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Rizzi, Raymundo Caroline. "SAFEL : a Situation-Aware Fear Learning model." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/65705/.
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This thesis proposes a novel and robust online adaptation mechanism for threat prediction and prevention capable of taking into consideration complex contextual and temporal information in its internal learning processes. The proposed mechanism is a hybrid cognitive computational model named SAFEL (Situation-Aware FEar Learning), which integrates machine learning algorithms with concepts of situation-awareness from expert systems to simulate both the cued and contextual fear-conditioning phenomena. SAFEL is inspired by well-known neuroscience findings on the brain's mechanisms of fear learning and memory to provide autonomous robots with the ability to predict undesirable or threatening situations to themselves. SAFEL's ultimate goal is to allow autonomous robots to perceive intricate elements and relationships in their environment, learn with experience through autonomous environmental exploration, and adapt at execution time to environmental changes and threats. SAFEL consists of a hybrid architecture composed of three modules, each based on a different approach and inspired by a different region (or function) of the brain involved in fear learning. These modules are: the Amygdala Module (AM), the Hippocampus Module (HM) and the Working Memory Module (WMM). The AM learns and detects environmental threats while the HM makes sense of the robot's context. The WMM is responsible for combining and associating the two types of information processed by the AM and HM. More specifically, the AM simulates the cued conditioning phenomenon by creating associations between co-occurring aversive and neutral environmental stimuli. The AM represents the kernel of emotional appraisal and threat detection in SAFEL's architecture. The HM, in turn, handles environmental information at a higher level of abstraction and complexity than the AM, which depicts the robot's situation as a whole. The information managed by the HM embeds in a unified representation the temporal interactions of multiple stimuli in the environment. Finally, the WMM simulates the contextual conditioning phenomenon by creating associations between the contextual memory formed in the HM and the emotional memory formed in the AM, thus giving emotional meaning to the contextual information acquired in past experiences. Ultimately, any previously experienced pattern of contextual information triggers the retrieval of that stored contextual memory and its emotional meaning from the WMM, warning the robot that an undesirable situation is likely to happen in the near future. The main contribution of this work as compared to the state of the art is a domain-independent mechanism for online learning and adaptation that combines a fear-learning model with the concept of temporal context and is focused on real-world applications for autonomous robotics. SAFEL successfully integrates a symbolic rule-based paradigm for situation management with machine learning algorithms for memorizing and predicting environmental threats to the robot based on complex temporal context. SAFEL has been evaluated in several experiments, which analysed the performance of each module separately. Ultimately, we conducted a comprehensive case study in the robot soccer scenario to evaluate the collective work of all modules as a whole. This case study also analyses to which extent the emotional feedback of SAFEL can improve the intelligent behaviour of a robot in a practical real-world situation, where adaptive skills and fast/flexible decision-making are crucial.
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Heng, Heng. "A safer city center in Stockholm : Safe issues from muti-perspectives and urban environment reshaping." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254679.
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Doumtsis, Georgios, and Bálint István Mezei. "Better Safe Than Sorry : The Influence of Harm Reduction Messages on Intention Formulation Toward Safer Illicit Substance Use." Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49260.
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Pohl, Reinhard. "How safe is safe?" Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-160600.
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Reservoirs and dams are often situated in the mountains upstream of cities and towns. This implies a theoretical but difficult to evaluate hazard potential for downstream communities. This paper reflects experiences of the related safety analysis practice including the steps from the breach estimation towards the drawing of special hazard maps.
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Aslansefat, K., Sohag Kabir, Amr R. A. Abdullatif, Vinod Vasudevan, and Y. Papadopoulos. "Toward Improving Confidence in Autonomous Vehicle Software: A Study on Traffic Sign Recognition Systems." IEEE, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18591.
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YesThis article proposes an approach named SafeML II, which applies empirical cumulative distribution function-based statistical distance measures in a designed human-in-the loop procedure to ensure the safety of machine learning-based classifiers in autonomous vehicle software. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and data-driven decision-making systems in autonomous vehicles is growing rapidly. As autonomous vehicles operate in dynamic environments, the risk that they can face an unknown observation is relatively high due to insufficient training data, distributional shift, or cyber-security attack. Thus, AI-based algorithms should make dependable decisions to improve their interpretation of the environment, lower the risk of autonomous driving, and avoid catastrophic accidents. This paper proposes an approach named SafeML II, which applies empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF)-based statistical distance measures in a designed human-in-the-loop procedure to ensure the safety of machine learning-based classifiers in autonomous vehicle software. The approach is model-agnostic and it can cover various machine learning and deep learning classifiers. The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) is used to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach.
This work was supported by the Secure and Safe MultiRobot Systems (SESAME) H2020 Project under Grant Agreement 101017258.
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Langsdorf, Andreas. "Analyse der genetischen Diversität von wildwachsenden Futterpflanzen aus der Sahelzone in Westafrika anhand von RAPD-Markern." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=958345317.
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Theunynck, Serge. "Habiter le Sahel : économie de l'habitat et de la construction." Paris, EHESS, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EHES0017.
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La these, qui a pour objectif l'economie de l'habitat et de la construction au sahel, est composee de 4 parties. 1. La premiere partie est une presentation du sahel : (a) etude demographique, (b) urbanisation (historique, traits caracteristiques, problematique). (c) dynamique de l'urbanisation : causes (sols, climats, secheresses, violence rurale, jeunesse de la population, faiblesse des revenus, inegalite alimentaire) et consequences : comment vit-on dans les villes du sahel ? (travailler, gagner sa vie, se nourrir, se loger). 2. Dans une deuxieme partie sont etudiees les voies conventionnelles de production de l'habitat social : secteur moderne de production des materiaux, des entreprises, promotion publique de l'habitat social. 3. La troisieme partie est introduite par une analyse des inter-relations entre techniques et ideologies. Elle fait le bilan des projets de technologies appropriees dans le domaine de l'habitat a faible cout realises au sahel dans les anees 70-80. L'analyse est basee sur la comparaison des performances relatives des secteurs formel, informel et " alternatif "; le critere etant celui du cout. Sont succesivement etudies, les materiaux locaux, les liants, les blocs et les briques, les materiels, les murs, les toitures et les projets de construction. 4. La quatrieme partie traite des experiences d'amenagement urbain au senegal, au mali et au burkina-fasoThe thesis, whose objective is the economics of habitat and construction in the sahelian countries is composed of four parts: 1. The first part is an introduction to the sahelian countries : (a) demography, (b) urbanisation (history, main outlines problems). (c) dynamics of the urbanisation : reasons (land potentialities, climates, droughts, rural violence, population youth, food disparities) and consequences : how to live in sahelian cities ? (how to work, to earn, to feed oneself, to accomodate). 2. The second part is concerned with the study of the conventionnal ways to produce social housing : modern sector of materials production, modern construction firms, public promotion of social housing. 3. The third part starts with an analysis of the inter-connections between technologies and ideologies. Than is presented an evaluation of the appropriate technology projects conducted in the sahelian countries during the 70-80 years. The analysis compares the capabilities of the formal, informal and "alternative" sectors : the criterium is the cost. The chapter focuses on the follwing matters : local materials, binding materials, bricks and blocs, tools, walls, roofs, and construction projects. 4. The fourth part deals with various experiments to manage urban development, in senegal, mali and burkina-faso
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Pongpairote, Asia Nichackarn, and Mariam Bayat. "Arm Injury Prediction withTHUMS SAFER : Improvements of the THUMS SAFER upperextremity." Thesis, KTH, Lättkonstruktioner, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290154.
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Globally, approximately 1.2 million people die each year due to trac accidents. Upperextremity injuries account for 18% to 25% of all car accident injuries. In order to beable to analyze these crash-related injuries, Human body models(HBMs) are used as acomplement to FE simulations. An example of a HBM is the THUMS SAFER that isbased on a 50 percentile American male. The aim of this study was to improve the upperextremity of the THUMS SAFER with respect to Autoliv's requirements to better predictfractures. In addition, this was validated against the Forman experiment(Forman, et al.,The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol. 77, 2014) where human cadavers ofthe upper extremity were axially impacted to replicate a car collision. This was done bygenerating the upper extremity geometry with segmentation of medical images of a righthuman hand in combination with the complete STL-geometry of the forearm from thePiper project. The STL-geometry of the segmented human hand and Piper forearm wasintegrated and a complete STL-geometry of the upper extremity was obtained. Basedon the complete STL-geometry, the FE-arm HEX 4.0 was built with modelling of bones,ligaments, soft tissue and skin with corresponding material choice in accordance withAutoliv's requirements.The model HEX 4.0 was improved considering an increased mesh density from an averageof 94% to 98%. HEX 4.0 was also validated against the data from the Forman experimentfor experiments 5, 6 and 15. It showed a good correlation with the acceleration curvesbetween the simulated and experimental values for the three experiments. The reactionforce in the elbow was compared for experiment 15, where the simulated value 5.7 kNdivided by a factor of 1.4 from 4 kN for the experiment. Furthermore, the rst principalstrains that occurred in HEX 4.0 were analysed by 17 ms were the highest accelerationwas achieved for experiments 5 and 6. Both experiments were shown to be close to thefailure threshold of bones. However, the highest value 5=9.8E-03 occurred in the radiusfor experiment 5, while 6=9.3E-03 in a ligament for experiment 6. In addition, thefailure threshold for experiment 15 exceeded 5 ms in lunate, schapoid and triquetrum.This indication of fractures is in good agreement with the experimental results where thecorresponding bones resulted in fractures in experiment 15. HEX 4.0 was an improvedupper extremity of the THUMS SAFER considering an increased mesh density. It isalso capable of indicating fractures and corresponding positions in the form of analyzesof occurring stresses and strains. Nevertheless, improvements and further validation ofHEX 4.0 has been proposed in the future work section.Globalt, dör varje ar ungefär 1.2 miljoner personer på grund av trafikolyckor. Övre extremit skador utgör 18% till 25% av alla skador inom bilolyckor. För att kunna analysera dessa krockrelaterade skador används humanmodeller (HBM) som komplement för FE-simuleringar. Ett exempel på en HBM är THUMS SAFER som är baserad på en 50 percentile amerikans man. Målet med denna studie är att förbättra uppre extremiten av THUMS SAFER med avseende på Autolivs krav för att bättre kunna förutspå frakturer Dessutom validerades detta mot Forman experiment (Forman, et al., The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol. 77, 2014) där övre extremitet av människokadaver blev axiellt påverkade för att replikera en bil kollsion. Detta gjordes genom att generera STL-geometrin av den övre extremitet med segmentering av medicinska bilder av en höger människohand i kombination med färdig STL-geometri av underarmen från Piperprojektet STL-geometrin av den segmenterande människohanden och Piper underarmen integrerades och en komplett STL-geometri av övre extremiteten erhölls. Baserad på den kompletta STL-geometrin byggdes FE-armen HEX 4.0 med modellering av ben, ligament, mjukvävnad samt hud med motsvarande materialval i enighet med Autolivs krav. Modellen HEX 4.0 förbättrades i form av en ökad mesh densitet från medelvärdet 94% till 98%. Den validerades även gentemot data från Forman experimentet för experiment5, 6 och 15. Det påvisade en god korrelation på accelerations kurvorna mellan de simulerade och experimentella värdena för de tre experimenten. Reaktionskraften i armbågen jämfördes för experiment 15 där den simulerade värdet 5.7 kN skiljde sig med en faktor 1.4 från 4 kN för experimentet. Ytterligare analyserades första huvudtöjningarna som uppkom i HEX 4.0 vid 17 ms, då den högsta accelerationen uppnåddes för experiment 5 och 6. Det visades att båda experimenten låg nära failure tröskeln av ben, däremot uppkom den högsta värdet 5=9.8E-03 i radius för experiment 5, medan 6=9.3E-03 i ett ligament för experiment 6. Dessutom överskred failure tröskeln för experiment 15 efter 5 ms i lunate, schapoid och triquetrum. Denna indikation av frakturer stämmer väl medexperiment resultaten där motsvarande benen resulterande i frakturer i experiment 15.HEX 4.0 är en förbättrad övre extremitet av THUMS SAFER i form av förbättrad mesh densitet. Den är även kapabel att indikera frakturer och motsvarande position i form av analyser på förekommande spänningar och töjningar. Förbättringar och ytterligare validering av HEX 4.0 föreslås för framtida arbete.
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NIAMIR, MARYAM. "GRAZING INTENSITY AND ECOLOGICAL CHANGE IN EASTERN SENEGAL: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MONITORING OF SAHELIAN RANGELANDS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184034.
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The objectives of this dissertation were to identify soil and vegetation changes due to grazing by livestock and to develop guidelines for monitoring the impact of livestock in the Sahelian zone of Africa. The study was conducted in eastern Senegal during 1983 to 1985. The basic methodology was a study of the process of degradation (retrogression) through the collection of data on soils and vegetation along a gradient of increasing livestock pressure. Two gradients were selected along piospheres. Each gradient was placed on a range site that had homogeneous state factors (climate, geology, and rainfall). The results show that the changes in the soil were confined to the top soil horizon. There was a negative correlation between livestock pressure and factors such as infiltration, percent nitrogen, and percent carbon, and a positive correlation between livestock pressure and the factors of bulk density, and phosphorous content. Changes in the vegetation community were dependent on the range site. On the sandy site, there was a linear, negative correlation between livestock pressure and the factors of plant density, plant cover and biomass. On the loamy range site, the changes in these factors along the gradient had a 2nd or 3rd order polynomial relationship. The effects of bush fires and short term droughts on the vegetation were also studied. Drought, in particular, has an impact that is similar to that of livestock pressure, and may compound the results. Multiple regression analysis and a Twinspan ordination program were used to select parameters and plant species that were highly correlated with the gradient, and could act as indicators of each stage of degradation. These indicators can be used to monitor the impact of livestock on rangelands. General parameters, such as total plant density, are less sensitive to drought-induced changes than the composition of indicator species, but the latter are easier to monitor. Both types of indicators can form the basis for a monitoring methodology that can be used in Africa at three management levels: the individual herder, extension agents and regional branches of the division concerned with rangelands, and policy makers at the ministerial level.
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Allen, Kimberly, Sarah Kirby, Taylor McDonald, and Bria Sledge. "B.E. Safe." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2018/schedule/2.
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Methodology:
The Behavioral and Environmental Safety Program (B.E. Safe) for Early Childhood Professionals is being developed in response to Federal Safety regulations for childcare procedures and addresses social and emotional safety concerns. The curriculum includes Family Life Education content areas focusing on diversity, inclusion, social and emotional health, bullying prevention, supporting children with special needs, building relationships with parents, and understanding children’s behavior.
Discussion of existing research:
Research states that high quality childcare and education benefits all children (DHSS, 2015). Best practices indicate that Early Childhood Professionals need high quality training to be equipped to understand child development, strategies for working with families, and having the resources for supports when including children with disabilities in early childcare programs (DHSS, 2015). Not only should Early Childhood Professionals be equipped with the tools and resources to understand children’s behavior, educators need to demonstrate competency in state regulations, environmental safety for children, and playground safety (Sheridan, Edwards, Marvin & Knoche, 2009). B.E. Safe allows Early Childhood Professionals to engage in a research-based training that will help to ensure safety within their center.
Connection to Theory:
Behavior theories of child development incorporate environmental influences on behavior (Shute & Slee, 2015). A child’s early learning environment and the adults influence of children affects emotional, social, and physical development. B.E. Safe relates to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory (1978) suggesting that children learn actively through hands on experiences. The Sociocultural Theory suggest that parents, caregivers, and a child’s environment from a young age is largely responsible for higher order functions (Shute & Slee, 2015). Proficiency in Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) will allow participants to grasp how traumatic events can affect a child’s developmental process. Educating early childcare professionals on ACEs will allow for adults to be aware of what to look for, and how to keep children protected from adverse experiences (Sacks, Murphey & Moore, 2014).
How will the study add to knowledge/innovative practice?
Family Scientists will gain knowledge on best practices for providing Family Life Education to Early Childhood Professionals. Specifically, participants will gain knowledge on promoting inclusion, understanding behavior issues, developmental delays, and how to keep children safe from potential environmental hazards.
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McHenry, Kristen L. "Safe Practice." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2535.
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De, la Cruz Olaya Paulo Cesar, Turriate Piero Emiliano Espinoza, Flores Vanesa Vega, and Sanjinez Marilyn Sheila Unocc. "Safe Nanny." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625591.
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El presente proyecto está dirigido a un sector en la población de nuestra ciudad que va en aumento y sobre todo como se menciona las familias cada vez son las que más demandan este tipo de servicio debido a que el estilo de vida de cada padre de familia es cambiante y en constante movimiento que el tiempo que se pueda dedicar al cuidado de los infantes es pequeño y corriendo el riesgo hoy en día de dejar a alguien en aviso de diario o por otro medio de información por aviso personal resulta ser de mucho riesgo o poco optable.
Frente a esta problemática nosotros hemos creado un servicio que ayude a los padres a controlar primero quien cuida a sus niños y lo otro brindar un servicio de calidad.
Es por ello que mediante el uso de la tecnología queremos brindarles a nuestros clientes la confianza en encargarnos a sus pequeños infantes y así mitigar el riesgo latente en el cuidado de niños.
Nuestro negocio requiere de un inversión total de S/. 144 735 soles los cuales serán recuperados en 2 años aproximadamente teniendo un retorno mínimo de la inversión de S/. 484 205.The present project is directed to a sector in the population of our city that is increasing and especially as mentioned, families are increasingly demanding this type of service, because the lifestyle of each parent is changing and in constant movement that the time that can be dedicated to the care of the infants is small and running the risk nowadays of leaving to someone in warning of newspaper or by another means of information by personal warning turns out to be of much risk or little optable Faced with this problem we have created a service that helps parents to control first who takes care of their children and the other to provide a quality service. That is why, through the use of technology, we want to give our clients the confidence to take care of their little infants and thus mitigate the latent risk of childcare. Our business requires a total investment of S /. 144 735 soles which will be recovered in approximately 2 years with a minimum return on investment of S /. 484 205.
Trabajo de investigación
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Martel, Bernuy Gianella Darlen, Niquen Dario Massa, Chávez Fiorella Francesca Olcese, and Vizarreta Alison Gloria Ramirez. "Safe Pet." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655746.
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Este trabajo de investigación nace por el amor a nuestras mascotas, el querer darles una mejor calidad de vida y la necesidad que tenemos los dueños de mascotas de tener una atención inmediata y de calidad para nuestros amigos peludos cuando pase alguna emergencia. De esa necesidad es que nace el seguro para mascotas SAFE PET, que ofrece un paquete estándar que incluyan varios beneficios y coberturas para las mascotas afiliadas.
La principal fuente de ingreso de SAFE PET será la venta de nuestras pólizas, nuestra inversión inicial será de s/ 124,890 que la financiaremos el 60% los 4 socios de la empresa y 40% con un préstamo a una entidad financiera.
Por las investigaciones que realizamos mediante encuestas a dueños de mascotas, estos en su mayoría nos manifestaba el querer tener un seguro para su mascota, y luego gracias nuestra landing page pudimos observar que del 100% de visitas a nuestra landing el 54.6% dejó sus datos porque le interesa nuestro seguro, este porcentaje es mucho mayor al que esperábamos y eso nos alienta mucho más a ser uno de los primero en el país en dedicarnos exclusivamente en seguro integral de mascotas.
Finalmente, luego del estudio financiero realizado a nuestra empresa hemos considerado en el análisis de sensibilidad COK (89.71%) y un costo promedio ponderado de capital de WACC (74.53%), para terminar después de todo nuestro plan financiero podemos concluir que SAFE PET, es una empresa viable económicamente.This research was born for our love to pets and we want to give them a better life quality and the need that pet owners to have immediate and quality care for our furry friends when an emergency happens. From that need is born SAFE PET, that is a pet insurance, which offers a standard package that includes many benefits and coverages for affiliated pets. The main source of income for SAFE PET will be the sale of our policies, our initial investment will be S/ 124,890 which will be financed by 60% the 4 partners of the company and 40% with a loan to a financial institution. Due to the research we conducted through surveys of pet owners, most of them told us that they wanted to have insurance for their pet, and then thanks to our landing page we could observe that of 100% of visits to our landing, 54.6% left their data Because you are interested in our insurance, that percentage is much higher than we expected and that encourages us much more to be one of the first in the country to dedicate ourselves exclusively to comprehensive pet insurance. Finally, after the financial study carried out on our company, we have considered in the sensitivity analysis COK (89.71%) and a weighted average cost of capital of WACC (74.53%), to finish after all our financial plan we can conclude that SAFE PET, it is an economically viable company.
Trabajo de investigación
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Crichton, Subercaseaux Santiago, and E. Juan Carlos Díaz. "MOTO SAFE." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146369.
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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓNSantiago Crichton Subercaseaux [Parte I], Juan Carlos Díaz E. [Parte II]
El Bussines Plan MOTO SAFE escuela para motoristas, consiste en un emprendimiento que tal como su nombre lo menciona es una empresa dedicada a capacitar y acreditar a toda persona que pretenda utilizar una motocicleta como medio para ofrecer sus servicios laborales A continuación se presenta la evaluación estratégica, operacional, logística, medición económica y de factibilidad del emprendimiento La empresa busca garantizar por medio de su certificación que la persona que ofrezca sus servicios mediante el uso de una motocicleta cuente con las competencias mínimas necesarias para desempeñar satisfactoriamente su trabajo, salvaguardando por su seguridad y la del resto La empresa busca educar a los motociclistas minimizando de esta manera los riesgos de utilizar este tipo de sin el conocimiento necesario para que este sea realizado a su vez de una manera segura Este tipo de servicio (capacitación) ya existe en diferentes países, donde el uso de este medio de trasporte o fuente laboral es común debido a su economía, agilidad y seguridad Se considera que el que las empresas de distintos rubros puedan contratar el servicio de mensajería u otro con la tranquilidad de que la persona que lo ejerce está capacitada para ello, es igual de importante que al que existan escuelas de manejo de vehículos pesados, especiales u otros, donde se busca acreditar que el conductor se encuentra facultado para hacerlo y cuenta con las competencias necesarias para ello, sobre todo, en el caso de la motocicleta, considerando el incremento exponencial y masificación del uso de esta como fuente laboral y el riesgo que conlleva que esta sea utilizada sin los conocimientos Luego de realizar la investigación de mercado pudimos constatar que este servicio actualmente es ofrecido aunque sin foco en el segmento laboral. Se cree que existe una oportunidad de negocio, considerando que se trata de una necesidad de responsabilidad social dada la masificación del parque automotriz, el de las motocicletas, el de las bicicletas, etc. donde todos utilizan las mismas vías para su desplazamiento Dada la certificación que la empresa entregara a sus alumnos se considera que existe una venta competitiva ya que una certificación como esta permite prevenir y disminuir la posibilidad de ocurrencia de diversos tipos de accidentes que incluso, en algunos casos pueden llegar a ser fatales tanto para los conductores como para transeúntes Se considera factible el negocio debido a los siguientes puntos: Estratégico: propuesta de valor, que permite identificar necesidades insatisfechas Operacional: descripción, diseño de la producción y entrega del servicio al cliente Equipamiento y logística: permite el correcto funcionamiento de las operaciones Factibilidad económica y financiera: Se destaca la fortaleza desde el punto de vista de la evaluación del negocio el que la inversión inicial sea atractiva debido a los siguientes aspectos: Inversión inicial estimada: $9.619.092 VAN del proyecto: $ 20.490.928 Retorno de la inversión (Payback): 3,58 años TIR esperada: 37.98% EBITDA: El EBITDA a partir del segundo año de operaciones es de $10.380.269, que supera ampliamente el EBITDA negativo del año 1 -$3.901.233 que contempla desde mayo a diciembre del 2017 Dado que se cuenta con una inversión inicial que no supera los $10.000.000 se considera que el riesgo del negocio es bajo. Por otro lado este tipo de escuelas se hacen necesarias considerando las altas tasas de crecimiento en el uso de este transporte con fines laborales
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Chávez, Becerra Ana Milagros, Salas Karla Ivonne Condo, Padilla Massiel Milagros Garma, Vergara Gabriela Nicole Rivero, and Flores Milagros Marcell Villanueva. "Travel Safe." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651860.
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En la actualidad, existe un alto índice de robos de maletas al momento de realizar un viaje, puesto que según la SITA (Societé Internacionale de Telécommunications Aéronautiques) se pierden cerca de 25 millones de maletas por año a nivel mundial. La situación no es muy diferente en el Perú, ya que constantemente se ven casos de robo o pérdida de equipaje en el territorio nacional. Para estos casos, ante la ineficiencia de las autoridades y la falta de medidas de control, se han propuesto diversas alternativas de solución para proteger las maletas como candados especiales, sistema TSA, entre otros. Sin embargo, estos no son efectivos al ser fácilmente manipulados o forcejeados. En base a lo mencionado anteriormente, nació la idea de Travel Safe. Este modelo de negocios ofrece maletas inteligentes con un sistema compacto que utiliza tecnología NFC y permite conectarse a través de una aplicación móvil y rastrear en tiempo real la ubicación de la maleta. Asimismo, posee un sistema integrado que ayuda a la protección contra el robo e intento de manipulación. Por ello, para probar tal aceptación de nuestra propuesta que corresponde a una solución óptima de una problemática existente en el Perú, se han desarrollado diversos experimentos e investigaciones que se abordará en el presente trabajo de investigación. Una vez hecha la validación de nuestro proyecto, se presentan los compromisos de ventas efectuados y los diversos planes de acción en las diferentes áreas. Finalmente, se concluye que el negocio propuesto es un éxito y genera una atractiva rentabilidad.Nowadays, there is a high rate of theft of suitcases when making a trip, since according to the SITA (Société Internationale de Telécommunications Aéronautiques) are lost about 25 million suitcases per year worldwide. The situation is not very different in Peru, since cases of theft or loss of luggage are constantly seen in the national territory. For these cases, due to the inefficiency of the authorities and the lack of control measures, several alternative solutions have been proposed to protect the suitcases such as special locks, TSA system, among others. However, these are not effective because they are easily manipulated or wrestled. Based on the above, the idea of Travel Safe was born. This business model offers intelligent suitcases with a compact system that uses NFC technology and makes it possible to connect through a mobile application and track the location of the suitcase in real time. It also has an integrated system that helps protect against theft and attempted tampering. Therefore, to prove such acceptance of our proposal that corresponds to an optimal solution of an existing problem in Peru, have developed various experiments and research that will be addressed in this research work. Once our project has been validated, the sales commitments made and the various action plans in the different areas are presented. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed business is a success and generates an attractive profitability.
Trabajo de investigación
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Castillo, Huicho Flor Katherine, Narciso Gabriela Katherine Jara, Mora Gino Michelini, and Meléndez Fiorella Vento. "Safe Taxi." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622373.
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Creación de una empresa de servicio de taxi exclusivo para niños y adolescentes, el cual tiene como finalidad unir a dos clientes, por un lado los padres, quienes contratarán el servicio como tal para transportar a sus hijos y por otro lado los conductores, quienes realizarán la tarea de transportar a los menores. Los autos serán conducidos por damas para brindar una mayor confianza a los padres. El servicio cuenta con un aplicativo que permite al cliente monitorear el desplazamiento del vehículo mediante el sistema GPS y a su vez le permite visualizar las imágenes de sus hijos en el vehículo. Además el servicio cuenta con una central telefónica, para cualquier requerimiento o emergencia. Se ha determinado el tamaño del Mercado Total, padres con hijos entre 7 y 16 años del nivel socio económico A B de los distritos de La Molina, Miraflores, San Borja, San Isidro y Santiago de Surco Respecto a la participación del mercado, se ha considerado un 5%, con crecimiento anual del 3% cifra conservadora y bastante cercana a las estimaciones del PBI del año 2018. La estimación de la frecuencia de uso por cliente es de 3 veces por mes. Los precios se han estimado por zonas de traslado con un rango entre S/ 22 y S/ 27. Con los datos anteriores se ha determinado la demanda esperada y los niveles de ingreso con un escenario de 5 años. El costo del accionista y del proyecto con el método del CAPM y del WACC respectivamente, para determinar los indicadores de rentabilidad TIR y VAN los cuales arrojan cifras bastantes atractivas.Trabajo de investigación
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Leon, Gómez Gabriela, Zegarra Speedy Jason Gomez, Arellano Kiara Yolanda Gutierrez, Grados Laura Viviana Olaya, and Huyhua Ricardo Augusto Toralba. "Pet Safe." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653907.
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El presente trabajo plantea la puesta en marcha de un negocio innovador, para ello, se ha considerado los factores externos e internos que podrían repercutir en el desarrollo del mismo. Asimismo, se ha evaluado el contexto actual y se ha elaborado el respectivo estudio que sustenta la viabilidad del proyecto.
Hoy en día las personas se preocupan más por la seguridad de sus mascotas, existe una tendencia petfriendly que ha llevado a la sociedad a incrementar el consumo de alimentos balanceados, gastos en veterinarias y spas caninos.
Considerando que no existe en la actualidad un negocio similar al planteado, los alumnos autores del presente trabajo han considerado que la creación de un seguro para mascotas en el Perú sería altamente rentable.
Para sustentar la idea expuesta, se ha tomado en consideración todos los aspectos concernientes a la creación de la persona jurídica, los objetivos estratégicos, políticas internas y externas, análisis financieros y la rentabilidad del proyecto.
Después de analizar los aspectos antes mencionados, y de considerar todos los aspectos que puedan influir en su desarrollo, se llega a la conclusión de que el negocio es viable.This work proposes the start-up of an innovative business, for this, the external and internal factors that could have an impact on its development have been considered. Likewise, the current context has been evaluated and the respective study that supports the viability of the project has been prepared. Nowadays people care more about the safety of their pets, there is a petfriendly trend that has led society to increase consumption of feed, veterinary expenses and canine spas. Considering that there is currently no business similar to that proposed, the student authors of the present work have considered that the creation of pet insurance in Peru would be highly profitable. To support the idea presented, all aspects concerning the creation of the legal entity, strategic objectives, internal and external policies, financial analysis and the profitability of the project have been taken into consideration. After analyzing the aforementioned aspects, and considering all aspects that may influence its development, it is concluded that the business is viable.
Trabajo de investigación
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Pohl, Reinhard, and Antje Bornschein. "How safe is safe? Experiences in Dam Safety Policy." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-160789.
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Dam safety is a perpetual issue everywhere, when communities are located
downstream of dams. This paper reflects experiences of the related practice and considerations in Germany. The probability of dam failure will be considered from a theoretical as well as from an empirical point of view. Information necessary in drawing up special hazard and risk maps are described and evaluated. For small dams further considerations to simplify the analysis procedure will be presented.
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Pohl, Reinhard, and Antje Bornschein. "How safe is safe? Experiences in Dam Safety Policy." Technische Universität Dresden, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28542.
Full textAbstract:
Dam safety is a perpetual issue everywhere, when communities are located
downstream of dams. This paper reflects experiences of the related practice and considerations in Germany. The probability of dam failure will be considered from a theoretical as well as from an empirical point of view. Information necessary in drawing up special hazard and risk maps are described and evaluated. For small dams further considerations to simplify the analysis procedure will be presented.
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Thébaud, Brigitte. "Gestion de l'espace et crise pastorale au Sahel : étude comparative du Niger oriental et du Yagha burkinabé." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0079.
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Rassemblant les resultats de recherches menees de 1981 a 1992 en milieu peul, cette these traite la question des droits pastoraux et des conditions d'acces au ressources en eau et en paturages au sahel a travers l'etude comparative de deux regions, l'une, pastorale, situee au niger oriental (departement de diffa), l'autre, agropastorale, dans le nord du burkina faso (region du yagha). En introduction (premiere partie), la these dresse le portrait de deux pasteurs peul. Le premier (jahfaru de diffa) relate le deroulement de la secheresse de 1984 dans l'est nigerien, tandis que le second (bakuru de sebba) met en avant les difficultes grandissantes d'insertion physique de l'elevage au yagha. La deuxieme partie de la these analyse les fondements du pastoralisme a diffa et a sebba, associe ou non a l'agriculture : bases naturelles de l'elevage, caracteres originaux du capital animal et de l'organisation sociale des groupes humains, principales strategies. Les troisieme et quatrieme parties portent sur l'etude regionale du niger oriental (diffa) et du yagha burkinabe (sebba), en abordant les conditions historiques d'insertion des peul dans ces deux regions et l'evolution recente de leursituation - surtout depuis la secheresse de 1984 - a travers des enquetes menees aupres de plusieurs centaines de familles. La mise en parallele de ces deux regions conduit l'auteur dans la cinquieme partie, a reflechir sur les difficultes que pose la gestion de ressources pastorales partagees entre plusieurs communautes ("common property resources"). L'auteur montre la facon ambigue dont les etats saheliens ont aborde le statut de ces ressources en prenant l'exemple du code rural, au niger, et celui de la reorganisation agraire et fonciere, au burkina faso. Pour finir, l'auteur reflechit sur les conditions requises pour une meilleure securite fonciere en milieu pastoral et agropastoral et souleve la delicate question du role de l'etat.
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Mühlig-Versen, Bernhard. "Effects of crop residue management, phosphorus application and molybdenum supply on yield and nutrient uptake of pearl millet, cowpea and groundnut in Sahelian cropping systems /." Beuren : Grauer, 2001. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3861863723.
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AW, OUMAR. "STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE WOOD ENERGY CRISIS IN THE SAHEL." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183906.
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In the past 15 years, finding fuelwood has become a physical and economic burden to Sahelians inhabiting both rural areas and urban centers. This has led to a poor man's energy crisis, the scope of which is reviewed. Increasing demands on fuelwood have had negative socioeconomic effects. Non-commercial substitutes of fuelwood, though widely used, are not keeping up with demands. Commercial energy sources are not affordable due to their high cost. Overall, it is concluded that the substitute for wood is wood. So far, fuelwood plantation projects in the Sahel have suffered from a noticeable lack of economic and financial analysis. Popular investment decision criteria in forestry management are presented and evaluated. Given a eucalyptus growth function, current market prices, production costs, and interest rates, a model has been developed to solve for the optimal rotation age. The results showed that fuelwood plantations could be financially feasible. Site quality and interest rates are important in determining the size of the optimum criterion as evidenced by the sensitivity analysis performed. The paper surveyed a few econometric studies dealing with wood products. Based on the linear and double-log static models, consumption functions for fuelwood demand projections have been derived for seven countries of the Sahel. Based on these equations and different statistical tests, it was found that population is the single most important factor determining fuelwood consumption in the Sahel. Another significant variable is the woodland area. Income as represented by GNP did not have any effect on fuelwood demand. On the basis of these findings and the overall study, the following measures are recommended: (1) Population control should be implemented as a high priority to help curb the increased and increasing fuelwood demands; (2) More plantations should be undertaken to increase the exhausted supplies. Meanwhile, the management of existing natural forests along with the introduction of affordable fuelwood substitutes should be implemented. (3) More leadership is needed to involve the local people into development projects.
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Jacqueminet, Christine. "Analyse de la structure spatiale du couvert ligneux en milieu sahélien sur images satellitaires Spot : étude appliquée au secteur dunaire d'Oursi au Burkina Faso et au Ferio sableux au Sénégal." Paris, EHESS, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991EHES0032.
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En milieu sahelien, la distribution spatiale de la vegetation est etroitement liee aux ressources hydriques et a leur repartition en fonction des conditions topo-edaphiques. Ainsi, en milieu dunaire, les arbres et les arbustes tendent a se concentrer dans les creux interdunaires, formant ainsi des bosquets bien perceptibles sous la forme de taches sur images satellitaires. Ce travail propose une methode d'analyse quantitative de la structure spatiale des bosquets a partir des donnees satellitaires spot. L'analyse conjointe des structures du couvert ligneux a l'aide d'indices empruntes a la morphologie mathematique - et - des caracteristiques radiometriques et physiques des principales unites du paysage, permet de mettre en evidence les facteurs de la distribution spatiale des ligneux en milieu sahelien. L'etude porte sur les secteurs dunaires d'oursi au burkina faso et du ferlo au senegal. Sur ces deux terrains, le facteur modele dunaire est preponderant : sur les ondulations dunaires a topographie marquee, le couvert ligneux est en majorite contracte ; sur modele aplani, le couvert ligneux est plutot diffus. L'intensite de l'exploitation du milieu par l'homme est perceptible par une modification de la structure du couvert et surtout par la rarefaction du couvert vegetal.
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Ribstein, Pierre. "Modèles de crues et petits bassins versants au Sahel." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20019.
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Les fortes crues des petits bassins saheliens se caracterisent par une preponderance du ruissellement superficiel par rapport aux autres types d'ecoulements (ecoulement retarde, ecoulement de base). Cette caracteristique peut s'expliquer par l'homogeneite des formes des fortes pluies, mais aussi par l'absence de nappe souterraine proche de la surface et par les particularites des organisations pelliculaires de l'horizon superficiel du sol. Ces differents facteurs font du sahel une region ideale pour l'application du concept d'hydrogramme unitaire, avec comme objectif l'analyse et la predetermination des fortes crues. Plusieurs modeles fondes sur la technique de l'hydrogramme unitaire sont presentes. Ils se differencient par l'expression analytique de la fonction de production et par la methode d'identification de la fonction de transfert. Ces modeles sont appliques aux donnees de huit petits bassins versants de superficie inferieure a 100 km#2. Cette application permet de delimiter le domaine de validite de ce type de modelisation. Une methode de predetermination de crues sur des bassins non jauges est proposee. Les hypotheses de base de cette methode sont confirmees par des resultats de la modelisation
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Makin, Anne-Marie Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Applying the "safe place, safe person, safe systems" framework to improve OHS management: a new integrated approach." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Safety Science, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43636.
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A new model was developed to enhance the understanding of the full context of work associated hazards, to explore the connection between OHS performance and a systematic approach to safety, and to simplify approaches to OHS management. This Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems model was derived from the literature and used as the basis for the development of a framework, consisting of 60 elements which was transformed into an assessment tool. This assessment tool was trialled with a pilot study on a medium sized manufacturing plant in the plastics industry, and the tool and Preliminary Report peer reviewed by an expert panel using the Nominal Group Technique. After refinements were made to the assessment tool it was applied to eight case studies that were drawn from advertisements. This qualitative study consisted of two parts: firstly the assessment using the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework; and secondly a controlled self assessment exercise to target improvements to three of the elements over a period of four months. The study illustrated that the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework could be successfully applied in a range of industries to promote OHS improvements and to provide a systematic, planned approach to fulfilling OHS responsibilities. The application of this framework highlighted that: there is a need for further education on the correct application of the risk assessment process and the responsibilities owed to contractors; techniques such as dynamic risk assessments are more suitable where the place of work is variable and hazards are unpredictable; more focus is needed on the appropriate management of hazardous substances with long term health consequences; and that the level of formality invoked for treating hazards does not necessarily equate to improved risk reduction outcomes. The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was found to be applicable to small, medium and large organisations provided the assessment was scoped to a small division of relatively homogeneous activity to ensure a more representative hazard profile. This approach has provided a way forward to simplify OHS management and also offers practical direction for implementing a targeted OHS improvement program.
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Bayat, Mariam, and Nichakarn Pongpairote. "Arm Injury Prediction with THUMS SAFER: Improvements of the THUMS SAFER upper extremity." Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284465.
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Globally, approximately 1.2 million people die each year due to traffic accidents. Upper extremity injuries account for 18% to 25% of all car accident injuries. In order to be able to analyze these crash-related injuries, Human body models(HBMs) are used as a complement to FE simulations. An example of a HBM is the THUMS SAFER that is based on a 50 percentile American male. The aim of this study was to improve the upper extremity of the THUMS SAFER with respect to Autoliv's requirements to better predict fractures. In addition, this was validated against the Forman experiment(Forman, et al., The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol. 77, 2014) where human cadavers of the upper extremity were axially impacted to replicate a car collision. This was done by generating the upper extremity geometry with segmentation of medical images of a right human hand in combination with the complete STL-geometry of the forearm from the Piper project. The STL-geometry of the segmented human hand and Piper forearm was integrated and a complete STL-geometry of the upper extremity was obtained. Based on the complete STL-geometry, the FE-arm HEX 4.0 was built with modelling of bones, ligaments, soft tissue and skin with corresponding material choice in accordance with Autoliv's requirements. The model HEX 4.0 was improved considering an increased mesh density from an average of 94% to 98%. HEX 4.0 was also validated against the data from the Forman experiment for experiments 5, 6 and 15. It showed a good correlation with the acceleration curves between the simulated and experimental values for the three experiments. The reaction force in the elbow was compared for experiment 15, where the simulated value 5.7 kN divided by a factor of 1.4 from 4 kN for the experiment. Furthermore, the fi rst principal strains that occurred in HEX 4.0 were analysed by 17 ms were the highest acceleration was achieved for experiments 5 and 6. Both experiments were shown to be close to the failure threshold of bones. However, the highest value e5=9.8E-03 occurred in the radius for experiment 5, while e6=9.3E-03 in a ligament for experiment 6. In addition, the failure threshold for experiment 15 exceeded 5 ms in lunate, schapoid and triquetrum. This indication of fractures is in good agreement with the experimental results where the corresponding bones resulted in fractures in experiment 15. HEX 4.0 was an improved upper extremity of the THUMS SAFER considering an increased mesh density. It is also capable of indicating fractures and corresponding positions in the form of analyzes of occurring stresses and strains. Nevertheless, improvements and further validation of HEX 4.0 has been proposed in the future work section.Globalt, dör varje år ungefär 1.2 miljoner personer på grund av trafi kolyckor. Skador på övre extremitet utgör 18% till 25% av alla skador inom bilolyckor. För att kunna analysera dessa krockrelaterade skador används humanmodeller(HBM) som komplement för FE-simuleringar. Ett exempel på en HBM är THUMS SAFER som är baserad på en "50 percentile" amerikans man. Målet med denna studie är att förbättra över extremiten av THUMS SAFER med avseende på Autolivs krav för att bättre kunna förutspå frakturer. Dessutom validerades detta mot Forman experiment(Forman, et al., The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol. 77, 2014) där övre extremitet av människokadaver blev axiellt påverkade för att replikera en bilkollsion. Detta gjordes genom att generera STL-geometrin av en övre extremitet med segmentering av medicinska bilder av en höger människohand i kombination med färdig STL-geometri av underarmen från Piper projektet. STL-geometrin av den segmenterande människohanden och Piper underarmen integrerades och en komplett STL-geometri av övre extremiteten erhölls. Baserad på den kompletta STL-geometrin byggdes FE-armen HEX 4.0 med modellering av ben, ligament, mjukvävnad samt hud med motsvarande materialval i enighet med Autolivs krav. Modellen HEX 4.0 förbättrades i form av en ökad mesh densitet från medelvärdet 94% till 98%. Den validerades även gentemot data från Forman experimentet för experiment 5, 6 och 15. Det påvisade en god korrelation på accelerations kurvorna mellan de simulerade och experimentella värdena för de tre experimenten. Reaktionskraften i armbågen jämfördes för experiment 15 där den simulerade värdet 5.7 kN skiljde sig med en faktor 1.4 från 4 kN för experimentet. Ytterligare analyserades första huvudtöjningarna som uppkom i HEX 4.0 vid 17 ms, då den högsta accelerationen uppnådes för experiment 5 och 6. Det visades att båda experimenten låg nära gränsen för benfraktur, däremot uppkom det högsta värdet e5=9.8E-03 i radius för experiment 5, samt e6=9.3E-03 i ett ligament för experiment 6. Dessutom överskred gränsen för benfrakturer för experiment 15 efter 5 ms i lunate, schapoid och triquetrum. Denna indikation av frakturer stämmer väl med resultatet av experimentet där motsvarande benen resulterades i frakturer i experiment 15. HEX 4.0 är en förbättrad övre extremitet av THUMS SAFER i form av förbättrad meshdensitet. Den är även kapabel att indikera frakturer och motsvarande position i form av analyser på förekommande spänningar och töjningar. Förbättringar och ytterligare validering av HEX 4.0 föreslås för framtida arbete.
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Le, Breton Éric. "Réponses géomorphologiques et hydrologiques aux changements environnementaux récents au Sahel nigérien." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010744.
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Le secteur d'étude situé à 14 km à l'Est de Niamey est en proie à une conjonction de facteurs environnementaux (principalement climatologiques et démographiques). Ces derniers ont conduit à de fortes modifications hydrologiques et géomorphologiques. Dans le cadre d'un suivi des processus de ruissellement, d'érosion, de transfert et de sédimentation, l'objectif principal de cette étude est de quantifier et de décrire l'évolution de l'ensemble des processus hydro-sédimentaires de surface. Cette étude s'appuie sur le suivi de données de parcelles expérimentales, d'hydrométrie, de transferts sédimentaires et de topographie. Les champs de mil, en extension dans les secteurs de forte pression démographique, ne peuvent être considérés comme fortement contributeurs aux écoulements de surface. Les spécificités du régime climatique (processus hydro-éoliens) conduisent à la formation d'états de surface fortement ruisselants consécutive à la mise en culture des versants. Au sein des ravines, les transferts hydrologiques sont fortement influencés par la morphologie du bassin, la porosité des horizons superficiels du sol et la forte capacité d'infiltration des fonds de ravine. Sur les croûtes d'érosion, les volumes ruisselés conséquents se multiplient aux fortes concentrations en sédiments pour alimenter les zones de stockage sédimentaire à mi-versant et dans les bas-fonds. La typologie des précipitations permet la mobilisation de particules sur ces sols à forte compacité. L'évolution des formes d'érosion / sédimentation conduit à une forte modification de la répartition spatio-temporelle et du poids de chacune des composantes du cycle hydrologique à l'échelle des bassins-versants.
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Devaux, Pascal. "La relation entre le crédit et l'investissement en milieu rural sahélien." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50374-1999-9.pdf.
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Le rôle du crédit dans la décision d'investissement agricole revêt un caractère particulier en milieu rural sahélien étant donne la non-séparabilité des décisions de production et de consommation. En effet, un certain nombre d'études empiriques permettent d'établir que le revenu agricole et extra-agricole de l'agriculteur sahélien est soumis à une incertitude irréductible. Dans sa décision d'investissement, l'agriculteur sahélien poursuit donc une stratégie à la fois marquée par la maximisation d'un revenu productif et par la recherche de sécurité économique. L'intégration du crédit dans cette décision d'investissement nous oblige à prendre en compte une double source de risque : le risque revenu et le risque d'investissement. L'hypothèse de comportement prudent et d'aversion forte au risque au sens de ross de l'agriculteur sahélien permet de considérer un double effet du crédit sur l'investissement : un effet richesse incitatif lié à la liquidité monétaire supplémentaire disponible, et un effet dette négatif sur l'investissement. Cet effet dette du crédit est lié aux conséquences d'une dette à rembourser à partir d'un revenu futur aléatoire. Au-delà d'éléments strictement productifs, la relation entre crédit et investissement en milieu rural sahélien dépend du niveau et de l'exposition au risque du revenu de l'agriculteur. L'impact négatif sur le risque revenu du financement à crédit de l'investissement agricole peut amener l'agriculteur sahélien soit à ne pas investir, soit à favoriser les investissements agricoles divisibles et liquides, sources de limitation de la dette et de ses effets sur le risque revenu. Ceci est susceptible d'avoir certaines conséquences sur l'environnement productif naturel. D'une part, en favorisant les investissements lies à des pratiques culturales extensives, et d'autre part, en défavorisant les investissements de conservation et d'amélioration de la fertilité des sols, indivisibles et illiquidesThe part of credit in the agricultural investment decision is particular in sahelian zone given nonseparability of production and consommation decisions. Empirical studies allow to establish that sahelian farmers face an uninsurable background risk. The farmer's investment decision is therefore both affected by income maximisation and income securisation. In integrating credit into investment decision, we have to consider multiple source of risk : the income risk and the investment risk. The hypothese of prudent and strong risk aversion in ross sense behaviour allow to consider a double effect of credit on the investment decision : an incitative wealth effect linked to the increase in available liquidity, and a negative debt effect on investment. This debt effect is linked to the consequences of a debt to repay from an uncertain futur income. Beyond strictly productive elements, the relationship between credit and investment in rural sahelian zone depends on the income level and the income risk. The negative impact of financing investment by credit on income risk can lead sahelian producer not to invest, or to favour divisible and liquid agricultural investments, in order to minimise the debt and its effects on risk. Natural agricultural environment is likely to be affected; in furthering investment linked to extensive agriculture to the detriment of soil conservation investment, the latter being undivisible and illiquid
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Håkansson, Pontus, and David Knutsson. "Safe Sleeping Position." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-750.
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Project Safe Sleeping Position (SSP) contains all parts in a product development phase. The project comprises the whole cycle from idea to a complete product where all aspects are included. The scope is to develop an innovative solution for a common known problem and work with all parts within the man-machine-way. The result is an inflatable product which secures a child in the correct way for the seatbelt to work properly in the rearseat of a car. Ergonomics, technical extent, usability, design, construction, product solutions and market potential are some of all parts witch the project includes. The targetgroup for the project is children 4 to 12 years old, but there is a great potential for a further development to provide a solution for adults.
Signed project managers are commissioned by Volvo Car Corporation (VCC), a large car manufacturer with the whole world as the market. This sets requirements to the product to be adaptable to all markets without cutting down on usability. Except the assigner, the project comprises several partners, both companies, independent organizations and students at Halmstad University.
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Nair, Jayakrishnan B. "Safe software components." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37414.pdf.
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Byrd, Rebekah J. "Safe Space Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/913.
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Vallarino, Inés Elvira, and Claudia Bernardita Ortiz. "Drive Safe, Zeiss." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/145800.
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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN MARKETINGInés Elvira Vallarino [Parte I], Claudia Bernardita Ortiz [Parte II]
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo lanzar la división de productos oftálmicos de la marca Zeiss en el mercado chileno, junto con unos de sus mejores productos, lentes Drive Safe. Esta marca es conocida en el mercado local, gracias a sus múltiples productos de nivel internacional, pero aún debe ingresar oficialmente y posicionar su división “Vision Care”. De esta forma, completará su presencia en los principales mercados del Cono Sur. El mercado chileno está preparado para tener una marca oftálmica de la gama más alta. Zeiss es la marca indicada con su prestigio de calidad Alemana y su más alta tecnología. Nuestro plan de marketing para el año 2017, se enfoca en nuestro principales clientes que son las ópticas independientes del sector socioeconómico medio-alto. También consideramos otros actores, como el rubro de la oftalmología médica y los consumidores finales que son usuarios de lentes. Ver bien significa que una persona tenga mejor productividad en su trabajo, que un niño tenga mejores calificaciones en la escuela. Ver bien significa seguridad, independencia. Nuestro producto es fundamental para la vida diaria y es de la mejor calidad que existe en el mercado, ahora estará disponible también para el mercado chileno. Invitamos a las personas a ver más nítido en condiciones de baja luminosidad, a manejar más seguro... Invitamos a probar la marca de la cámara que filmó el hombre pisando la luna, la misma que filmó “el señor de los anillos” y retrató al mundo con sus lentes a través de google earth. Invitamos a conocer el mundo Vision Care de Zeiss. We Make it Visible...
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Gonzales, Kelly. "Safe medication administration." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2877.
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The purpose of this body of work was to address medication errors and safe medication administration practices in relation to practicing nurses and nursing students via several different approaches. These different approaches will be presented as three separate papers but interrelated themes. The specific purpose for each paper and the corresponding research questions were addressed individually in each chapter. The approach used in the first paper was a systematic literature search of medication administration errors and the pediatric population; five themes emerged including the incidence rate of medication administration errors, specific medications involved in medication administration errors and classification of the errors, why medication administration errors occur, medication error reporting, and interventions to reduce medication errors. The approach used in the second paper included a systematic literature review and implementation of a survey, both focusing on the assessment strategies for safe medication administration with practicing nurses and nursing students. Results of both the review and the survey indicated a lack of a comprehensive assessment of safe medication administration. The approach used in the third paper was a research study to conduct a psychometric evaluation of the Safe Medication Administration (SAM) Scale with baccalaureate nursing students. Results provided evidence of the validity and reliability of the SAM Scale. This body of work exposed a gap in nursing and demonstrates the importance of having a standardized assessment of safe medication administration with evidence of validity and reliability to demonstrate competency in this area.
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Odugbemi, Adeniyi Adedayo. "Safe Quality Food Certification and Producing Safe and Quality Food Products." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4399.
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The food sector accounts for $1 of every $6 in the U.S. economy, with more than $700 billion in revenue every year. However, incidents of food safety and substandard quality continue to rise. Consumers are beginning to mistrust and have lower confidence in the food supply chain. Food manufacturers need to address this issue to remain profitable. One approach includes the introduction of food policy programs that allow for independent auditing and certifications such as the Safe Quality Food (SQF) certification. The SQF certification was established as a rigorous and credible benchmark for food handlers to enforce food safety and quality standards. The purpose of this qualitative case study research was to evaluate the perceived usefulness of the SQF certification to food manufacturers. Guided by the theory of diffusion of innovation, data collection for this study included 35 stakeholder semistructured interviews and a review of 5 publicly available documents for triangulation. Thematic analysis of the transcripts was performed to generate answers to the research questions. Study findings revealed that if properly implemented, the SQF certification is a credible and robust GFSI scheme that provides effective guidelines for food production. Findings also revealed 2 opportunities for improvement. Participants noted that training programs for SQF practitioners and auditors should be improved, likewise more commitment and involvement of facility management should be required. The findings may contribute to social change by providing food producers with strategies to minimize food production failures. With the perceived benefits of the SQF certification, other food producers who have not adopted this scheme can benefit from this holistic certification to enhance their food production network.
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Colliander, Celik Julius Recep. "Plutt: A tool for creating type-safe and version-safe microfrontends." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280090.
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Microfrontend applications are composed of multiple smaller frontend applications, which are integrated at run-time. As with microservices, microfrontends can be updated in production at any time. There are no technological restrictions for releasing API-breaking updates. Therefore it is difficult to trust microfrontend applications to perform reliably in run-time and to introduce API-breaking updates without the risk of breaking consumers. This thesis presents Plutt, a tool that provides automatic guarantees for safely consuming microfrontends, by ensuring that updates in run-time are compatible. By using Plutt, consumers can be confident that a provided microfrontend will per- form the same during production as in development. Likewise, microfrontend providers can release updates without being concerned about how it will affect consumers. Moreover, a comprehensive survey about microfrontends is presented, where five industry experts are interviewed. Aspects that are not found in existing literature are discovered, which contributes to a broader knowledge base that helps future microfrontend research.Mikrofrontend-applikationer är sammansatta av flera mindre frontend-applikationer som integreras under exekvering. Precis som med mikrotjänster, kan mikrofrontends bytas ut i produktion när som helst. Det saknas teknologiska restriktioner för att publicera API-brytande uppdateringar. Därför är det svårt att lita på att en mikrofrontend-applikation beter sig tillförlitligt under exekvering samt att introducera API-brytande uppdateringar utan att riskera att förstöra konsumenter. Det här examensarbetet presenterar Plutt, ett verktyg som erbjuder automatiska garantier för att säkert konsumera mikrofrontends genom att säkerställa att uppdateringar som introduceras i körtid är kompatibla. Genom att använda Plutt, kan konsumenter vara trygga i vetskapen att en försedd mikrofrontend presterar likadant under produktion som i utveckling. Samtidigt kan utvecklare som förser mikrofrontends släppa uppdateringar utan att bekymra sig över hur det påverkar konsumenter. Utöver Plutt, presenteras en grundlig kartläggning över mikrofrontends, där fem experter från industrin är intervjuade. Aspekter som inte hittas i existerande litteratur är upptäckta, vilket kunskapsbas och framtida forskning om mikrofrontends.
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Malam, Issa Oumarou. "Etude du rôle des croûtes microbiotiques dans les sols de deux écosystèmes sahéliens (jachères et brousse tigrée) au Niger : micromorphologie, propriétés physiques et biogéochimiques." Orléans, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ORLE2051.
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Etowa, Christian Bassey. "Inherently safer process design indices." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63510.pdf.
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Herstedt, Marie. "Towards Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3542.
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Clanet, Jean-Charles. "Géographie pastorale au Sahel central." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040312.
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Ce travail qui porte sur la "géographie pastorale au sahel central", a suivi durant vingt-cinq ans les communautés toubou, touarègue, peule et arabe des éleveurs nomadisant dans le nord du Burkina-Faso, de l'est du Niger et la partie du Tchad médian d'ouest en est, vaste ensemble de régions correspondant à la partie aride du bassin versant du lac Tchad. Pour suivre l'ensemble des tribus prises en compte, nous avons développé une méthode graphique originale permettant d'analyser l'évolution spatiale des aires pastorales exploitées par les éleveurs sahéliens. Les variations de positions consécutives aux deux sècheresses 1969-1974 et 1984-1985 montrent à quel point ces systèmes pastoraux ont été durement frappés dans leur économie au cours des deux dernières décennies. Néanmoins en dépit des péjorations majeures et des pertes irréversibles subies par leur environnement, la plupart des communautés ont surmonté tant bien que mal les deux derniers épisodes arides. Les plus mobiles conservent encore un nomadisme efficace centre sur le Sahel, un tiers d'entre elles a émigré en zone soudanienne, tandis qu'un dixième des familles a abandonné l'élevage. Au-delà de ces scores inégaux, l'insertion de l'élevage nomade dans le domaine agricole soudanien pose le problème de la coexistence de deux modes extensifs d'exploitation du milieu naturel, alors que l'aridification générale et la croissance démographique réduisent les terres à parcours et agricoles disponiblesThis study, which turns on "pastoral geography in central Sahel", has followed for twenty five years, the Tibu, Fulani, Tuareg and Arab communities of wandering breeders in north Burkina, east Niger and part of Chad, broad expanse of countries corresponding to the Chad arid basin. To follow the whole tribes taken for examples, we have developed an original graphic method permitting analysing the special evolutions of pastoral areas ran by sahelian breeders. Variations of positions consecutive of the two dryness 1969-1974 and 1984-1985 show up to which point, these pastoral systems have been hardly stroken about their economy during the last two decades. Yet, in spite of major disparaging senses and irreversible run suffered by their environment, most of communities have surmounted somehow or other the last two arid sessions. The more mobile still keep an effectual wandering life based on the Sahel, a third of them has migrated to Sudanian zone, whereas a tenth of families has given up breeding. Beyond these unequal scores, the normal rearing insertion in Sudanian zone agricultural scope show off the problem of coexistence between two extensible modes of running natural spots, even when general barrenlessing and population growth reduce available agricultural and routing lands
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Hallenheim, Martina. "SARA B-SAFER som riskbedömningsinstrument." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24235.
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Studien är en källstudie vars syfte är att undersöka huruvida SARA B-SAFER fungerar som riskbedömningsinstrument och om brottsutvecklingen för våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer har ökat eller minskat under tidsperioden, åren 2000-2012. Urvalet för studien är Kalmar polismyndighet och Södertörn polismästardistrikt. Underlaget för studien är tidigare forskning från hur Polisen har arbetat med SARA B-SAFER och offentlig statistik på antalet anmälda brott från Brottsförebyggande rådet (BRÅ). Resultaten i studien visar på en ökning av antalet anmälda brott för våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer, samtidigt som anmälningarna ligger på en förhållandevis jämn nivå. Vidare indikerar studien på att det finns en komplexitet kring SARA B-SAFER som riskbedömnings-instrument, då det finns indikationer på att instrumentet har en prediktiv validitet. Åtgärder för att skydda brottsoffren hamnar i skymundan och SARA B-SAFER fungerar då inte preventivt, vilket kan förklara antalet ökade anmälningar för att instrumentet predicerar rätt.This study aims to appose if the SARA B-SAFER are successful as a risk-assessment tool and if the crime development for spousal against women have risen or declined between the years 2000-2012. Kalmar Police County and Södertörn Manor are participating and statistics over crimes for spousal violence against women are studied in these areas. The material for the study is earlier research and statistics from Brottförebyggande rådet (BRÅ). The result in the study show that the crimes for spousal violence against women have increased but lay on a stable level. Further there is a complexity about SARA as a risk-assessment tool, when it seems to work on a predictive level, but not as much on a preventive stage, as wishes. The predictive factor on SARA can explain the increased numbers of crimes.
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Gallin, Annabelle. "Les styles céramiques du site de Kobabi : (néolithique récent, sahel malien) : étude comparative et implications chrono-culturelles." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10005.
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Kobadi, un site d'amas du Néolithique récent du Sahel malien, se place dans la phase de retrait des sociétés du Sahara méridional. Ses relations avec les gisements contemporains du sahel et du Sahara maliens sont envisagées au travers de l'analyse comparée des styles techniques et décoratifs de la céramique. Deux productions contemporaines (à dégraissant osseux et spicules d'éponges) et un ensemble à dégraissant végétal plus tardif sont identifiées à Kobadi. Trois styles ornementaux sont individualisés : celui de la céramique dégraissée à l'os ("Os") et deux styles liés à la céramique à spicules ("Spic A" et "Spic B"). La céramique à spicules semble associée au traitement du poisson. Les trois styles se retrouvent dans le Delta intérieur du Niger au 2ème millénaire BC sur des amas de restes de pêche et d'élevage bovin. Ils définissent des "groupes céramiques" qui présentent certaines affinités avec la région d'Hassi el Abiod au Sahara Malien et avec la région de Niamey.
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Gruhier, Claire. "L’humidité du sol par télédétection micro-ondes en région sahélienne." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066435.
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L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à la mesure du contenu en eau du sol en région sahélienne, par l'évaluation les performances d'inversion des produits d'humidité du sol actuellement disponibles et basés sur des mesures micro-ondes, longueurs d'ondes les plus sensibles aux variations de l'humidité du sol. Trois principales études composent cette thèse. La première est une analyse de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle du réseau d'humidité du sol du site malien d'AMMA, dont le déploiement instrumental a été conçu notamment pour la validation de produits satellites. La seconde étude menée évalue les performance du produit d'humidité du sol officiel de la NASA sur deux sites aux conditions bio-climatiques contrastées (semi-aride et tempéré), mettant en évidence les disparités de qualité d'inversion selon le type d'environnement. Enfin, la dernière étude fourni une intercomparaison de cinq produits d'humidité du sol sur le site sahélien. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence une grande hétérogénéité des estimations de l'humidité du sol obtenues à partir de différents capteurs. Bien que les bandes micro-ondes jusque-là disponibles ne soient pas optimales, certains produits fournissent des inversions de bonnes qualités grâce à un algorithme d'inversion performant. L'ensemble des analyses menées permettent d'aiguiller les utilisateurs vers les produits d'humidité du sol ayant les meilleures performances en accord avec leurs besoins sur cette région du globe. Elles sont également très prometteuses pour les futures estimations effectuées à partir des données en bande L de SMOS, le premier satellite dédié à l'observation de l'humidité du sol.
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Ataholo, monga Ataholo hahe Gbama o. Yamoleka Mandingo. "Pflanzensoziologische Untersuchungen der Segetalvegetation in der Sudanzone Westafrikas." Frankfurt a.M, 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964191393.
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Rath, Thomas. "Nutrition and productivity of milking cattle on a semi-arid rangeland in West Africa /." Stuttgart : Grauer, 1999. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009038584&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Bader, Jürgen. "The role of the tropical Indian Ocean in global climate." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974330051.
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Pohl, Reinhard. "How safe is safe?: Dam safety from the viewpoint of downstream communities." Technische Universität Dresden, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28530.
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Reservoirs and dams are often situated in the mountains upstream of cities and towns. This implies a theoretical but difficult to evaluate hazard potential for downstream communities. This paper reflects experiences of the related safety analysis practice including the steps from the breach estimation towards the drawing of special hazard maps.
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Lo, Seen Chong Danny. "Caractérisation du fonctionnement de la végétation à l'échelle régionale en liaison avec l'observation satellitaire : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30023.
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Dans une premiere approche pour caracteriser le fonctionnement de la vegetation a l'echelle du continent africain, le gvi (global vegetation index) a ete utilise pour estimer les processus cles que sont la productivite primaire nette (ppn) et l'evapotranspiration (etr). Au cours de cette etude, des relations empiriques ont pu etre etablies entre d'une part, l'indice de vegetation (ndvi) integre sur une annee et, d'autre part la ppn, et les principaux termes du bilan hydrique. De meme, il a ete montre que la ppn annuelle pouvait etre estimee a partir du ndvi integre sur une annee avec une precision de l'ordre de celle obtenue a l'aide de modeles bases sur les climatologies. La conclusion de cette premiere etude exprimait aussi la necessite de decrire de facon plus realiste les interactions entre les processus elementaires du fonctionnement de la vegetation et l'observation satellitaire. Pendant la deuxieme etude, une approche a ete developpee utilisant un veritable modele de fonctionnement de la vegetation en le couplant avec des mesures spectrales. Un modele decrivant les principaux processus a une echelle regionale a ete developpe pour un ecosysteme sahelien, et valide avec des donnees acquises sur deux regions du sahel (ferlo, senegal et gourma, mali). Ensuite, l'utilisation du modele de fonctionnement en liaison avec des indicateurs spatiaux est presentee dans une troisieme etude. L'objectif etant que des parametres (ou processus) susceptibles d'etre accessibles par teledetection puissent etre utilises pour piloter le modele. Cette approche permet une analyse fine des relations existantes entre les processus decrits par le modele et les mesures spectrales. Les axes qui necessitent un developpement ulterieur sont indiques
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Bourmouche-Yacoubi, Fatiha. "Le droit, le foncier pastoral et les sociétés Tamacheq : entre ignorance et reconnaissance." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010267.
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Les sociétés tamacheq possèdent une même culture, appartiennent à une même civilisation, ils se rattachent à la grande communauté berbère répartie actuellement dans plusieurs Etats (Algérie, Niger, Mali, Libye et Burkina Faso). Les Tamacheq se caractérisent à la fois par une grande diversité dans le domaine politique et par une incontestable unité culturelle. Cependant, la rupture coloniale va engendrer des crises au sein des sociétés tamacheq. Le contrôle colonial de l'espace tamacheq va à l'encontre de toutes les notions d'une société nomade hiérarchisée qui se sent enfermée dans un maillage serré par l'obligation de s'adapter au nouvel ordre politique et économique colonial dit " moderne " et " civilisé ". De plus, les frontières issues de la colonisation ont été " nationalisées " par les Etats indépendants qui ont déterminé par voie législative les relations politiques, économiques et familiales au sein d'une même communauté culturelle. La difficulté des Etats " modernes " à adapter leurs procédures et leurs cadres à la prise en compte de ces populations est évidente, l'exploitation des ressources naturelles dans une logique étatique et occidentalisée venant souvent en contradiction directe des usages traditionnels tamacheq. Enfin, le bon sens en matière de diversité culturelle, que l'on respecte les différences spécifiques là où elles ne sont pas source de conflits. Dans cette perspective, il incombe aux Etats d'adopter des solutions appropriées, pour parvenir à un compromis qui s'exprime par la valorisation de l'identité culturelle tamacheq par une représentation effective au sein des Etats où se situe leur terroir et par un droit métisse adapté à leurs besoins contemporains.
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Marsh, Timothy. "Goodnight and drive safe /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1203579631&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Blum, William. "The safe lambda calculus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:537d45e0-01ac-4645-8aba-ce284ca02673.
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We consider a syntactic restriction for higher-order grammars called safety that constrains occurrences of variables in the production rules according to their type-theoretic order. We transpose and generalize this restriction to the setting of the simply-typed lambda calculus, giving rise to what we call the safe lambda calculus. We analyze its expressivity and obtain a result in the same vein as Schwichtenberg's 1976 characterization of the simply-typed lambda calculus: the numeric functions representable in the safe lambda calculus are exactly the multivariate polynomials; thus conditional is not definable. We also give a similar characterization for representable word functions. We then examine the complexity of deciding beta-eta equality of two safe simply-typed terms and show that this problem is PSPACE-hard. The safety restriction is then extended to other applied lambda calculi featuring recursion and references such as PCF and Idealized Algol (IA for short). The next contribution concerns game semantics. We introduce a new concrete presentation of this semantics using the theory of traversals. It is shown that the revealed game denotation of a term can be computed by traversing some souped-up version of the term's abstract syntax tree using adequately defined traversal rules. Based on this presentation and via syntactic reasoning we obtain a game-semantic interpretation of safety: the strategy denotations of safe lambda-terms satisfy a property called P-incremental justification which says that the player's moves are always justified by the last pending opponent's move of greater order occurring in the player's view. Next we look at models of the safe lambda calculus. We show that these are precisely captured by Incremental Closed Categories. A game model is constructed and is shown to be fully abstract for safe IA. Further, it is effectively presentable: two terms are equivalent just if they have the same set of complete O-incrementally justified plays---where O-incremental justification is defined as the dual of P-incremental justification. Finally we study safety from the point of view of algorithmic game semantics. We observe that in the third-order fragment of IA, the addition of unsafe contexts is conservative for observational equivalence. This implies that all the upper complexity bounds known for the lower-order fragments of IA also hold for the safe fragment; we show that the lower-bounds remain the same as well. At order 4, observational equivalence is known to be undecidable for IA. We conjecture that for the order-4 safe fragment of IA, the problem is reducible to the DPDA-equivalence problem and is thus decidable.