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Journal articles on the topic 'Sacroiliite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Bart, G., M. Plat, N. Derouet, and E. Dernis. "Sacroiliite infectieuse du post-partum." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 43, no. 10 (October 2013): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2013.07.011.

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2

Fagart, A. "La sacroiliite inflammatoire en TEMP/TDM osseuse." Médecine Nucléaire 42, no. 4 (July 2018): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mednuc.2018.05.002.

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3

Pratte, Laurence, and Pierre-Louis Docquier. "Sacroiliite infectieuse chez l’enfant : un diagnostic difficile. Quatre cas." Revue du Rhumatisme 76, no. 5 (May 2009): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2008.09.022.

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4

Amor, Bernard. "La sacroiliite est-elle indispensable au diagnostic de Spondylarthrite ?" Revue du Rhumatisme 76, no. 8 (September 2009): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2009.03.014.

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5

Bou Antoun, Myriame, Catherine Adamsbaum, Luca Semerano, Isabelle Koné-Paut, and Linda Rossi-Semerano. "Prédicteurs cliniques de sacroiliite détectée par IRM chez les enfants atteints d’enthésite avec arthrite." Revue du Rhumatisme 85, no. 6 (December 2018): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2018.02.001.

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6

Ait Sahel, O., A. Biyi, Y. Benameur, H. Bouyaallaoui, and A. Doudouh. "Valeur ajoutée d’une acquisition TEMP/TDM centrée sur le bassin complétant une scintigraphie osseuse dans un cas de sacroiliite à pyogène." Médecine Nucléaire 41, no. 2 (March 2017): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mednuc.2017.01.004.

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7

Fain, O., C. Taleb, N. Feton, M. Sibony, F. Lejeune, and M. Thomas. "Syndrome de Sweet à localisation digestive, vascularite, abcès du psoas et sacroiliite: manifestations révélatrices d'une anémie réfractaire avec excès de blastes évoluant rapidement vers une leucémie aiguë." La Revue de Médecine Interne 13, no. 7 (December 1992): S460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(05)81039-2.

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8

Tornero, C., M. D. C. Castro Villegas, X. Juanola-Roura, M. L. García-Vivar, C. Fernández-Carballido, J. F. Garcia Llorente, B. Joven-Ibáñez, E. Galindez, C. Urrego-Laurín, and E. De Miguel. "FRI0324 NO RADIOGRAPHIC SACROILIITIS PROGRESSION OVER 6 YEARS IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY SPONDYLOARTHRITIS FROM THE ESPERANZA COHORT." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 754.2–754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5450.

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Background:Longitudinal studies about the change from non-radiographic axial Spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) to r-axSpA (radiographic axial Spondyloarthritis) are scarce but show a 9-10% progression rate over 2 years (1-2) and a 24% progression rate over 10 years in another study (3). However, in early cohorts such as DESIR, this only represents a 5% over 5 years (4).Objectives:The aim of this study was to know the rate of progression from nr-axSpA to r-axSpA over 6 years in the early Esperanza cohort.Methods:This study included 94 patients of the Spanish early spondyloarthritis (SpA) Esperanza cohort, 60 fulfilled the ASAS classification criteria for SpA. Every patient had a baseline and a six years sacroiliac X-ray. Nine readers, blinded for the diagnosis, participated in the reliability exercise, all of them experienced rheumatologists and members of the Spanish spondyloarthritis working group (GRESSER). Patients with SpA were classified as having r-axSpA, at baseline or after 6 years of follow-up, if they fulfilled the radiographic item of the modified New York criteria (mNY) (presence of radiographic changes in the sacroiliac joints -SIJ- of at least grade II bilaterally or grade III or IV unilaterally). The gold standard of SIJ X-Ray was the categorical opinion of at least five of the expert readers. For the statistical analysis, the Chi-square and Kappa tests were performed.Results:Demographic data of the SpA patients were: mean age 33.4±7.5 years; 37 (61.7%) male; mean CRP 6.4±6.5 mg/dl and ESR 10.3±10.6. Present smokers 30.6%; and past smokers 16.3%. HLA-B27 (+) 56.7%. Regarding the presence of X-Ray sacroilitis: 20 patients had baseline sacroilitis and 18 at the final visit; 11 had sacroiliitis at both baseline and final visits; 9 patients changed from baseline sacroiliitis to no-sacroiliitis and 7 changed from baseline no-sacroiliitis to sacroiliitis at the 6 year visit. The reliability of the readers was fair with a mean inter-reader kappa test of 0.375 (range 0.146 - 0.652) and a mean agreement of 73.7% (range 58.7% - 90%).Conclusion:In this group of patients with early SpA no progression from nr-axSpA to r-axSpA over 6 years was observed. It appears that early diagnosis and standard treatment seem to reduce SIJ radiographic progression.References:[1]Poddubnyy D, Rudwaleit M, Haibel H, et al. Rates and predictors of radiographic sacroiliitis progression over 2 years in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1369–74.[2]Sampaio-Barros PD, Conde RA, Donadi EA, et al. Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies in Brazilians: importance of HLA-B27 and the B7-CREG alleles in characterization and disease progression. J Rheumatol 2003;30:2632–7.[3]Sampaio-Barros PD, Bortoluzzo AB, Conde RA, et al. Undifferentiated spondyloarthritis: a longterm followup. J Rheumatol 2010;37:1195–9.[4]Dougados M, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:1823–1828.Disclosure of Interests:Carolina Tornero: None declared, María del Carmen Castro Villegas: None declared, Xavier Juanola-Roura: None declared, Maria Luz García-Vivar: None declared, Cristina Fernández-Carballido Consultant of: Yes, I have received fees for scientific advice (Abbvie, Celgene, Janssen, Lilly and Novartis), Speakers bureau: Yes, I have received fees as a speaker (Abbvie, Celgene, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis), Jose Francisco Garcia LLorente: None declared, Beatriz Joven-Ibáñez Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Celgene, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, E. Galindez: None declared, Claudia Urrego-Laurín: None declared, Eugenio de Miguel Grant/research support from: Yes (Abbvie, Novartis, Pfizer), Consultant of: Yes (Abbvie, Novartis, Pfizer), Paid instructor for: yes (AbbVie, Novartis, Pfizer, MSD, BMS, UCB, Roche, Grunental, Janssen, Sanofi), Speakers bureau: yes (AbbVie, Novartis, Pfizer, MSD, BMS, UCB, Roche, Grunental, Janssen, Sanofi)

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9

Luxembourger, C., Y. Degboé, A. Cantagrel, D. Nigon, P. Claudepierre, A. Constantin, and A. Ruyssen-Witrand. "Association entre les polymorphismes des gènes ERAP1, IL23R et TRAILR1 et la présence d’une sacroiliite magnétique chez les patients atteints de spondyloarthrite axiale récente : données issues de la cohorte française DESIR." Revue du Rhumatisme 83 (November 2016): A117—A118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1169-8330(16)30387-8.

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10

Geijer, M., G. Gadeholt Göthlin, and J. H. Göthlin. "Observer variation in computed tomography of the sacroiliac joints: a retrospective analysis of 1383 cases." Acta Radiologica 48, no. 6 (July 2007): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850701342146.

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Background: Computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of sacroiliitis has a higher diagnostic accuracy than radiography. There is a high degree of interobserver variation in evaluating sacroiliitis on radiographs. Purpose: To evaluate interobserver variation in CT of the sacroiliac joints for evaluation of sacroiliitis in a large number of patients. Material and Methods: 1383 CT examinations of the sacroiliac joints were reviewed by two observers. The outcomes as originally reported and the findings from the reviews were classified as no sacroiliitis, equivocal, unilateral sacroiliitis, or bilateral sacroiliitis. The unweighted kappa statistic was used for assessment of observer agreement. Results: The interobserver agreement between the two reviewers was good (κ = 0.6724), with excellent agreement on cases of bilateral sacroiliitis and moderate agreement on cases of unilateral sacroiliitis. Excellent agreement was also reached in normal cases. Compared to the original reports, there were moderate interobserver agreements between both reviewers' findings and the original reports (κ = 0.4651 and κ = 0.4481, respectively). Conclusion: The interobserver variation for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis on CT between two reviewers in a study setting showed good agreement, with moderate agreement between each of the observers and the original clinical reports. CT is a reliable method for evaluating the sacroiliac joints for changes of sacroiliitis.

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11

Geijer, Mats, Gro Gadeholt Göthlin, and Jan H. Göthlin. "Diagnosis and Progression of Sacroiliitis in Repeated Sacroiliac Joint Computed Tomography." Arthritis 2013 (September 3, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/659487.

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Objective. To assess the clinical utility of repeat sacroiliac joint computed tomography (CT) in sacroiliitis by assessing the proportion of patients changing from normal to pathologic at CT and to which degree there is progression of established sacroiliitis at repeat CT. Methods. In a retrospective analysis of 334 patients (median age 34 years) with symptoms suggestive of inflammatory back pain, CT had been performed twice, in 47 of these thrice, and in eight patients four times. The studies were scored as normal, equivocal, unilateral sacroiliitis, or bilateral sacroiliitis. Results. There was no change in 331 of 389 repeat examinations. Ten patients (3.0%) had progressed from normal or equivocal to unilateral or bilateral sacroiliitis. Of 43 cases with sacroiliitis on the first study, 36 (83.7%) progressed markedly. Two normal cases had changed to equivocal. Eight equivocal cases were classified as normal on the repeat study. In further two patients, only small changes within the scoring grade equivocal were detected. Conclusions. CT is a valuable examination for diagnosis of sacroiliitis, but a repeated examination detects only a few additional cases of sacroiliitis. Most cases with already established sacroiliitis showed progression of disease.

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12

Montandon, Cristiano, Marlos Augusto Bitencourt Costa, Tarcísio Nunes Carvalho, Marcelo Eustáquio Montandon Júnior, and Kim-Ir-Sen Santos Teixeira. "Sacroiliíte: avaliação por imagem." Radiologia Brasileira 40, no. 1 (February 2007): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-39842007000100012.

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Sacroiliíte é o processo inflamatório não-infeccioso das articulações sacroilíacas, sendo critério diagnóstico das espondiloartropatias soronegativas. O diagnóstico desta enfermidade requer confirmação pelos métodos de imagem. O presente trabalho faz um revisão de casos do arquivo didático e de artigos da literatura para ilustrar a anatomia, a técnica e os principais achados de imagem na radiografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, na determinação do diagnóstico de sacroiliíte, abordando inclusive os seus principais diagnóstico diferenciais.

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13

Slobodin, Gleb, Doron Rimar, Nina Boulman, Lisa Kaly, Michael Rozenbaum, Itzhak Rosner, and Majed Odeh. "Acute sacroiliitis." Clinical Rheumatology 35, no. 4 (February 4, 2016): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3200-6.

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14

Zimmermann, Bernard, Dennis J. Mikolich, and Edward V. Lally. "Septic sacroiliitis." Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 26, no. 3 (December 1996): 592–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0049-0172(96)80010-2.

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15

Donzelli, Ambra, Eleftheria Samara, Vassiliki Spyropoulou, Céline Juchler, and Dimitri Ceroni. "Pediatric Sacroiliitis." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 36, no. 7 (July 2017): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000001502.

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16

Brand, C., R. Warren, M. Luxton, and D. Barraclough. "Cryptococcal sacroiliitis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 44, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.44.2.126.

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17

PINSON, ANDY G., PAUL R. JOLLES, and AVINASH R. A. BALKISSOON. "Pneumococcal Sacroiliitis." Southern Medical Journal 90, no. 6 (June 1997): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199706000-00015.

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18

Rios Gomes Bica, Blanca Elena, Lina María Saldarriaga-Rivera, Nicholas Akindele Nicol, and Maria da Glória Costa Reis Monteiro de Barros. "Tuberculous Sacroiliitis." JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 22, no. 4 (June 2016): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rhu.0000000000000403.

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19

Carlson, Scott A., and Jeffrey S. Jones. "Pyogenic sacroiliitis." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 12, no. 6 (November 1994): 639–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(94)90030-2.

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20

Scott, Kevin R., Kristin L. Rising, and Lauren Weinberger Conlon. "Infectious Sacroiliitis." Journal of Emergency Medicine 47, no. 3 (September 2014): e83-e84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.05.001.

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21

Papadopoulos, Elias Ch, Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos, Olga D. Savvidou, Matthew E. Falaga, George S. Sapkas, and Emmanuel G. Fragkiadakis. "Tuberculous Sacroiliitis." Orthopedics 26, no. 6 (June 2003): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-20030601-18.

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22

Weingarten, Toby N. "Clostridial Sacroiliitis in a Patient with Fecal Incontinence: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Pain Physician 2;11, no. 3;2 (March 14, 2008): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2008/11/249.

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Introduction: Image-guided sacroiliac joint injections are frequently employed for both diagnostic and therapeutic relief of low back pain. Case Report: An 83-year-old male with chronic lumbrosacral pain previously responsive to right sacroliac joint injections presented for repeat injection. His medical history included Parkinsonism and stool incontinence. Forty-two hours after the injection, he developed fever, dyspnea, and crepitus on the right buttock and thigh. Surgical debridement was recommended, but the family wished for comfort care only. The patient died hours later. The autopsy revealed Gram positive bacilli consistent with Clostridial myonecrosis. Discussion: Pyogenic sacroiliitis is rare and usually occurs in the setting of trauma, drug abuse, or extraspinal infections. Joint infections with Clostridium have been reported after traumatic events including puncture, surgery, and abrasions. Clostridium spores are resistant to chemical preparations used for skin sterilization and require high heat for destruction. Possible practice guidelines with patients that are stool incontinent include mechanical wash prior to sterile preparation and placement of an occlusive sterile dressing after injection to prevent stool contamination of the needle puncture site. As with all rare complications, large scale studies are needed to better identify risk factors to formulate practice management strategies. Key words: Sacroiliac joint, sacroiliac joint injection, pyogenic sacroilitis, fecal incontinence, clostridium

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Maksymowych, W. P., P. M. Machado, R. G. Lambert, X. Baraliakos, M. Ǿstergaard, J. Sieper, S. Wichuk, et al. "SAT0384 REPLACEMENT OF RADIOGRAPHIC SACROILITIS BY MRI STRUCTURAL LESIONS: WHAT IS THE IMPACT ON CLASSIFICATION OF AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS IN THE ASAS CLASSIFICATION COHORT?" Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1140.2–1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6369.

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Background:Classification of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is based on either an imaging or clinical arm. Radiographic or MRI evidence of sacroiliitis can be applied for the imaging arm. However, it is well-established that reliability and sensitivity of radiographic sacroiliitis is inadequate.Objectives:To assess the impact of replacing radiographic sacroiliitis with MRI structural lesions (MRI-S) typical of axSpA on the number of patients classified as having axSpA in patients with undiagnosed back pain recruited to the ASAS Classification Cohort (ASAS-CC).Methods:MRI images of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) were available from 217 cases in the ASAS-CC, which also had clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data. Seven central readers from the ASAS-MRI group recorded MRI lesions in an eCRF that included active (MRI-A) and structural (MRI-S) lesions typical of axSpA. MRI-A was deemed to be present according to majority agreement (≥4/7) of central readers. MRI-S was deemed to be present according to the majority (majority reader MRI-S) and also according to at least 2 central readers (≥2-reader MRI-S). We calculated the number of patients that were classified differently after replacement of radiographs by MRI-S for overall fulfillment of the ASAS criteria and for the imaging arm.Results:In total, 119 (54.8%) cases fulfilled the axSpA criteria based on local reading of radiographic sacroiliitis and central reading of active inflammation on MRI. This changed to 125 (57.6%) and 118 (54.4%) of cases after replacement of radiographic sacroiliitis by ≥2-reader and majority reader MRI-S, respectively (Table). A total of 13 (6.0%) and 7 (3.2%) cases who were classified as not having axSpA were re-classified as having axSpA after replacing radiographic sacroiliitis with ≥2-reader and majority reader MRI-S, respectively. Conversely, 7 (3.2%) and 8 (3.7%) cases were re-classified as not having axSpA after substitution by ≥2-reader and majority reader MRI-S, respectively. When fulfillment of the imaging arm was the primary consideration (irrespective of the clinical arm), the number of patients reclassified from not axSpA to axSpA was 25 (11.5%) by ≥2-reader and 13 (6.0%) by majority reader MRI-S, while 8 (3.7%) and 11 (5.1%) were reclassified from axSpA to not axSpA.Conclusion:The number of patients classified as having axSpA does not change substantially when MRI-S replaces radiographic sacroiliitis. However, it remains possible that MRI structural lesions can influence the final diagnosis, the gold standard for assessment of the performance of the ASAS criteria.Impact of Replacement of Radiographic Sacroilitis by MRI Structural Lesions on SpA Classification in cases with all clinical, radiographic, and central and local MRI inflammation data available (n=217)MRI assessment usedSpA Classification=Yes N(%)SpA Classification=No N(%)Imaging Arm SpA Classification=Yes N(%)Imaging Arm SpA Classification=No N(%)Radiographic Sacroiliitis + Majority Central Reader MRI Inflammation Positive119 (54.8%)97 (44.7%)83(38.2%)134 (61.8%)Replace Radiographic Sacroiliitis with ≥2 Central Reader MRI Structural Positive125 (57.6%)92 (42.4%)100 (46.1%)117 (53.9%)Replace Radiographic Sacroiliitis with Majority Central Reader MRI Structural Positive118 (54.4%)99 (45.6%)85 (39.2%)132 (60.8%)Disclosure of Interests:Walter P. Maksymowych Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Employee of: Chief Medical Officer of CARE Arthritis Limited, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Pedro M Machado Consultant of: PMM: Abbvie, Celgene, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB, Speakers bureau: PMM: Abbvie, BMS, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB, Robert G Lambert: None declared, Xenofon Baraliakos Grant/research support from: Grant/research support from: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB and Werfen, Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB and Werfen, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB and Werfen, Mikkel Ǿstergaard Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Merck, and Novartis, Consultant of: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Hospira, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Orion, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, and UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Hospira, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Orion, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, and UCB, Joachim Sieper Consultant of: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB Pharma, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB Pharma, Stephanie Wichuk: None declared, Denis Poddubnyy Grant/research support from: AbbVie, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer, Consultant of: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Martin Rudwaleit Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Janssen, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB Pharma, Désirée van der Heijde Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Cyxone, Daiichi, Eisai, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, UCB Pharma; Director of Imaging Rheumatology BV, Robert B.M. Landewé Consultant of: AbbVie; AstraZeneca; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Eli Lilly & Co.; Galapagos NV; Novartis; Pfizer; UCB Pharma, Joel Paschke: None declared, Susanne Juhl Pedersen Grant/research support from: Novartis, Ulrich Weber: None declared

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24

Fernández-Carballido, Cristina, Carolina Tornero, M. Carmen Castro-Villegas, Eva Galindez, José Francisco García-Llorente, María Luz García-Vivar, Beatriz Joven-Ibáñez, et al. "No radiographic sacroiliitis progression was observed in patients with early spondyloarthritis at 6 years: results of the Esperanza multicentric prospective cohort." RMD Open 6, no. 2 (September 2020): e001345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001345.

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ObjectiveTo estimate the 6-year radiographic progression of sacroiliitis in patients with early spondyloarthritis (SpA).Patients and methodsSacroiliac joint (SIJ) radiographs (baseline and 6 years) of 94 patients with recent-onset SpA from the Esperanza cohort were scored, blindly and in a random order, by nine readers. The modified New York criteria were used to define the presence of sacroiliitis. As the gold standard for radiographic (r) sacroiliitis, the categorical opinion of at least five readers was used. Progression was defined as the shift from non-radiographic (nr) to r-sacroiliitis.ResultsIn the 94 SIJ radiographs (baseline and 6 years), 78/94 (83%) pairs of radiographs had not changed from baseline to 6 years. Sacroiliitis was present in 20 patients at baseline (21.3%) and in 18 (19.2%) patients at 6 years; 11 patients had sacroiliitis at both the baseline and final visits; 9 patients changed from baseline r-sacroiliitis to nr-sacroiliitis at 6 years, and 7 changed from baseline nr-sacroiliitis to r-sacroiliitis at 6 years. The mean continuous change score (range: −8 to +8) was 2.80 at baseline and 2.55 at 6 years (mean net progression of −0.25). The reliability of the readers was fair (mean inter-reader kappa of 0.375 (0.146–0.652) and mean agreement of 73.7% (58.7–90%)).ConclusionIn the early SpA Esperanza cohort, progression from nr-axSpA to r-axSpA over 6 years was not observed, although the SIJ radiographs scoring has limitations to detect low levels of radiographic progression.

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Kaushik, Ravikant, Mukta Mital, Brijbhusan Thukral, Shubhda Sagar, Abhay Pratap Singh, and Reema Gupta. "Radiological Spectrum of Active Sacroiliitis by Conventional Radiography and MRI." Nepalese Journal of Radiology 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v10i1.27768.

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Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare the role of Conventional Radiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), in diagnosis of active sacroiliitis and differentiation between inflammatory and infective sacroiliitis.Methods: Fifty two cases of active sacroiliitis diagnosed on MRI from August 2017 to August 2019 were included in study. All the patients were subjected to conventional radiology, MRI and findings were co-related with clinical and laboratory findings. Conventional radiography was used to evaluate structural changes. MR images were evaluated for bone lesions (extent and distribution of bone marrow edema and presence of bone erosions), soft-tissue lesions (capsulitis, extra capsular fluid collections, and peri-articular muscle edema) and joint space reduction for differentiation between infective and inflammatory etiology.Results: Conventional radiography showed sclerosis, erosion, partial and complete ankylosis. Thick capsulitis, extra capsular fluid collection, and peri-articular muscle edema were all more frequently observed in infective sacroiliitis (p<0.001). Iliac-dominant bone marrow edema more common in spondyloarthritis (p<0.001). When periarticular muscle edema was the sole predictor, unilateral sacroiliitis in spondyloarthritis was correctly identified in 79.16% of cases, and infectious sacroiliitis was correctly identified in 82.14% of cases.Conclusions: MRI is the optimum imaging modality to diagnose active sacroiliitis. MRI plays an essential role in better demonstrating early alterations and inflammatory activity and aid in differentiation of infective and inflammatory sacroiliitis. Conventional radiography with low sensitivity can be used as a screening tool and follow-up of patients with sacroiliitis.

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Chen, M., and S. M. Dai. "AB0007 VALUE OF ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSMENT OF ACTIVE SACROILIITIS IN PATIENTS WITH AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1307.3–1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3990.

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Background:The inflammatory of the sacroiliac joints (SIJs) called sacroiliitis, is a characteristic of axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA). The detection of sacroiliitis is meaningful to prevent irreversible changes. The tool of assessment of sacroiliitis including radiographs, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound (US) has also been used in the evaluation of sacroiliitis in recent years.Objectives:We aimed to evaluate the value of US in the assessment of active sacroiliitis in axSpA patients.Methods:Fifty-one patients fulfilling Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) 2009 criteria for the classification of axSpA were recruited1. All the patients underwent MRI and US evaluation of bilateral SIJs. MRI was performed using the sequences of T1WI, T2WI and fat suppression T2WI (FS-T2WI). MRI sacroiliitis was defined according to ASAS criteria of active sacroiliitis2. The Spondyloarthritis research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) scoring was used to evaluate the inflammatory lesions in SIJs3. US were performed by an ultrasonographer with 10 years of experience in musculoskeletal ultrasound, and resistive index (RI) value was recorded. The US sacroiliitis was defined as the presence of more flow signals at SIJ with an RI ≤ 0.75. The HLA-B27, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were also evaluated. Consistency rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV)for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis by US were calculated, using MRI as the gold standard.Results:Of the 51 patients, 24 were female and 27 were male. The HLA-B27 positive rate was 90.2% (46/51). The consistency rate of US and MRI sacroiliitis was 55.88 (57/102). The sensitivity and specificity of US for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis were 55.93 (33/59) and 55.81 (24/43) respectively. The PPV and NPV were 63.46 (33/52) and 48 (24/50) respectively. There was no significant difference in ESR and hsCRP between the US positive sacroiliitis and the others (P= 0.7477 and 0.2268, respectively). The SPARCC scores have no significant difference between the US positive sacroiliitis and the others (P= 0.2206). The RI was not significantly associated with the MRI SPARCC score (P=0.4236).Conclusion:US may be an optional method for preliminary screening sacroiliitis. But its reliability as a diagnostic method needs further verification.References:[1]Rudwaleit M, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009; 68(6):777-83[2]Rudwaleit M, et al. Defining active sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for classification of axial spondyloarthritis: a consensual approach by the ASAS/OMERACT MRI group. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(10):1520–7[3]Maksymowych WP, et al. Spondyloarthritis research Consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging index for assessment of sacroiliac joint inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum.2005;53(5):703-9.Acknowledgments:This project was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (81900795)Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Cinar, Muhammet, Hatice Tugba Sanal, Sedat Yilmaz, Ismail Simsek, Hakan Erdem, Salih Pay, and Ayhan Dinc. "Radiological Followup of the Evolution of Inflammatory Process in Sacroiliac Joint with Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Case with Pyogenic Sacroiliitis." Case Reports in Rheumatology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/509136.

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Pyogenic sacroiliitis (PS) is an acute form of sacroiliitis that mostly starts with very painful buttock pain. Here in this case, the followup magnetic resonance (MR) images of a 49-year-old male patient with PS is displayed. After his sacroiliitis was documented by MR images, he was treated with the combination of rifampicin plus streptomycin and moxifloxacin. Serial MR investigations were done to disclose acute and subsequent imaging changes concerning sacroiliac joint and surrounding bone structures. Although after treatment all the symptoms were completely resolved, 20 months later changes suggesting active sacroiliitis on MR images were continuing.

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Tay, S. H., J. Y. Leong, M. Wasser, A. J. M. Lim, P. Chen, J. G. Yeo, T. Arkachaisri, and S. Albani. "SAT0496 INTERROGATING THE CIRCULATORY IMMUNE ARCHITECTURE OF ENTHESITIS-RELATED ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1204.1–1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5125.

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Background:Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is one of the most common subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in Asia1. It carries a poor prognosis, but limited knowledge of its pathogenesis hampers clinical diagnosis and treatment.Objectives:We hypothesise multiple aberrations from the healthy immunome culminating in an imbalance between the immune effector and regulatory cell subsets as key for driving ERA pathogenesis. Thus, we employed a comprehensive high-dimensional interrogative strategy using mass cytometry to assess the ERA immune architecture2.Methods:We examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 ERA patients (15 with active sacroilitis, 15 without active sacroilitis) within the first two years of disease and 30 healthy paediatric controls with mass cytometry, using two extensive antibody panels encompassing key lineage and functional markers. Dimensional reduction and unsupervised clustering were performed to identify immune cell subsets differentially present in ERA patients. Manual gating was performed to further describe observed differences in subset frequencies. These subsets were statistically evaluated with reference to the healthy cohort and their association with disease activity determined.Results:We identified broad differences in the ERA circulatory immune architecture that involved both innate and adaptive immune cell populations, notably with the enrichment of naive CD4+ T cells as well as depletion of cytolytic NK cells (CD56dimCD16+). The chemotactic profiles of their subsets also differed in ERA patients, which underscores their migratory capacity and hence potential effector role in the ERA arthritic microenvironment. In addition, there were some dissimilarities in the circulatory immunome of ERA patients with active sacroiliitis as compared to those without, which alludes to a possible mechanistic basis behind the disease complication.Conclusion:This is the first study, via deep parameterisation afforded by mass cytometry, to demonstrate a concomitant dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in ERA patients. Further mechanistic studies of these immune cell subsets and their functional networks will inform the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers that can reliably predict clinical fate in ERA, thereby complementing clinical assessment in the care of ERA patients.References:[1]Arkachaisri et al. Paediatric rheumatology clinic in Southeast Asia: are we different?Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017.[2]Tay et al. Immunomics in pediatric rheumatic diseases.Front Med (Lausanne). 2019.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Slobodyn, T. M. "Sacroiliitis. Diagnostic Traps." INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL JOURNAL, no. 7.85 (January 13, 2017): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0713.7.85.2016.86923.

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El Mahou, Soumaya, Christine Moineuse, Frédéric Navaux, Alain Cantagrel, Bernard Mazieres, and Michel Laroche. "Osteomalacia and sacroiliitis." Joint Bone Spine 70, no. 4 (August 2003): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1297-319x(03)00054-x.

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Feldman, Leonard Samuel. "SALMONELLA SEPTIC SACROILIITIS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 25, no. 2 (February 2006): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000200102.50612.13.

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Possemato, N., F. Crescentini, G. Pazzola, M. Ragazzi, and C. Salvarani. "IgG4-Related Sacroiliitis." Arthritis & Rheumatology 68, no. 3 (February 24, 2016): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.39507.

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Vardi, Yoav, Itzhak Levy, Liat Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, Gilad Sherman, Itay Berger, Eran Rom, Gabriel Chodick, Daniel Landau, and Oded Scheuerman. "Pediatric Infectious Sacroiliitis." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 38, no. 7 (July 2019): e134-e137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002340.

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Sueoka, B. L., J. F. Johnson, R. Enzenauer, and J. S. Kolina. "Infantile infectious sacroiliitis." Pediatric Radiology 15, no. 6 (September 1985): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02388361.

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STOLL, MATTHEW L., RAFIA BHORE, MOLLY DEMPSEY-ROBERTSON, and MARILYNN PUNARO. "Spondyloarthritis in a Pediatric Population: Risk Factors for Sacroiliitis." Journal of Rheumatology 37, no. 11 (August 3, 2010): 2402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.100014.

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Objective.Pediatric rheumatologists may have an opportunity to diagnose sacroiliitis in its early stages, prior to the development of irreversible radiographic changes. Early diagnosis frequently requires magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the use of which is limited by expense and requirement for sedation. We set out to identify features of juvenile spondyloarthritis (SpA) associated with the highest risk of sacroiliitis, to identify patients who may be candidates for routine MRI-based screening.Methods.We reviewed the charts of 143 children seen at Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children diagnosed with SpA based on the International League of Associations for Rheumatology criteria for enthesitis-related arthritis or the Amor criteria for SpA. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for sacroiliitis.Results.A group of 143 children were diagnosed with SpA. Consistent with the diagnosis of SpA, 16% had psoriasis, 43% had enthesitis, 9.8% had acute anterior uveitis, and 70% were HLA-B27+. Fifty-three children had sacroiliitis, of which 11 cases were identified by imaging studies in the absence of suggestive symptoms or physical examination findings. Logistic regression analysis revealed that hip arthritis was a positive predictor of sacroiliitis, while dactylitis was a negative predictor.Conclusion.Children with SpA are at risk for sacroiliitis, which may be present in the absence of suggestive symptoms or physical examination findings. The major risk factor for sacroiliitis is hip arthritis, while dactylitis may be protective. Routine screening by MRI should be considered in patients at high risk of developing sacroiliitis.

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Ghedira Besbes, L., S. Haddad, A. Abid, Ch Ben Meriem, and M. N. Gueddiche. "Pyogenic Sacroiliitis in Children: Two Case Reports." Case Reports in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/415323.

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Pyogenic sacroiliitis is rare and accounts for approximately 1-2% of osteoarticular infections in children. Considerable delay between presentation and diagnosis is recognized. Two cases of pyogenic sacroiliitis are described. The first case is a 28-month-old girl presented with acute onset of fever, pain in the left hip, and limpness. Computed tomography (CT), bone scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis showed characteristic findings of infectious sacroiliitis, and blood cultures were negatives. The second case is a 13-year-old girl presented with acute onset of fever, pain in the right hip, and buttock, with inability to walk. The diagnosis of pyogenic sacroiliitis was confirmed by bone scans, and CT of the pelvis and blood cultures have identifiedProteus mirabilis. The two children recovered fully after 6 weeks of antimicrobial therapy. Pyogenic sacroiliitis is an uncommon disease in children. The key to successful management is early diagnosis in which CT, bone scans, and MRI findings play a crucial role. If the diagnosis is established promptly, most patients can be managed successfully with antimicrobial therapy.

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Egund, Niels, Iris Eshed, Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska, Anne Jurik, and Lennart Jans. "Sacroiliitis in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Assessing Morphology and Activity." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 22, no. 02 (April 2018): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1639470.

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Objective To review the strengths, limitations, and new insights in the anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of active and structural lesions of sacroiliitis in spondyloarthritis. Discussion MRI plays a key role in the diagnosis and follow-up of sacroiliitis in spondyloarthritis. MRI of the sacroiliac joints in affected patients may show active lesions such as bone marrow edema, capsulitis, enthesitis, or synovitis as well as structural changes such as erosion, fat infiltration, sclerosis, backfill, and ankylosis. Active lesions of sacroiliitis on MRI are particularly important for the diagnosis and assessment of ongoing active inflammation. Structural lesions increasingly gain importance for diagnosis and follow-up. Conclusion Active lesions remain the hallmark for assessment of inflammation in sacroiliitis. Structural lesions increasingly play a role in the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis.

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Yoon, Yup, Sang Un Lee, Kyung Nam Ryu, and Ga Young Park. "CT Evaluation of Sacroiliitis' Differentiation of Infectious Sacroiliitis versus Ankylosing Spondylitis." Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 30, no. 5 (1994): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.1994.30.5.943.

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Genç, A. C., F. Turkoglu Genc, A. B. Kara, L. Genc Kaya, Z. Ozturk, D. Karatas, Y. Gunduz, and E. Gönüllü. "AB1161 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR RHEUMATOLOGY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1871–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5318.

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Background:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of sacroiliac (SI) joints is used to detect early sacroiliitis(1). There can be an interobserver disagreement in MRI findings of SI joints of spondyloarthropathy patients between a rheumatologist, a local radiologist, and an expert radiologist(2). Artificial Intelligence and deep learning methods to detect abnormalities have become popular in radiology and other medical fields in recent years(3). Search for “artificial intelligence” and “radiology” in Pubmed for the last five years returned around 1500 clinical studies yet no results were retrieved for “artificial intelligence” and “rheumatology”.Objectives:Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help to detect the pathological area like sacroiliitis or not and also allows us to characterize it as quantitatively rather than qualitatively in the SI-MRI.Methods:Between the years of 2015 and 2019, 8100 sacroiliac MRIs were taken at our center. The MRIs of 1150 patients who were reported as active or chronic sacroiliitis from these sacroiliac MRIs or whose MRIs were considered by the primary physician in favor of sacroiliitis was included in the study. 1441 MRI coronal STIR sequence of 1150 patients were tagged as ‘’active sacroiliitis’’ and trained to detect and localize active sacroiliitis and provide prediction performance. This model is available for various operating systems. (Image1)Results:Precision score, the percentage of sacroiliac images of the trained model, is 87.1%. Recall, the percentage of the total sacroiliac MRIs correctly classified by the model, is 82.1% and the mean average precision (mAP) of the model is 89%.Conclusion:There are gray areas in medicine like sacroiliitis. Inter-observer variability can be reduced by AI and deep learning methods. The efficiency and reliability of health services can be increased in this way.References:[1]Jans L, Egund N, Eshed I, Sudoł-Szopińska I, Jurik AG. Sacroiliitis in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Assessing Morphology and Activity. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2018;22: 180–188.[2]B. Arnbak, T. S. Jensen, C. Manniche, A. Zejden, N. Egund, and A. G. Jurik, “Spondyloarthritis-related and degenerative MRI changes in the axial skeleton—an inter- and intra-observer agreement study,”BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol. 14, article 274, 2013.[3]Rueda, Juan C et al. “Interobserver Agreement in Magnetic Resonance of the Sacroiliac Joints in Patients with Spondyloarthritis.”International journal of rheumatology(2017).Image1.Bilateral active sacroiliitis detected automatically by AI model (in right sacroiliac joint 75.6%> (50%), in left sacroiliac joint 65% (>50%))Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Regola, F., G. Bosio, F. Franceschini, and P. Toniati. "AB0523 TAKAYASU ARTERITIS AND SACROILIITIS: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1559.2–1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3940.

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Background:A possible shared immunopathogenesis between Spondyloarthritis (SpA) and Takayasu Arteritis (TA) has been hypothesized and some clinical cases about SpA in TA patients have been reported (1). In clinical practice the diagnosis of sacroiliitis may be performed by X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In particular, CT findings of sacroiliitis include contour irregularities, joint space alterations, joint erosion, subcondral bone changes (osteoporosis or sclerosis), enthesitis, ankylosis. Meanwhile, TA patients performe routinely FDG-PET/CT scans for monitoring disease activity.Objectives:This study aims to understand if there is an increased incidence of sacroiliitis in TA patients.Methods:We collected retrospectively imaging data from FDG-PET/CT scans of 28 TA patients and 28 controls, matched for sex and age. Controls were selected among patients performing FDG-PET/CT in our Nuclear Medicine Unit, excluding patients with bone tumors, bone metastasis and thyroid cancers. The majority of controls were affected by lymphoma in complete remission. An expert rheumatologist read the CT-scans of sacroiliac joints.Results:No patients or controls demonstrated FDG-uptake in sacroiliac joints. In the control group we detected sacroiliac sclerosis in two cases: one due to degenerative changes, one to sacroiliitis (1/28, 4%). In the TA group four patients presented CT alterations suggestive for sacroiliitis: one bilateral erosion, one bilateral sclerosis, two monolateral sclerosis (4/28, 14%). One of these patients complained an inflammatory back pain.Conclusion:In our cohort of TA patients we demonstrated an increased prevalence of sacroiliitis, diagnosed by CT scan. Only one patient reported an inflammatory back pain, while three patients had radiological signs of previous sacroiliitis. These findings highlight the importance of looking for spondyloarthropathy in TA patients even if asymptomatic.References:[1]Guzel Esen S, Joint Bone Spine, 2019Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Rodriguez, Valeria Rios, Maria Llop, Mikhail Protopopov, Joachim Sieper, Hildren Haibel, Fabian Proft, Martin Rudwaleit, and Denis Poddubnyy. "Assessment of radiographic sacroiliitis in anteroposterior lumbar vs conventional pelvic radiographs in axial spondyloarthritis." Rheumatology 60, no. 1 (July 24, 2020): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa260.

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Abstract Objective The aim was to investigate the reliability and validity of radiographic sacroiliitis assessment in anteroposterior (AP) lumbar radiographs compared with conventional pelvic radiographs in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Methods Patients from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort were selected based on the availability of pelvic and AP lumbar radiographs with visible SI joints at baseline and year 2. Two readers scored the images independently in a random order according to the modified New York criteria. The sacroiliitis sum score was calculated as the mean of both readers. Patients were classified as radiographic (r-)axSpA if radiographic sacroiliitis of grade ≥2 bilaterally or grade ≥3 unilaterally was present in the opinion of both readers and as non-radiographic (nr-)axSpA otherwise. The reliability and validity of sacroiliitis assessment in AP lumbar radiographs was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), absolute agreement and κ statistics. Results A total of 226 sets of radiographs were scored from 113 patients included in the study. The ICC for the sacroiliitis sum score was 0.91 at both baseline and year 2. A total of 62 (54.9%) and 55 (48.7%) patients were classified as r-axSpA at baseline and 65 (57.5%) and 60 (53.1%) patients at year 2 based on evaluation of pelvic and AP lumbar radiographs, respectively. The absolute agreement between the methods on the classification was 84.9 and 85.0% at baseline and year 2, respectively, with the κ of 0.70 at both time points. Conclusion Radiographic sacroiliitis can be assessed in AP lumbar radiographs with a similar reliability to conventional pelvic radiographs.

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Solmaz, Dilek, Umut Kalyoncu, Ilaria Tinazzi, Sibel Bakirci, Ozun Bayindir, Atalay Dogru, Ediz Dalkilic, et al. "Current Smoking Is Increased in Axial Psoriatic Arthritis and Radiographic Sacroiliitis." Journal of Rheumatology 47, no. 9 (December 1, 2019): 1354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.190722.

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Objective.The effect of smoking in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is under debate. Our aim was to test whether smoking is increased in axial PsA (axPsA).Methods.Included in the analysis were 1535 patients from PsArt-ID (PsA-International Database). The effect of smoking on axPsA (compared to other PsA phenotypes) and radiographic sacroiliitis were investigated.Results.Current smoking was more common in axPsA (28.6% vs 18.9%, p < 0.001). It also was found as an independent predictor of axPsA (OR 1.4) and radiographic sacroiliitis (OR 6.6).Conclusion.Current smoking is significantly associated with both axPsA and radiographic sacroiliitis in patients with PsA.

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Mulvey, J. M. "Postpartum Septic Sacroiliitis Coincident with Labour Epidural Analgesia." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 36, no. 6 (November 2008): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0803600621.

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A 22-year-old woman presented to hospital 10 days after emergency caesarean section with severe back pain, fever, tachycardia and a raised C-reactive protein. She had received labour epidural analgesia and was investigated for an epidural abscess. After repeat magnetic resonance imaging she was ultimately diagnosed with septic sacroiliitis. Although an uncommon cause of back pain, pregnancy-associated sacroiliitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of post-epidural back pain, as the presentation and symptoms of an epidural infection and sacroiliitis are similar. We recommend imaging to include the sacroiliac joints when considering the diagnosis of an epidural collection.

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Filho, José Marques. "Septic sacroiliitis: case report." Jornal de Pediatria 72, no. 4 (July 15, 1996): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.630.

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Moreno Hernández, Isabel, Carme Forcada Vega, and María Rivodigo Rodríguez. "Ileítis condensante vs. sacroilitis." FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria 20, no. 3 (March 2013): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1134-2072(13)70549-8.

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Jedwab, M., S. Ovadia, and M. Dan. "Pyogenic sacroiliitis in pregnancy." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 65, no. 3 (June 1999): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(99)00041-7.

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Arya, Subhash C. "Sacroiliitis Causing Salmonella Typhi." Annals of Saudi Medicine 18, no. 4 (July 1998): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1998.370.

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Fabra Noguera, A., M. Rubio Villar, V. Sabaté Cintas, and E. Pablos Herrero. "Sacroilitis en mujer joven." SEMERGEN - Medicina de Familia 36, no. 4 (April 2010): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2010.01.016.

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Moreno Martinez, Maria Jose, Manuel J. Moreno Ramos, and Luis F. Linares Ferrando. "Sacroilitis por pirofosfato cálcico." Reumatología Clínica 14, no. 3 (May 2018): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reuma.2016.11.006.

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Benchakroun, Mohammed, Ahmed El Bardouni, Omar Zaddoug, Mohammed Kharmaz, My Omar Lamrani, Morad El Yaacoubi, Mohammed Hermas, Saïd Wahbi, Najib Ouazzani, and Mohammed El Manouar. "Tuberculous sacroiliitis. Four cases." Joint Bone Spine 71, no. 2 (April 2004): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1297-319x(03)00153-2.

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