0365 W/m2 and Stadium having the lowest 0.1011 W/m2. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0005 W/Kg showed consistent rates across locations. The International Commission on Non-Protection of Electromagnetic Fields (ICNIRP) sets EMF exposure regulations from 0-300 GHz at the exposure values of, E = 10,000V/m, H = 4×104 A/m, S = 50W/m2, SAR = 10W/kg. In this study, electric field, magnetic field, power density, and specific absorption rate (SAR) values varied widely between stations, with the magnetic field accounting for 45.25% of total electromagnetic exposure. The exposure to EMF emanating from distribution substations in Aguata LGA does not pose any health effect or any health hazards to the general public comparing the measured data with the standard guideline of ICNIRP.
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Subramaniam, Mahendrakumar, Gokul Chandrasekaran, Jayachandran T, Malathi SR, Neelam Sanjeev Kumar, and Vanitha Krishnan. "Design and Fabrication of L and U Slot Wearable Antennas for Wireless Body Area Network Applications." International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope 05, no. 04 (2024): 969–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2024.v05i04.01536.
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Wearable microstrip patch antennas are compact, low-profile antennas designed for integration into wearable devices, offering wireless communication capabilities. Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are a promising technology with potential applications in a variety of biomedical fields. Patient surveillance, healthcare monitoring, and medical diagnostics are a few examples. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in close proximity to the body, as well as the device's size, vulnerability to the environment, and limited bandwidth, all have an impact on its efficacy and dependability. This paper gives a thorough look at the planning, testing, and production of a wearable antenna that works at 2.4 GHz and has unique U-cut and double L-cut slots inside a patch antenna structure. The primary focus is on reducing specific absorption rate (SAR) exposure while maintaining optimal performance metrics. We rigorously analyze parameters such as SAR reduction, VSWR, return loss, radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency using the High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS). This SAR-aware wearable antenna design, which includes parameter analysis, addresses concerns about people being too close to electromagnetic radiation from wireless devices. We tested the fabricated antennas using a VNA testing instrument. Following the testing process, we conducted a comparison between the simulation and fabrication results. Upon comparison, we found that the antenna's software simulation and hardware testing results were identical. They both operated at 2.4 GHz and achieved a gain of 20 dB. This indicates a successful design and validation process for the fabricated antenna.
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Mahmud, Sagar. "Analysis of mobile phone radiation effect on human body using specific absorption rate." Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (2022): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajase.v11i1.4.
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The use of mobile phones is rising everyday both in civic and rustic areas in Bangladesh. Every mobile phone disperses electromagnetic energy. This radiation or electromagnetic wave can penetrate into the human body. Specific absorption rate and change in temperature are the vital parameter to find the dominant effects assess on the human body. This paper explores the radiation impact of mobile phones. A mathematical equation is used to evaluate the local specific absorption rate and change in temperature at Skin, Fat, Bone, Brain, Eye, Muscle tissues at the frequency of 800MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2.5GHz, 2.6GHz, 3.4GHz, 3.5GHz, and 3.6GHz. The calculations are performed at different distances and exposure times of mobile phone. A simple radio frequency detection circuit has been designed to find the radiated power of different frequency. The highest specific absorption rate is calculated for skin, brain, eye tissue. Child tissue absorption rate is higher than the adult. When the radiated power of mobile phone is high the specific absorption rate for different tissue cross the safety limit. This paper also recommends the ways to diminish the effects of SAR. It is suggested that these methods will decrease the health risks. This work will be very helpful to understand the bad effect of using mobile phones and the way of reducing this effect.
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S., M. Shah, A. Rosman A., A. Z. A. Rashid M., et al. "A compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for wearable applications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 3 (2021): pp. 1739~1746. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i3.2262.
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In this work, a compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band is presented. The antenna is fabricated on a semi-flexible substrate material, Rogers Duroid RO3003™ with a low-profile feature with dimensions of 30×38 mm2 which makes it a good solution for wearable applications. Bending investigation is also performed over a vacuum cylinder and the diameters are varied at 50 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm, that represents the average human arm’s diameter. The bending investigation shows that reflection coefficients for all diameters are almost similar which imply that the antenna will operate at the dual-band resonant frequencies, even in bending condition. The simulated specific absorption rate (SAR) in CST MWS® software shows that the antenna obeys the FCC and ICNIRP guidelines for 1 mW of input power. The SAR limits at 2.45 GHz for 1 g of human tissue is simulated at 0.271 W/kg (FCC standard: 1.6 W/kg) while for 10 g is at 0.0551 W/kg (ICNIRP standard: 2 W/kg. On the other hand, the SAR limits at 5.8 GHz are computed at 0.202 W/kg for 1 g and 0.0532 W/kg for 10 g.
Book chapters on the topic "S-parameter and specific absorption rate (SAR"
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Bri, Diana, Jaime Lloret, Carlos Turro, and Miguel Garcia. "Measuring Specific Absorption Rate by using Standard Communications Equipment." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0888-7.ch004.
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Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is used to measure the body tissue exposure to electromagnetic fields. This chapter describes how SAR values can be estimated from a deployed Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). We carried out this work using the Received Signal Strength (RSS) obtained from the access points. This parameter is easily obtained by an ordinary wireless network scanner. RSS variations are measured for a different number of people in the same room and without people. It will allow us to estimate how much energy is absorbed by a group of people and by a single person on average. Moreover, we have included the weight of the people in order to know the RSS lost by kilogram. These measurements were taken at the Higher Polytechnic School of Gandia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain, in two placements: the library and inside an anechoic camera.
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Liu, Wenjia, Jian Li, Long Qian, Xin Rao, Xiaodong Chen, and Liyang Yu. "Multi-Physical Field Simulation of Radiofrequency Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde240082.
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Alzheimer’s disease currently has no effective treatment, the reason may be limited to the inherent problems of biochemical means. Radiofrequency wave is a physical means to regulate cells efficiently and noninvasively, which can ameliorate or even reverse the condition of Alzheimer’s disease. To advance radiofrequency therapy for Alzheimer’s disease into clinical application, it is necessary to validate the safety of this therapy and explore the parameter optimization with the human brain environment. Therefore, this study established a concise multi-physical field simulation model of the electromagnetic field and biological heat. The security is preliminarily verified by comparing the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distribution of different power at 918 MHz radio frequency, and a parameter optimization scheme is proposed. This study provides data support for the therapeutic research system design of this therapy and lays a theoretical foundation for further clinical research.
Conference papers on the topic "S-parameter and specific absorption rate (SAR"
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Catarinucci, Luca, and Luciano Tarricone. "Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Numerical Evaluation: a Critical Discussion." In 2007 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2007.380462.
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Krawczyk, Andrzej, Ewa Korzeniewska, and Piotr Murawski. "Is Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) the Parameter of Mobile Phone?" In 7th Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics SAEM`18. Unviersity of Maribor Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-241-1.37.
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Soh, P. J., G. A. E. Vandenbosch, F. H. Wee, A. van den Bosch, M. Martinez-Vazquez, and D. M. M. P. Schreurs. "Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) evaluation of biomedical telemetry textile antennas." In 2013 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - MTT 2013. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2013.6697587.
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Huang, Shujuan, Amit Gupta, and Diana-Andra Borca-Tasciuc. "Sources of Experimental Errors in Specific Absorption Rate Measurement of Magnetic Nanoparticles." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30796.
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Magnetic-nanoparticles cancer hyperthermia, a side effects-free, potential cancer therapy employing magnetic nanoparticle remotely heated by alternating magnetic field (AMF), is receiving considerable attention from researchers and physicians [1–3]. Specific absorption rate (SAR), which is used to quantify nanoparticles’ heat generation under the applied AMF, is defined as the thermal power per unit mass dissipated by the magnetic material [3]. SAR depends on field parameters (magnetic field strength and frequency) and material system (size and magnetic properties of nanoparticles). Accurate measurement of SAR is a critical step in enabling comparison with theoretical predictions for understanding other parameters that may affect the heat generation rate such as nanoparticle functionalization, clustering and immobilization in biological medium [4]. A main drawback is the fact that independent measurements on similar samples often provide significantly different SAR values. For example, the reported SAR of magnetite-based aqueous solution Endorem commercially available from Guerbet greatly differs among Ref. [3], [5] and [6], even when factors such as field intensity, H, and frequency, f, are taken into account.
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Zhu, Liang, Zhengxin Mi, and Lisa X. Xu. "Temperature Distribution in Prostate During Transurethral Radio Frequency Thermotherapy Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0806.
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Abstract The heating pattern of a radio frequency (RF) electrode catheter and its induced temperature field in prostate during transurethral thermal therapy treatment were investigated in this study. Experiments were performed in a tissue-equivalent phantom gel to quantitatively examine the volumetric heating produced by a RF electrode catheter for transurethral prostatic thermotherapy. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF energy in the gel was measured from the initial transient temperatures at various locations within the gel. An expression for the SAR was proposed and its unknown parameters in this expression were determined by comparing the predicted and measured SAR values. The SAR distribution was then used in conjunction with the Pennes bioheat transfer equation to model the temperature field in prostate during the thermotherapy treatment. The prostatic tissue temperature rise and its relation to the effect of blood perfusion were analyzed. Blood perfusion is found to be an important factor for removal of heat especially at the higher RF heating level. The minimum RF power required to achieve a maximum tissue temperature above 45 °C is in the range from 14 W to 60 W depending on the local blood perfusion rate (0.2 ∼ 1.5 ml/gm/min). An empirical expression for the detailed temperature field within the prostate for various blood perfusion rates and RF power levels was also provided for clinical purposes.
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Zhu, Liang, Lisa X. Xu, David Y. Yuan, and Eric N. Rudie. "Electromagnetic (EM) Quantification of the Microwave Antenna for the Transurethral Prostatic Thermotherapy." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0742.
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Abstract Experiments were performed in a tissue microwave equivalent phantom gel to quantitatively examine the volumetric heating produced by a microwave antenna with a peripheral cooling system for the transurethral prostatic thermotherapy. The volumetric heat strength. which is determined by the specific absorption rate (SAR) of microwave energy in the gel, was calculated from the initial transient temperatures at various locations within the phantom gel. Based on previous research. expression for the SAR distribution was extended to three dimensions. which includes its dependence on radial, angular and axial direction. The parameters in this expression and the convection coefficient due to the chilled water running around the antenna were determined using a least-square residual fit of the analytical predictions to the experimental SAR measurements. The analytical expression of the three-dimensional SAR distribution obtained in this study will help provide a better understanding of the microwave heating pattern in the prostatic tissue and thus to aid in designing improved applicators. It can also be used in the future as an accurate input to heat transfer models to predict temperature distributions during the transurethral microwave thermotherapy.
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Gray, Alexandra N., Matthew G. Harper, Sayak Mukherjee, John P. Patalak, and James Gaewsky. "Development and Validation of a Rear Head Surround Foam Performance Specification for Stock Car Racing." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8353.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Over the last two decades many improvements have been made in stock car racing driver safety. One of these is the head surround, which is rigidly secured to and an integral part of the NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC) seating environment and serves as an effective restraint for head protection during lateral and rear impacts. However, previous head impact material specifications were optimized for moderate to severe impacts and did not address low severity impacts that occur frequently during typical driving, such as race restart vehicle nose-to-tail contact. This study focused on developing a test methodology for comprehensive evaluation of rear head surround materials for low, moderate and severe impacts. Specifically, this study aimed to formulate a specification that maintains previous material performance during high speed impacts, while decreasing head accelerations at low speed impacts. Quasi-static and dynamic drop tower testing of sample materials were used to analyze the energy absorption capabilities of various materials. Finite element material models were developed to assess the effects of foam thickness on head kinematics. Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) empirical sled testing was used to analyze material responses in the full NASCAR seating environment. In drop tower testing, the new materials achieved nearly a 33% reduction in peak acceleration for 2.2 m/s (5 mph) impacts compared to the baseline materials while maintaining original peak acceleration and rebound velocity performance at 5.8 m/s (13 mph). Empirical sled testing confirmed equal performance to the baseline materials at high velocity, as well as a 5 to 15 G decrease in peak resultant head acceleration at low speed depending on comparison samples. Study findings resulted in updates to the NASCAR rulebook including increasing the minimum thickness of the original rear head surround foam material and the use of the newly specified alternate foam materials in the field. The alternate foams drop test requirements include 24 total drop tests on 12 test samples per material evaluation, at two speeds (2.2 and 5.8 m/s) and two temperatures (21° and 50° C). The repeated impacts are conducted at the same test speed, for each temperature, on the same sample. Material performance evaluations include peak acceleration, maximum rebound velocity, and flame retardancy.</div></div>
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Feichtinger, Christoph Simon. "The Rain Test Domain: An Outdoor Testbed for Automotive Sensor Evaluation in Adverse Weather Conditions." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8058.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The rapid development of autonomous vehicles necessitates rigorous testing under diverse environmental conditions to ensure their reliability and safety. One of the most challenging scenarios for both human and machine vision is navigating through rain. This study introduces the Digitrans Rain Testbed, an innovative outdoor rain facility specifically designed to test and evaluate automotive sensors under realistic and controlled rain conditions. The rain plant features a wetted area of 600 square meters and a sprinkled rain volume of 600 cubic meters, providing a comprehensive environment to rigorously assess the performance of autonomous vehicle sensors.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Rain poses a significant challenge due to the complex interaction of light with raindrops, leading to phenomena such as scattering, absorption, and reflection, which can severely impair sensor performance. Our facility replicates various rain intensities and conditions, enabling comprehensive testing of Radar, Lidar, and Camera sensors. By simulating real-world rain scenarios, we can measure key performance metrics, including accuracy, response time, reliability, and the rate of false positives and negatives.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The Digitrans Rain Testbed employs advanced measurement techniques to characterize rain, including droplet size distribution, intensity, and homogeneity. These parameters are critical for understanding how different sensors react to rain and for optimizing their design and functionality.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Our findings demonstrate the importance of realistic rain testing in improving the resilience and reliability of automotive sensors. By addressing the specific challenges posed by rain, we can enhance the safety and trustworthiness of autonomous vehicles. The Digitrans Rain Testbed represents a significant step forward in the development of robust testing methodologies, ensuring that future autonomous vehicles can navigate safely and effectively, even in the most challenging weather conditions. This research underscores the necessity of rigorous, real-world testing in advancing autonomous vehicle technology and paves the way for safer and more reliable automated driving systems.</div></div>