Academic literature on the topic 'Saddle supports'

The objective of this paper is to provide analysis results of displacements and localized stresses in horizontal pressure vessels which were determined by using the three-dimensional finite element method. The analysis models utilized realistic geometry, including saddle supports, vessel heads and actual boundary conditions. The results give a detailed distribution of displacements and local stresses in the saddle support area, and show that the maximum stress is located at the horn of the saddle. A comparison of the results for different saddle locations, (A/L), was performed, and a reasonable location for the supports is suggested. Also, examples of parametric analyses and dimensionless design curves for calculating localized stresses are presented. The latter results should prove to be an invaluable aid in the generation of a new design code for horizontal vessels.

Recent years have witnessed a growing trend towards the development and deployment of distributed generation (DG). It is shown that electric distribution networks with DGs can encounter two types of local bifurcations: saddle-node bifurcation and structure-induced bifurcation. The structure-induced bifurcation occurs when a transition between two structures of the distribution network takes place due to limited amount of reactive power supports from renewable energies. The saddle-node bifurcation occurs when the underlying distribution network reaches the limit of its delivery capability. The consequence of structure-induced bifurcation is an immediate instability induced by reactive power limits of renewable energy. It is numerically shown that both types of local bifurcations can occur at both small distribution networks and large-scale distribution networks with DGs. Physical explanations of these two local bifurcations are provided. Studies of local bifurcations in distribution networks provide insights regarding how to design controls to enhance distribution networks with DGs.

The Abraham–Lorentz force is a finite remnant of the UV singular structure of the self-interaction of a point charge with its own field. The satisfactory description of such an interaction needs a relativistic regulator. This turns out to be a problematic point because the energy of regulated relativistic cutoff theories is unbounded from below. However, one can construct point-splitting regulators which keep the Abraham–Lorentz force stable. The classical language can be reconciled with QED by pointing out that the effective quantum theory for the electric charge supports a saddle point producing the classical radiation reaction forces.

Saddles are used to support the horizontal pressure vessels such as boiler drums or tanks. Since saddle is an integral part of the vessel, it should be designed in such a way that it can withstand the pressure vessel load while carrying liquid along with the operating weight. This paper presents the stress analysis of saddle support of a horizontal pressure vessel. A model of horizontal pressure vessel and saddle is created in Ansys software. For the given boundry and loading conditions, stresses induced in the saddle support are analyzed using Ansys software. After analysis it is found that maximum localized stress arises at the saddle to vessel interface near the saddle horn area. The results obtained shows that the saddle support design is safe for the given loading conditions and provides the theoretical basis for furthur optimisation.

Diploma thesis is fucused on strength calculation of the heat exchanger according to ČSN EN 13 445. Introductory part introduce problems with the design of heat exchangers. In other parts there are a strength calculation of the heat exchanger according to ČSN EN 13 445, the results of the analysis with their appreciation. Annexes included output logs from the program Sant 'Ambrogio, and drawings documentation.

This thesis is focused on the thermal-hydraulic and construction design of heat exchanger with floating head. The introductory part is dedicated to the design of heat exchangers. Next part is focused on the thermal-hydraulic design created in HTRI software (module Xist. The next section is the strength calculation of selected components of the heat exchanger according to EN 13445 in software Sant'Ambrogio. The following part describes each of the analysis in software Ansys Workbench. The final part contains complete manufacturing documentation of heat exchanger.

The spatial decision-making process for the purpose of planning, policies, plans, or territorial programs, is intimately tied to the concept of location in the respective geographical space, mainly because many aspects such as natural resources; raw materials, infrastructure, proximity to markets, weather, culture, safety and strategic areas, among others, can be determined, and directly or indirectly related, based on spatial locations. Because of this and assuming that the geographical space constitutes a complex system, it is necessary that the spatial decision-making process intended for achieving aspects of location of goods and services, and/or events for the aforementioned purposes, is carried out in an interdisciplinary way, preferably through participation and consensus from the involved stakeholders involved.In this thesis, an applied research is presented that had as main purpose to provide an archetype that supports the process of spatial decision-making through the spatial consensus by diverse social actors, specially in regard to the location of goods, services and/or events. The archetype, based on the spatial version of the Delphi method modified, has as main characteristic the use of the opinions from a group of experts to solve a problem in the context of the decision-making process and / or in the framework for foresight while also considering the geographical aspect, all of this in order to reach a consensus in regard to the identification of an optimal location in a limited part of a territory.By following the Design Science Research methodology (DSR) and by adopting as auxiliary methods, Documentary Research and Reuse-Based Software Development, an artifact called Geospatial System of Collective Intelligence (SIGIC) was devised through which a collective intelligence behavior could be induced into multidisciplinary groups not experienced in the use of geotechnologies, and for the purpose of locating goods, services, and / or events through the spatial consensus from the participants. After having evaluated the artifact in five different spatial decision situations, two of them in Italy for the location of an air quality monitoring station, and for the zoning of the street prostitution process; two of them in Ecuador to determine the location for the installation of a booth for the screening of HIV and to state the location of booths for the annual initiative for blood collection, and finally, one more in Antarctica, Greenwich Island to determine the location of goods and services to plan the activities of the Scientific Station Pedro Vicente Maldonado.The main results exhibit that even multidisciplinary groups without previous experience in the use of geotechnologies can interact with these tools to study and determine through consensus of their spatial opinions, the potential location of goods, services and / or events in a given territory, thus achieving in this way a process of Collective Spatial Analysis as support for spatial decisions, mainly in aspects related to planning, organization, and use of resources in the territory, and even for the evaluation, preparation, or adoption of policies, plans, and corresponding programs.
El proceso de toma de decisiones espaciales con fines de planificación, políticas, planes o programas territoriales, está estrechamente vinculado con el concepto de la localización en el espacio geográfico respectivo, principalmente porque en base a las ubicaciones espaciales se pueden determinar y relacionar directa e indirectamente, muchos otros aspectos como son los recursos naturales, las materias primas, la infraestructura, la proximidad al mercado, el clima, la cultura, las áreas estratégicas y de seguridad, entre otros. Por esta razón, y asumiendo que el espacio geográfico constituye un sistema complejo, es necesario que la toma de decisiones espaciales destinada a lograr aspectos de localización de bienes servicios y/o eventos para lo fines antes mencionados, se efectúe interdisciplinarmente, preferentemente a través de la participación y consenso de los actores involucrados.En esta tesis se presenta una investigación aplicada que tuvo como propósito aportar un arquetipo para coadyuvar en el proceso de toma de decisiones espaciales por medio del consenso espacial entre diversos actores sociales, primordialmente con respecto a la localización de bienes, servicios y/o eventos. El arquetipo, basado en la versión espacial del Método Delphi modificado, tiene como característica principal el uso de las opiniones de un grupo de expertos para resolver un problema en el contexto de toma de decisiones y/o marco de previsión considerando el aspecto geográfico, con el objetivo de llegar a un consenso respecto a la identificación de una ubicación óptima en una parte limitada del territorio.Siguiendo la metodología de Investigación en Ciencia del Diseño (DSR por su acrónimo en Inglés) y adoptando como métodos auxiliares la Investigación Documental y el Desarrollo de Software Basado en la Reutilización, se ideó el artefacto llamado Sistema Geoespacial de Inteligencia Colectiva (SIGIC), con el cual se logró inducir y coordinar un comportamiento de inteligencia colectiva en grupos multidisciplinares no experimentados en el uso de geotecnologías, con el propósito de localizar bienes, servicios y/o eventos mediante el consenso espacial de los participantes. Este artefacto se evaluó en cinco situaciones diferentes de decisión espacial: dos en Italia, para la ubicación de una estación de monitoreo de calidad del aire y para la zonificación del proceso de prostitución de calle; dos en Ecuador, para determinar el lugar de instalación de un puesto para pruebas de tamizaje de VIH y para establecer las ubicaciones de puestos para la campaña anual de colecta de sangre; y una en la Antártida, Isla de Greenwich, para determinar la ubicación de bienes y servicios con fines de planificación de actividades de la Estación Científica Pedro Vicente Maldonado.Los principales resultados exhiben que grupos multidisciplinares sin práctica en el uso de geotecnologías pueden interactuar con estas herramientas para estudiar y determinar a través del consenso de sus opiniones espaciales, la probable localización de bienes, servicios y/o eventos en un territorio determinado, conformando de esta manera un proceso de Análisis Espacial Colectivo como soporte a las decisiones espaciales principalmente, para aspectos de planificación, organización y empleo de recursos en el territorio o bien para la evaluación, preparación o adopción de políticas, planes y programas correspondientes.
El procés de presa de decisions espacials amb fins de planificació, polítiques, plans o programes territorials, esta íntimament vinculat amb el concepte de la localització en l’espai geogràfic respectiu, principalment perquè en base a las ubicacions espacials es pot determinar i relacionar directament i indirecta, molts altres aspectes com són els recursos naturals, les matèries primeres, la infraestructura, la proximitat al mercat, el clima, la cultura, les àrees estratègiques i de seguretat, entre d´altres. Per aquesta raó, i assolint que el espai geogràfic constitueix un sistema complex, és necessari que la presa de decisions espacials destinada a aconseguir aspectes de localització de béns serveis i/o esdeveniments per els fins anteriorment esmentats, s’efectui interdisciplinariament, de manera preferent mitjançant la participació i consens dels actors involucrats.A aquesta tesi es presenta una investigació aplicada que va tenir com a propòsit aportar un arquetip per coadjuvar en el procés de presa de decisions espacials mitjançant el consens espacial entre diversos actors socials, primordialment respecte de la localització de béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments. L'arquetip, basat en la versió espacial del Mètode Delphi modificat, té com a característica principal l'ús de les opinions d'un grup d'experts per resoldre un problema en el context de presa de decisions i/o marc de previsió considerant l'aspecte geogràfic, amb el objectiu d'arribar a un consens respecte a la identificació d'una ubicació òptima en una part limitada del territori.Tot seguint la metodologia d´Investigació en Ciència del Disseny (DSR per el seu acrònim en anglès) i adoptant com a mètodes auxiliars la Investigació Documental i el Desenvolupament de Software Fonamentat en la Reutilització, es va idear l’artefacte anomenat Sistema Geoespacial d’Intel·ligència Col·lectiva (SIGIC), mitjançant del qual es va aconseguir induir i coordinar un comportament d’intel·ligència col·lectiva en grups multidisciplinaris no experimentats en l’ús de geotecnologíes, amb el propòsit de localitzar béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments mitjançant el consens espacial dels participants. Aquest artefacte es va avaluar en cinc situacions diferents de decisió espacial: dos a Itàlia, per a la ubicació d'una estació de monitorització de qualitat de l'aire i per a la zonificació del procés de prostitució del carrer; dos a Equador, per determinar el lloc d'instal·lació d'un posat per a proves de tamisatge de VIH i per establir les ubicacions de llocs per a la campanya anual de col·lecta de sang; i una a l'Antàrtida, Illa de Greenwich, per determinar la ubicació de béns i serveis amb fins de planificació d'activitats de l'Estació Científica Pedro Vicente Maldonado.Els principals resultats exhibeixen que grups multidisciplinaris sense practica en l’ús de les geotecnologíes poden interactuar amb aquestes eines per estudiar i determinar mitjançant el consens de les seves opinions espacials, la probable localització de béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments en un territori determinat, conformant d´aquesta manera un procés d’Anàlisi Espacial Col·lectiu com a suport a les decisions espacials principalment, per aspectes de planificació, organització i ocupació de recursos en el territori o bé per l´avaluació, preparació o adopció de polítiques, plans i programes corresponents.
Il processo decisionale spaziale ai fini della pianificazione, delle politiche, dei piani o dei programmi territoriali, è strettamente legato al concetto di localizzazione dello spazio geografico di riferimento, principalmente perché in base alle ubicazioni spaziali possono essere determinati e si relazionano direttamente e indirettamente, molti altri aspetti tra i quali le risorse naturali, le materie prime, le infrastrutture, la vicinanza al mercato, il clima, la cultura, le aree strategiche e di sicurezza. Quindi, assumendo che lo spazio geografico costituisce un sistema complesso, è necessario che le decisioni spaziali volte ad ottenere aspetti per la localizzazione di beni e servizi e/o eventi per i fini prima menzionati, siano effettuate in maniera interdisciplinare, preferibilmente attraverso la partecipazione e il consenso tra le parti interessate. In questa tesi viene presentata una ricerca applicata che ha avuto come proposito fornire un archetipo per aiutare nel processo decisionale spaziale per mezzo del consenso speciale tra diversi attori sociali, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la localizzazione dei beni, servizi e/o eventi. L'archetipo, in base alla versione spaziale del Metodo Delphi modificato, ha come caratteristica principale l'uso delle opinioni di un gruppo di esperti per risolvere un problema nel contesto del processo decisionale e/o di un quadro di previsione considerando l'aspetto geografico, con l'obiettivo di giungere ad un consenso riguardo l'identificazione di una posizione ottimale in una parte limitata del territorio. Seguendo la metodologia della Ricerca Scientifica di Progettazione (DSR con il suo acronimo in inglese) e adottando come metodi ausiliari la Ricerca Documentaria e lo Sviluppo del Software Basato sulla Riutilizzazione, è stato messo a punto l’artefatto chiamato Sistema Geo-Spaziale di Intelligenza Collettiva (SIGIC), con il quale è stato possibile indurre e coordinare un comportamento di intelligenza collettiva in gruppi multidisciplinari non sperimentati nell'uso di geo-tecniche, al fine di localizzare beni, servizi e/o eventi attraverso il consenso spaziale dei partecipanti. Questo artefatto è stato valutato in cinque situazioni diverse di decisione spaziale: due in Italia, per l'ubicazione di una stazione di monitoraggio della qualità dell'aria e per la zonizzazione del processo di prostituzione di strada; due in Ecuador, per determinare il luogo di installazione di un centro per i test per l'HIV e per stabilire le ubicazioni di centri per la campagna annuale di donazione del sangue; e una in Antartide, nell'isola Greenwich, per determinare l'ubicazione di beni e servizi al fine di pianificare le attività della Stazione Scientifica Pedro Vicente Maldonado. Dopo aver valutato l'artefatto in cinque differenti situazioni di decisione spaziale, i principali risultati mostrano che i gruppi multidisciplinari senza pratica nell'uso di geo-tecniche possono interagire con questi strumenti per studiare e determinare attraverso il consenso delle loro opinioni spaziali, la probabile localizzazione dei beni, servizi e/o eventi in un determinato territorio, formando così un processo di Analisi Spaziale Collettiva principalmente come supporto alle decisioni spaziali, per gli aspetti di pianificazione, organizzazione e l'uso delle risorse in il territorio o anche per la valutazione, la preparazione o l'adozione di politiche, piani e programmi corrispondenti.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Dinâmicas Sociais, Riscos Naturais e Tecnológicos apresentada à Faculdade de Letras
The use of geographic data obtained through environmental monitoring and its treatment in software to aid decision making such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become of great importance in the management of emergency and rescue, since they make it possible to carry out integrated analyzes. The speed and precision in the acquisition of information are fundamental in the decision-making of the competent entities, since any failure or delay in the transmission of information can be decisive since any failure or delay in the transmission of information can be decisive in the dimension of the damaging event (Gonçalves, 2005). Through this geo-analysis tool it is possible to gather, manipulate, visualize and examine geospatial data with some speed, which makes decision makers increasingly use GIS to solve spatial problems with some complexity and thus mitigate manifestations of risk (Kamberov, 2012). In this sense, the purpose of this dissertation was to understand the importance of geo-analysis tools in decision support and spatialization of information in support of risk management, based on the study of a platform based on information and communication technologies, available in a web environment, which collects, analyzes and disseminates information regarding the initial moment of warnings and alerts, known as Decision Support System and Emergency Management (DSSEM).This platform of intermunicipal scope aggregates a set of geographic data and tools that allow civil protection entities to anticipate a certain danger by creating a potential scenario, to improve their decision processes if this occurs and thus improve their response capabilities by minimizing their consequences.
A utilização de dados geográficos obtidos através da monitorização ambiental e o seu tratamento em softwares no auxílio da tomada de decisão como os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) têm vindo a assumir uma grande importância na gestão de emergência e socorro, uma vez que possibilitam a realização de análises integradas.A rapidez e a precisão na aquisição de informação são fundamentais na tomada de decisão das entidades competentes, visto que qualquer falha ou demora na transmissão de informação pode ser decisivo na dimensão do evento danoso (Gonçalves, 2005).Através deste instrumento de geo-análise é possível reunir, manipular, visualizar e examinar dados geoespaciais com alguma rapidez, o que faz com que os decisores recorram cada vez mais aos SIG para resolver problemas espaciais com alguma complexidade e assim mitigar manifestações de risco (Kamberov, 2012). Neste sentido, emergiu o propósito desta dissertação de compreender a importância das ferramentas de geo-análise no apoio à decisão e a espacialização da informação no apoio à gestão dos riscos, a partir do estudo de uma plataforma baseada em tecnologias de informação e comunicação, disponibilizada em ambiente web, que recolhe, analisa e divulga informação relativa ao momento inicial de avisos e alertas, denominada de Sistema de Apoio à Decisão e Gestão de Emergência (SADGE). Esta plataforma de âmbito intermunicipal agrega um conjunto de dados geográficos e de ferramentas que permitem às entidades de proteção civil antecipar determinado perigo criando um cenário potencial, aperfeiçoar os seus processos de decisão caso esse ocorra e assim melhorar as suas capacidades de resposta minimizando as suas consequências.

The chapter presents the case of the Iraqi National Congress (INC), a paradigmatic case of host-state utilization of diasporas. INC, an Iraqi exile organization headed by Ahmad Chalabi, was founded with US assistance in 1992. During the time of the George W. Bush administration, this was the leading diaspora organization to actively support and promote the impending Iraq war to the US public. The INC also supplied defectors that provided fabricated information to US intelligence agencies and prominent media outlets, and it was an intermediary with other Iraqi exile organizations. The chapter includes analysis of the lead-up to the invasion, as well as a June 2003 Council on Foreign Relations interview with Chalabi. His views upheld the neoconservative agenda, helping sustain the impression, eventually proven false, that Iraq possessed WMDs and of the existence of a link between Saddam and Al-Qaeda, both of which provided the rationale for the 2003 war.

Chapter 5 explores Saddam Hussein’s choice behavior in the Gulf conflict in 1990–1. The logic of affect demonstrates that the Iraqi ruler’s refusal to comply with the US demand to recall his troops from Kuwait was influenced by several emotions: He found it difficult to abandon Kuwait because its conquest served as a source of pride for him. He also nourished the hope that he would be able to defeat the American troops with the support of foreign volunteer fighters. Moreover, he tried hard to down-regulate his fear of a US attack because his identity as the Arab knight placed a taboo on the experience of this emotion. Any fear that he may have felt came to be overlaid by intense humiliation and anger at what he saw as the Bush administration’s degrading behavior. The combination of these emotions and identity dynamics shaped his resistance in the face of all adversity.

Schools should offer a safe and secure environment for all young people to develop, to learn, and to thrive. Sadly, for many, they fall short. Homophobic and transphobic behaviour is still painfully common in schools across Europe. A significant number of LGBT pupils experience homophobic and transphobic bullying, and they are more likely to experience violence than heterosexual peers. This publication explores the underlying attitudes towards homosexuality in eight European countries: Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Turkey. It is the product of a strategic partnership (KA2) between fifteen European secondary and higher education institutions, launched in 2016 under the auspices of the European Commisson’s ERASMUS+ programme. The project supported by this partnership, Homo’poly, promotes greater understanding and acceptance of homosexuality with the explicit aim of improving the school life of LGB pupils.

Why would countries without nuclear weapons even think about fighting nuclear-armed opponents? A simple answer is that no one believes nuclear weapons will be used. But that answer fails to consider why nonnuclear state leaders would believe that in the first place. This book argues that the costs and benefits of using nuclear weapons create openings that weak nonnuclear actors can exploit. It uses four case studies to show the key strategies available to nonnuclear states: Iraqi decision-making under Saddam Hussein in confrontations with the United States; Egyptian leaders' thinking about the Israeli nuclear arsenal during wars in 1969–70 and 1973; Chinese confrontations with the United States in 1950, 1954, and 1958; and a dispute that never escalated to war, the Soviet–United States tensions between 1946 and 1948 that culminated in the Berlin Blockade. Those strategies include limiting the scope of the conflict, holding chemical and biological weapons in reserve, seeking outside support, and leveraging international non-use norms. Counterintuitively, conventionally weak nonnuclear states are better positioned to pursue these strategies than strong ones, so that wars are unlikely when the nonnuclear state is powerful relative to its nuclear opponent. The book demonstrates clearly that nuclear weapons cast a definite but limited shadow, and while the world continues to face various nuclear challenges, understanding conflict in nuclear monopoly will remain a pressing concern for analysts and policymakers.

Cartilage grafts are used for many purposes. In assessing the defect to be filled with costal cartilage, some factors must be taken into account. The length of the defect can extend up to 6–7 cm; a larger defect would require multiple grafts or bone grafts (usually vascularized). Large costal cartilage grafts are also difficult to harvest and have increased morbidity at the donor and recipient sites. The rigidity and firmness of costal cartilage can be used for structural augmentation (i.e., correction of saddle-nose deformities or to provide structural rigidity to the trachea and eyelid). However, costal cartilage cannot be considered a substitute for bone grafts when significant structural support is needed. Costal cartilage grafts can be used as onlay-type grafts to correct traumatic, congenital, or surgically induced facial deformities and as spacers to maintain mobility of the temporomandibular joint.

The 1955 production boom resulted in nearly a million unsold vehicles on dealers’ lots. As a result, automakers scaled back production, resulting in widespread, chronic layoffs for autoworkers. Supplemental Unemployment Benefits were of little help because the programs were not fully funded and most unemployed autoworkers did not meet eligibility requirements. Instead, they struggled to cobble together secondary support systems. Many autoworkers had gone into debt during flush times in 1955 and were now saddled with mortgages, rents, or installment payments without regular income. Detroit floundered while the national economy thrived. More accurately, Detroit's working-class residents suffered while wealthier Detroiters shared in the nation's prosperity. Federal officials and automakers blamed autoworkers, with their high wages and generous fringe benefits, for their predicament.

The multifarious task of information services, which academic libraries are saddled with, continues to require the support of interlending and document supply from other libraries, in order to meet users' increasing information needs. The rationale that spurs this drive was the shifting nature of operations from traditional to virtual/technological platforms. This article employed the qualitative research approach grounded on documents/textual content analysis of literature extracted from databases of Scopus, Science Direct, and LISTA. Findings revealed that academic libraries should utilize interlending and document supply to fulfill growing and diverse demands for information. The ability to fulfill information needs requires diverse knowledge and the skills of librarians, information resources, and infrastructure to strengthen interlending and document supply. The study recommends the adaptation of grey literature as part of the collection development, cooperation with library associations and securing funding for academic libraries in Nigeria as the way forward.

The multifarious task of information services, which academic libraries are saddled with, continues to require the support of interlending and document supply from other libraries, in order to meet users' increasing information needs. The rationale that spurs this drive was the shifting nature of operations from traditional to virtual/technological platforms. This article employed the qualitative research approach grounded on documents/textual content analysis of literature extracted from databases of Scopus, Science Direct, and LISTA. Findings revealed that academic libraries should utilize interlending and document supply to fulfill growing and diverse demands for information. The ability to fulfill information needs requires diverse knowledge and the skills of librarians, information resources, and infrastructure to strengthen interlending and document supply. The study recommends the adaptation of grey literature as part of the collection development, cooperation with library associations and securing funding for academic libraries in Nigeria as the way forward.

The use of large, high pressure Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage bullets has become a common, and often assumed safe, practice in the petrochemical industry. The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (EEMUA) is an organization that attempted to address design aspects related to mounded or buried bullets. Publication No. 190 published by the EEMUA [1] became a standard practice in the industry. However, the design recommended, and therefore addressed, by Publication 190 is for bullets directly supported by soil (i.e. without saddle supports). However, it has been noticed by the authors that many users are requesting these storage bullets be supported by saddles resting on foundations in order to minimize the chance of unexpected settling and any motion of the bullets under ground. The large span of these bullets requires more than two saddles adding to the complexity of the design due to statically indeterminate construction, differential settlement and uneven supports. This paper focuses on major issues related to the design of such bullets. First, the loads induced by mound weight, pressure due to mound, and the loads due to longitudinal thermal expansion and soil resistance to this expansion is analyzed. Next, a method for calculating the multiple saddle reactions and bending moments at spans and supports is provided. A simplified method for assessing the effect of differential settlement between saddles is proposed.

The objective of this paper is to design and analyze a horizontal tank on saddle supports. The horizontal vessel is to store various chemicals used in today’s industry. The over all dimensions of the horizontal vessel are determined from the capacity of the stored chemicals. These dimensions are first determined. The design function is performed using the ASME Code Sec VIII Div 1. The horizontal tank design is broken up into (a) shell design, (b) two elliptical heads and (c) two saddle supports. The designed dimensions are used to recalculate the stresses for the horizontal vessel. The dimensioned horizontal vessel with saddle supports and the saddle support structure is modeled using STAAD III finite element software. The stresses from the finite element software are compared with the stresses obtained from calculated stresses by ASME Code Sec VIII Div 1 and L. P. Zick’s analysis printed in 1951. The difference in the stress value is explained. This paper’s main objective is to compare the code design to the finite element analysis. The design is found to be safe for the specific configuration considered.

In a Zick analysis of a horizontal pressure vessel on two saddle supports with stiffening rings, there is no direct method of determining the distribution of the load between one stiffening ring adjacent to the saddle support and the shell. In this paper, the authors discuss a method of calculating the load distribution between the stiffening ring and the shell. After establishing the load distribution, the stresses in the ring and shell are calculated and compared against the allowable stresses in the ASME Code.

When storing liquids at high temperature, in horizontal vessels, the current design methods aim to minimise the thermal stresses by introducing a sliding surface at the base of one of the twin saddle supports. However, regular site maintenance is required to ensure that adequate sliding is achieved This may be difficult and costly to carry out. The aim of the present work, therefore, is to dispense with the sliding support and to provide saddle designs which although fixed to the platform, or foundation, do not result in the storage/pressure vessel being over-stressed when thermal loading occurs. The paper provides general recommendations for the most appropriate saddle geometries, and details the way in which ‘Design by Analysis’ and ‘Fatigue Life Assessments’ may be carried out using the stresses which arise from these designs.

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code does not provide details of the pressure vessel saddle supports. The existing design guidelines are based on classical stress analysis with several assumptions to simplify the problem. With the advances in the computational technology and numerical methods, it is now possible to obtain more detailed information about stress distribution and hence provide optimal saddle design guidelines. This study will present an initial investigation into a 3D computational modeling and analysis of the saddle design. Results are presented for maximum von Mises stress occurring in various parts of the saddle with the increase in load.

This paper reports on the numerical and experimental research on saddle mounted horizontal pressure vessels subjected to heating by its hot liquid contents. The overall purpose of the research is to obtain design formulae relating design variables of horizontal pressure vessels mounted on fixed non-sliding saddle supports. Two experimental techniques were utilised to obtain stresses and strains for the situation of the saddle supports being rigidly fixed to ground. The first technique involves room temperature testing whereby one saddle base is displaced by the expected thermal expansion displacement (i.e. isothermal push-pull). The other technique utilised direct thermal heating by introducing hot liquid into the vessel, a more complicated yet more realistic test. These two techniques are not equivalent because in the hot test, the vessel will expand both axially and radially, whereas the radial expansion will be absent in the isothermal push-pull test. Experimental tests were conducted for the above two loadings techniques on two model vessels with different saddle designs. The resulting strains measured at the maximum stress locations showed that they can be reliably predicted when push-pull tests are carried out. Additionally, FE analyses were conducted for the two techniques for comparison. The experimental results are discussed with the FE predicted values, with particular reference to their agreement with push-pull tests and the hot liquid tests.

The objective of this paper is to present a complete procedure for strength evaluation of independent Type ‘C’ LNG carriers. This strength evaluation procedure includes two main parts, global finite element (FE) analysis mainly for hull structure evaluation and detailed FE analysis for tank and saddle supporting structures. A global FE model with three tanks including hull, tank and saddle supporting structures is used for structural analysis. Static and dynamic loads are applied to the global FE model as design load cases for the total strength assessment (TSA). FE analyses on the three tanks model have been performed and verified by the developed acceptance criteria to evaluate the safety adequacy of yielding, buckling, and fatigue of the hull and supporting structures. Additionally, a detailed FE model for a pressurized tank and its saddle supports is made, which consists of major components including tank shell, ring stiffeners, longitudinal central bulkhead, and saddle supports. An FE stress analysis of the pressurized bi-lobe tank with saddle supports considering the hull deflection effect has been carried out under internal pressure, dynamic loads due to ship motion, and thermal loads. Finally, an FE buckling analysis of the bi-lobe tank has been carried out under external pressure following gas carrier (IGC) code requirements. Meanwhile, acceptance criteria are developed for yielding and buckling strength evaluation of pressurized bi-lobe tanks according to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code. An independent Type ‘C’ bi-lobe LNG vessel has been utilized to implement the presented evaluation procedure. Finally, a complete procedure for evaluating the structural strength of cargo tank structures, supporting members and hull structures has been developed for an independent Type ‘C’ LNG carrier.

<p>The main objective of this paper is to discuss whether simple 2D calculations of stress ribbons on saddles will provide results for a safe design of stress ribbon footbridges. This investigation was carried out using different numerical models for a two-span stress ribbon bridge with intermediate supports. This paper compares the results of 2D FE models with those of full 3D FE models and provides conclusions for the practical design. It aims to show that there are some typical 3D effects of the steel stress ribbons which are mainly caused by the Poisson’s ratio. Those effects can only be found using a 3D FE model. The results of 3D FE calculations suggest that the effects for the chosen example spans and stress ribbons, particularly when made of steel, are of minor importance. It is therefore sufficient for a safe design to describe the behaviour of a stress ribbon bridge at saddle supports with a simpler 2D FE Model.</p>

The objective of this study is to present a complete procedure for the strength evaluation of Type ‘C’ liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel tanks. The fuel tank is designed independent of the ship’s hull and consists of double tanks with inside and outside supports. The inner tank, which holds the LNG cargo, is held within the outer tank using strap and cone supports at two ends. The outer tank is kept in vacuum and the space between the inner tank and the outer tank is filled with insulation materials. There are two saddle supports connecting the outer tank to the hull. The major components of the fuel tank in FE model include inner tank, outer tank, strap support, cone support, as well as two saddle supports. All these structures are designed to withstand all ship and service design loads. The inner tank is subjected to the internal pressure and the outer tank is loaded by external pressure. Due to the ship motion, the inertia forces caused by cargo accelerations will be applied to the tank structure. In this study, Finite Element (FE) analyses were performed in various load cases in which load components include design internal/external pressures, longitudinal / transverse / vertical accelerations, and gravity. Additionally, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) sloshing simulation on the fuel tank with splash baffles was performed to determine sloshing loads. Accidental load cases, including collision and flooding, were also considered in the structural analysis. Meanwhile, a buckling analysis on the evacuated outer tank was conducted to identify the critical collapse pressure. Acceptance criteria corresponding to yielding and buckling failure modes have been detailed for the strength evaluation of the Type ‘C’ LNG fuel tank. Thus, a complete procedure has been developed for the structural integrity assessment of tank and supporting structures for Type ‘C’ LNG fuel tanks.