Relevant bibliographies by topics / S-SNOM

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'S-SNOM'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "S-SNOM"

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Freitas, Raul O., Adrian Cernescu, Anders Engdahl, Agnes Paulus, João E. Levandoski, Isak Martinsson, Elke Hebisch, et al. "Nano-Infrared Imaging of Primary Neurons." Cells 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 2559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10102559.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for about 70% of neurodegenerative diseases and is a cause of cognitive decline and death for one-third of seniors. AD is currently underdiagnosed, and it cannot be effectively prevented. Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) proteins has been linked to the development of AD, and it has been established that, under pathological conditions, Aβ proteins undergo structural changes to form β-sheet structures that are considered neurotoxic. Numerous intensive in vitro studies have provided detailed information about amyloid polymorphs; however, little is known on how amyloid β-sheet-enriched aggregates can cause neurotoxicity in relevant settings. We used scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) to study amyloid structures at the nanoscale, in individual neurons. Specifically, we show that in well-validated systems, s-SNOM can detect amyloid β-sheet structures with nanometer spatial resolution in individual neurons. This is a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate that s-SNOM can be used to detect Aβ-sheet structures on cell surfaces at the nanoscale. Furthermore, this study is intended to raise neurobiologists’ awareness of the potential of s-SNOM as a tool for analyzing amyloid β-sheet structures at the nanoscale in neurons without the need for immunolabeling.
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Hegenbarth, R., A. Steinmann, S. Mastel, S. Amarie, A. J. Huber, R. Hillenbrand, S. Y. Sarkisov, and H. Giessen. "High-power femtosecond mid-IR sources for s-SNOM applications." Journal of Optics 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 094003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/16/9/094003.

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Yao, Ziheng, Suheng Xu, Debo Hu, Xinzhong Chen, Qing Dai, and Mengkun Liu. "Nanoimaging and Nanospectroscopy of Polaritons with Time Resolved s ‐SNOM." Advanced Optical Materials 8, no. 5 (September 9, 2019): 1901042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.201901042.

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Németh, Gergely, Dániel Datz, Áron Pekker, Takeshi Saito, Oleg Domanov, Hidetsugu Shiozawa, Sándor Lenk, Béla Pécz, Pál Koppa, and Katalin Kamarás. "Near-field infrared microscopy of nanometer-sized nickel clusters inside single-walled carbon nanotubes." RSC Advances 9, no. 59 (2019): 34120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07089c.

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Zhu, Qianqian, Rui Zhou, Jun Liu, Jianzhong Sun, and Qianqian Wang. "Recent Progress on the Characterization of Cellulose Nanomaterials by Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051353.

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Researches of cellulose nanomaterials have seen nearly exponential growth over the past several decades for versatile applications. The characterization of nanostructural arrangement and local chemical distribution is critical to understand their role when developing cellulose materials. However, with the development of current characterization methods, the simultaneous morphological and chemical characterization of cellulose materials at nanoscale resolution is still challenging. Two fundamentally different nanoscale infrared spectroscopic techniques, namely atomic force microscope based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) and infrared scattering scanning near field optical microscopy (IR s-SNOM), have been established by the integration of AFM with IR spectroscopy to realize nanoscale spatially resolved imaging for both morphological and chemical information. This review aims to summarize and highlight the recent developments in the applications of current state-of-the-art nanoscale IR spectroscopy and imaging to cellulose materials. It briefly outlines the basic principles of AFM-IR and IR s-SNOM, as well as their advantages and limitations to characterize cellulose materials. The uses of AFM-IR and IR s-SNOM for the understanding and development of cellulose materials, including cellulose nanomaterials, cellulose nanocomposites, and plant cell walls, are extensively summarized and discussed. The prospects of future developments in cellulose materials characterization are provided in the final part.
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Wiecha, Matthias M., Rohit Kapoor, Alexander V. Chernyadiev, Kęstutis Ikamas, Alvydas Lisauskas, and Hartmut G. Roskos. "Antenna-coupled field-effect transistors as detectors for terahertz near-field microscopy." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 6 (2021): 1717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00928h.

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We report the successful implementation of antenna-coupled terahertz field-effect transistors (TeraFETs) as homodyne detectors in a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) operating with radiation at 246.5 GHz.
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Rose, M. A., J. Barnett, D. Wendland, F. V. E. Hensling, J. M. Boergers, M. Moors, R. Dittmann, T. Taubner, and F. Gunkel. "Local inhomogeneities resolved by scanning probe techniques and their impact on local 2DEG formation in oxide heterostructures." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 14 (2021): 4145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00190f.

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Using c-AFM and s-SNOM, we show the influence of local inhomogeneities on the LAO/STO 2DEG formation by mapping its distribution. The nanoscopic arrangement of insulating regions alters the conductive behavior down to low temperatures.
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Walla, Frederik, Matthias M. Wiecha, Nicolas Mecklenbeck, Sabri Beldi, Fritz Keilmann, Mark D. Thomson, and Hartmut G. Roskos. "Anisotropic excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on a metal film by a scattering-type scanning near-field microscope with a non-rotationally-symmetric probe tip." Nanophotonics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0042.

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AbstractWe investigated the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on gold films with the metallized probe tip of a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM). The emission of the polaritons from the tip, illuminated by near-infrared laser radiation, was found to be anisotropic and not circularly symmetric as expected on the basis of literature data. We furthermore identified an additional excitation channel via light that was reflected off the tip and excited the plasmon polaritons at the edge of the metal film. Our results, while obtained for a non-rotationally-symmetric type of probe tip and thus specific for this situation, indicate that when an s-SNOM is employed for the investigation of plasmonic structures, the unintentional excitation of surface waves and anisotropic surface wave propagation must be considered in order to correctly interpret the signatures of plasmon polariton generation and propagation.
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Wirth, Konstantin G., Heiko Linnenbank, Tobias Steinle, Luca Banszerus, Eike Icking, Christoph Stampfer, Harald Giessen, and Thomas Taubner. "Tunable s-SNOM for Nanoscale Infrared Optical Measurement of Electronic Properties of Bilayer Graphene." ACS Photonics 8, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01442.

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Yao, Ziheng, Suheng Xu, Debo Hu, Xinzhong Chen, Qing Dai, and Mengkun Liu. "Polariton Spectroscopy: Nanoimaging and Nanospectroscopy of Polaritons with Time Resolved s ‐SNOM (Advanced Optical Materials 5/2020)." Advanced Optical Materials 8, no. 5 (March 2020): 2070019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.202070019.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "S-SNOM"

1

Neacsu, Corneliu Catalin. "Tip-enhanced near-field optical microscopy." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16284.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt neue Entwicklungen im Verständnis und in der Umsetzung der optischen Nahfeldmikroskopie (scattering - type scanning near-field optical microscopy, s-SNOM) für die lineare und nichtlineare optische Bildgebung mit ultrahoher Auslösung und Empfindlichkeit. Die fundamentalen Mechanismen, die der Feldverstärkung am Ende von ultrascharfen metallischen Spitzen zugrunde liegen, werden systematisch behandelt. Die plasmonischen Eigenschaften der Spitze wurden erstmalig beobachtet, und ihre Bedeutung für die optische Kopplung zwischen Spitze und Probe sowie für die sich ergebende Einengung des Nahfeldes wird diskutiert. Ein aperturloses Nahfeldmikroskop für die spitzenverstärkte Ramanspektroskopie (tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, TERS) wurde entwickelt. Die Grundlagen der TERS und die wesentliche Rolle des plasmonischen Verhaltens der Spitze sowie die klare Unterscheidung von Nahfeld-Ramansignatur und Fernfeld-Abbildungsartefakten werden beschrieben. Nahfeld Raman Verstärkungsfaktoren von bis zu 10 wurden erreicht, was einer Feldverstärkung von bis zu 130 entspricht und Raman-Messungen bis auf Einzel-Molekül-Niveau ermöglichte. Die optische Frequenzverdopplung (second harmonic generation, SHG) an einzelnen Spitzen wurde untersucht. Aufgrund ihrer teilweise asymmetrischen Nanostruktur erlauben die Spitzen eine klare Unterscheidung von lokalen Oberflächen und nichtlokalen Volumenbeiträgen zur nichtlinearen Polarisation sowie die Analyse ihrer Polarisations- und Emissions-Auswahlregeln. Die spitzenverstärkte Frequenzverdopplungs-Spektroskopie und die räumlich hoch aufgelöste Abbildung auf Basis des dielektrischen Kontrasts werden demonstriert. Mit Hilfe einer phasen-sensitiven, Selbst-homodyn-Frequenzverdopplungs-s-SNOM-Abbildungsmethode kann die Oberflächen-Struktur der intrinsischen 180-Domänen im hexagonal multiferroischen YMnO aufgelöst werden.
This thesis describes the implementation of scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) for linear and nonlinear optical imaging. The technique allows for optical spectroscopy with ultrahigh spatial resolution. New results on the microscopic understanding of the imaging mechanism and the employment of s-SNOM for structure determination at solid surfaces are presented. The method relies on the use of metallic probe tips with apex radii of only few nanometers. The local-field enhancement and its dependence on material properties are investigated. The plasmonic character of Au tips is identified and its importance for the optical tip-sample coupling and subsequent near-field confinement are discussed. The experimental results offer valuable criteria in terms of tip-material and structural parameters for the choice of suitable tips required in s-SNOM. An near-field optical microscope is developed for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) studies. The principles of TERS and the role of the tip plasmonic behavior together with clear distinction of near-field Raman signature from far-field imaging artifacts are described. TERS results of monolayer and submonolayer molecular coverage on smooth Au surfaces are presented. Second harmonic generation (SHG) from individual tips is investigated. As a partially asymmetric nanostructure, the tip allows for the clear distinction of local surface and nonlocal bulk contributions to the nonlinear polarization and the analysis of their polarization and emission selection rules. Tip-enhanced SH microscopy and dielectric contrast imaging with high spatial resolution are demonstrated. SHG couples directly to the ferroelectric ordering in materials and in combination with scanning probe microscopy can give access to the morphology of mesoscopic ferroelectric domains. Using a phase sensitive self-homodyne SHG s-SNOM imaging method, the surface topology of 180 intrinsic domains in hexagonal multiferroic YMnO is resolved.
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2

Schneider, Susanne Christine. "Scattering Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy on Anisotropic Dielectrics." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1192105974322-82865.

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Near-field optical microscopy allows the nondestructive examination of surfaces with a spatial resolution far below the diffraction limit of Abbe. In fact, the resolution of this kind of microscope is not at all dependent on the wavelength, but is typically in the range of 10 to 100 nanometers. On this scale, many materials are anisotropic, even though they might appear isotropic on the macroscopic length scale. In the present work, the previously never studied interaction between a scattering-type near-field probe and an anisotropic sample is examined theoretically as well as experimentally. In the theoretical part of the work, the analytical dipole model, which is well known for isotropic samples, is extended to anisotropic samples. On isotropic samples one observes an optical contrast between different materials, whereas on anisotropic samples one expects an additional contrast between areas with different orientations of the same dielectric tensor. The calculations show that this anisotropy contrast is strong enough to be observed if the sample is excited close to a polariton resonance. The experimental setup allows the optical examination in the visible and in the infrared wavelength regimes. For the latter, a free-electron laser was used as a precisely tunable light source for resonant excitation. The basic atomic force microscope provides a unique combination of different scanning probe microscopy methods that are indispensable in order to avoid artifacts in the measurement of the near-field signal and the resulting anisotropy contrast. Basic studies of the anisotropy contrast were performed on the ferroelectric single crystals barium titanate and lithium niobate. On lithium niobate, we examined the spectral dependence of the near-field signal close to the phonon resonance of the sample as well as its dependence on the tip-sample distance, the polarization of the incident light, and the orientation of the sample. On barium titanate, analogous measurements were performed and, additionally, areas with different types of domains were imaged and the near-field optical contrast due to the anisotropy of the sample was directly measured. The experimental results of the work agree with the theoretical predictions. A near-field optical contrast due to the anisotropy of the sample can be measured and allows areas with different orientations of the dielectric tensor to be distinguished optically. The contrast results from variations of the dielectric tensor components both parallel and perpendicular to the sample surface. The presented method allows the optical examination of anisotropies of a sample with ultrahigh resolution, and promises applications in many fields of research, such as materials science, information technology, biology, and nanooptics
Die optische Nahfeldmikroskopie ermöglicht die zerstörungsfreie optische Unter- suchung von Oberflächen mit einer räumlichen Auflösung weit unterhalb des klas- sischen Beugungslimits von Abbe. Die Auflösung dieser Art von Mikroskopie ist unabhängig von der verwendeten Wellenlänge und liegt typischerweise im Bereich von 10-100 Nanometern. Auf dieser Längenskala zeigen viele Materialien optisch anisotropes Verhalten, auch wenn sie makroskopisch isotrop erscheinen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die bisher noch nicht bestimmte Wechselwirkung einer streuenden Nahfeldsonde mit einer anisotropen Probe sowohl theoretisch als auch experimentell untersucht. Im theoretischen Teil wird das für isotrope Proben bekannte analytische Dipol- modell auf anisotrope Materialien erweitert. Während fÄur isotrope Proben ein reiner Materialkontrast beobachtet wird, ist auf anisotropen Proben zusätzlich ein Kontrast zwischen Bereichen mit unterschiedlicher Orientierung des Dielektrizitätstensors zu erwarten. Die Berechnungen zeigen, dass dieser Anisotropiekontrast messbar ist, wenn die Probe nahe einer Polaritonresonanz angeregt wird. Der verwendete experimentelle Aufbau ermöglicht die optische Untersuchung von Materialien im sichtbaren sowie im infraroten Wellenlängenbereich, wobei zur re- sonanten Anregung ein Freie-Elektronen-Laser verwendet wurde. Das dem Nahfeld- mikroskop zugrunde liegende Rasterkraftmikroskop bietet eine einzigartige Kombi- nation verschiedener Rastersondenmikroskopie-Methoden und ermöglicht neben der Untersuchung von komplementären Probeneigenschaften auch die Unterdrückung von mechanisch und elektrisch induzierten Fehlkontrasten im optischen Signal. An den ferroelektrischen Einkristallen Lithiumniobat und Bariumtitanat wurde der anisotrope Nahfeldkontrast im infraroten WellenlÄangenbereich untersucht. An eindomÄanigem Lithiumniobat wurden das spektrale Verhalten des Nahfeldsignals sowie dessen charakteristische Abhängigkeit von Polarisation, Abstand und Proben- orientierung grundlegend untersucht. Auf Bariumtitanat, einem mehrdomänigen Kristall, wurden analoge Messungen durchgeführt und zusätzlich Gebiete mit ver- schiedenen Domänensorten abgebildet, wobei ein direkter nachfeldoptischer Kon- trast aufgrund der Anisotropie der Probe nachgewiesen werden konnte. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit stimmen mit den theoretischen Vorhersagen überein. Ein durch die optische Anisotropie der Probe induzierter Nahfeldkontrast ist messbar und erlaubt die optische Unterscheidung von Gebie- ten mit unterschiedlicher Orientierung des Dielektriziätstensors, wobei eine Än- derung desselben sowohl parallel als auch senkrecht zur Probenoberfläche messbar ist. Diese Methode erlaubt die hochauflösende optische Untersuchung von lokalen Anisotropien, was in zahlreichen Gebieten der Materialwissenschaft, Speichertech- nik, Biologie und Nanooptik von Interesse ist
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von, Ribbeck Hans-Georg. "THz Near-Field Microscopy and Spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-163917.

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Imaging with THz radiation at nanoscale resolution is highly desirable for specific material investigations that cannot be obtained in other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Nevertheless, classical free-space focusing of THz waves is limited to a >100 μm spatial resolution, due to the diffraction limit. However, the scattering- type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) promises to break this diffraction barrier. In this work, the realization of s-SNOM and spectroscopy for the THz spectral region from 30–300 μm (1–10 THz) is presented. This has been accomplished by using two inherently different radiation sources at distinct experimental setups: A femtosecond laser driven photoconductive antenna, emitting pulsed broadband THz radiation from 0.2–2 THz and a free-electron laser (FEL) as narrow-band high-intensity source, tunable from 1.3–10 THz. With the photoconductive antenna system, it was demonstrated for the first time that near-field spectroscopy using broadband THz-pulses, is achievable. Hereby, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy with a mechanical delay stage (THz-TDS) was realized to obtain spectroscopic s-SNOM information, with an additional asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS) option for rapid far-field measurements. The near-field spectral capabilities of the microscope are demonstrated with measurements on gold and on variably doped silicon samples. Here it was shown that the spectral response follows the theoretical prediction according to the Drude and the dipole model. While the broadband THz-TDS based s-SNOM in principle allows for the parallel recording of the full spectral response, the weak average power of the THz source ultimately limits the technique to optically investigate selected sample locations only. Therefore, for true THz near-field imaging, a FEL as a high-intensity narrow- band but highly-tunable THz source in combination with the s-SNOM technique, has been explored. Here, the characteristic near-field signatures at wavelengths from 35–230 μm are shown. Moreover, the realization of material sensitive THz near-field imaging is demonstrated by optically resolving, a structured gold rod with a reso- lution of up to 60 nm at 98 μm wavelength. Not only can the gold be distinguished from the silica substrate but moreover parts of the structure have been identified to be residual resin from the fabrication process. Furthermore, in order to explore the resolution capabilities of the technique, the near-fields of patterned gold nano- structures (Fischer pattern) were imaged with a 50 nm resolution at wavelengths up to 230 μm (1.2 THz). Finally, the imaging of a topography-independent optical material contrast of embedded organic structures, at exemplary 150 μm wavelength is shown, thereby demonstrating that the recorded near-field signal alone allows us to identify materials on the nanometer scale. The ability to measure spectroscopic images by THz-s-SNOM, will be of benefit to fundamental research into nanoscale composites, nano-structured conductivity phenomena and metamaterials, and furthermore will enable applications in the chemical and electronics industries
Die Bildgebung mit THz Strahlung im Nanobereich ist höchst wünschenswert für genaue Materialuntersuchungen, welche nicht in anderen Spektralbereichen durchgeführt werden kann. Aufgrund des Beugungslimits ist kann jedoch mit klassischen Methoden keine bessere Auflösung als etwa 100 μm für THz-Strahlung erreicht werden. Die Methode der Streulicht-Nahfeldmikroskopie (s-SNOM) verspricht jedoch dieses Beugungslimit zu durchbrechen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Realisierung der Nahfeld-Mikroskopie und Spektroskopie im THz-Spektralbereich von 30–1500 μm (0.2–10 THz) präsentiert. Dies wurde mittels zweier grundsätzlich unterschiedlichen Strahlungsquellen an separaten Experimentaufbauten erreicht: Einer photoleitenden Antenne welche gepulste breitbandige THz-Strahlung von 0.2–2 THz emittiert, sowie einem Freie- Elektronen Laser (FEL) als schmalbandige hochleistungs Quelle, durchstimmbar von 1.3–10 THz. Mit dem photoleitenden Antennensystem konnte zum ersten mal demonstriert werden, dass mit breitbandigen THz-Pulsen Nahfeldspektroskopie möglich ist. Dazu wurde die übliche THz-Time-Domain-Spektroskopie (THz-TDS) zur Erhaltung der spektroskopischen s-SNOM Informationen, sowie asynchrones optisches Abtasten (ASOPS) für schnelle Fernfeld Spektroskopie eingesetzt. Die nahfeldspektroskopischen Fähigkeiten des Mikroskops wurden anhand von Messungen an Gold sowie unterschiedlich dotierten Siliziumproben demonstriert. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die spektrale Antwort den theoretischen Voraussagen des Drude- sowie Dipol Modells folgt. Während das breitband THz-TDS basierte s-SNOM spektroskopische Nahfelduntersuchungen zulässt, limitiert jedoch die schwache Ausgangsleistung der THz-quelle diese Technik insofern, dass praktisch nur Punktspektroskopie an ausgesuchten Probenstellen möglich ist. Für echte nanoskopische Nahfeldbildgebung wurde daher ein FEL als durchstimmbare hochleistungs THz-Quelle in Kombination mit der s-SNOM-Technik erforscht. Hierzu wurden die charakteristischen Nahfeld-Signaturen bei Wellenlängen von 35–230 μm untersucht, gefolgt von die Verwirklichung materialsensitiver THz Nahfeldbildgebung gezeigt an Goldstreifen mit bis zu 60 nm Auflösung. Dabei kann nicht nur das Gold von dem Glassubstrat unterschieden werden, sondern auch Ablagerungen als Überreste des Fabrikationsprozesses identifiziert werden. Um die Grenzen der Auflösungsmöglichkeiten dieser Technik zu sondieren, wurden weiterhin die Nahfelder von gemusterten Gold-Nanostrukturen (Fischer-Pattern) bei Wellenlängen bis zu 230 μm (1.2 THz) abgebildet. Hierbei wurde eine Auflösung von 50 nm festgestellt. Schliesslich konnte der topographieunabhängige Materialkontrast von eingebetteten organischen Strukturen, exemplarisch bei 150 μm Wellenlänge, gezeigt werden. Die Fähigkeit, spektroskopische Aufnahmen mittels der THZ-s-SNOM Technik zu erzeugen, wird der Grundlagenforschung und in der Nanotechnologie zu Gute kommen, und weiterhin Anwendungen in der Chemischen- und Halbleiterindustrie ermöglichen
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Stomberski, Colin Thomas. "Molecular Mechanism and Metabolic Function of the S-nitroso-coenzyme A Reductase AKR1A1." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1554372852266484.

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Narvekar, Parag S. [Verfasser]. "Polarimetric remote sensing of land and snow, ice covers with the spaceborne microwave radiometer WindSat / von Parag S. Narvekar." Berlin : Logos, 2008. http://d-nb.info/997390573/34.

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Yapi, Sacré Silvère. "Etude de la diffusion atomique dans la structure photovoltaïque : (In,Se) / Cu (In,Ga) (S,Se)2 / SnO2 /Verre." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0742.

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Ce travail concerne l’étude de la diffusion du cuivre, de l’indium et du gallium dans les structures In2Se3/CuGaSe2/SnO2/Verre en couche mince. Les couches de CuGaSe2 ont été déposées par une méthode de transport à courte distance (CSVT) à partir de deux types de sources ayant différentes tailles de grains. Les couches d’In2Se3 ont été déposées par évaporation thermique. Les structures ont été recuites sous vide à différentes températures et analysées par SIMS. Les profils de concentrations SIMS du cuivre, de l’indium et du gallium montrent que le cuivre diffuse jusqu’à la surface de la couche In2Se3 et que l’indium peut diffuser loin de l’interface du couple de diffusion In2Se3/CuGaSe2 vers l’électrode SnO2. La diffusion du cuivre, de l’indium et du gallium ont été étudiées et les paramètres de diffusions sont calculés. Les diffusions simultanées du cuivre et de l’indium induisent la formation d’une jonction p-n responsable de l’effet photovoltaïque des cellules Zn/In2Se3/CuGaSe2/SnO2/Verre. Des mesures EBIC ont montré un déplacement notable de la jonction de l’interface In2Se3/CuGaSe2 à travers la couche CuGaSe2 en fonction de la température de recuit, résultant en une augmentation des photovoltages jusqu’à 650 mV
This work concerns the study of copper, indium, and gallium diffusions in In2Se3/CuGaSe2/SnO2/glass thin film structures. The CuGaSe2 layers were grown by close –spaced vapor transport (CSVT) for two types of sources having different grain sizes. The In2Se3 films were deposited by thermal evaporation. The structures were annealed in vacuum at different temperatures and analyzed by SIMS. The copper, indium, and gallium SIMS concentration profiles show that the copper diffuses up to the In2Se3 film surface and that the indium can diffuse far away from the In2Se3/CuGaSe2 diffusion couple interface towards SnO2 electrode. The copper, indium, and gallium diffusions were studied and the diffusion parameters were computed. The simultaneous diffusions of copper and indium induces the formation of a p-n junction responsible for the photovoltaic effect of the Zn/In2Se3/CuGaSe2/SnO2/glass cells. EBIC measurements show a notable shift of the junction from the the In2Se3/CuGaSe2 interface through the CuGaSe2 layer in terms of the annealing temperature, resulting in an increasing of the photovoltages up to 650 mV
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Yilmaz, Erdem. "Two Versions Of The Stream Cipher Snow." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605592/index.pdf.

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Two versions of SNOW, which are word-oriented stream ciphers proposed by P. Ekdahl and T. Johansson in 2000 and 2002, are studied together with cryptanalytic attacks on the first version. The reported attacks on SNOW1.0 are the &ldquo
guess-and-determine attack&rdquo
s by Hawkes and Rose and the &ldquo
distinguishing attack&rdquo
by Coppersmith, Halevi and Jutla in 2002. A review of the distinguishing attack on SNOW1.0 is given using the approach made by the designers of SNOW in 2002 on another cipher, SOBER-t32. However, since the calculation methods for the complexities of the attack are different, the values found with the method of the designers of SNOW are higher than the ones found by Coppersmith, Halevi and Jutla. The correlations in the finite state machine that make the distinguishing attack possible and how these correlations are affected by the operations in the finite state machine are investigated. Since the substitution boxes (S-boxes) play an important role in destroying the correlation and linearity caused by Linear Feedback Shift Register, the s-boxes of the two versions of SNOW are examined for the criteria of Linear Approximation Table (LAT), Difference Distribution Table (DDT) and Auto-correlation Table distributions. The randomness tests are performed using NIST statistical test suite for both of the ciphers. The results of the tests are presented.
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FERREIRA, Diogo Leonardo Ferreira da. "Processamento e Caracterização do SnO₂(s) Dopado com Doadores/Receptores de Elétrons para Aplicação como Eletrodo Óxido Condutor." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIFEI, 2017. http://repositorio.unifei.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/713.

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O SnO₂(s) é um semicondutor do tipo n, possui baixa densificação, quando dopado com outros óxidos metálicos exibe um comportamento elétrico causados por defeitos intrínsecos e extrínsecos. Utilizou-se o Co₂O₃(s) como agente densificante e MoO₃(s) e WO₃(s) como principais óxidos na obtenção das propriedades elétricas. As concentrações utilizadas dos dopantes variaram em porcentagem molar, empregou-se o processamento convencional de mistura de óxidos, após a identificação dos resultados de retração do material, analisados em dilatômetro definiu-se as temperaturas de sinterização para 1.250ºC, 1.350ºC e 1.450ºC com aquecimento de 5°C/minutos. As amostras conformadas a 210 Mpa e tratadas termicamente em isoterma de 2 horas, demonstraram um aumento na densidade relativa, com média e desvio padrão de 99,03% ± 0,68% para amostra contendo 99,0% SnO₂(s) + 1,0% Co₂O₃(s) 1.450°C. As amostras foram caracterizadas por Difração de Raios-X (DRX), ilustram a existência da fase cristalina rutilo do SnO₂(s) e a inexistência de outras picos de formações de fases secundárias cristalinas, referente aos dopantes Co₂O₃(s), MoO₃(s) eWO₃(s) indicando a presença da fase esperada. Os modos vibracionais das ligações químicas foram observados na Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (IV) e Espectroscopia Raman, identificando as ligações químicas do SnO₂(s). Os valores de energia de band gap, foram obtidos pela Espectroscopia de Refletância Difusa UVVis, proporcionando um melhor resultado de Egap=3,03eV para amostra 98,75% SnO₂(s) + 1% Co₂O₃(s) + 0,25% MoO₃(s) 1.350°C, característica ideal para condução elétrica em semicondutores. As dopagens contendo Mo(s) e W(s) influenciaram na redução do tamanho de grãos das amostras, obtendo poucos poros localizados nos contornos de grãos, provavelmente ocasionados pelo processamento do material, indicam ainda a presença de aglomerados que após o processo de sinterização conduziu a formação de intra-aglomerados e inter-aglomerados, ilustradas em análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Através da caracterização elétrica verificou-se que as amostras apresentam um comportamento semicondutor de condução por barreiras com baixa energia que surge apenas em baixas temperaturas (T<195K), indicando que o material estudado possui um grande potencial para aplicações em eletrodos óxido condutor. O parâmetro de condução aumenta, quando aumenta a temperatura que provavelmente é devido ao aumento das vacâncias de oxigênio na estrutura do óxido de estanho. Os resultados de impedância, ilustram arcos de círculo com o centro abaixo do eixo Y (Z”), indicando tratar-se de um modelo de circuito paralelo de resistor e capacitor com uma dispersão de permissividades dielétricas sendo melhor resultado para aplicação em eletrodo óxido condutor a amostra contendo 98,75% SnO₂(s) + 1% Co₂O₃(s) + 0,25% MoO₃(s) 1.250°C, sendo representado pelo menor valor de Ω.
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Tsai, Ya-Lun S. [Verfasser], Natascha [Akademischer Betreuer] Oppelt, and Andreas [Gutachter] Dietz. "Monitoring Snow Cover and Snowmelt Dynamics and Assessing their Influences on Inland Water Resources / Ya-Lun S. Tsai ; Gutachter: Andreas Dietz ; Betreuer: Natascha Oppelt." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1227925638/34.

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Bui, Dai Nghia. "Evolution des états de surface du dioxyde d'étain en fonction du traitement gazeux au dioxyde de soufre. Application à l'étude des systèmes dioxyde d'étain-hydrogène sulfuré et dioxyde d'étain-benzène." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808532.

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L'évolution des états de surface de SnO2 en fonction du traitement à SO2 a été étudiée au moyen des expériences de thermodésorption. Le rôle des groupements hydroxyles a été mis en évidence au niveau des sites d'adsorption et un modèle concernant l'adsorption du dioxyde de soufre sur l'oxygène du réseau de l'oxyde a été proposé. Le mécanisme d'adsorption et de décomposition de H2S et de C6H6 sur l'adsorption de SnO2 a été observé. L'analyse de l'influence de la température sur la nature de l'adsorption de H2S a révélé un aspect chimique intéressant concernant la liaison entre le matériau et les espèces adsorbées. Quant à l'interaction C6H6-SnO2, nous avons observé que le matériau traité dispose des sites d'adsorption préférentiels où se fixent les produits de décomposition tandis que le matériau non traité n'établit pas des liaisons solides avec les molécules d'oxydes de carbone.
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Books on the topic "S-SNOM"

1

Kamp, David. The film snob*s dictionary: An essential lexicon of filmological knowledge. New York: Broadway Books, 2005.

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Canadian, Geophysical Union (Meeting 2001 Ottawa Ont ). Scientific meeting of the Canadian Geophysical Union jointly with the 58th Eastern Snow Conference, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 14-17 May, 2001: Program and abstracts = Rencontre scientifique de l'Union géophysique canadienne conjointement avec la 58e Conference de neige de l'est, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 14-17 mai, 2001 : programme et resumes /c[S. Pagiatakis, J.A.R. Blais, P.P.C. Wu, E.S. Krebes, Organizing Committee]. Ottawa, Ont.]: Canadian Geophysical Union, 2001.

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S Is for Snow. Familius LLC, 2020.

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(ILLUSTRATOR), JANE HISSEY. JOLLY SNOW (MINI TREASURE S.). RED FOX, 1996.

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(ILLUSTRATOR), JANE HISSEY. JOLLY SNOW (MINI TREASURE S.). RED FOX, 1996.

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Hans Christian Andersen. The Snow Queen (Everystory S.). Scholastic Hippo, 1998.

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Harte, Bret. Snow-Bound at Eagle\'s and Devil\'s Ford. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001.

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Snow White (My Fairy Tales S.). Mighty Minds Corporation Pte.Ltd ,Singapore, 1994.

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Milne, Nina. Earl's Snow-Kissed Proposal. Harlequin Enterprises, Limited, 2016.

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Butcher, Nancy. Xtwo of a Kind It S Snow Probl. Ted Smart, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "S-SNOM"

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Barroso, Juan B., Raquel Valderrama, Alfonso Carreras, Mounira Chaki, Juan C. Begara-Morales, Beatriz Sánchez-Calvo, and Francisco J. Corpas. "Quantification and Localization of S-Nitrosothiols (SNOs) in Higher Plants." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 139–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3600-7_12.

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Brumley, Billy Bob, Risto M. Hakala, Kaisa Nyberg, and Sampo Sovio. "Consecutive S-box Lookups: A Timing Attack on SNOW 3G." In Information and Communications Security, 171–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17650-0_13.

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Mioto, Paulo T., Alejandra Matiz, Luciano Freschi, and Francisco J. Corpas. "Fluorimetric-Based Method to Detect and Quantify Total S-Nitrosothiols (SNOs) in Plant Samples." In Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants, 37–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9_4.

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Sorokin, Vladimir I., and Tat’yana P. Dadze. "Solubility and complex formation in the systems Hg-H2O, S-H2O, SiO2-H2O and SnO2-H2O." In Fluids in the Crust, 57–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1226-0_4.

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Jiang, Jun, Zhigang Han, Zhigang Yao, Zengliang Zhao, and Junjie Guo. "Cross-Calibration of S-NPP/VIIRS and Tiangong-2/MAI Visible Channels Using the SNO Method." In Proceedings of the Tiangong-2 Remote Sensing Application Conference, 130–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3501-3_13.

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"valleyward(s) snow." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1475. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_220107.

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Onderwater, Gerrit L. J., and Michel D. Ferrari. "Visual snow." In Oxford Textbook of Headache Syndromes, edited by Michel Ferrari, Joost Haan, Andrew Charles, David W. Dodick, Fumihiko Sakai, and Christopher Kennard, 530–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198724322.003.0059.

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Visual snow is characterized by continuous visual disturbances in the form of countless tiny particles present in the entire visual field, often interpreted as television static. The visual disturbances are almost always accompanied by additional symptoms, including palinopsia, nyctalopia, photophobia, entoptic phenomenon, bilateral tinnitus, concentration problems, lethargy, and irritability. Visual snow has been linked to migraine and the migrainous aura. The clinical phenotype of visual snow clearly different from migraine; however, the co-occurrence with migraine (aura) might imply that both conditions share underlying pathophysiological mechanism(s). Visual snow is currently diagnosed on patient history alone, as additional investigations are typical normal and do not contribute to the diagnosis. However, ophthalmological investigation, neuroimaging, and, in selected cases, electroencephalography are recommend to rule out other disorders. Although self-limiting in some cases, visual snow typically remains a chronic condition that is very difficult to suppress with drug or non-pharmacological treatment.
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Hall, Joe B., Marianne Walker, and Rick Bozich. "Back to Kentucky." In Coach Hall, 10–12. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178561.003.0004.

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Relates the family’s peregrinations from Miami to Cynthiana to Six Corners, Massachusetts (where Joe B. learns to love the snow), back to Cynthiana, where Joe B.’s father builds and operates a dry-cleaning and his mother runs her own flower shop. Joe B. and his brother fish, play, go to school, and acquire a dog, Herman.
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Guy, Adam. "New Realism and ‘the times at hand’." In The nouveau roman and Writing in Britain After Modernism, 121–46. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850007.003.0005.

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The chapter opens by considering the contested definitions of realism that often characterize discussions of the novel in the postwar British literary field. The Snow Circle—C. P. Snow, Pamela Hansford Johnson, and William Cooper—is then introduced. Hansford Johnson’s and Cooper’s attacks on the nouveau roman are shown to rehearse the Snovian critique of modernism, as well as to replicate its elisions regarding its own valuation of an opposing realism. Then novels by Rayner Heppenstall (The Connecting Door, and The Woodshed (both 1962)) and Muriel Spark (The Mandelbaum Gate (1965)) are contrasted. Both writers explicitly engage with the nouveau roman in their novels, and value it positively as a form of realism. However, Heppenstall is shown to remain within the frame of reference set down by European high modernism, while Spark sees the nouveau roman as exemplifying something new. The chapter concludes by showing how Spark’s understanding of the nouveau roman’s realism is echoed in the critical statements of a number of other writers, most revealingly B. S. Johnson.
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Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. "Precipitation Rate." In Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134513.003.0011.

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Accurate rainfall measurements are required, usually over broad areas because of the natural variability of rain. Coverage of a large area can be achieved using many distributed point measurement instruments or a remote sensor with large areal coverage, such as radar, or both. This chapter describes several methods for measuring precipitation, both liquid and frozen types. Point measurements, e.g., rain gauges, are emphasized although a section on weather radar is included because this is a very important method of estimating precipitation. Precipitation rate could be specified as the mass flow rate of liquid or solid water across a horizontal plane per unit time: Mw in kg m-2 s-1. Water density is a function of temperature but that can be ignored in this context; then the volume flow rate, or precipitation rate, becomes R = Mw/pw in m s-1 or, more conveniently, in units of mm hr-1 or mm day-1. Precipitation rate is the depth to which a flat horizontal surface would have been covered per unit time if no water were lost by run-off, evaporation, or percolation. Precipitation rate is the quantity used in all applications but, in many cases, the unit of time is not specified, being understood for the application, commonly per day or per storm period. Some gauges measure precipitation, rain, snow and other frozen particles, while others measure only rain. Rainfall can be measured using point measurement techniques which involve measuring a collected sample of rain or measuring some property of the falling rain such as its optical effects. The other general technique is to use remote sensing, usually radar, to estimate rainfall over a large area. Both ground-based and space-based radars are used for rain measurement. A precipitation gage (US) or gauge (elsewhere) could be a simple open container on the ground to collect rain, snow, and hail. However, this is not a practical method for estimating the amount of precipitation because of the need to avoid wind effects, enhance accuracy and resolution, and make a measurement representative of a large area. These issues will be discussed in sect. 9.2.1.6.
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Conference papers on the topic "S-SNOM"

1

Khan, Ryan, Eric O. Potma, and Bongsu Kim. "PiFM vs s-SNOM: a comparative study." In Complex Light and Optical Forces XII, edited by David L. Andrews, Enrique J. Galvez, and Jesper Glückstad. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2319340.

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Brehm, M., A. Schliesser, and F. Keilmann. "Spectroscopic s-SNOM powered by infrared frequency-combs." In >2006 Joint 31st International Conference on Infrared Millimeter Waves and 14th International Conference on Teraherz Electronics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimw.2006.368572.

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Wang, Yueying, Min Hu, Zhuocheng Zhang, Tianyu Zhang, Sen Gong, Wei Wang, and Shenggang Liu. "Near-field Spectrum Analysis of TDS s-SNOM." In 2019 44th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2019.8873790.

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Hannotte, T., L. Thomas, B. Walter, M. Lavancier, S. Eliet, M. Faucher, J. F. Lampin, and R. Peretti. "s-SNOM imaging of a THz photonic mode." In 2020 45th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz46771.2020.9370928.

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Zhang, Zhuocheng, Min Hu, Xiaoqiuyan Zhang, Yueving Wang, Tianyu Zhang, Xingxing Xu, Sen Gong, Tao Zhao, and Shenggang Liu. "Tip-Gap Field Enhancement in THz s-SNOM." In 2020 45th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz46771.2020.9370470.

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Semenenko, Viacheslav. "Analytical model for s-type SNOM of 2D conducting materials." In Photonics for Quantum 2020. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2611873.

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Hannotte, T., L. Thomas, C. Nascimento Santos, M. Lavancier, S. Eliet, B. Walter, M. Faucher, J. F. Lampin, and R. Peretti. "Consequences of antenna effects on s-SNOM imaging of a photonic mode." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2021.sw2k.5.

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Chuang, C. H., and Y. L. Lo. "Heterodyne Detection Signal Analysis in Apertureless Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52186.

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Apertureless scattering near-field optical microscopy (A-SNOM) is generally performed using a heterodyne detection technique since it provides a higher signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio than homodyne detection. Accordingly, this study constructs a robust interference-based model of the detection signal which takes account of both the tip enhancement phenomena and the tip reflective background electric field to analyze the amplitude and phase of heterodyne detection signals at different harmonics of the tip vibration frequency. The analytical results indicate that the high-order harmonic tip scattering noise decays more rapidly with a high-order Bessel function for small phase modulation depths than the near-field interaction signal. It is also shown that the signal contrast improves as the wavelength of the illuminating light source is increased or the incident angle is reduced. As compared with homodyne technique, it can be found the signal contrast is much improved in visible region in heterodyne technique. The results presented in this study provide an improved understanding of the complex signal detected in the heterodyne A-SNOM technique and suggest potential means of improving its S/N ratio such that the signal contrast of heterodyne A-SNOM can be improved.
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Thomas, L., S. Eliet, J. Carcreff, J. F. Lampin, E. Bychkov, D. Le Coq, and P. Masselin. "Mid-IR s-SNOM imaging of photo-induced refractive index variation in chalcogenide glass." In 2019 44th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2019.8874029.

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Wei, Binbin, Robert Wallis, Stephen Kindness, Oleg Mitrofanov, Harvey E. Beere, David A. Ritchie, and Riccardo Degl'Innocenti. "Terahertz s-SNOM with > λ/1000 resolution based on self-mixing in quantum cascade lasers." In 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (CLEO/Europe) & European Quantum Electronics Conference (EQEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2017.8086433.

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