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Tamrakar, Anita, and Rishi Ram Parajuli. "Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Issues along the Thapathali-Teku stretch of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Nepal." Heritage 2, no. 3 (July 28, 2019): 2228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030135.
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The Bagmati, an auspicious and sacred river, is adorned with Ghat, Dharmashalas, Pati, Sattals, Temples, Brahmanaal etc. at various stretches within the valley for the facilitations of the devotees from the daily ritual bath to the last right of cremation. The Bagmati has been associated with the peoples of the Kathmandu valley, making it a highly significant cultural space of their devoutness. Authorities fail to recognize the significance of the site in terms of time, lack of proper policies, management plan, resources for safeguarding and conservation; several issues and challenges arise regarding the conservation of the site. Apart from technical issues such as material originality, financial issues, environmental issues, degradation of river water quality, development pressure and encroachment have ruined the site. This paper presents the significance of the 19th century cultural heritage sites along the Bagmati River from Thapathali to Teku Dobhan, which has not been prioritized for safeguarding. This also addresses the restoration, reconstruction, conservation and preparation of the management plan. In order to safeguard the past legacy of this site for the future generations, the holistic approach of conservation has to be opted for.
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Petrov, Alexander. "On the Need to Revise Approaches to the Interpretation of Teleology." Logos et Praxis, no. 3 (December 2019): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.3.1.
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Modern philosophy pays much attention to complex self-evolving systems that cannot be satisfactorily described solely by causal explanation ignoring the potential of a teleological approach that emphasizes the expediency of phenomena. The tendencies to interdisciplinarity and closer interaction of natural Sciences and Humanities being characteristics of postnonclassical rationality stipulate critical reception of the problem of expediency. The history of the problem of teleology shows it to be a problem with a damaged reputation, since the problem of total goals has been stigmatized since the establishment of mechanicalism. In the eyes of scientism teleology is discredited by fatalism, conservatism, and finalism, which evoke distinct associations with religious eschatology. Teleology as a strategy of thought is indeed marginal and fruitless – but only within the natural Sciences, in which the opposite of the target causal explanation has proved effective. Determinism avoids paying attention to the problem of the goal – to the extent that it seeks to declare it fictitious and meaningless. In the humanitarian sphere the situation is different, since it is quite appropriate to assume the possibility of their purposefulness with respect to the phenomena of the world of culture. The problem of purposefulness can count on the restoration of reputation, since the target determination in the phenomena of culture makes itself felt no less than the causal determination. For its disclosure the article introduces three types of teleology – sacred, secular and vital. Culture and social reality as a whole are subject to teleological causality as far as they can be understood as narratives. The creative transformation of the world is determined by questioning, tradition and goal-setting, which makes it possible to look for teleological accents in it, because the interpretation of the phenomena of cultural space depends on them.
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Nabhan, Gary Paul. "Biocultural Restoration of Sacred Sites, Earth Day, and Restoration Ecology’s Patron Saint." Ecological Restoration 38, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.38.1.54.
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Wild, Mark. "Review: The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space." Public Historian 33, no. 3 (2011): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2011.33.3.130.
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Wood, Nick. "The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Our Place in Nature." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 3 (1998): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980274.
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The majority of David Suzuki's books have been a response to the processes causing environmental degradation. In The Sacred Balance, he addresses the apathy behind these processes. If people are apathetic or indifferent to the degradation of their environment, it is almost impossible to bring about the change which can lead to environmental restoration and biological conservation. Poor environmental attitudes dominate in western society. Re-establishing the link of humankind to nature is the key to changing attitudes and Suzuki explains the physical, social and spiritual needs that must be satisfied to achieve this.
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van Ruiten, Jacques. "On Earth as in Heaven: The Restoration of Sacred Time and Sacred Space in the Book of Jubilees." Journal for the Study of Judaism 38, no. 3 (2007): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006307x206229.
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VanderKam, James C. "Book Review: On Earth as in Heaven: The Restoration of Sacred Time and Sacred Space in the Book of Jubilees." Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 15, no. 3 (May 2006): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951820706067458.
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Crova, Cesare. "Giuseppe Zander restorer. The methodological approach to the conservation project." Resourceedings 2, no. 3 (November 12, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i3.619.
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Giuseppe Zander was the "Proto" of the "Fabbrica di San Pietro": the architect who undertook the restoration of the most important complex of Christianity, after being a member of the Pontifical Commission of Sacred Art in Italy.In this capacity, the approach to the monument for Zander was of absolute respect, the knowledge of the architectural work was acquired through real sketches, annotations on the formal and constructive aspects, the building phases, the materials used, the degradation. The direct investigation was accompanied by the theoretical study with the bibliographic and archival research, from which derived the critical synthesis contained in his notebooks. From these studies emerges the full mastery of the subject and the opportunity to understand the context by an audience not necessarily made of experts, using a simple and immediate language, but at the same time cultured, full of classic quotations, from which emerges his figure of humanist.His designer activity as a restorer remains in all his projects, from which the mentioned concepts are outlined, with his careful theoretical reflection that precedes the restoration project, in which he acquires the values of the past architecture transposing them into modern forms through the use of modern techniques and technologies, in perfect union with construction techniques and local typological habits.Among many projects, we focus on the restoration of the "Collegiate Church of San Pietro" in Minturno (1966-67), in which we find the synthesis of the methodological path of Giuseppe Zander.
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Ernest, Amoussou, Totin V. S. Henri, Tohozin Yves Antoine, Oyede M. Lucien, and Boko Michel. "Traditional Adaptation Strategies to Hydrosystem Degradation for Sustainable Management of the Aheme Lake in Benin (West Africa)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 35 (December 31, 2016): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n35p354.
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The water system like the lake Aheme are abundant in halieutic species (fish, crabs, shrimps…) exploited by resident populations. Over exploitation and high degradation of ecosystems of the lake Aheme induce inexorably fish productivity reduction. Halieutic production reduction generates a subsequent fall of incomes of the households depending primarily on the fishery activities. The fall of halieutic production involves today significant migratory movements of the fishermen and socioeconomic problem. Thus, adaptation strategies are developed for sustainable management of the lake Aheme. These strategies consist in holding as sacred a part of the lake with the divinity Avlekete, fishing holes creation and mangrove restoration. Sacred lake park called ‘’Avlekete-tin’’ is the most important traditional strategy. These endogenous methods of ecological conservation constitute actually effective strategies of productivity and fishing development on the Aheme lake.
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Meladze, Tamar, and Yasufumi Uekita. "Reconstructing the Sacred: The Controversial Process of Bagrati Cathedral’s Full-scale Restoration and Its World Heritage Delisting." International Journal of Cultural Property 27, no. 3 (August 2020): 375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739120000247.
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AbstractThis article unfolds around the controversial case of Georgia’s eleventh-century Bagrati Cathedral, which represents the only site to be removed from the World Heritage List as a result of its full-scale reconstruction. After its destruction in armed conflict by the end of the seventeenth century, the first conservation-restoration works on the monument were carried out in the 1950s. In 1994, partially reconstructed but still without a roof, Bagrati Cathedral had no issues in meeting the conditions of authenticity when the nomination was made for inscription in the World Heritage List. The conflict arose further when the conservation experts did not endorse the state party’s intention to fully rebuild the cathedral, notwithstanding the fact it was stated to be crucial for its functional continuity. The International Council on Monuments and Sites and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization took the view that this scale intervention would compromise the cathedral’s outstanding universal value and authenticity. This article offers a closer look at the decision-making process, from the nomination to the delisting of Bagrati Cathedral, and analyzes the factors contributing to the conflicting interpretations of the monument’s fundamental values among stakeholders. It addresses the issues from a broader perspective to include the historical-cultural background of Georgia and local approaches to preserving the religious sites, which tend to be overlooked in the discourse.
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Hucker, Jacqueline. "“Battle and Burial”: Recapturing the Cultural Meaning of Canada's National Memorial on Vimy Ridge." Public Historian 31, no. 1 (2009): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2009.31.1.89.
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Abstract The Vimy Memorial commemorates Canadians who fought and died in the First World War. In honoring the ordinary soldier, it departs from earlier traditions of celebrating victory or paying tribute to military leaders. The memorial is remarkable for its aesthetic qualities, as well as for its relationship to its battle landscape. This presentation examines the original conception of the monument and memorial park as a sacred site. It traces the gradual deterioration of the site, and the consequential challenges to its management and presentation, attributable to an under-appreciation of its metaphysical qualities. The presentation concludes with a description of a recent major international restoration project aimed at recapturing the significance of the place.
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RUELLE, MORGAN L., KARIM-ALY KASSAM, and ZEMEDE ASFAW. "Human ecology of sacred space: Church forests in the highlands of northwestern Ethiopia." Environmental Conservation 45, no. 3 (November 21, 2017): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000534.
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SUMMARYIn the highlands of northwestern Ethiopia, Orthodox Christian churches provide habitats for plants that have become rare in the surrounding agricultural landscapes. The objective of this paper is to investigate why and how the local clergy and laypeople protect and promote woody plants within their sacred spaces. Interviews at 11 churches in the Debark District of North Gonder generated a list of 47 woody species, of which most are rare in the rest of the landscape. Three tree species (indigenous cedar, Juniperus procera; indigenous olive, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata; and exotic Eucalyptus globulus) were identified as most important. While cedar and olive are symbols of tradition and witnesses to church history, eucalyptus is a source of income and alternative material for church construction and repair. A significant proportion of indigenous species within Debark's church forests were said to have been planted, including cedars and olives. Knowledge that these species are cultivated enhances the conservation value of these forests by inspiring local people to continue planting trees and shrubs. In addition to serving as refugia for rare species, Ethiopia's church forests nurture the knowledge necessary to promote plant diversity in the rest of the landscape and serve as archetypes for community-driven conservation.
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Konsa, Kurmo. "Time and Space of Heritage Preservation: Conservation Theoretical Perspective." Baltic Journal of Art History 13 (October 9, 2017): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2017.13.09.
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In this article, I discuss the categories of time and space in lightof heritage conservation. I demonstrate that heritage creation isthe simultaneous creation of human time and space and that thecritical treatment of heritage requires a more specific analysis ofthese terms. First, I look at how the creation of human space occursthrough objects, and how the objects of the physical environmentbecome things, i.e. parts of our living world. The world can only beunderstood through change. This is a fundamental finding that formsthe basis for both elementary senses and complicated philosophies.In order to explain the change in heritage-related space, I am usingthe terms artificialisation and heritage technology. Artificialisationmeans the anthropogenic transformation of the environment,which takes place mainly with the help of technological systems.Therefore, the environment encompasses physical, biological andgenetic environments, as well as the human culture with its past.In this environment, it is impossible to distinguish between thehuman and non-human, since they make up a single hybrid whole.Artificialisation is by no means a determined course in history; it isa human means of description, a metaphor that helps to explain theprocesses ongoing in nature and human society. According to thisapproach, the heritage process is one technique in the artificialisationof the environment.Although change is central to conservation theory, it is also aconcept that causes the greatest doubts and ambiguous interpretations.The reason for this is very simple: change is related to time, whichis a foundational concept. In this article, I use metaphysical timemodels to analyse the life course of things and their damage. Finally,I also refer to the conservation theories of Eugène Viollet-le-Ducand John Ruskin. The essential difference between the conservationtheories that are discussed here lies in their attitudes toward time,and the related problems of object authenticity and identity. In theframework of the presentist model, it is not possible to solve themain contradiction connected to restoration. Stylistic restorationruins the authenticity of buildings as historical documents; howeverwithout restoration, the objects would be destroyed and therebylose their historical value. However, a solution to this dilemma canbe found based on the eternalist time model, which helps connectheritage to contemporary time, and avoid its physical, legal, andmental separation from the everyday life of society. The fact thatincluding objects as a part of heritage may damage them instead ofpreserving them should not be overlooked. The authenticity of anobject is not related to any ideal state in its history but to a conceptual,factual and actual state in its wholeness.
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Ouizemann, Rachel. "Between conservation and restoration: the wall paintings in the church of the Crusaders in Abu Gosh and the authentication of the site as Emmaus." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 112, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 935–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2019-0038.
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Abstract The wall paintings in the Crusader church in Abu Gosh were conserved and restored in two different operations in the last thirty years. While the conservation revealed new iconographies of the original wall paintings, the restoration added and changed details. The discernment between the two allows us once again to discuss the meaning of the original Crusader decoration program as a whole. This article argues that the frescoes decorating the church reference a set of prominent sacred places in the Holy Land, and suggests an interpretation of the murals in regard to the holy place to which it is linked and to the edifice it adorns.
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Gardner, Martin, Tom Christian, William Hinchliffe, and Rob Cubey. "Conservation Hedges:." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 17 (February 5, 2019): 71–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2019.268.
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In May 2014, the first planting of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) conservation hedge took place, when the Reverend Anne Brennan planted a tree which had originated as a cutting from the ancient and historic European yew, Taxus baccata, in the churchyard of her church at Fortingall, Perthshire. This is one of almost 2,000 plants that will eventually form a conservation hedge of significant scientific and conservation value. The International Conifer Conservation Programme (ICCP), based at RBGE, has actively sought other opportunities to establish conservation hedges via its network of ‘safe sites’, using a range of different conifer species. This initiative is being driven by the potential for relatively large numbers of genotypes from a single threatened species to be stored in a linear space. It is well established that seed banks have a great capacity to store large amounts of genetic diversity, so we should simply consider conservation hedges in a similar manner. These super-hedges cram relatively large amounts of genetic material into a small space, capturing a great range of wild traits and potentially contributing to the restoration of wild populations. To date, conservation hedges have been planted at five separate locations at RBGE’s Edinburgh Garden as well as at four ICCP external ‘safe sites’. Although this article focuses on the establishment of conservation hedges using conifers, we have also highlighted some conservation hedges that comprise non-coniferous species.
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Sung ho, L., and H. Dong soo. "Topography Restoration of Historic City Research." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5/W3 (August 12, 2015): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-w3-301-2015.
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The preservation of historic cities requires a balance between conservation and development because the urban structures of the old and new city are interwoven on same space. Existing restoration plans rely on old records and excavation reports and are based on the present topography. However, historic cities have undergone significant natural and anthropogenic topographic changes such as alluvial sediment accumulation and uneven terrain construction. Therefore, considering only the present topography is misleading. Thus, to understand a historic city’s structure more appropriately, it is necessary to comprehend the ancient geographic environment. This study provides an analysis and GIS visualization of the ancient topography of a historic city, Sabi capital city of the Baekje Dynasty, which collapsed 1,500 years ago.
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Tiwari, Achyut, and Narayan Prasad Ghimire. "Ecological Restoration in Gautam Buddha's Birthplace Lumbini." Journal of Tourism and Himalayan Adventures 3, no. 1 (August 19, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtha.v3i1.39113.
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The historical information about natural vegetation of Lumbini is not clearly known. Modern day human colonization around Mayadevi temple could have been intensified after Khadga Samsher's visit to Lumbini in 1896, followed by the eradication of Malaria in the Tarai of Nepal around the 1950s. The dense human settlements around the Mayadevi temple (place where Buddha was born) was gradually shifted outside the area of Lumbini Development Trust (LDT) (16 x 4 km2 area), and the area was planted with a huge number of plant species. Hence, the forest within LDT is essentially a secondary forest without a scientific method of forest management (only plantation), as a result some species were not able to get naturally established and disappeared gradually. Studies indicated that there were around 354 species of plants species in LDT (Siwakoti, 2008) however, a recent vegetation survey (Tiwari, 1919) recorded only about 250 species including 39 tree species and other herbs and shrubs (the data is being produced, and needs second round survey to confirm). Some very common plant species have not been found from the region, indicating the heavy anthropogenic pressure including construction activities, grazing, fire, and plantation of trees without knowing microhabitat have taken the toll, and also by the encroachment of alien and invasive plant species both in terrestrial and aquatic environment. It is quite important to update the biodiversity, study regeneration of plant and animal species and management of invasive species in order to restore the natural ecosystems of Lumbini to develop it as both a sacred pilgrimage site and nature reserve. Ecosystem conservation and reintroduction at LDT could be done by following the strong reliance of Gautam Buddha's teaching about nature and life.
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Sinkfield-Morey, Tammy. "The Nursing Salon Experience: A Salon for Nurses of Color." Creative Nursing 25, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.25.4.308.
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Nursing salons are an opportunity for collegiality, comfort, collaboration, connectivity, and conversations about what's on the hearts and minds of the participants. The Nurses of Color Nursing Salon is a first endeavor in Minnesota to host a salon that provides a safe space for nurses and other health-care professionals of color to have conversations about their experiences with racism, discrimination, and institutionalized supremacy. Since the inception of the Nurses of Color salon on Juneteenth 2018, the hosts and their participants have created lively gatherings where all have engaged in big conversations about the challenges they face as nurses of color, and about racism past and present. The sacred space of the salon has fostered a renewal of their spirits and a restoration of their endless passion for what and who we are as nurses.
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Achille, C., F. Fassi, K. Marquardt, and M. Cesprini. "LEARNING GEOMATICS FOR RESTORATION: ICOMOS SUMMER SCHOOL IN OSSOLA VALLEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 17, 2017): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-631-2017.
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Documentation and preservation of widespread rural heritage are today possible only if you can activate processes of conservation headed by local communities, thereby recognizing the link between the communities and their culture. The cultural heritage places (villages, sites and landscapes) can take different values; action is needed respecting the right of communities to identify the values contained in them. ‘Collaborative networks should be set up at different levels among multiple stakeholders in order to address issues related to heritage and create new value chains through innovative synergies. Dynamic, flexible, inclusive and integrated processes of engagement need to be employed for assessing long-term social impacts of heritage conservation programmes’ (Icomos, 2014). <br><br> In 2011 the 3DSurvey Group of the Politecnico di Milano in collaboration with the Canova Association initiated an annual summer school program entitled ‘Laboratory of Places 2017, Ghesc and surroundings, History, survey, evolution Laboratory of Places'. The definition of “Laboratory of Places 2017, Ghesc and surroundings” links the idea of an inhabited space to an open space suitable for study, research, and an interactive absorption and confrontation of differing ideas. Founding elements of the project involve educational collaborations with university, but equally important will be the development of programs with local schools, associations, and public administration (Quaderni di Ghesc, 2010).
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Kent, Eliza F., and Izabela Orlowska. "Accidental Environmentalists." Worldviews 22, no. 2 (May 30, 2018): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685357-02201101.
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Abstract In the highlands of Ethiopia, the only remaining stands of native forest are around churches of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church. Though hailed as community-conserved areas by environmentalists, we argue that the conservation of such forest is not intentional, but rather an indirect result of the religious norms, beliefs and practices surrounding the sites. In actuality, the religiosity surrounding church forests maintains the purity of the most holy space in the center of the shrine, the tabot, a replica of the Ark of the Covenant, which ensures that the church is a legitimate and effective portal to the divine. An underlying cultural logic of purity and pollution structures the spatial organization of the site outward into a series of concentric circles of diminishing purity and shapes the social order into an elegant hierarchy. This article seeks to understand the norms, beliefs and practices of this sacred geography in its social and religious context, arguing that ignorance of or inattention to these can undermine the conservation goals that have brought these forests, along with so many other sacred natural sites, to the attention of environmentalists around the world.
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Van Heerden, Willie. "'Truth' Is a Double-Edged (S)Word: On Truth and the Destruction or Restoration of Relationships'." Religion and Theology 6, no. 3 (1999): 350–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430199x00227.
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AbstractThis article intends to explore the complex relationship between truth and reconciliation. Reconciliation is described as one of four typical responses to injury, the others being revenge, denial, and cheap forgiveness. With regard to the restoration of human relationships, truth is utilised in a twofold sense: to expose wrongs, and to establish a sacred space for reconciliation. Truth can also provide grounds for revenge and efforts to destroy relationships. Absoluteness, in its exclusivistic and inclusivistic forms, provides a framework within which truth can cause damage to human relationships. Examples of all these 'faces' of truth are found in the Old Testament, especially in the context of human relationships. Our views on reconciliation and truth, and the relationship between the two, will inevitably colour our views on the work of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Committee, and our hopes - or lack of them - for reconciliation in a post-TRC South Africa.
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Shehada, Ziad M. "The Influence of Ottoman Empire on The Conservation of The Architectural Heritage in Jerusalem." Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 10, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v10i1.127-151.
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Abstract Jerusalem is one of the oldest cities in the world. It was built by the Canaanites in 3000 B.C., became the first Qiblaof Muslims and is the third holiest shrine after Mecca and Medina. It is believed to be the only sacred city in the world that is considered historically and spiritually significant to Muslims, Christians, and Jews alike. Since its establishment, the city had been subjected to a series of changes as the result of political, economic and social developments that affected the architectural formation through successive periods from the beginning leading up to the Ottoman Era, which then achieved relative stability. The research aims to examine and review the conservation mechanisms of the architectural buildings during the Ottomans rule in Jerusalem for more than 400 years, and how the Ottoman Sultans had contributed in revitalizing and protecting the city from loss and extinction. The researcher followed the historical interpretive method using descriptive analysis based on a literature review and preliminary study to determine Ottoman practices in conserving the historical and architectural heritage of Jerusalem. The research found that the Ottoman efforts towards conserving the architectural heritage in Jerusalem fell into four categories (Renovation, Restoration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation). The Ottomans focused on the conservation of the existing buildings rather than new construction, because of their respect of local traditions and the holy places.
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Everard, Mark. "The characteristics, representativeness, function and conservation importance of tropical dry evergreen forest on India’s Coromandel Coast." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2018): 11760. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2807.10.6.11760-11769.
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The central area of the Coromandel Coast, southeastern India, has been subject to a very long history of human habitation and land use change, substantially reducing the coverage of native forest. There are polarised views about definitive characteristics of native tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEF), albeit agreement that the habitat type is locally characteristic though now severely reduced, fragmented and degraded. A literature review was undertaken to determine the evolutionary origins of TDEF as well as its characteristics. A combination of both natural and human factors gives rise to TDEF, explaining the heterogeneity of existing stands even in close proximity to each other. Religious shrines are often associated with ‘sacred groves’, which are influential in the survival of stands of TDEF. These remaining stands are highly fragmented across the wider landscape and subject to species invasions from adjacent habitats as well as increasing human pressures. On the basis of existing evidence, it is not possible to describe TDEF through a definitive community of tree species, though typical constituent species are listed. TDEF may therefore be representative of a larger biome, as for example ‘tropical rainforest’, rather than a specific vegetation type. Nevertheless, there is general consensus about the importance of restoring TDEF, including its many associated plant and animal species, many of which have medicinal, spiritual and other uses and meanings. Regardless of biological definitions of TDEF, the functions it performs and the diversity of ecosystem services that it provides afford it substantial importance and reinforce the case for its protection and restoration. Successful local restoration activities highlight the feasibility of regeneration of TDEF, even from severely degraded and eroded land, and the associated regeneration of ecological and socio-economic values.
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Borde, Radhika. "New Roles for Indigenous Women in an Indian Eco-Religious Movement." Religions 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10100554.
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This article aims to study how a movement aimed at the assertion of indigenous religiosity in India has resulted in the empowerment of the women who participate in it. As part of the movement, devotees of the indigenous Earth Goddess, who are mostly indigenous women, experience possession trances in sacred natural sites which they have started visiting regularly. The movement aims to assert indigenous religiosity in India and to emphasize how it is different from Hinduism—as a result the ecological articulations of indigenous religiosity have intensified. The movement has a strong political character and it explicitly demands that indigenous Indian religiosity should be officially recognized by the inclusion of a new category for it in the Indian census. By way of their participation in this movement, indigenous Indian women are becoming figures of religious authority, overturning cultural taboos pertaining to their societal and religious roles, and are also becoming empowered to initiate ecological conservation and restoration efforts.
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Neeson, Thomas M., Michael C. Ferris, Matthew W. Diebel, Patrick J. Doran, Jesse R. O’Hanley, and Peter B. McIntyre. "Enhancing ecosystem restoration efficiency through spatial and temporal coordination." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 19 (April 27, 2015): 6236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423812112.
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In many large ecosystems, conservation projects are selected by a diverse set of actors operating independently at spatial scales ranging from local to international. Although small-scale decision making can leverage local expert knowledge, it also may be an inefficient means of achieving large-scale objectives if piecemeal efforts are poorly coordinated. Here, we assess the value of coordinating efforts in both space and time to maximize the restoration of aquatic ecosystem connectivity. Habitat fragmentation is a leading driver of declining biodiversity and ecosystem services in rivers worldwide, and we simultaneously evaluate optimal barrier removal strategies for 661 tributary rivers of the Laurentian Great Lakes, which are fragmented by at least 6,692 dams and 232,068 road crossings. We find that coordinating barrier removals across the entire basin is nine times more efficient at reconnecting fish to headwater breeding grounds than optimizing independently for each watershed. Similarly, a one-time pulse of restoration investment is up to 10 times more efficient than annual allocations totaling the same amount. Despite widespread emphasis on dams as key barriers in river networks, improving road culvert passability is also essential for efficiently restoring connectivity to the Great Lakes. Our results highlight the dramatic economic and ecological advantages of coordinating efforts in both space and time during restoration of large ecosystems.
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Shackley, Myra. "A golden calf in sacred space?: The future of St Katherine's monastery, Mount Sinai (Egypt)." International Journal of Heritage Studies 4, no. 3-4 (January 1998): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527259808722230.
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Cottee-Jones, H. Eden W., and Robert J. Whittaker. "Felling Ficus: The Cultural Status of Fig Trees in a Rural Assamese Community, India." Ethnobiology Letters 6, no. 1 (August 19, 2015): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.269.
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Scattered fig (Ficus spp. Moraceae) trees are critically important for biodiversity conservation in tropical rural landscapes. By providing large fruit crops, they help maintain seed dispersal networks and facilitate forest restoration. The conservation of fig trees scattered across rural landscapes is therefore vital for the preservation of ecosystem services and biodiversity beyond the borders of protected areas. Given the threats to scattered fig trees, it is increasingly important to identify potentially effective local conservation strategies that accommodate existing perceptions of their value. We used ethnographic techniques to assess the attitudes of villagers towards fig trees in the village of Komargoan and its surroundings in Assam, India. As reported for other parts of South Asia, we found fig trees have significant sacred status, which included taboos against cutting them down. However, we discovered mixed and sometimes contradictory understandings of the religious attributes of fig trees, which were sometimes believed to be inhabited by gods or ancestral spirits. The benefits most commonly associated with fig trees by interviewees were their aesthetic beauty, large size, and shade during the daytime heat. When the presence of these trees incurred economic costs, their religious, aesthetic, and practical benefits were not sufficient reasons to prevent people from cutting them down, although often saplings would be planted in another place as compensation. Unexpectedly, figs were only planted by respected members of the community, usually older men, who had sufficient social status. Any conservation strategy aiming to sustain the abundance of figs in rural Assam is more likely to be successful if these cultural views are taken into account.
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Hein, Margaux Y., Roger Beeden, Alastair Birtles, Naomi M. Gardiner, Thomas Le Berre, Jessica Levy, Nadine Marshall, Chad M. Scott, Lisa Terry, and Bette L. Willis. "Coral Restoration Effectiveness: Multiregional Snapshots of the Long-Term Responses of Coral Assemblages to Restoration." Diversity 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040153.
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Coral restoration is rapidly becoming a mainstream strategic reef management response to address dramatic declines in coral cover worldwide. Restoration success can be defined as enhanced reef functions leading to improved ecosystem services, with multiple benefits at socio-ecological scales. However, there is often a mismatch between the objectives of coral restoration programs and the metrics used to assess their effectiveness. In particular, the scales of ecological benefits currently assessed are typically limited in both time and space, often being limited to short-term monitoring of the growth and survival of transplanted corals. In this paper, we explore reef-scale responses of coral assemblages to restoration practices applied in four well-established coral restoration programs. We found that hard coral cover and structural complexity were consistently greater at restored compared to unrestored (degraded) sites. However, patterns in coral diversity, coral recruitment, and coral health among restored, unrestored, and reference sites varied across locations, highlighting differences in methodologies among restoration programs. Altogether, differences in program objectives, methodologies, and the state of nearby coral communities were key drivers of variability in the responses of coral assemblages to restoration. The framework presented here provides guidance to improve qualitative and quantitative assessments of coral restoration efforts and can be applied to further understanding of the role of restoration within resilience-based reef management.
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Tang, Feng, Xu Zhou, Li Wang, Yangjian Zhang, Meichen Fu, and Pengtao Zhang. "Linking Ecosystem Service and MSPA to Construct Landscape Ecological Network of the Huaiyang Section of the Grand Canal." Land 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090919.
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Rapid urbanization and drastic land-use change have led to landscape fragmentation and ecological environment deterioration in the regions along the Grand Canal. Building an ecological network is an important means to improve the connectivity of habitat patches and carry out ecological protection and restoration of territorial space, which is of great significance to ensure regional biodiversity and ecological security. In this article, we took the Huaiyang Section of the Grand Canal (Huaiyang Canal) as the study area, used the ecosystem service assessment model, morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA), and the landscape connectivity evaluation method to identify ecological sources, then used the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model and the gravity model to extract and grade ecological corridors. Based on these, the ecological network was constructed by combining the identification method of ecological nodes and ecological breakpoints. The aim of this was to provide a reference for the ecological space optimization of Huaiyang Canal and even the entire Grand Canal, the formulation of an ecological protection plan, and the implementation of territorial space ecological restoration. The results showed that the spatial distribution of the water conservation service, soil conservation service, carbon sequestration service, and biodiversity conservation service were significantly different, and the level of ecosystem services showed a trend of continuous degradation from 1990 to 2018. There were 12 ecological source patches comprehensively identified by multiple methods, with a total area of 2007.06 km2. In terms of spatial distribution, large ecological source patches were mainly distributed in the central and western areas adjacent to the Grand Canal, while small ecological source patches were scattered in the eastern and southern border regions of the study area. The total length of ecological corridors was 373.84 km, of which the number of the primary ecological corridor, secondary ecological corridor, and tertiary ecological corridor were 9, 7, and 7, respectively, and the suitable width of the ecological corridor was 200–400 m. After optimization, the proposed ecological network was composed of 3 key ecological source patches, 9 important ecological source patches, 23 terrestrial corridors, 10 aquatic corridors, and 18 ecological nodes. Twenty-nine ecological breakpoints were key areas requiring ecological restoration. The overlap rate of the integrated ecosystem service change area and land-use change area was 99%, indicating that land-use change has a significant impact on regional ecosystem services. This study is of great significance for carrying out the ecological protection and restoration of the Huaiyang Canal and adjusting local land-use policies. It also provides a typical case demonstration for identifying an ecological network and formulating ecological restoration planning for other sections of the Grand Canal and cities along the canal.
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Najimi, Abdul Wasay. "The restored mausoleum of Abu'l-Walid in Herat: Challenges in heritage restoration in Afghanistan." Afghanistan 1, no. 2 (October 2018): 302–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2018.0019.
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This is an account of the contemporary reconstruction of Abu'l-Walid complex (mosque and mausoleum) in Herat, the burial-place of a widely-respected-Muslim scholar of the third/ninth century. This structure was destroyed by aerial bombardment in 1985. Part of the complex was restored as a post-war measure to rehabilitate social and educational space for the inhabitants and children of the nearby village. The project also trained young architects and masons of Herat in the conservation of historic buildings. The mausoleum remained in ruins until the Department of Herat Monuments (DoHM) with support of local resources and pious endowments (waqf), reconstructed it between 2004 and 2007. Restoration of heritage buildings is a challenge in Afghanistan today. Absence of public awareness of the value of cultural heritages, government's limited technical capacity combined with scarcity of funds for preservation, and lack of budget for post-conservation maintenance, exacerbates the challenges of safeguarding historic sites and monuments.
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Oosterhout, Gretchen R., Charles W. Huntington, Thomas E. Nickelson, and Peter W. Lawson. "Potential benefits of a conservation hatchery program for supplementing Oregon coast coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) populations: a stochastic model investigation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1920–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-080.
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This study developed a stochastic life cycle model to simulate idealized supplementation strategies to investigate the following question: under what circumstances could hatchery fish stocking contribute to the recovery of Oregon coast coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)? Simulations were used to find a solution space, defined by the attributes of wild and hatchery-bred salmon, their offspring, and their environments, where hatchery fish could supplement natural production without further depressing it until natural or human factors restricting production were relieved. These simulations suggest that short-duration, tightly controlled, low-intensity conservation hatchery programs designed to minimize genetic and ecological risks may yield minor short-term increases in adult coho salmon abundance while posing significant ecological and genetic risks. No solution space was found that indicated clear long-term benefits from such a supplementation program. Of all the management actions modeled, habitat restoration offered by far the largest and only permanent gains in coho salmon abundance while posing no genetic or ecological risk to the fish. The modeled benefits of habitat restoration were significant regardless of assumptions made about the fitness of hatchery fish and their offspring.
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Ji, Feng Quan, and Jin Long Chu. "The Multi-Objective Approach Toward Landscape Conservation Planning of City River." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 4572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4572.
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In the course of city operation and development, the normal state of the river environment encounters hazard of varying degrees, which is manifested in the ecological degradation, functional disorder, and cultural deficiencies. The author elaborated the synergestic effect of Multi-objective Approach (MOA) in the overll improvement of the urban water systems in terms of the ecological restoration, mutiple functions and cultural effecacy. Based on the study of the landscape planning of the open space of the Guohe River in Bozhou City, which made the comprehensive analysis from an ecological, functional, and cultural perspectives and employed the multi-objective landscape remediation and conservation design, we explore the landscape planning methods of the urban waterfront which incorporate the ecology, function and culture of the region to be designed.
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P.J., Shyju, Iqbal Ahmad Bhat, Kathryn Myers, and Naresh Tanwar. "Local stakeholders’ perspectives on religious heritage and tourism development in Varanasi." International Journal of Tourism Cities 6, no. 3 (June 27, 2020): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-10-2019-0194.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the perspectives of local stakeholders on the role of religious tourism and the development process that alter the sacred space and religious heritage of Varanasi. Specific objectives include study local stakeholders' view on the motivation of visitors, the image of the city they carry home, role of infrastructure development altering sacredness of the city, major issues pertaining to conservation of the city's religious heritage and whether tourism dominates the sacred space of the city. Design/methodology/approach The present study follows the philosophical approach of constructionism and is an inductive study based on the ontological features of realism. The study is conducted using qualitative research design. Participants were purposely selected from different groups to provide representative data. through in-depth interviews with a set of 22 open-ended questions. Findings The study acknowledged the spatial changes happening in an old city over time. The portrayed image of Varanasi remains deeply rooted in the minds of pilgrims, whereas the tourist perspective often goes beyond the texts as an experience. The reflection of local stakeholders in the transformation of sacred space to tourist experiencescape as a consumable experience, which is influenced by market-driven forces is a major finding of the study. Research limitations/implications Difficulties in finalising the respondents and building up the theoretical base, which is one of the main limitations of the study. During the process of data collection, the respondents mainly focussed upon the impacts of tourism on Varanasi, and the researchers made every effort to extract qualitative information on the current research. At times, some respondents hesitated to share their view on political influences in the development process, which restricted the authors to obtain righteous information, that could have contributed a better understanding of the deep-rooted issues of religious heritage conservation. Another limitation is that the perspectives of visitors have not been included in this research. Practical implications The study will contribute to the theoretical areas of tourism development in historic and sacred cities. As an interdisciplinary area, the selected theme of the study delves in to landscape planning, heritage preservation, tourism development in historic cities and more importantly how residents understand the changes happening in a scared environment. The present research opens opportunities for further researches such as social pressures and tourism development, urban morphology and its transformation in ancient cities and so on. Social implications Varanasi is an ancient city in India, which is also the heartland of Hinduism. The study reveals the understanding of respondents on religious traditions, sentiments and the social values attached to a place. At the same time, it also highlights the role of tourism in generating an intercultural dialogue with local cultures, appreciating the sacred value of sites associated with religious sentiments. Originality/value The study addresses the role of tourism in altering the landscape of ancient city of Varanasi. The original view of respondents has been used in the article to maintain originality. There are several researches conducted on Varanasi, but the present study is conducted in a systematic way to gather the real understanding of local people. The study acknowledges the changes happening in the city along the course of time.
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Liberg, Olof, Guillaume Chapron, Petter Wabakken, Hans Christian Pedersen, N. Thompson Hobbs, and Håkan Sand. "Shoot, shovel and shut up: cryptic poaching slows restoration of a large carnivore in Europe." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1730 (August 17, 2011): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1275.
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Poaching is a widespread and well-appreciated problem for the conservation of many threatened species. Because poaching is illegal, there is strong incentive for poachers to conceal their activities, and consequently, little data on the effects of poaching on population dynamics are available. Quantifying poaching mortality should be a required knowledge when developing conservation plans for endangered species but is hampered by methodological challenges. We show that rigorous estimates of the effects of poaching relative to other sources of mortality can be obtained with a hierarchical state–space model combined with multiple sources of data. Using the Scandinavian wolf ( Canis lupus ) population as an illustrative example, we show that poaching accounted for approximately half of total mortality and more than two-thirds of total poaching remained undetected by conventional methods, a source of mortality we term as ‘cryptic poaching’. Our simulations suggest that without poaching during the past decade, the population would have been almost four times as large in 2009. Such a severe impact of poaching on population recovery may be widespread among large carnivores. We believe that conservation strategies for large carnivores considering only observed data may not be adequate and should be revised by including and quantifying cryptic poaching.
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Moore, Kathryn Blair. "Virtual Reconstructions in Bernardino Amico’s Treatise on the Plans and Images of the Sacred Buildings of the Holy Land." Studies in Digital Heritage 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 30–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v5i1.31691.
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This essay explores the role of the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land in cultivating perceptions of the Catholic pilgrimage buildings as worthy of preservation, especially by employing techniques of representation in printed books that engaged with the potential restoration of the real buildings in the Holy Land. The essay discusses the particular example of the printed book created by Bernardino Amico that was published in two editions of 1610 and 1620, with interactive perspectival renderings of the exteriors and interiors of the Christian pilgrimage churches in Palestine and Egypt, along with maps of ancient and modern Jerusalem. Centuries before the emergence of cyber archaeology, Franciscans like Bernardino Amico explored the potential for virtual reconstruction in the realm of printing to demonstrate the value of buildings as symbols of a shared history and faith, while also challenging those who actively sought to dismantle the same buildings in both real and virtual space. Bernardino Amico’s treatise exemplifies the potential of such virtual reconstructions of historical buildings to blur the boundaries between the empirically observed present, the imagined past, and a desired future.
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Braverman, Irus. "Shifting baselines in coral conservation." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619882560.
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Reef-building corals are increasingly exposed to warming ocean temperatures. Their immediate response to this rise in temperature is to expel their symbiotic algae and turn white, or bleach. It is mainly for these reasons that corals have been perceived by scientists as both a sign and a measure of the imminent catastrophe facing life in the oceans and, subsequently, on earth. To measure coral decline across space and time, coral scientists have come up with maps, indexes, and color-coded representations. Yet they soon realized that what they regard as today’s healthy reef is, in fact, yesterday’s depleted reef. This problem, referred to as the shifting baselines syndrome, renders most comparisons across time difficult and frustrates the ability to predict the future. The problem is exacerbated in the context of oceans, and further yet in the context of coral reefs, because of the lack of reliable historical records. In fact, many of the coral scientists I have interviewed perceive shifting baselines as one of the key challenges facing coral conservation scientists and managers in their attempts to accurately calculate coral decline—a project that is typically deemed necessary for effective management policies and restoration practices. My article will critically explore the application of, and the assumptions behind, the shifting baselines concept in the context of reef coral science. Specifically, I will draw on interviews with coral scientists to describe the practices and devices embedded in the creation of baselines for corals and, finally, I will explore how certain scientists are challenging the conceptions of nature and time that underlie their operations.
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Wyles, Kayleigh J., Mathew P. White, Caroline Hattam, Sabine Pahl, Haney King, and Melanie Austen. "Are Some Natural Environments More Psychologically Beneficial Than Others? The Importance of Type and Quality on Connectedness to Nature and Psychological Restoration." Environment and Behavior 51, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 111–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517738312.
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Exposure to nature can strengthen an individual’s sense of connectedness (i.e., emotional/cognitive bonds to the natural world) and enhance psychological restoration (e.g., feeling relaxed/refreshed). To date, there have been few large studies looking at the role that type and quality of natural environments may have on these outcomes. The present study used data from a large survey in England (sample analyzed = 4,515), which asked participants to recall a recent visit to nature. After controlling for covariates, respondents recalled greater connectedness to nature and restoration following visits to rural and coastal locations compared with urban green space, and to sites of higher environmental quality (operationalized by protected/designated area status, for example, nature reserves). A series of structural equation analyses provided evidence for a bidirectional association between connectedness and restoration. Consideration of the psychological benefits associated with different types and quality of environment has implications for human health, environmental management, and conservation.
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Oreni, D., R. Brumana, S. Della Torre, and F. Banfi. "SURVEY, HBIM AND CONSERVATION PLAN OF A MONUMENTAL BUILDING DAMAGED BY EARTHQUAKE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 15, 2017): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-337-2017.
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Surveying a monumental building damaged by the earthquake means to analyse its geometries, the structural elements, the connection still exist between the different parts, in order to define its state of conservation, to make structural analysis and to plan a proper project of restoration, consolidation, seismic improvement or addition of new elements. The survey of structural geometry represents the first necessary moment of building’ knowledge investigation, to be performed after the securing of the building by the Firefighters or Civil Protection. How and by which instruments the geometric analysis are conducted depends on many factors, not always exclusively on the will of the experts involved in the restoration project, but more often dictated by political, technical, social or economic needs. The accurate geometrical survey is referred as fundamental operation even by national <i>Directive for evaluation and earthquake risk reduction of cultural heritage</i> (GU n. 24 &ndash; 29/01/2008 and 2011 updates), which defines guidelines for preventive interventions on built heritage in order to make the structures less vulnerable in case of earthquake. <br><br> Nowadays, the wide use of tools and accurate surveying techniques makes it possible to achieve an adequate level of accuracy of information related to the buildings, overcoming the difficulties due to accessibility of the damaged structures. <br><br> The geometrical survey of the Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio in L'Aquila, was made by Politecnico di Milano starting from 2013, within the project "Ripartire da Collemaggio" (<a href=" http://www.ungiornoacollemaggio.it/content/2027"target="_blank">http://www.ungiornoacollemaggio.it/content/2027</a>), financed by Eniservizi. The basilica, an important symbol for the community of L'Aquila, was gravely damaged by the earthquake of 6<sup>th</sup> April 2009. The objective of Eni was to turn the restoration of the building in a re-birth moment for all the community. The knowledge step was aimed to plan a restoration project able of returning the basilica to a safe and full use. In the two years knowledge investigation steps (geometric survey, historical and stratigraphic analysis, materials investigation, structures and soils examination, <i>in situ</i> tests and numerical elaborations) was involved an interdisciplinary group of researchers from various Italian universities, Politecnico di Milano, Università La Sapienza in Rome and the University of L'Aquila, called to provide a scientific advice to the Soprintendenza ai Beni Architettonici e Paesaggistici per l’Abruzzo, project manager of the restoration step. In early 2016 the yard of restoration was opened and it is still on-going. <br><br> The geometrical survey of the basilica was aim to investigate, measure and represent the exact geometry of the damaged structures and their three-dimensional complexity; the survey was planned choosing the tools and methods most appropriate in relation with the accessibility and safety of the structures, the operating ranges of acquisition and the level of detail required by the analysis and the project. This meant to integrate global and local surveying techniques, in order to cross relate data derived by different tools and to make the graphical restitution of the entire monumental complex: topography, laser scanning, photogrammetry, but also hands on instruments, at a scale of representation from 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;1 to 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;50. The laser scanner survey, registered in the accurate geomatics network, responded to the need to punctually investigate and interpret the geometrical configuration of different spaces of the Basilica, as well as its structural articulation, enabling a series of horizontal and vertical profiles, as requested by various experts involved in the diagnostic steps. <br><br> HBIM model (Historical Building Information Modeling) of the entire basilica was primarily intended as a tool for stereotomic description of the building and its parts, following the constructive logic of each structural element; then it was used as a support tool for the restoration simulation, project, management and yard. To perform the division of the building in its constructive elements, sometimes it has been used stratigraphic methodologies and instruments of analysis. The entirety of the geometric and structural complexity of the basilica, was guarantee using sophisticated 3D software and drawing complex entities, integrated and stored in the parametric BIM logic. This process has allowed to accurately and timely represent the geometry of the structural elements, of the areas characterized by crushing, empties, variations of the masonry sections and out of plumbs. <br><br> It is on the pillars of the nave that was focused the attention of survey: the will to preserve as much as possible the existing structures, in their material authenticity, required a careful analysis of each individual stone element of each pillar, investigated in its geometry, texture and state of conservation. The aim of the project was to ward a complete replacement of the pillars, preferring instead a removing and replacing intervention of only of the stone ashlars completely deteriorated and no longer recoverable, considering the question of structural safety as fundamental. The HBIM of the basilica had the primary function of connecting into one virtual space all the available data; that model has also been made as a tool for managing the restoration yard, supporting the computation of stone to buy, quarry and grossly slot, saving time on site. <br><br> Different and complementary skills were used in every knowledge and restoration steps; the accurate analysis of the structures made it possible to plan a consolidation and restoration project as close as possible to the structural conception of the existing building, adding only the new structural elements necessary to increase the resistance and to guarantee the safety of the structures, also in case of new earthquake. The Italian <i>Codice dei Beni culturali e del paesaggio</i> (DL n.42/2004), at paragraph 4 of art. 29, states that the restoration includes structural improvements. For the restoration of Collemaggio the solutions chosen were the ones able to be more effective and, at the same time, less invasive, more respectful as possible of the sacredness of the architecture, its highest historical significance, the authenticity of the material and its cultural significance. <br><br> The main principles and criteria of restoration were: maximum correspondence of conservation doctrine, with a focus on improving the structural characteristics compared to the seismic risk; exemplarity of the management practices of the restoration process; exemplarity of innovative techniques; transparency of all processes and accurate communication of cultural and scientific content. Despite of some inevitable compromises, the detailed knowledge of the building allowed to design punctual interventions, inserting new structures where the oldest were collapsed and consolidating damaged elements, in order to improve the global safety of the building but without modifying substantially the structural conception of the stratified basilica.
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Karlsson, Lars, Jesper Blid, Olivier Henry, and Ragnar Hedlund. "Labraunda 2011. A preliminary report on the Swedish excavations." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 5 (November 2012): 49–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-05-03.
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The main goals of the 2011 campaign were the excavation of the Kepez tower, the West Church and the necropoleis. The tower of Kepez was excavated and black-gloss pottery indicates a date in the 3rd century BC. The 2011 excavations in the West Church uncovered three Late Roman and Byzantine building phases. Among the finds from Late Antiquity was a well-preserved glass lamp with a Greek inscription and a marble figurine, possibly representing an apostle or a saint. The excavations in the necropolis uncovered eleven tombs in the Area 5B, located along the Sacred Way, completing the excavation initiated in 2010. New tombs were discovered in the territory east and south of the sanctuary. Finally, the three stone sarcophagi inside the Built Tomb were moved in order to facilitate complete excavation and the cleaning of all the interior space of this monumental tomb. The conservation of architectural marble was continued and included the conservation of an Ionic column capital and an anta capital from Andron B. Thomas Thieme and Pontus Hellström prepared the publication of the andrones.
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Baró Zarzo, J. L., J. Díaz Morlán, and F. J. Gómez-Patrocinio. "CONSIDERATIONS ON THE JOINT RECOVERY OF THE MONUMENT AND ITS ENVIRONMENT: THE TOWN WALLS OF ALBARRACÍN (SPAIN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-109-2020.
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Abstract. The city walls of Albarracín (Teruel) show an exemplary trajectory of restoration and conservation works, thanks to a fifty year-long trajectory of interventions carried out by different architects. The last of these projects, promoted by the City Council and driven by Fundación Santa María de Albarracín, was drafted in 2019 and involved the restoration of the southern end of the wall. For the first time, this project has addressed the recovery of the monument and its surroundings in a joint effort that bets on a global vision for the city’s public space system. The keys to this binomial are based on the following premises: a well-coordinated monument-environment relationship, the emphasis on a conservative approach to the restoration works, the promotion of public use and the dignification of the space in a coherent way with its context. The joint treatment of the building and its environment goes far beyond an aesthetic or functional issue – which may have been achieved through independent projects – and verifies the criteria adopted for both dimensions of the project: minimal intervention, distinguishability, preservation of the authenticity, reversibility, compatibility, character, readability and sustainability. In general, this approach reduces the risks of unilateral, partial or limiting visions ending in the loss of heritage value and embraces the understanding of the immediate environment as an inseparable extension of the monument itself.
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E. Soulé, M., B. G. Mackey, H. F. Recher, J. E. Williams, J. C. Z. Woinarski, Don Driscoll, W. C. Dennison, and M. E. Jones. "The role of connectivity in Australian conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 4 (2004): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040266.
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The existing system of nature reserves in Australia is inadequate for the long-term conservation and restoration of native biological diversity because it fails to accommodate, among other elements, large scale and long-term ecological processes and change, including physical and biotic transport in the landscape. This paper is an overview of the connectivity elements that inform a scientific framework for significantly improving the prospects for the long-term conservation of Australia's biodiversity. The framework forms the basis for the WildCountry programme. This programme has identified connectivity at landscape, regional and continental scales as a critical component of an effective conservation system. Seven categories of ecological phenomena are reviewed that require landscape permeability and that must be considered when planning for the maintenance of biological diversity and ecological resilience in Australia: (1) trophic relations at regional scales; (2) animal migration, dispersal, and other large scale movements of individuals and propagules; (3) fire and other forms of disturbance at regional scales; (4) climate variability in space and time and human forced rapid climate change; (5) hydroecological relations and flows at all scales; (6) coastal zone fluxes of organisms, matter, and energy; and, (7) spatially-dependent evolutionary processes at all scales. Finally, we mention eight cross-cutting themes that further illuminate the interactions and implications of the seven connectivity-related phenomena for conservation assessment, planning, research, and management, and we suggest how the results might be applied by analysts, planners, scientists, and community conservationists.
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Silvianingsih, Yosefin Ari, Kurniatun Hairiah, Didik Suprayogo, and Meine van Noordwijk. "Kaleka Agroforest in Central Kalimantan (Indonesia): Soil Quality, Hydrological Protection of Adjacent Peatlands, and Sustainability." Land 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080856.
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Increased agricultural use of tropical peatlands has negative environmental effects. Drainage leads to landscape-wide degradation and fire risks. Livelihood strategies in peatland ecosystems have traditionally focused on transitions from riverbanks to peatland forests. Riparian ‘Kaleka’ agroforests with more than 100 years of history persist in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan (Indonesia), where large-scale open-field agricultural projects have dramatically failed. Our field study in a Dayak Ngaju village on the Kahayan river in the Pulang Pisau district involved characterizing land uses, surveying vegetation, measuring soil characteristics, and monitoring groundwater during a period of 16 months. We focused on how local practices and farmer knowledge compare with standard soil fertility (physical, chemical, biological) measurements to make meaningful assessments of risks and opportunities for sustainable land use within site-specific constraints. The Kaleka agroforests around a former settlement and sacred historical meaning are species-rich agroforests dominated by local fruit trees and rubber close to the riverbank. They function well with high wet-season groundwater tables (up to −15 cm) compatible with peatland restoration targets. Existing soil quality indices rate the soils, with low soil pH and high Alexch, as having low suitability for most annual crops, but active tree regeneration in Kaleka shows sustainability.
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Fejérdy, Tamás. "Gyula Hajnóczi and a New Dimension of Heritage Restoration." Építés - Építészettudomány 49, no. 1-2 (March 15, 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/096.2021.00002.
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The restoration of monuments: a distinctly cultural act realized by the means of architecture; thus, it is an architectural work, and as such is not independent of the prevailing architectural conception of its own age. Gyula Hajnóczi created added value by implementing his heritage restorations in a moderate and authoritative way, as one of the periods of the monument’s lifetime and history that respects the previous ones, but at the same time has its own significance measurable to them. The fact that Hajnóczi was both an archaeologist and an architect contributed to the development of his holistic approach. His oeuvre mainly focused on the conservation and restoration of archaeological monuments and ruins. Closely related to this area there are particularly challenging issues, namely the conservation/technical solutions and methods or (in addition to preserving values) the other main purpose and mission of monument restoration: presentation. Hajnóczi placed emphasis on the faithful representation of the remains from the “original” age, at the same time, he consciously applied fitting/imitating supplementation as much and to such an extent that was necessary for understanding and interpreting the monument, and/or for satisfying the physical requirements of conservation. Everything else, however, that was additional or supplemented the heritage, in particular the design of protective buildings serving the display of the mass/space of monuments was strictly realized by choosing materials and technical-aesthetic solutions typical in the restored era. Hajnóczi’s approach to heritage restoration added a new dimension to the conservation and restoration of monuments, especially Roman ruins, incorporating and further developing the experience of his predecessors’ work as well as the knowledge of international theory and practice. He had his own way in the contemporary context that was not far from the slightly dogmatic interpretation of the Venice Charter. Not contradicting the philosophy of the Charter, even carefully fulfilling its requirements of giving priority to the respect of existing values, he had the personal commitment to create restorations that not only preserved the values, but also served the understandable and experiential learning of heritage. The heritage restoration works of Gyula Hajnóczi became examples and sources of inspiration in such a way that they were incorporated into the practice of heritage restoration with quiet naturalness.A műemlék-helyreállítás meghatározóan kulturális tett, amely az építészet eszközeivel valósul meg, azaz építészeti alkotás, s mint ilyen, nem független saját korának uralkodó építészeti felfogásától. Hajnóczi Gyula hozzáadott értéket teremtett, mértéktartó és mértékadó módon valósítva meg a műemlék-helyreállításait, mint a műemlék életének, történetének egyik, a korábbiakat tiszteletben tartó, ugyanakkor azokhoz mérhető jelentőségű periódusát. Egészlátó szemléletének a kialakulásában közrejátszott, hogy régész és építész képzettséggel is rendelkezett. Munkásságának fő területe a régészeti műemlékek – romemlékek konzerválása, restaurálása. Ehhez szorosan kapcsolódnak az e területen különösen is nagy kihívást jelentő kérdések, nevezetesen a konzerválási-műszaki/technikai megoldások mikéntje és a műemlék-helyreállításnak az értékmegőrzés melletti másik fő célja és küldetése: a bemutatás. Hangsúlyos az „eredeti” korból fennmaradt részek hűséges megjelenítése, de tudatosan alkalmazza az olyan mértékű, illeszkedő-utánzó kiegészítést, amilyen és amennyi a megértéshez, értelmezéshez, és/ vagy a konzerválás fizikai követelményei miatt szükséges. Minden más viszont, ami ezen felül van, illetve ehhez kapcsolódik, így különösen a tér-tömeg megjelenítést is szolgáló védőépületek kialakítása már szigorúan a helyreállítás korában „járatos” anyaghasználattal, műszaki-esztétikai megoldással készül. Hajnóczi műemlék-helyreállító szemlélete új dimenziót jelent a műemlékek, elsősorban is a római romemlékek konzerválásában és helyreállításában, beépítve és alkotó módon továbbfejlesztve az elődök munkájának és a nemzetközi elméletnek és gyakorlatnak a tapasztalatait. A Velencei Chartában megfogalmazottak kissé dogmatikus értelmezésétől sem idegen közegben a maga útját járta. Nem ellentmondva a Charta filozófiájának, sőt, gondosan teljesítve a meglévő értékek tiszteletben tartásának elsőbbségét előíró elvárásait, kiegészítve azzal a rá jellemző törekvéssel, hogy az értékek megőrzésén túl azok érthető, átélhető, élményszerű megismerését is szolgálja. Hajnóczi Gyula műemlék-helyreállításai oly módon váltak példává, inspirációs forrássá, hogy csendes természetességgel épültek be a műemlék-helyreállítási gyakorlatba.
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Tostões, Ana. "Designing Modern Life." Designing Modern Life, no. 46 (2012): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/46.a.lvsimywb.
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The aim is to contribute for the discussion that relates modern heritage and interior space, common daily life and musealization of Modern Interior Spaces, gathered underneath a global strategy, to better understand and preserve these delicate monuments. In fact, the interior space with all devices and furniture pieces is frequently not appreciated as an essential matter in safeguard interventions. Ranging from restoration process research and know-how, new modern materials and techniques are discussed facing up to new conservation process and innovative rehabilitation solutions, as well. One knows that Modern spatiality must require furniture conceived under a unitary design concept, which implies today to identify every detail with the aim of a reconstruction process, where research on documentation is one of the success keys.
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Vangelatos, Zacharias, Michail Delagrammatikas, Olga Papadopoulou, Charalampos Titakis, and Panayota Vassiliou. "Finite Element Analysis of the Parthenon marble block- steel clamp system response under acceleration." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i1.884.
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<p class="Abstract">Finite element analysis is employed to investigate the mechanical behaviour and failure scenarios of the marble block–steel clamp ancient masonry system utilised in the Parthenon (Athens Acropolis) under static loading analysis. The input data for the model are acquired by the laboratory testing of early 20th century restoration steel clamps, such as through tensile strength measurements and metallography, as well as bibliographic sources from various scientific fields (i.e. material properties, archaeometry, restoration, structural engineering and geology). Two different embedding materials (Portland cement mortar and lead), used for the nesting of the clamps, are examined under bending or stretching, induced by acceleration forces. The conservation status of the materials is taken into account by employing an intrinsic stress, as is the case when corrosion products build up in a confined space. The aim of this work is to provide a tool for the assessment of the conservation potential of the marble blocks in parts of the monument that require specific attention. Simulation results indicate the resilience of the Parthenon’s structural system under most examined scenarios and highlight the importance of intrinsic stresses, the existence of which may lead to the fracture of the marble blocks under otherwise harmless loading conditions.</p>
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Giangrande, Adriana, Maria Flavia Gravina, Sergio Rossi, Caterina Longo, and Cataldo Pierri. "Aquaculture and Restoration: Perspectives from Mediterranean Sea Experiences." Water 13, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070991.
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In this paper, the different possibilities and innovations related to sustainable aquaculture in the Mediterranean area are discussed, while different maricultural methods, and the role of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in supporting the exploitation of the ocean’s resources, are also reviewed. IMTA, and mariculture in general, when carefully planned, can be suitable for environmental restoration and conservation purposes. Aquaculture, especially mariculture, is a sector that is progressively increasing in parallel with the increase in human needs; however, several problems still affect its development, mainly in relation to the choice of suitable sites, fodder production, and the impact on the surrounding environment. A current challenge that requires suitable solutions is the implementation of IMTA. Unfortunately, some criticisms still affect this approach, mostly concerning the commercialization of new products such as invertebrates and seaweeds, notwithstanding their environmentally friendly character. Regarding the location of a suitable site, mariculture plans are currently displaced from inshore to offshore, with the aim of reducing the competition for space with other human activities carried out within coastal waters. Moreover, in open water, waste loading does not appear to be a problem, but high-energy waters increase maintenance costs. Some suggestions are given for developing sustainable mariculture in the Mediterranean area, where IMTA is in its infancy and where the scarce nutrients that characterize offshore waters are not suitable for the farming of both filter feeder invertebrates and macroalgae. From the perspective of coupling mariculture activity with restoration ecology, the practices suggested in this review concern the implementation of inshore IMTA, creating artificially controlled gardens, as well as offshore mussel farming coupled with artificial reefs, while also hypothesizing the possibility of the use of artificially eutrophized areas.
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Berkowski, Piotr, Grzegorz Dmochowski, Maciej Yan Minch, and Jerzy Szołomicki. "Structural Restoration and Adaptation to Modern Architecture of the Baroque Oppersdorf Palace, Wrocław, Poland." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 1003–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.1003.
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This paper is an overview of structural interventions which should be made to the Baroque Oppersdorf Palace during its renovation. All main technical problems were analyzed and proper constructional solutions were presented. Several characteristic types of destruction were detected, caused by natural deterioration and also by mechanical influences (war destruction, lack of conservation etc.). The main building structure has survived from the Baroque period, except for the wooden roof. Some of the cellar vaults and some of them over the first floor were also not destroyed. However, some main reconstruction work was done, probably in the last few years of the 19th century. For example, a break with a new staircase and some masonry vaults over the cellar were changed to ones of Klein type on steel beams. The main aim of the reconstruction was to strengthen the historical structure of the building and adapt it to the modern architecture and to reorganize the buildings inner space, but keeping the external proportions, architectural details and ornaments unchanged.
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Acevedo, Manuel, Carolina Álvarez-Maldini, R. Kasten Dumroese, Jan R. Bannister, Eduardo Cartes, and Marta González. "Native Plant Production in Chile. Is It Possible to Achieve Restoration Goals by 2035?" Land 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010071.
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Facing rapid loss of biodiversity as a consequence of climate change, Chile has formally pledged to restore 600,000 ha of native forest by 2035. This effort, however, has not considered the amount and quality of native plants required to meet this pledge. Thus, we examined data collected during the annual, government-conducted census of small- and medium-sized nurseries from central Chile, which account for 78% of the nation’s total plant production, to assess if current production is sufficient to meet Chile´s restoration needs. We coupled this with data collected during our series of ongoing research projects to determine if nurseries are currently meeting minimum seedling quality standards based on morpho-physiological attributes. Our four-year analysis (2016–2019) shows that the number of native seedlings has increased by only 4%, but because only 19% of nursery managers have training, just 29% of all seedlings meet quality criteria for restoration. Thus, under the current rate and quality of plant production, meeting restoration pledges desired by the year 2035 would not be achieved until 2181. This timeline can be accelerated through an urgent expansion of nursery space, implementation of a continuous program for technology and knowledge transference, and strong support through governmental policies.
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Settembre Blundo, Davide, Anna Lucia Maramotti Politi, Alfonso Pedro Fernández del Hoyo, and Fernando Enrique García Muiña. "The Gadamerian hermeneutics for a mesoeconomic analysis of Cultural Heritage." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 300–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-09-2017-0060.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of a hermeneutic-based approach as innovative way to study the Cultural Heritage management in a mesoeconomic space. Design/methodology/approach The paper builds a theoretical framework based on the analysis of relevant literature in the field of cultural economics, heritage economics and conservation and restoration techniques. Then, after having defined the conceptual hypothesis, a hermeneutical interpretative model is designed for the analysis of the processes of Cultural Heritage management with particular regard to the strategies of stakeholder engagement. Findings The research shows how the mesoeconomic space is that border area where it is possible to solve more easily the conflicts that arise as a result of the different expectations of stakeholders. Hermeneutical analysis, applied in iterative form, allows us to find common connections, points of contact and convergences between the interpretative horizons of the various stakeholders. Practical implications The application of the interpretative model allows the identification of the expectations of stakeholders, improving the knowledge of the tangible and intangible attributes of works of art, in order to design appropriate interventions of restoration, conservation and valorization. Social implications The new model of analysis, based on hermeneutic methodology, is designed to understand and describe the social and economic relations between the different stakeholders involved in the management of Cultural Heritage. Originality/value This paper examines for the first time the Cultural Heritage sector within the mesoeconomic area between the micro and the macroeconomy. In addition to this mesoeconomic analysis and conceptual approach, the authors introduce as methodology the economic hermeneutics that represents an innovative tool in the field of economic and business disciplines.
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Rácz, István András, Eszter Déri, Máté Kisfali, Zoltán Batiz, Katalin Varga, Gyula Szabó, and Szabolcs Lengyel. "Early changes of orthopteran assemblages after grassland restoration: a comparison of space-for-time substitution versus repeated measures monitoring." Biodiversity and Conservation 22, no. 10 (April 5, 2013): 2321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0466-8.
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