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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sacral architecture'
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Heikinheimo, J. (Jaakko). "CINIS:a non-religious sacral space." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201705312269.
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Cinis is a small, module-structured pavilion. The aim of the work is to focus on the sacral phenomenons of the architecture in the contemporary world. Cinis is designed as an off-grid building, as it’s platform is supposed to be almost anywhere. In this approach, the site is in the hearth of Paris.
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Wallin, Robert. "Sacral neutral : An exploration of the funeral spaces of tomorrow." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173275.
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The thesis addresses the current need for new ceremony spaces for funerals. Non-confessional or civil funerals are increasing in Sweden, where projections indicate that one of four funerals in 2030 will be civil. This is believed to have its origin in that more and more Swedes have gained a more distant relationship to the institutional religion and its ceremonies. Instead, we can see today a movement towards more individualized and personalized ceremonies. The funeral chapel, the most common ceremonial room for funerals, has been designed since the 1960s to be a neutral space, possible for non-confessional or civil funerals. It is important to clarify though, that the dominant ceremony in these rooms has always been the Christian funeral. Consequently, ceremonies that are outside the Swedish Church are based on tolerance to the dominant religion in these buildings. Sweden, however, is no longer a homogeneous country to the extent that the entire population confesses to the Lutheran faith. Instead we are today made up of a population with a variety of faiths and views of life. Consequently, we can see a dissonance between the ceremonial spaces provided by the Swedish Church and the cultural diversity in Sweden today.Seen against this background, it is expected that there will be a future need of new ceremony buildings. Spaces accessible for everyone, which can respond to the varying forms of ceremonies, secular as well as religious. Thus, this thesis aims to create a proposal for a non-confessional ceremonial building intended for funeral ceremonies in Umeå. Through a theoretical as well as practical exploration regarding our historical and current relationship to the funeral ceremony and its spaces, this thesis will strive towards clarifying the nature of the next generation of ceremonial buildings for funerals.
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Kareš, Martin. "Proměny světla a skla v sakrálním prostoru." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233218.
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Diversity of today´s castles and its lucid establishment in tradition or on the other hand the unique of its forms calls up questions, the need to look back and the need of reflection. This contribution is focused on phenomenon of sacral space from the point of view of certain type - opened and closed - especially on co-influencing of light and glass as one of themost important attributes of these archepypes influencing the creation of liturgics area composition.
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Chylíková, Marcela. "Kostel na sídlišti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215925.
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The study presents a new church for Novy Liskovec in Brno. The site is situated in the middle of housing estate close to public transport, on a rocky southern slope. The proposed building is used for local citizens and the christian community. For the project to be beneficial to all people concerned, I suggest layout features on culture, recreation, services and church. The open building design creates a natural social center. The church acts as a social center - multi-functional building. The basic inspirational impulse for the general shape and formal concept of the house is the existing passage through the plot, the need for social meetingpoint and the relationship to the surrounding landscape. Abstracted belt runs continuously through the construction; gradually defines and separates the social, secular and sacred space. To the visitor the house reveals a play of light, shadows and glimpses of the horizon. The project is divided into three parts: connected community center and church which are accompanied by multi-functional car park with shops and playground. The described objects create two building complexes that stand opposite to each other on the western and eastern edge of the plot. Among them, these create a town-square motif, leaving free space - the rock. The architectural concept of the church as a meandering path is expressed in the material solution of the construction. Path - the band that wraps the space has a different outer and inner material surface. The wrapped ribbon motif embracing and defining the space comes alive and changes with the movement of man in the enclosed space. Construction works as a series of leaflets - images that tell the story. The main axis of the object is oriented in the north-south direction thus offering views of open countryside and horizon, binds the building to the landscape. The structural design of the church is designed from concrete walls and steel trussers. The main load-bearing structures are embedded with self standing boxes from wooden KLH boards (laminated solid wood) as additional space separators.
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Stasiūnaitė, Neringa. "XX a.pabaigoje -XXI a. pradžioje Lietuvos sakralinių pastatų architektūrinių ir konstrukcinių sprendinių analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080930_090405-94013.
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Darbe nagirnėjami XX a. pabaigos – XXI a. pradžios Lietuvoje pastatytų sakralinių pastatų - katalikų bažnyčių architektūriniai ir konstrukciniai sprendiniai. Aptariama bažnyčių erdvinės - tūrinės kompozicijos, planinės struktūros, urbanistinis kontekstas ir konstrukcinės sistemos.In thesis of the master analyzing of architectural and structural solutions in sacral buildings of Lithuanian at the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21th century. The church's are important in architectural and cultural history, they are important of the nation culturally. Sacral buildings represented material and mental valuables of their century, so they are interesting subject of architecture.
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Obrtlík, Jan. "Česká sakrální architektura v letech 1900 - 1950 v mezinárodním kontextu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390289.
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The thesis deals with the history and the interpretation of the development of sacral architecture during the first half of the twentieth century. It interprets the topic in a broad framework, which mentions the historical preconditions of this development and in the most important cases also its international relations. The introductional chapters list all up-to-date publications to the topic and suggest certain means of interpretation of sacral architecture which reflects the natural division of this topic between the disciplines of architectural theory and religion science. The own thesis begins with characteristics of social and religious situation in the Austria-Hungary and its consequences of sacral architectural development. It mentions basic examples of sacral buildings and the measure of their relation to the contemporary architectural development in general. Subsequently it mentions transformational influence of World War I and of declaration of souverain Czechoslovakia, which led to the emergence of new churches with their own architectural ambitions and also to the focus shifting of discipline to new contemporary topics. It follows the parallels with contemporary architectural trends of 1920's and the level of their use in the specific field of religious buildings also in relation to individual churches with their different architectural developments. Further it mentions sacral building development in 1930's with the emphasis in relation to the contemporary social atmosphere and in accent transformation between conservative and progressive religious approach. Than it follows with a review of religious culture transformation during World War II in Protectorate Czech Moravia and shows particularity of unnumerous examples of church buildings and projects from this era. The final part than reflects the evolution of the social role of religion after the War as well as an influence of communist coup in 1948 at potential of sacral architecture. It states the negative influence of both totalitarian regimes on the quality of sacral buildings of following period and on a poor measure of disciplines theoretical knowledge, which among others results in unsufficient primary sources, from which this thesis would likely have taken. Even when this thesis have not and cannot have an ambition of full exploration of the topic, it presents the factography and collecion of interpretations, by means of which the significant gap in the historiography of 20th century Czech sacral architecture can be at least partially bridged.
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Hrubjaková, Petra. "Architektonická studie sakrálního objektu a komunitního centra Salesiánského Brno - Líšeň / druhá etapa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443686.
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By entering the diploma thesis is to create an architectural study of the sacral object and the Salesian community center in Brno - Líšeň. The first mention of the creating church appeared in 1987 and because of this reason Salesians came to this city, they focus on working with children and youth, according to Don Bosca. Their method od education was reflected in the overall project concept. The building will be linked to the existing object of the Salesian Youth Center, but it will also serve for a wider circle of believers. The consecration of the church will be a third divine person - the Holy Spirit. The object will be on the Horníková ulica, on the parcels no. 5037/30,32. On the plot with parc. No.5037/32 is currently a building, that is the property of the Nadácia pre radosť, and it will by removed during construction. The proposal is based on urban analyzes performed and responds to the surrounding buildings. It also affects the conditions of the building plot and uses terrain sloping. The proposal consists of one object that includes a church with a capacity for 400 seat and 100-standing persons with chorus, sacristy, adoration chapel and technical and hygienic backgrounds. Furthermore, there is a educational/multifunction room, workshop and store of religious products, farther the parish part with the apartments, office for priests and underground garage. In addition to the building, there was created paved areas for pedestrian which responding to existing communications. Due to the removal of the parking lot in the northern part of the solved territory, the existing parking lot was extended on the south side and there was also created a new communication for cars, which connects the Northern Street Horníková with Western. In this communication, it is necessary to create a suitable road signage to prevent the supply of vehicles and it must not be used as an abbreviation in the traffic jam at the 2nd grade road communication.
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Prokopová, Kateřina. "Architektonická studie sakrálního objektu a komunitního centra Salesiánského Brno - Líšeň / druhá etapa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443697.
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The topic of the diploma thesis is the elaboration of the design of a new sacral building in Brno-Líšeň. The church building is complemented by a spiritual center with facilities. The church is to serve not only the contemporary Salesian community, but also to be open to a wider circle of believers. It is a slightly sloping plot in the middle of a panel building between the polyclinic building and the building of the Salesian Youth Center (= Salesko). Salesko is a non-profit organization whose mission is to accompany children and young people on their journey to adulthood and contribute to their physical, mental and spiritual development. The center builds on the preventive pedagogical system of Don Bosco, the founder of the Salesians. The idea is based on the main essence of the Salesians - home, family background, community. The design processes several interconnected operations into one complete unit with a common entrance atrium. The floor plan of the objects imitates the letter U, which means openness to the surrounding world, while also providing a certain background - safety. The buildings are single-storey, only the liturgical space itself, formed by a circular floor plan, forms a dominant dominant with a bell tower. Part of the design is the solution of parking spaces and free outdoor areas. From the urban point of view, emphasis is placed on walking accessibility, at the same time barrier-free access and use of the building is ensured.
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Williams, Malachy Marie. "Sacred space God's architectural design for God-centered worship /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2004. http://www.tren.com.
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Rampáčková, Monika. "Katedrála v současnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414281.
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The master's thesis deals with famous Notre-Dame de Paris, which was destroyed by fire in 2019. The work focuses specifically on the design of completion of the construction. The cathedral is situated in the historical centre of Paris on the Île de la Cité. A lot of damage was caused to the building after the devastating fire on 15 April 2019. The aim of the thesis was to create a spiritual place that would maintain its past, but at the same time manage to follow ecological solutions in the present. The new design of the attic creates a sacred place, in which we realize the importance of faith and the peace of God. The cathedral is open to the general public ? religious people from all over the world come here to experience the love, joy and happiness that the cathedral invokes. The whole attic can be described as an open space, which symbolizes infinity or immortality from the religious point of view. It represents the connection of the past, present and future. The space is designed to hold priestly celebrations and to be open for the public. It can also be used for various events, such as exhibitions of sculptures that survived the fire.
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Mádr, Marián. "Architektonická studie sakrálního objektu Brno - Líšeň." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414267.
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The subject of the diploma thesis is the design of a new Roman Catholic church with conveniences, which will be located in the city of Brno - Líšeň, in the northwestern part of the cadastral area Líšeň, on a sloping plot, between Horníkova and Molákova streets, near the youth center ("Saleska"). The church will serve the Roman Catholic Congregation of the Selesians, who are attended to the education and work with children and youth. The church will be dedicated to the third Divine Person of the Holy Spirit. The main aim of the church is to be a place of meeting in the community of believers, but also a quiet and peaceful place to meet God. The proposal will also consider the construction of a vicarage, which should be a meeting place for parishioners at various events with the possibility of accommodating the Salesians. The idea is proceeded on the main symbols of the Salesians. The design is based on the idea of a home, a circle, which symbolizes the family atmosphere. It is derived from three pillars. The sense, the religion and the kindness, standing on a triangular background that serve as points to create a community bounded by circles. This fellowship is defined by three circular segments in the form of reinforced concrete framework structures, each of them represents one of the divine persons of the Holy Trinity. God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. The gaps among the structures serve for such an illumination, which does not distract the attention from the church to the outside environment and preserves the peace and the spirituality in the interior.
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Kennedy, Jean Marie. "Architecture and the sacred way." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21695.
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Klimeš, Jakub. "Katedrála v současnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414259.
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This project focuses on an ideal solution for restoring the roof of Notre-Dame in Paris, which burned down together with its spire on April 15, 2019. The main motive behind the design was to create a quiet space that will serve as a memorial of the fire and reflect the unity of the society that contributed to the rebuilding found. The primary step of the whole reconstruction is to find an adequate way of renewal and its ethical boundaries. Main attention is focused on the roof and on the spire of the cathedral. As a tribute to medieval builders who consecrated their lives into this magnificent piece of work. The exterior of the new design has the same silhouettes and proportions that it has got eight centuries ago, but with a touch of a modern day aesthetics. When designing the interior of the roof, it was really important to maintain a clear representation of Gothic architecture – the balance between darkness and light. The space is divided into two parts. The first part represents darkness, as an obstacle, which each of us has to overcome. The second part is full of natural light that seems to tear the roof of the cathedral and illuminates the entire space inside. At the heart of the design is a gem that matters the most, life. The spire of the cathedral is designed with four pillars that symbolize the connection of mind-spirit-body with physical world The idea of the spire reflects these seemingly different things, but together they unite into one piece.
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Joyner, John Edward III. "The impact architectural on acoustical settings for sacred music in the Episcopal Parish Churches of Georgia." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21662.
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McGahan, Michelle L. "Architecture as transition creating sacred space /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1082677289.
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MCGAHAN, MICHELLE LEE. "ARCHITECTURE AS TRANSITION: CREATING SACRED SPACE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1082677289.
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Kovář, Martin. "Katedrála v současnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414261.
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The content of the work is ideas solution for the roof of the Notre-Dame in Paris, after the destroying fire in 2019. Main idea is to create garret space for spiritual people, which used to meet, study and pray without the contact with the tourists and fill in the gap after the old tower above the crossing. Concept based on the original garret, which was only for service. The idea is coming especially from the simplicity and effectivity of the old garret and pointing on some of his elements. Space under the roof should be simple according to the first floor of the cathedral. The function is reflecting simplicity of the spaces with the respect to historical cathedral. Garret is designed for spiritual people, who are working in Notre-Dame and makes a space for them, which will be calm place for meditation. For this purpose are there cells for individual studying, library, common space and chapel. Connecting and meeting point in the same time between the ground, garett and higher power is sanctuary. This part is getting light to the ground floor.
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Křenková, Anna. "Architektonická studie sakrálního objektu Brno - Líšeň." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414265.
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The assignment of this diploma thesis is design proposal of a new roman catholic church and parsonage with parish centre inside stabilised existing development of slab block housing estate in Nová Líšeň, Brno. The need for church has emerged shortly after completion of the housing development and intensified alongside the growth of believer community created around Salesian centre that has been active in the area since 90’s and focuses on upbringing of youngsters through Don Bosco’s educating methods. Masses have been held so far in the gym of the Salesian centre with about 250 Sunday visitors. The church ought to be designed near the centre and dedicated to Holy spirit so that it serves both community and wider range of believers at the housing estate. The thesis deals with church, parsonage with parish centre and housing development relationship. It’s attempting to answer the question how the church connects to the housing estate and communicates its mission to its surroundings. The design proposal is based on urban context analysis, analysis of Salesian congregation and conditions of the building plot. The composition consists of two functional parts that are connected. First part consists of the church building design with 300 seated and 100 standing visitors capacity per mass and technical support areas. Second functional part is made of the parish centre with community hall for 100 people, educational room, parish offices and accommodation for members of congregation. The design content is supplemented with design of semi-public space, solution to traffic service and parking and design of parish orchard.
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Šebela, Vojtěch. "Architektonická studie sakrálního objektu a komunitního centra Salesiánského Brno - Líšeň / druhá etapa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443704.
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The topic of the diploma thesis is the design of the Roman Catholic Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit in Brno Líšeň. The building will complement the needs of the Salesian community, which has been operating in the nearby Salesko youth house for almost 30 years and focuses on educating young people using methods from Don Bosco. The design of the church also envisages the construction of facilities for parishioners and accommodation for Salesians. It should also serve not only the current community, but also the general public. The design offers a solution how to modernize a building of these dimensions into an urban complex such as a housing estate in modern times. All this with an emphasis on minimizing the negative impacts on existing residents who use the surrounding areas for recreation. The building will consist of two functional units. The first will consist of a church building with a capacity of 300 seated and 100 standing parishioners. The second part will be a parish center with a community hall for 100 people. There will also be apartments for priests, a hobby workshop and parish offices.
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Caster, Nancy Kay. "The sacred in the making of architecture." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23403.
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Teng, Emily. "Contemplative Craftsmanship: In Dialogue with Sacred Architecture." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367934922.
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Williams, Gary D. "[Sacred] Aperture." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337363338.
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Lu, Xiao. "Searching for the Sacred." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228501.
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Moattar, Kayrokh. "Våler Church : A Contemporary Experience of Sacred Architecture." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100149.
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The History of Architecture has been all about religious buildings. With distribution of sources of power and wealth, new paradigms have emerged. Architecture today is about villas, skyscrapers, stadiums, etc. as well as churches. The financial support of the church is not in the same way as in middle ages; neither the way in which they are used. The question of this thesis project is this transformation of an architectural tradition and how it should be adjusted to our time’s conditions.
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LITTLE, DAVID BRUCE. "VALUES IN CHURCH ARCHITECTURE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1053547720.
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Callandre, Florence. "Koylou : représentation divine et architecture sacrée de l'hindouisme réunionnais." La Réunion, 1995. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/95_03_Callandre.pdf.
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Le mot créole "koylou" désigne ici les espaces sociaux des temples hindous de la Réunion dans toute leur diversité : "sapèl malbar, tanp tamoul, ashram, sapèl personèl" construits par des immigrants indiens, puis par des Réunionnais qui sont, quant au plus grand nombre, leurs descendants. L'étude montre comment la "créolisation" et la "tamoulisation", à l'oeuvre dans ces espaces sociaux complexes produisent un hindouisme spécifiquement réunionnais. Dans une première partie, se retrouvent autour des "koylou", les diverses associations qui les gèrent, les prêtres qui les desservent et les traditions écrites ou orales qui nourrissent l'éthos de leurs fidèles. La deuxieme partie est une description iconographique raisonnée de leurs panthéons. La troisième partie consacrée à l'architecture, raconte l'appropriation du territoire du "koylou", son enracinement aussi bien que ses avatars, et insiste sur la véritable métamorphose que constitue aujourd'hui l'effort de tamoulisation entrepris par quelques-uns, qui entraîne dans une dynamique de rénovation la plupart des autres. Cette étude s'appuie sur des données provenant, d'une part, d'un travail de terrain (les temoignages des informateurs en créole ou plus rarement en tamoul sont fidelement transcrits et traduits en français), dans la totalité de l'espace de l'ile ou sont construits les "koylou" et, d'autre part, de l'analyse de documents d'association, d'archives, et d'ouvrages traitant aussi bien de l'Inde que de la Réunion. Elle est illustrée avec des photographies et des dessins à l'encre, "d'images" des divinités, de "kolam", de végétaux, d'objets de culte, de plans des espaces sacrés. . .
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Dass, Meera I. "Udayagiri : a sacred hill : its art, architecture and landscape." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/13256.
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Lee, Jaeyual. "New megachurch : coexistence of sacred and secular." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87145.
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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2014.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 74).
Protestants today seem to approach public worship with one or the other of two quite different attitudes. Many Protestants understand worship as primarily a matter of feelings; others see worship as basically work done in God's service. While there are glamorously designed churches emphasizing value of sacredness and its symbolism, there are also practical and temperate churches valuing people rather than the place. Whether the latter development of secular church forms were developed out of liturgical sincerity or as the result of Capitalism due to economic competition, it is most prevalent form of Protestant churches today. Specifically on my site near Flushing, NY, with high density of Korean immigrant settlements who mostly serve on ethnic commercial and service business, many of informal church typology of pet architecture started to emerge. Its phenomena along the main artery of Korea Town in Flushing are so predominant that there are multiple churches per every single block of city fabric on Northern Boulevard. One cannot distinguish a church from a commercial store if there was not a signboard indicating its name. Liturgical principle of religious space is completely ignored with invention of commercial churches. The term megachurch generally refers to any Protestant congregation church with a sustained average weekly attendance of 2,000 or more in its worship services. With its high density of pet churches in Flushing, NY, average total attendance of weekly Korean Protestant worship easily exceed 10,000. My thesis is about invention of typology of new megachurch. Rather than a giant space occupied by a single congregation, it is an infrastructure for agglomeration of religious spaces that can expand and contract based on its demand. Acknowledging abnormal high density of religious needs around Korean immigrant community and the importance of service industry, a new mutant typology of sacred and secular spaces in coexistence is proposed. Simply put, it is a shopping mall of churches offering their religious services in competition, which the exact situation is happening in Flushing today.
by Jaeyual Lee.
M. Arch.
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Hameed, Rabeea. "Threshold to the Sacred." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42872.
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In designing a sacred space, the work should be a product not only of the mechanics of the mind but also a response of the heart, and therefore the spirit or soul that an architect must possess. For the soul is the harmony between the two. This is what gets diffused into the work, the subjectivity of which gives it its reality. The work too can then become animate with soul. Mircea Eliade believed that through symbols, the world becomes transparent and transcendence becomes visible. The religious man therefore relies on symbols to recognize sacred reality. â Divine work always preserves its quality of transparency, that is it spontaneously reveals the many aspects of the sacred,â which is why the very existence of the cosmic system and everything within presents itself as a proof of divine presence.1 For the construction of a sanctuary, the goal is to be able to perceive what is sacred in the mundane, and then bringing it forth, extracting it, distinguishing it to be experienced sensually. Sacred architecture is what identifies and then exposes these hierophanies.
The site is located on the intersection of Pennsylvania Ave NW and 26th ST NW in Washington DC. For the design development, the story of the first revelation of Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, is used as a narrative through the project. His search for meaning and retreat into nature, teaches of Islamic monasticism, the path that leads completely inward to a place with no one but God.
â Every road will lead you to this sense of initiation â the light, the secret, are hidden in the place from which you set out. You are on your way not toward the end of the road but toward its beginning; to go is to return; to find is to rediscover.â 2Master of Architecture
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Limpantoudis, Evangelos. "Contradiction in the making of a sacred monolith." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35510.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 79).
This Thesis deals with the understanding of the essence of sacred object and sacred space as related to the way they are composed and perceived as sequences of intersecting architectural motifs. The design project is a sacred community for religious living amidst a secular urban context - a home for a group of eight monks from the Monastery of Sainte Marie de La Tourette, representing the Dominican Order in the small town of Croix en Touraine in the Loire Valley of France. The Project is approached through a continuous dialogue between the architecture of the Convent of Sainte Marie de La Tourette and this new convent. This process aims at the thorough study, understanding and use of this precedent, not simply as a reference, but as a strategic architectural palette for the development of the new design. The purpose is a) the discovery and study of architectonic contradictions used in the design of this unique sacred community, and b) their use for the creation of the new design.
by Evangelos Limpantoudis.
M.Arch.
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Preradovic, Dubravka. "Bisanzio sull'Adriatico nel IX e X secclo : topografia sacra." Paris, EPHE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EPHE5010.
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En 812, l’Adriatique fut divisée par le traité de paix d’Aix-la-Chapelle entre deux empires, byzantin et carolingien. Avec de nouvelles conditions économiques et sociales, politiques et religieuses, on peut observer, après plus de deux siècles de silence, l’établissement du pouvoir byzantin en Adriatique. Celui-ci a comme conséquences l’introduction de l’organisation thématique, les translations de reliques et l’introduction du culte de saints provenant de Byzance; parallèlement se développe une activité importante de construction qui apporte la création de nouvelles formes architecturales et un changement de la structure urbaine dans les villes préexistantes. Dix-huit villes sont étudiées, la présentation suivant l’organisation thématique byzantine. Chaque ville présente des spécificités dans sa topographie sacrée, qui dépendent de plusieurs facteurs : la présence ou l’absence de culte de martyrs et saints locaux, l’époque de l’établissement de l’organisation ecclésiastique, les circonstances politiques etc. Grâce à une étude pluridisciplinaire prenant en compte ces facteurs, ainsi que les monuments existant, les vestiges archéologiques et diverses sources historiques, il a été possible de déterminer les caractéristiques communes à ces villes. On a pu ainsi mettre en évidence deux principales 'strates' de cultes, celle de l’époque de l'évangélisation et celle correspondant à l’époque de la domination byzantine aux IXe et Xe siècles, mais aussi la régionalisation du culte des saints, ce qui ne permet pas d'étudier l’Adriatique comme un espace unitaireFollowing the Treaty of Aachen (812) the Adriatic Sea was divided between two empires, the Byzantine and the Carolingian. The new economic, social, political and religious circumstances had provoked, after more than two centuries of silence, the activation of the Byzantine in the Adriatic resulting in the introduction of the thematic organization on both coasts of the sea. This activation was followed by the translations of the relics of saints and by the introduction of the cults of saints originating from Byzantium. At the same time, it is possible to observe the significant construction activity which has led to the formation of the new architectural forms and to changes of urban structure in the existing cities. According to the Byzantine thematic organization eighteen cities are presented. Each one of them demonstrates the specificity of sacral topography, which depends on several factors such as the presence, i. E. , the absence of cults of local martyrs and saints, the time of establishment of the ecclesiastical organization, political circumstances, etc. Thanks to the multidisciplinary research which took into account the aforementioned factors, the existing monuments or their archaeological remains, and different historical sources, it was possible to determine the common characteristics between cities, e. G. , two dominant cult layers with one originating from the time of the evangelization and the second corresponding to the period of the Byzantine domination in the ninth and tenth centuries. The research also confirmed that the regionalization of the cult of saints does not allow the study of the Adriatic as a unique space
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Chau, Katie. "Architecture + hypermedia, a didactic approach to exploring architecture as both content and method in a hypermedia environment; prototype project, an interactive multimedia CD-ROM on exploring sacred Tibetan architecture." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0021/MQ54234.pdf.
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Scott, Tashiara. "Bantaba: Designing the Sacred Circle." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5848.
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MOTIVATION In Richmond, there are 1.21 times as many African Americans as any other ethnic group. Yet 63.4% of African Americans live in poverty (Richmond, VA). African Americans face greater exposure to stress due to low socioeconomic status and poverty. In these communities, “discrimination and deprivation undermine individuals’ ability to accumulate the social and material resources to mitigate the effects of stress” (Brondolo, 2018). In this city’s African American community, where stress levels are high and consequential health concerns are prevalent, dance can be a remedy for managing stress and improving health (Hanna, 2006).
DESIGN PROBLEM How can an intentionally designed interior environment support dance as a remedy for stress and its negative health effects? How can the design of this environment celebrate the culture of the African American community?
METHODS Literature reviews on the relationship between space and dance will help inform design decisions. Studies of programmatic precedents will focus on spaces involving dance, healing, community engagement and cultural specificity. Studies of conceptual precedents that involve movement, rhythm and the body will take place. Rudolf Laban’s notation system for studying movement in dance will be utilized to analyze the movements required of African dance, resulting in a more targeted design approach. A dancer with a background in African dance will serve as a research advisor. Interviews of African American dancers will be conducted to gain insight into the practice of dance and the needs of a dance space.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS Research shows that dance reduces stress levels. Specifically, African dance, significantly decreases perceived stress and repeated practice can lead to overall stress reduction (West, J. et al). African dance’s main purpose is to serve as an expression of the physical and psychological states of individuals, allowing for emotional release.(Welsh-Asante, 1996). Dance can be used to cope with stress by discharging repressed aggression, improving self-esteem and allowing for self expression . Dance also prevents stress through physical exercise (Hanna, 2006). Additionally, research from Steven Holl, Santiago Calatrava and other architectural masters discuss the relationships between dance and architecture.
CONCLUSION The research will inform the design of a cultural dance center for the city’s historically African American neighborhood. The interior design of this center will support African dance and culture, foster creativity, and encourage stress reduction. The design will also support the secondary programs of dance movement therapy, seminars, celebrations, community outreach, educational programs, and exhibitions.
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Krūgelis, Linas. "Relation between novation and tradition in contemporary Lithuanian sacred architecture." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20130207_143156-00377.
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The research involves two problems of Lithuanian sacred architecture – tradition and innovation. Tradition has been preconditioned by history, habits and customs formed within centuries. Such important factors as wars, occupations and foreign ideologies have also made a great influence. Any spread of religious thought and practice was forbidden and restricted quite for a long time in Lithuania. Under such circumstances the tradition of sacred architecture could not stay vital and develop in full-rate. Deeper and more precise analysis of the aforementioned architecture could contribute to identifying the traditions in designing Roman Catholic buildings and what has remained old in this sacred architecture.
While analyzing church architecture, innovations and the problem of their expression are faced alongside the historic factors. During soviet times, architects were deprived of getting any training in design of sacred buildings, and churches were not built due to atheistic policy of authorities of the time. Believers were even persecuted and priests underwent various repressions. By the order of occupational authorities, churches were purposely destroyed – turned into storehouses or factories, or simply desolated and condemned to destruction. As soon as Lithuania regained its independence, attempts were made to improve the situation. It was started to design and build churches hastily. Soon it was noticed that lack of experience and knowledge has opened the way to mistakes... [to full text]Darbe keliamos ir tiriamos dvi Lietuvos sakralinės architektūros problemos – tradicija ir novacija, jų tarpusavio santykis šiuolaikinėje sakralinėje architektūroje. Tradiciją lemia istorija, per šimtmečius susiformavę įpročiai ir papročiai. Taip pat nemenką įtaką daro tokie svarbūs veiksniai kaip karai, okupacijos ir svetima ideologija. Lietuvoje ilgą laiką buvo draudžiama ir varžoma religinės minties ir praktikos sklaida. Tokiomis sąlygomis sakralinės architektūros tradicija neišliko gyvastinga, buvo trukdoma visavertiškai jos raidai. Platesnė ir išsamesnė šios architektūros analizė padėtų nustatyti, kokios tradicijos ryškėja projektuojant katalikų kulto pastatus, kas išliko sena sakralinėje architektūroje. Nagrinėjant bažnyčių architektūrą, be istorinių veiksnių, susiduriama su novacijomis, jų raiškos problema. Sovietmečiu Lietuvoje architektai nebuvo rengiami projektuoti sakralinius statinius, o ir pačių bažnyčių nebuvo statoma dėl valdžios vykdomos ateistinės politikos: tikintieji buvo persekiojami, kunigams taikomos įvairios represijos. Bažnyčios okupacinės valdžios nurodymu buvo sąmoningai niokojamos – verčiamos sandėliais ar gamyklomis arba paliekamos griūti be priežiūros. Atgavus nepriklausomybę, pradėta padėtį taisyti – imta paskubomis projektuoti ir statyti bažnyčias. Netrukus pastebėta, kad patirties ir išmanymo stoka atvėrė kelią klaidoms ir nepamatuotiems sprendimams. Bažnyčios tuo metu dažnai buvo projektuojamos neprofesionaliai, neatsižvelgiama į subtilius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Gittos, Helen. "Sacred space in Anglo-Saxon England : liturgy, architecture and place." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://kar.kent.ac.uk/10432/.
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Ramachandran, Kozhikode Bijoy 1971. "In the service of the sacred : development for conservation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69406.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-48).
Urban historic-core precincts, throughout India, provide some of the most unforgettable images of the Indian vernacular. Many are now 'protected' by the Heritage Commissions, strictly regulating new development and making renovation/conservation a part of the government's planning/urban design agenda. But due to the lack of funds, the government has been unable to sustain these environments leading to the deterioration of some of the most distinct quarters in the country. This thesis looks at one such quarter in Bombay, arguing that this deterioration could be stemmed if new development, within the precinct, is made to cross subsidize conservation/preservation efforts. The thesis discusses the various opportunities within the project area for this new development and the regulations that would be necessary to control the new landscape, and encourage prospective investors. The guidelines for the sites earmarked for new development are drawn out keeping in mind characteristics of the context, the contribution these new buildings will make to the precinct and the real estate package. As most of these areas are rent controlled, owners have no incentive to maintain the buildings and with government subsidies almost non-existent, revenues generated from new development will help take the load off the government and provide for the urgent repair of the existing built landscape. The study also looks at the historical evolution of Bombay, up to the late 19th century establishing the importance of Banganga and the references made by the British, in their planning initiatives outside the Fort, to the precinct. TIlls thesis concentrates on the quality of these precincts and the derivation of formal guidelines from the existing morphology. It is the contention of the thesis that given the distinct character of such precincts new development should primarily respond to the character and the sense of place. The market forces will have to play a subservient role to the architectural and urban design agenda generated from the existing typology. Banganga, is the last of the religious tanks in Bombay. Due to unique topographical conditions 'big' development has been slow to invade the sacred quarter and a lot of the old fabric continues to coexist with the skyscrapers of Malabar hill. In drawing up the master plan for the precinct, this thesis will revisit: -- The strong generators of form within the context: -- The existing bylaws, Development Plans and Heritage regulations and their implications, and, -- The kind of development a sensitive combination of these could produce today. It is the classic struggle of change vs. continuity, and if the old is to be conserved, as a living entity, the careful infusion of the new is imperative.
by Kozhikode Bijoy Ramachandran.
S.M.
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Bett, Thomas V. "Sensibility of Architecture: A Drawn Inquiry." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51766.
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This project has been about delving into forms of drawn architectural discovery and inquiry. The cathedral became a vehicle for approaching this from different angles. It tries to understand how a design achieves that distinctive quality which subconsciously divulges the type of environment you have entered. The exploration of this led me to start attempting to work in various non-traditional media and how it could begin to uncover the power each had in communicating the quality of space trying to be attained.Master of Architecture
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Al-Ratrout, Haithem Fathi. "The architectural development of Al-Aqsa mosque in Islamic Jerusalem in the early Islamic period : sacred architecture in the shape of "The Holy"." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21188.
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The aim of the research is 1) to introduce a definition of the concept of al-Aqsa Mosque and 2) to understand its architectural development and evolution in the early Islamic period within the cultural context of the site. The initial cause of the study was that almost nothing is known about the Muslim building activities at the enclave and there is very little information about it. The existing interpretations of the early development of al-Aqsa Mosque have been generated either from a typological and formal-aesthetic point of view or are based on interpretation constant with biblical texts. This thesis attempts to expand these interpretations with contributions by additional historical, archaeological and architectural investigations of the early Muslim architecture of the enclave within the Islamic cultural context. In order to achieve these main objectives, a systematic survey of the different parts of al-Aqsa was carried out and archaeological excavations of the site were stu died and both helped determine the significance of the site of al-Aqsa Mosque in each period of development. The thesis also investigated the urban context of al-Aqsa enclave and concluded that the earliest ancient traces in the foundation are mainly Roman and were destroyed in the 1st century AD when the site lost its significance and was situated outside the urban form of Aelia. Muslims reaffirm al-Aqsa Mosque for its religious significance in Islam after their conquest of Jerusalem. The Muslim had complete sovereignty over al-Aqsa Mosque in 638 AD and its initial revitalisation encompassed some building activities including the delineation of a house of prayer. Significant construction activities at al-Aqsa enclave were initiated a few decades after the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem. The surviving early Muslim building types, styles, decorative features and construction type provide evidence to show that they date back to the early Islamic period. Even this time could be narrowed down to the time of the Umayyad caliph 'Abd al-Malik. 'Abd al-Malik saw Jerusalem as a place where he could best proclaim his power and therefore he developed a fully threedimensional Muslim image of Jerusalem. The architecture of the enclave and its syntax presents considered and precise planning, a high quality of building skills and careful attention to the structural problems of its parts. Certain buildings are produced from relics in response to particular functional demands practised at the enclave. In relating the early Muslim buildings of the enclave to its given topography, neither their places nor forms, functions nor meanings are accidental. Each fits into its place within an overall architectural formula of al-Aqsa Mosque. From a comparison and evaluation of building types and architectural configurations, the study concludes that the early Muslim monuments have been built in response to Muslims' religious and cultural requirements. Annular centralised buildings have been c onstructed to fulfil cultural and functional requirements and reflect religious values. As for the broad house type of the Congregation Mosque, it was also created to meet the same purpose of the Muslims' religious functions, and its origin can be found in the plan of the Prophet Mosque in Madīnah. The thesis concludes with a set of recommendations for further research that would attract public awareness towards the cultural heritage of Islamic Jerusalem.
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Fountain, Robert Jennings. "From eros to ruin : transgressing boundaries of the sacred and profane." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23367.
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Gipas, Mantas. "Desanctified Umeå : The Role of Sacred Space in Contemporary Society." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-133150.
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Valencia, Javier. "Redesigning the megachurch: reintroduction of sacred space into a highly functional building." Scholar Commons, 2009. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4973.
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"Megachurches offer a unique way of being religious in modern society; one that fits the social and religious context of many people says Scott Tumma “Beyond Megachurch myths”. These Massive congregations of two to fifteen thousand participants occupy an undeniable space in the religious and social landscape. It is not only their massive buildings, locations, activities or television broadcasts that make these churches important. It is the role that they play in changing society (Hartford, 2006)” Architecturally the Megachurch has failed today, it has become a “big box”, a well developed building which houses thousands of members and provides them with all the necessary entertainment and functions that are needed; but, has lost its essence. The Megachurch today has lost its focus; it is focused on the function that the building has to offer and has failed to recognize the purpose of the space. By achieving a highly functional space the sacredness of this space has disappeared. This thesis presents an investigation into how to deal with the notion of sacred space in today’s Megachurch; it will introduce the sacred biblical pattern of coming into the presence of God trough architecture, it will deal with how to make an extremely massive space into a personal and spiritual. The goal of this thesis is to redesign the Megachurch as a highly efficient building that provides the user with the sense of awe, majesty and reverence that is lost in today’s Megachurches. The sacred aspect of this thesis project will be emphasized in the architectural poetics thru the use of symbolism represented in the right use of spatial organization and embedded religious cues; also will be focused on the materiality and the archetypes used to express a sacred feeling; Furthermore the study of natural light and structural systems for vast large spaces in a sacred manner will be investigated. The outcome of this project intends to change the negative connotation of the Megachurch today; it intends to teach society that this institution can be a sacred place to worship God and not just a place to be entertained.
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Kaha, Myra. "The vessel and the sacred." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4791.
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Thesis (M.F.A.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 15 p. : col. ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 13).
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Chogle, Shafeea. "The sacred and the everyday: exploring the relationship between religious space and public." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28077.
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This dissertation began with an interest in the relationship between religious space and the public realm, and a curiosity into the capacity of religious spaces to participate in and construct public. This interest, while conscious of global ideas surrounding the role of religion in the global south, is strongly rooted in the emerging urban conditions of the Delft settlement in Cape Town. Where historically the secular and the sacred have been separated along the same lines as the physical and spiritual, rational and irrational, modern and traditional, public and private (Gravelling, 2010: 198); this dissertation maintains to move beyond these separations and instead explore the overlaps, connections, and mediations, in a context where religious entities are actively taking hold of the spaces the secular has failed to fill. In this context, characterised by poor quality environments, high densities, and weak institutional presence, religious space has emerged into the public realm, thus becoming the intersection of public and private, of visible and invisible worlds. The project therefore departs from the position that religious space is a material asset capable of advancing social capital, facilitating networks, offering refuge, and providing a platform for the social and public life of a community.
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Caraher, William R. "Church, society, and the sacred in early christian Greece." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1057071172.
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Lenz, Stephen C. "Converting Sacred Buildings: Revitalizing a Way of Life Through Building Restoration." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337085390.
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Linder, Inge E. "Pilgrimage to the millennium : sacred art and architecture in late twentieth-century France." Thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342183.
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Spencer, Edward G. S. "The sacred way." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53387.
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The real task of architecture begins once functional and behavioral needs have been satisfied. Its essence is to give poetic form to the pragmatic. My work is only interested in the discovery, not the recovery of ideas; the invention, not classification. In working this way the search is for the essential and lasting principles in architecture, the origins of which must lie in the psychological experience of a building which is physically realized in the mind through one's senses. Thus architecture's manifestation begins as a set of intended experiences which begin to write a narrative or fable for a building. In writing a fable rather than a theoretical essay something basic has been found; fables remain immutable long after theories have disappeared. The invention of these writings is central to the work and not merely literary accessory, for it is this narrative that gives a building its ritual of experience, and it is to the support of these rituals that most of my work addresses itself. Thus the poetic form begins in the composition of experiences; the narrative.Master of Architecture
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Beyers, Lew Morris. "Daylight in architecture : the application of daylighting principles in the formulation of sacred space : a "one-volume" library for Leonardo da Vinci's Codex." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1237765.
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"Light, whose beauty within darkness is as jewels that one might cup in one's hands; light that hollowing out darkness and piercing our bodies, blows life into `space"'.'Tadao AndoThis thesis book documents the process and procedure of a two-year study of how daylight can be manipulated by design to enhance and elevate the experiential qualities of sacred space and then applies those characteristics to the design of an architectural thesis project.The exploration involved two major points of focus: one was the exploration to identify the principle qualities and characteristics of natural light and the other, to apply those principles of light into built form.This paper is presented in five processes: an introduction, three types of reflection, and a conclusion. Process I, presents the theoretical underpinning on the subject of light and identifies the key qualities and characteristics of light and the daylighting principles applied by Louis I. Kahn and Tadao Ando in the formulation of sacred space. Process II, presents the articulation of the necessary criteria to design a sacred space. Process III, applies the daylighting strategies to the design of a "one-volume" library for displaying Leonardo da Vinci's Codex. Process IV, presents an alternate scenario and an explanation of architecture as meaning. Process V, summerizes the meaning of the architecture and experience of the Library. 'Ando, Tadao, Complete Works, Phaidon Press Limited, London, (1997).Department of Architecture
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Beesley, Mark B. "At the boundary of place : rethinking the provenance of early Christian architecture." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1165.
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Archaeologists and historians have sought to understand the architecture of the early church using methods common to their respective fields of inquiry. This has included an approach to architecture which classifies buildings according to type and style. Limitations of both method and evidence has led some scholars to conclude that there was no Christian architecture before A.D. 200. This present study intends to broaden the understanding of architecture beyond mere tectonics and realise its significance as a boundary of place with a view toward examining the foundations of early Christian architecture. Boundary and place are primary components of the cosmos within Judaism. The Hebrews came to understand the world according to a concept of holiness manifested as a scheme of circular boundaries ascending into the presence of God, located within the Temple. As an outgrowth of Judaism, the early Church held similar views of place and boundary which gave them an affinity for the Temple. By understanding architecture as a boundary of place we can connect the sacred places and boundaries of the Jews from Creation to the Land and Temple. The Church proclaimed Jesus as God incarnate and Himself the Temple transformed. The traditional view has been that the synagogue was the connecting link between the Church and the Temple, but the origins and role of the synagogue are now doubted. The predominance of the house in the life and ministry of Jesus combined with its prevalence in the NT and the early Christian writers indicates that the Christians understood sacred place in terms of their domestic reality. The house provided not only a strong ligature connecting Church and Temple, it was also an archetype for the Church’s sacred place and developing architectural boundaries.
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Kim, Deborah Y. 1973. "A sacred architecture for the secular spirit : an institute for mind/body training in New York City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67532.
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Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-82).
The goal of the project is to design a non-sectarian meditation center in the dense urban area of New York City. The design challenge is to draw inspiration from an interpretation of ancient philosophies of meditation, without simply importing cultural relics from places in which those philosophies have flourished in the past. More difficult was the decision to apply meditation philosophy not just to the design, but to the process of designing. The functional purpose of the building is somewhat flexible. People who practice meditation mayor may not be involved with an organized religion. The current "Dharma scene" in America is extremely diverse. The purpose of the Center is to facilitate the exploration of the mind and reality that goes on in meditation. It might serve as a meeting place for various groups, and also as a center for the study and debate. Practitioners of different schools might meet to compare notes, or to attend conferences such as the Mind Science seminars held on a semi-annual basis by the Dalai Lama and researchers in the cognitive sciences.
by Deborah Y. Kim.
M.Arch.