Relevant bibliographies by topics / Safe distance

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Safe distance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Safe distance"

1

BAUM, RUDY M. "At A Safe Distance." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 47 (November 18, 1996): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n047.p003.

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Hoseini, Seyyed Mohammad Sadat, Mahmmood Fathi, and Manouchehr Vaziri. "Controlling Longitudinal Safe Distance Between Vehicles." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 21, no. 5 (March 2, 2012): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v21i5.245.

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Controlling the safe distances between vehicles on freeways can be used to prevent many accidents. In this research, image-processing techniques have been used to develop an online system that calculates the longitudinal distances between vehicles. This system facilitates controlling safe distances between vehicles without the need for high technology devices. Our approach is real-time and simple, but efficient operations have been used to reduce the image occlusion problem. The main concept of this system is using simple, quick, and effective algorithms for calculating the position of each vehicle in each image. In this way, traffic parameters like speed and distances between vehicles can be calculated for each vehicle in real time. In addition, aggregate parameters like average speed, density, and traffic flow can be calculated using gathered data of single vehicles. As an application of the developed system, controlling the safe distance between vehicles has been introduced. In this system, in case of a driver who does not observe the safe distance, the scene of violation is stored and can be used by the police agencies. KEY WORDS: image processing, traffic, longitudinal safe distance, real time, occlusion
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Vickers, John. "Safer, but Not Safe Enough." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030152.

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The great divide between official analyses and economists’ views of optimal bank equity capital is not as wide as appears at first sight if the economics of risk is properly addressed. Adapting the BoE’s analysis to take account of abnormal risk conditions, a less benign view of the effectiveness of resolution regimes in systemic crisis, an international rather than domestic perspective, and a consistent approach to risk, takes one a good distance towards the economists’ view. The economic rationale for capital levels in the region of Basel III is left looking thin. It looks thinner still when, as now, price-to-book ratios are calling regulatory capital measures into question for some important banks
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Lilley, David G. "Minimum Safe Distance from Pool Fires." Journal of Propulsion and Power 16, no. 4 (July 2000): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.5623.

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Zimbelmann, Jörg, and Conrad Boley. "Underground explosions: estimating the safe distance." Geotechnical Research 3, no. 3 (September 2016): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgere.16.00005.

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Wicks, Gemma. "Head-up safe stopping distance display." Electronics Education 1997, no. 2 (1997): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ee.1997.0049.

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Qu, Dayi, Xiufeng Chen, Wansan Yang, and Xiaohua Bian. "Modeling of Car-Following Required Safe Distance Based on Molecular Dynamics." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/604023.

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In car-following procedure, some distances are reserved between the vehicles, through which drivers can avoid collisions with vehicles before and after them in the same lane and keep a reasonable clearance with lateral vehicles. This paper investigates characters of vehicle operating safety in car following state based on required safe distance. To tackle this problem, we probe into required safe distance and car-following model using molecular dynamics, covering longitudinal and lateral safe distance. The model was developed and implemented to describe the relationship between longitudinal safe distance and lateral safe distance under the condition where the leader keeps uniform deceleration. The results obtained herein are deemed valuable for car-following theory and microscopic traffic simulation.
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Chu, Longjia, and Tien F. Fwa. "Incorporating Braking Distance Evaluation into Pavement Management System for Safe Road Operation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2639, no. 1 (January 2017): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2639-15.

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Maintaining a sufficiently short stopping distance is an important requirement for safe road operation. Stopping sight distances of road sections are decided during the highway alignment and roadway geometric design phase of the road development process. A pavement friction coefficient is used in the calculation of the stopping distances. Since pavement friction coefficient deteriorates with time under traffic action, and the available friction also reduces in wet weather, it is important for pavement maintenance engineers to ensure that sufficient skid resistance is maintained under actual operating conditions so that the stopping distances of road sections are less than the required safe stopping distance. This result requires pavement engineers to monitor regularly the available pavement skid resistance and the corresponding stopping distance of individual road sections. Because skid resistance is an accepted pavement condition to be measured in a pavement management system, it is proposed in this study that braking distance assessment be included as a part of the pavement condition monitoring program of a pavement management system. The proposed procedure consists of two parts: ( a) measurement of skid resistance and evaluation of braking distance and stopping distance and ( b) monitoring of the deterioration trends of individual road sections. The detailed procedure and the analytical tools necessary for the evaluation and prediction of braking and stopping distances, including a finite element skid resistance simulation model, are presented. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the concept and working of the proposed procedure.
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Hwang, Kun. "A safe distance between doctor and patient." Archives of Plastic Surgery 47, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5999/aps.2020.00290.

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Roberts, William O. "Children and Running: At What Distance Safe?" Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 15, no. 2 (March 2005): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000158290.30642.d8.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Safe distance"

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Pai, Abhishek. "Distance-Scaled Human-Robot Interaction with Hybrid Cameras." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1563872095430977.

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Krychtálek, Zdeněk. "Technický výklad vybraných pojmů z pravidel silničního provozu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232475.

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the current situation and prepare a technical interpretation of selected basic concepts of traffic rules to increase legal certainty and the road needs to bring to engineering practice. These are the concepts of safe distance, perspective, suddenly and unsuddenly. The diploma work is dealt with on a technical interpretation of selected terms of traffic rules, which are important for safety.
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Zemánek, Lukáš. "Analýza soustavy faktorů ovlivňujících bezpečnou podélnou vzdálenost mezi vozidly." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-356991.

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The doctoral thesis deals with problems of a safe longitudinal distance between vehicles. It includes an analysis of a set of factors influencing the safe distance between vehicles and is concerned with a research of effect of many of these factors on observance of the safe longitudinal distance between vehicles. In connection with these factors, this work deals with the solution of this issue in neighbouring countries through statutory measures, then with statistical analysis of traffic accidents in the Czech Republic caused by non-observance of the safe distance, also problems of assistance systems operating in this area, and subsequently, based on the findings, there are recommended suggestions of actions to increase safety in this area of road transport.
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Aslansefat, K., Sohag Kabir, Amr R. A. Abdullatif, Vinod Vasudevan, and Y. Papadopoulos. "Toward Improving Confidence in Autonomous Vehicle Software: A Study on Traffic Sign Recognition Systems." IEEE, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18591.

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Yes
This article proposes an approach named SafeML II, which applies empirical cumulative distribution function-based statistical distance measures in a designed human-in-the loop procedure to ensure the safety of machine learning-based classifiers in autonomous vehicle software. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and data-driven decision-making systems in autonomous vehicles is growing rapidly. As autonomous vehicles operate in dynamic environments, the risk that they can face an unknown observation is relatively high due to insufficient training data, distributional shift, or cyber-security attack. Thus, AI-based algorithms should make dependable decisions to improve their interpretation of the environment, lower the risk of autonomous driving, and avoid catastrophic accidents. This paper proposes an approach named SafeML II, which applies empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF)-based statistical distance measures in a designed human-in-the-loop procedure to ensure the safety of machine learning-based classifiers in autonomous vehicle software. The approach is model-agnostic and it can cover various machine learning and deep learning classifiers. The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) is used to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach.
This work was supported by the Secure and Safe MultiRobot Systems (SESAME) H2020 Project under Grant Agreement 101017258.
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Thurston, David Frank. "A Proactive Approach to Train Control." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/181175.

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Electrical Engineering
Ph.D.
The main objective in optimizing train control is to eliminate the waste associated with classical design where train separation is determined through the use of "worst case" assumptions to calculate Safe Braking Distances that are invariant to the system. In fact, the worst case approach has been in place since the beginning of train control systems. Worst case takes the most conservative approach to the determination of train stopping distance, which is the basis for design and capacity of all train control systems. This leads to stopping distances that could be far more than actually required under the circumstances at the time the train is attempting to brake. A new train control system is proposed that utilizes information about the train and the conditions ahead to optimize and minimize the Safe Braking Distance. Two methods are proposed to reduce safe braking distance while maintaining an appropriate level of safety for the system. The first introduces a statistical method that quantifies a braking distance with various hazards levels and picks a level that meets the safety criteria of the system. The second method uses train mounted sensors to determine the adhesion level of the wheel and rail to determine the appropriate braking rate for the train under known circumstances. Combining these methods provides significant decreases in Safe Braking Distances for trains. A new train control system is utilized to take advantage of these features to increase overall system capacity.
Temple University--Theses
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Stáňa, Ivo. "Technický výklad vybraných ustanovení zákona č. 361/2000 Sb., o provozu na pozemních komunikacích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254232.

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Diploma thesis deals with oficial causes of road accidents and their consequences. In the first part are defined basic terms connected with traffic accidents, their classification and statistical records. The second part is focused on analysis of long – term statistics of traffic accidents in the the Czech Republic for the years 1996-2015, which aim has been assed the total number of accidents, their causes and consequences. The results of the analysis have been compared to other European countries or states associated in OECD. In the context of theoretical part have been characterized legal and also technical interpretation of selected terms of act no 361/200 coll. concerning road traffic. Conclusion of the thesis is based on application of legal and also technical interpretation in case studies with real road accident.
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Gallacher, Jonathan R. "The Influence of Season, Heating Mode and Slope Angle on Wildland Fire Behavior." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5691.

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Wildland fire behavior research in the last 100 years has largely focused on understanding the physical phenomena behind fire spread and on developing models that can predict fire behavior. Research advances in the areas of live-fuel combustion and combustion modeling have highlighted several weaknesses in the current approach to fire research. Some of those areas include poor characterization of solid fuels in combustion modeling, a lack of understanding of the dominant heat transfer mechanisms in fire spread, a lack of understanding regarding the theory of live-fuel combustion, and a lack of understanding regarding the behavior of flames near slopes. In this work, the physical properties, chemical properties and burning behavior of the foliage from ten live shrub and conifer fuels were measured throughout a one-year period. Burn experiments were performed using different heating modes, namely convection-only, radiation-only and combined convection and radiation. Models to predict the physical properties and burning behavior were developed and reported. The flame behavior and associated heat flux from fires near slopes were also measured. Several important conclusions are evident from analysis of the data, namely (1) seasonal variability of the measured physical properties was found to be adequately explained without the use of a seasonal parameter. (2) ignition and burning behavior cannot be described using single-parameter correlations similar to those used for dead fuels, (3) moisture content, sample mass, apparent density (broad-leaf species), surface area (broad-leaf), sample width (needle species) and stem diameter (needle) were identified as the most important predictors of fire behavior in live fuels, (4) volatiles content, ether extractives, and ash content were not significant predictors of fire behavior under the conditions studied, (5) broadleaf species experienced a significant increase in burning rate when convection and radiation were used together compared to convection alone while needle species showed no significant difference between convection-only and convection combined with radiation, (6) there is no practical difference between heating modes from the perspective of the solid—it is only the amount of energy absorbed and the resulting solid temperature that matter, and (7) a radiant flux of 50 kW m-2 alone was not sufficient to ignite the fuel sample under experimental conditions used in this research, (8) the average flame tilt angle at which the behavior of a flame near a slope deviated from the behavior of a flame on flat ground was between 20° and 40°, depending on the criteria used, and (9) the traditional view of safe separation distance for a safety zone as the distance from the flame base is inadequate for fires near slopes.
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Hunter, Alistair Edward. "Impact moles and directional drills : safe installation distances for existing services." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323250.

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Lewey, Heather. "Examining Significant Differences of Gunshot Residue Patterns Using Same Make and Model of Firearms in Forensic Distance Determination Tests." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2064.

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In many cases of crimes involving a firearm, police investigators need to know how far the firearm was held from the victim when it was discharged. Knowing this distance, vital questions regarding the re-construction of the crime scene can be known. Often, the original firearm used in commission of a suspected crime is not available for testing or is damaged. Crime laboratories require the original firearm in order to conduct distance determination tests. However, no empirical research has ever been conducted to determine if same make and model firearms produce different results in distance determination testing. It was the purpose of this study to determine if there are significant differences between the same make and model of firearms in distance determination testing. The findings indicate no significant differences; furthermore they imply that if the original firearm is not available, another firearm of the same make and model may be used.
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Peck, Riley D. "Seasonal Habitat Selection by Greater Sage Grouse in Strawberry Valley Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3180.

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This study examined winter habitat use and nesting ecology of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Strawberry Valley (SV), Utah located in the north-central part of the state. We monitored sage grouse with the aid of radio telemetry throughout the year, but specifically used information from the winter and nesting periods for this study. Our study provided evidence that sage grouse show fidelity to nesting areas in subsequent years regardless of nest success. We found only 57% of our nests located within the 3 km distance from an active lek typically used to delineate critical nesting habitat. We suggest a more conservative distance of 10 km for our study area. Whenever possible, we urge consideration of nest-area fidelity in conservation planning across the range of greater sage grouse. We also evaluated winter-habitat selection at multiple spatial scales. Sage grouse in our study area selected gradual slopes with high amounts of sagebrush exposed above the snow. We produced a map that identified suitable winter habitat for sage grouse in our study area. This map highlighted core areas that should be conserved and will provide a basis for management decisions affecting Strawberry Valley, Utah.
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Books on the topic "Safe distance"

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Diversity in America: Keeping government at a safe distance. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.

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Collinson, Patrick. The history of a history man, or, The twentieth century viewed from a safe distance: The memoirs of Patrick Collinson. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2011.

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Mahendra, Vaishali Sharma. Context and dynamics of same-sex behavior among long-distance truckers in India: Findings from qualitiative research. New Delhi: Population Council, 2006.

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Bloom, David E., and Alejandro N. Herrin. The health and wealth of nations: A summary of a videoconference of the same title, 18 January 2005, AIM-WB Global Distance Learning Center. Makati City]: AIM Policy Center, 2005.

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Jackson, Leigh. Safe Distance. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency (SBPRA), 2012.

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Gullette, Alan. From a Safe Distance. Anamnesis Press, 2000.

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Safe Blood and Blood Products Distance Learning Material. 2nd ed. World Health Organization, 2002.

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Diversity in America: Keeping Government at a Safe Distance. Belknap Press, 2006.

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Christoph Draeger: Memories Of Terror From A Safe Distance. Christoph Kellerrevolver Verlag, 2004.

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Cottingham, Matthew. Safe distances. 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Safe distance"

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Rasmussen, Joel. "Governing safe operations at a distance." In Studies of Discourse and Governmentality, 179–208. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.66.06ras.

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Latchem, Colin. "Health care, Childcare, Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene." In Open and Distance Non-formal Education in Developing Countries, 121–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6741-9_12.

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Chen, Baiyu, Da Fu, and Yuanyuan Yang. "Construction of Calculation Model for Critical Safe Distance of Shared Lanes." In Application of Intelligent Systems in Multi-modal Information Analytics, 701–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15740-1_93.

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Jensen, Roger, and Terrence Stobbe. "Safe Distance for Machinery Actuators: Is After-Reach Speed a Constant?" In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 321–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41929-9_30.

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Aristeidou, Maria. "First-Year University Students in Distance Learning: Motivations and Early Experiences." In Technology-Enhanced Learning for a Free, Safe, and Sustainable World, 110–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86436-1_9.

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Trajković, Slobodan, Suzana Lutovac, and Marina Ravilić. "Determination of Safe Distance While Blasting at Open Pit Mine Zabrdica, Valjevo." In Mine Planning and Equipment Selection, 749–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02678-7_73.

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Aurdal, Lars, Ole Jakob Elle, Eigil Samset, Hugues Fontenelle, Tormod Omholt-Jensen, Tom Mala, and Bjørn Edwin. "Using distance transformations to determine safe needle/probe paths during interventional procedures." In CARS 2002 Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 1085. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56168-9_241.

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Rizaldi, Albert, Fabian Immler, and Matthias Althoff. "A Formally Verified Checker of the Safe Distance Traffic Rules for Autonomous Vehicles." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 175–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40648-0_14.

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Chu, Chi Nung, and Gene Chu. "Safe-in-Place Awareness GPS System with Distance-Based and Duration-Based Notification Control." In Human-Computer Interaction. Towards Mobile and Intelligent Interaction Environments, 288–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21616-9_32.

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Zhao, Xin, Dongmei Wu, Yichun Yeh, and Harutoshi Ogai. "Development of Optimal Control System for Safe Distance of Platooning Using Model Predictive Control." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 65–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17298-4_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Safe distance"

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Vasconcelos, Jair Ribeiro Otaviano, Cleber William Gomes, and Gustavo Branco Jorge. "Safe Braking Distance Alert." In 2008 SAE Brasil Congress and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-36-0234.

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Thurston, David F. "Adhesion Considerations in Safe Braking Distance Calculations." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5630.

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The main objective in optimizing train control is to eliminate the waste associated with the use of “worst case” assumptions to calculate Safe Braking Distances (SBD). Worst case takes the most conservative approach to the determination of train stopping distance in order to provide adequate stopping distance under virtually all conditions. This leads to stopping distances that could be far more than actually required under the circumstances at the time the train is attempting to brake. Several factors are considered in SBD; however one variable that influences a great portion of this distance is adhesion. This paper investigates adhesion to illustrate this influence on SBD and uses empirical data from Light Rail Systems with various test conditions. The interaction of the train control and other vehicle borne systems with SBD calculation will also be investigated including slip/slide control and brake assurance.
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Salahuddin, N. S., M. F. Riza, M. F. N. R. Ghifari, and Sri Poernomo Sari. "Safe Distance Detector to Watching Television." In 2018 Third International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iac.2018.8780436.

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Blaze, Matt. "Key escrow from a safe distance." In the 27th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2076732.2076777.

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Al-Maashani, Mohammed Bin Ahmed Bin Ali. "The Safe Distance on a Roadway." In International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482650.016.

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Thurston, David F. "Deceleration Rates for Safe Braking Distance Calculations." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2204.

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IEEE 1698, Guidelines for Safe Braking Distance Calculations - 2009 brakes down the determination of stopping distance for train control system into separate independent events. One of the most misunderstood portions of the model is Parts I and H (train deceleration). This paper looks at the reasoning behind the unique properties of these parts, how they are related as well as how to calculate them. Examples of applications will be shown and optimization techniques will be investigated to shorten the required safe stopping distance and increase capacity.
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Yoshida, Tomoki, Ichiro Takeuchi, and Masayuki Karasuyama. "Safe Triplet Screening for Distance Metric Learning." In KDD '18: The 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3219819.3220037.

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Lee, Jae Moon, and Kitae Hwang. "Minimal Safe Distance of Prey for Predator." In Multimedia 2013. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2013.43.26.

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Tawfic, Walid, Mohamed Al-Imam, and George E. Bailey. "Safe interpolation distance for VT5 resist model." In 27th Annual BACUS Symposium on Photomask Technology, edited by Robert J. Naber and Hiroichi Kawahira. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.746613.

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Thurston, David F. "Statistical Safe Braking Analysis." In 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56079.

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The main objective in optimizing train control is to eliminate the waist associated with classical design where train separation is determined through the use of “worst case” assumptions that are invariant to the system. In fact, the worst case approach has been in place since the beginning of train control systems. Worst case takes the most conservative approach to the determination of train stopping distance, which is the basis for design of virtually all train control. This leads to stopping distances that could be far more that actually required under the circumstances at the time the train is attempting to brake. Modern train control systems are designed to separate trains in order to provide safety of operation while increasing throughput. Calculations for the minimum distance that separates trains have traditionally been based on the sum of a series of worst case scenarios. The implication was that no train could ever exceed this distance in stopping. This distance is called Safe Braking Distance (SBD). SBD has always been calculated by static parameters that were assumed to be invariant. This is, however, not the case. Parameters such as adhesion, acceleration, weight, and reaction vary over time, location or velocity. Since the worst case is always used in the calculation, inefficiencies result in this methodology which causes degradation in capacity and throughput. This is also true when mixed traffic with different stopping characteristics are present at the same time. The classic theory in train control utilizes a SBD model to describe the characteristics of a stopping train. Since knowledge of these conditions is not known, poor conditions are assumed. A new concept in train control utilizes statistical analysis and estimation to provide knowledge of the conditions. Trains operating along the line utilize these techniques to understand inputs into their SBD calculation. This provides for a SBD calculation on board the train that is the shortest possible that maintains the required level of safety. The new SBD is a prime determinant in systems capacity. Therefore by optimizing SBD as describes, system capacity is also optimized. The system continuously adjusts to changing conditions.
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Reports on the topic "Safe distance"

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Riazanov, V. D., V. I. Vasilev, and V. E. Ovsiannikov. Calculation of safe distance when following version 1.0. OFERNIO, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/ofernio.2020.24639.

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Boggs, Thomas L., Kevin P. Ford, and Josephine Covino. Realistic Safe-Separation Distance Determination for Mass Fire Hazards. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada587077.

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Sorte, Eric. Aerial Crosspolarized NQR-NMR: Buried Explosive Detection From a Safe Distance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1673816.

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Hammer, Charles R., Richard J. Pearson, and Donald H. Porschet. Safe Distances From a High-Energy Capacitor Bank for Ear and Lung Protection. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada606360.

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Zilberman, Mark. PREPRINT. “Doppler de-boosting” and the observation of “Standard candles” in cosmology. Intellectual Archive, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/ia_2021_06_23.

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PREPRINT. “Doppler boosting” is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching radiation sources. “Doppler de-boosting” is the term of the same relativistic effect observed for receding light sources (e.g.relativistic jets of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts). “Doppler boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while “Doppler de-boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While “Doppler de-boosting” has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, it was ignored in the establishment of Standard candles for cosmological distances. A Standard candle adjustment of Z>0.1 is necessary for “Doppler de-boosting”, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer, not because of “Doppler de-boosting” but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of the redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) =L/Lo=(Z+1)^(α-3) and for Type Ia supernova appears as ℳ(Z)=L/Lo=(Z+1)^(-2). “Doppler de-boosting” may also explain the anomalously low luminosity of objects with a high Z without the introduction of an accelerated expansion of the Universe and Dark Energy.
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Zilberman, Mark. "Doppler De-boosting" and the Observation of "Standard Candles" in Cosmology. Intellectual Archive, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2552.

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“Doppler boosting” is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching radiation sources. “Doppler de-boosting” is the same relativistic effect observed but for receding light sources (e.g. relativistic jets of AGN and GRB). “Doppler boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while “Doppler de-boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While “Doppler de-boosting” has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, it was ignored in the establishment of Standard candles for cosmological distances. A Standard Candle adjustment of Z>0.1 is necessary for “Doppler de-boosting”, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer, not because of “Doppler de-boosting” but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of the redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)α -3 and for Type Ia supernova appears as ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)-2. “Doppler de-boosting” may also explain the anomalously low luminosity of objects with a high Z without the introduction of an accelerated expansion of the Universe and Dark Energy.
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AUGUSTONI, ARNOLD L. Approximation Methods for Estimating the Eye-Safe Viewing Distances, with or without Atmospheric Transmission Factors Considered, for Aided and Unaided Viewing Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/800957.

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Randall, Linda, Louise Ormstrup Vestergård, and Mari Wøien Meijer. Rural perspectives on digital innovation: Experiences from small enterprises in the Nordic countries and Latvia. Nordregio, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2020:3.2001-3876.

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Digitalisation holds considerable potential for rural areas. It offers thepromise of overcoming geographical distance, ensuring equal access toopportunity regardless of where people live. At the same time, rural andsparsely populated areas are thought to lag behind their urban counterpartswhen it comes to the provision of digital infrastructure and the developmentof digital knowledge and skills. These urban-rural disparities areoften referred to as the digital divide and can prevent rural communitiesfrom unlocking the opportunities associated with digitalisation.
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Chauvin, Juan Pablo, and Julián Messina. Research Insights: How Does Residential Segregation Shape Economic Inequality, and What Can Policymakers Do about It? Inter-American Development Bank, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003010.

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In Latin America, average wages vary greatly between countries richest and poorest regions. Differences in average wages across neighborhoods of the same city are even more significant. Residential segregation reduces access to economic opportunity. Families in less accessible neighborhoods spend more time and money commuting, are less likely to apply to distant jobs, and are more likely to remain unemployed if they lose their job. Public transportation investments can help to improve access to economic opportunity and reduce inequality in segregated cities if they are combined with zoning policies that allow for flexible housing supply in beneficiary neighborhoods.
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Zhang, Yongping, Wen Cheng, and Xudong Jia. Enhancement of Multimodal Traffic Safety in High-Quality Transit Areas. Mineta Transportation Institute, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1920.

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Numerous extant studies are dedicated to enhancing the safety of active transportation modes, but very few studies are devoted to safety analysis surrounding transit stations, which serve as an important modal interface for pedestrians and bicyclists. This study bridges the gap by developing joint models based on the multivariate conditionally autoregressive (MCAR) priors with a distance-oriented neighboring weight matrix. For this purpose, transit-station-centered data in Los Angeles County were used for model development. Feature selection relying on both random forest and correlation analyses was employed, which leads to different covariate inputs to each of the two jointed models, resulting in increased model flexibility. Utilizing an Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) algorithm and various evaluation criteria, the results demonstrate that models with a correlation effect between pedestrians and bicyclists perform much better than the models without such an effect. The joint models also aid in identifying significant covariates contributing to the safety of each of the two active transportation modes. The research results can furnish transportation professionals with additional insights to create safer access to transit and thus promote active transportation.
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