Journal articles: 'Safety circuits'

1

Hladkov, Oleksandr, Anatolii Mnukhin, and Rishard Stasevich. "Estimate of intrinsic safety of capacitive circuits." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900027.

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A universal method has been developed and tested for computer estimate of intrinsic safety of inductive capacitive circuits, which takes into account the most hazardous discharge type by contact closure and the regression dependences are obtained of minimal igniting energy on discharge time in a capacitive circuit and the comparison is made of results with available experimental dependences. A regression equation is received which connects minimal igniting energy and discharge time as well as voltage of a capacitive circuit. The comparison of the results with available experimental dependencies is made. The intrinsic safety parameters are defined which leads to decrease of risk for explosion and freely burning fire in a coal mine.

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Coupe, James. "Short Circuits/Closed Circuits." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i1.13969.

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Huybregts, M. AJM, R. de Vroege, H. MT Christiaans, A. L. Smith, and R. CE Paulus. "The use of a mini bypass system (Cobe Synergy) without venous and cardiotomy reservoir in a mitral valve repair: a case report." Perfusion 20, no. 2 (March 2005): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267659105pf794cr.

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The use of mini cardiopulmonary bypass circuits is an emerging technology. The venous and cardiotomy reservoir have been excluded from the circuit. This results in a reduction of the blood contact surface area and of the priming volume. Entrainment of venous air, however, remains a drawback in the widespread acceptance of using these mini circuits. The technique described resolves this problem by automatic removal of venous air, and explains how this mini cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was utilized on a 64-year-old female presented for a mitral valve repair. In the absence of a cardiotomy reservoir, an autotrans-fusion cell separator was used to process shed blood and, after CPB, the residual pump blood. This mini bypass circuit, with the safety feature to remove automatically venous air, provided an additional degree of protection. In our experience, mini bypass circuits allow us safely to perform cardiopulmonary bypass during valve procedures.

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Petkovsek, Marko, and Peter Zajec. "Evaluating Common-Mode Voltage Based Trade-Offs in Differential-Ended and Single-Supplied Signal Conditioning Amplifiers." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161982.

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This paper focuses on a differential voltage measurement in low-voltage automotive devices whose subunits are separated with a low-side safety switch. In contrast to conventional applications with high-side switches, a common-mode voltage (CMV) with negative polarity exists at the input of the signal conditioning circuitry. To overcome the shortage of dedicated integrated circuits capable of withstanding negative CMV, the paper investigates single- and two-stage differential circuits with single-supplied operational amplifiers to find a cost-optimized counterpart. In addition, the proposed procedure tunes the circuit parameters in such a manner to obtain the largest possible full-scale range at the output. Though, such optimization results in very uncommon values for gain and reference voltages. This issue is additionally evaluated for reference voltages that are either cost-effective or more easily accessible to increase the circuit feasibility. Since the impact of resistances on circuits’ behaviour could be diminished to a great extent using high-precision and matched pair resistors, the sensitivity analysis was investigated only for a reference voltage change. Furthermore, a reversed termination of measured voltages results in a simplified reference voltage selection without hindering circuits’ performance, proven by simulation and experimental results.

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Katarzyński, Jacek, and Marek Olesz. "Fault Loop Impedance Measurement in Circuits Fed by UPS and Principle of Safety Protection." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 10126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310126.

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This paper indicates a significant problem of uncertainty of fault loop impedance (FLI) measurement in circuits powered from uninterruptible power supply (UPS) (double-conversion AC-DC-AC). The correctly determined value of this impedance, related to the short-circuit current disconnection time and to the reference value, is one of the most important elements that determines the approval of an electrical installation and its receivers for operation. To define the principles of FLI measurement, several hundred measurements of the short-circuit loop impedance in the circuits fed by the UPS, in various UPS operation modes and with various FLI instruments, were made, which allowed for the definition of measurement rules that reduce the error in assessing the effectiveness of protection against electric shock by automatic disconnection of supply. Based on the analysis of voltage and current waveforms recorded during the real short-circuit tests in the circuit fed by the UPS, a proprietary algorithm for determining the short-circuit loop impedance has been proposed.

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Shestakov, M. I. "Calculation of tonal rail circuits with consideration of a complicated waveform." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 1 (2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2021-1-104-112.

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The article deals with the problem of calculating modern audio frequency track circuits, the working signal of which is a frequency-manipulated signal transmitting Bauer codes. Such signals have a wide spectrum, which leads to the error in the calculations performed according to the classical method for a single frequency. Increasing the code transfer rate in order to reduce the response time of track circuits further expands the signal spectrum, which negatively affects the safety of such rail circuits. To determine the width and composition of the signal spectrum, a discrete Fourier transformation is used. The new method of calculating rail circuits proposed in this article allows us to determine the root-mean-square value of the signal at the output of the rail circuit with a known amplitude-frequency characteristic of the rail circuit and the form of a complex signal at the input. The obtained ratio of the root-mean-square signal levels at the input and output of the rail circuit allows us to solve the problem of calculating the operating modes of the rail circuit taking into account its nonlinear amplitude-frequency characteristics and taking into account the complex signal form, including consideration of the specific transmitted Bauer code. This solution allows you to increase the reliability of the calculation of the adjustment tables of the tonal track circuits and, as a result, increase the reliability and safety of their operation.

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Sidorov, Alexander I., and Olga A. Khanzhina. "Improving electrical safety in quarry distribution circuits." XXI century. Technosphere Safety 5, no. 1 (March 2020): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2500-1582-2010-1-84-88.

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Darie, Marius, Constantin Sorin Burian, Tiberiu Attila Csaszar, Cosmin Ioan Colda, and Danut Nicolae Grecea. "SEPARATION FAULT SCENARIOS IN INTRINSIC SAFETY CIRCUITS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 18, no. 4 (2019): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2019.074.

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9

Zhang, Shujian, and Jon C. Muzio. "Evaluating the safety of self-checking circuits." Journal of Electronic Testing 6, no. 2 (April 1995): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00993090.

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10

Claessen, Koen. "Safety Property Verification of Cyclic Synchronous Circuits." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 88 (October 2004): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2003.05.004.

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Shang, Xiao Yan, Jian Wu, and Xing Wang. "Design of Alarm System with Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 4883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.4883.

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Based on pyroelectric infrared sensor working principle, the passive pyroelectric infrared alarm system is designed, which is mainly used for safety of residence house to detect whether outsiders enter or not. This system is made of pyroelectric infrared sensor, Fresnel lens and monitoring circuits. The concealment of infrared is well applied on the circuits , amplifying and filtering circuit , infrared signal processing circuit are designed, then the voice chip is utilized to simulate alarm voice for warning thieves and burglars .After many experiments, This system has sensitive response , high anti-interference ability and safe and reliable performance.

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12

Dong, Hui Fen, Qing Ji Gao, and Jian Shan Liu. "Analysis on Insulation Resistance Performance in Airport Lighting Circuit." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.500.

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The airfield lighting circuits are the important part of the airfield lighting system, and the insulation performance of the circuits directly affects the aircraft flight safety. The side insulation performance of the lighting circuit and the effect of the temperature and humidity on the insulation are analyzed in the paper. Depending on the measure data provided by the Shanghai PUDONG international airport, the curve of circuit insulation resistance changed with the time is fitted through computer, and the insulation resistance mode based on the parameter identifying is obtained. The theoretical foundation is laid for the forecast decline of insulation resistance, and a theoretical basis is provided for the maintenance of the lighting circuit.

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13

Balasubramanian, Padmanabhan, Douglas Maskell, and Nikos Mastorakis. "Majority and Minority Voted Redundancy Scheme for Safety-Critical Applications with Error/No-Error Signaling Logic." Electronics 7, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110272.

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In the era of nanoelectronics, multiple faults or failures of function blocks are likely to occur. To withstand these, higher levels of redundancy are suggested to be employed in at least the sensitive portions of a circuit or system. In this context, the N-modular redundancy (NMR) scheme may be used to guard against the multiple faults or failures of function blocks. However, the NMR scheme would exacerbate the weight, cost, and design metrics to implement higher-order redundancy. Hence, as an alternative to the NMR, the majority and minority voted redundancy (MMR) scheme was proposed recently. However, the proposal was restricted to the basic implementation with no provision for indicating the correct or the incorrect operation of the MMR. Hence in this work, we present the MMR scheme with the error/no-error signaling logic (ESL). Example NMR circuits without and with the ESL (NMRESL), and example MMR circuits without and with the proposed ESL (MMRESL) were implemented to achieve similar degrees of fault tolerance using a 32/28-nm CMOS technology. The results show that, on average, the proposed MMRESL circuits have 18.9% less critical path delay, dissipate 64.8% less power, and require 49.5% less silicon area compared to their counterpart NMRESL circuits.

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Pour Aryan, N., L. Heiß, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel, G. Georgakos, and M. Wirnshofer. "Comparison of in-situ delay monitors for use in Adaptive Voltage Scaling." Advances in Radio Science 10 (September 18, 2012): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-10-215-2012.

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Abstract. In Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) the supply voltage of digital circuits is tuned according to the circuit's actual operating condition, which enables dynamic compensation to PVTA variations. By exploiting the excessive safety margins added in state-of-the-art worst-case designs considerable power saving is achieved. In our approach, the operating condition of the circuit is monitored by in-situ delay monitors. This paper presents different designs to implement the in-situ delay monitors capable of detecting late but still non-erroneous transitions, called Pre-Errors. The developed Pre-Error monitors are integrated in a 16 bit multiplier test circuit and the resulting Pre-Error AVS system is modeled by a Markov chain in order to determine the power saving potential of each Pre-Error detection approach.

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15

Rasim, Feim Ridvan, and Sebastian M. Sattler. "Structure-Preserving Modeling of Safety-Critical Combinational Circuits." Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 3, no. 1 (February 2018): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25046/aj030158.

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16

Aliev, Ravshan. "Trends in Improving Sensors for Controlling the Condition of Track Sections." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 05045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405045.

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Various principles can be used to implement intelligent track circuits: voltage regulation of the power supply, compensation methods for switching on rail lines and track circuit devices, receiver sensitivity adjustment, comparison of two electrical parameters of one, two, or more track circuits, as well as a combination of these methods. At present, such improvement of track circuits is becoming relevant, which would make it possible to exclude from the circuits one of the most unreliable elements - an insulating joint, use a modern microprocessor element base in devices for monitoring the state of track sections, thus ensure their reliable operation. This will significantly reduce the costs of building and operating interval control systems and increase train traffic safety. These requirements are met by intelligent track circuits, which consider the current value of the insulation resistance, the rate of change of this resistance, and the longitudinal asymmetry.

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17

Jeong, TaikyeongTed. "A Circuit-Level Design for Safety-Critical Applications using Dynamic Multi-Threshold Voltage Circuits." IETE Technical Review 27, no. 1 (2010): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0256-4602.58971.

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18

Khan, Wilayat, Basim Azam, Noman Shahid, Abdul Moeed Khan, and Ahtisham Shaheen. "Formal Verification of Digital Circuits Using Simulator with Mathematical Foundation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 892 (June 2019): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.892.134.

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To ease hardware design process, circuits are normally designed in description languages such as Verilog and VHDL. The correctness of circuits is normally checked by exhaustive simulation in simulators such as Icarus and VCS. Both the description languages Verilog/VHDL and simulators Icarus/VCS do not have mathematical foundations and hence are not reliable and cannot be used to mathematically prove correctness of circuit designs. Hardware description languages with mathematical (formal) foundation such as VeriFormal, on the other hand, are more reliable, trustworthy and can be used for robust design. In this paper, we report our results of formal verifications of two simple hardware circuits designed in the formal description language VeriFormal. Using the VeriFormal simulator and the accompanied type checker tools, we prove reliability properties type safety, functional correctness and functional equivalence of the digital circuits.

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19

Balasubramanian, P., and N. E. Mastorakis. "Asynchronous quasi delay insensitive majority voters corresponding to quintuple modular redundancy for mission/safety-critical applications." PLOS ONE 15, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): e0239395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239395.

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Electronic circuits and systems employed in mission- and safety-critical applications such as space, aerospace, nuclear plants etc. tend to suffer from multiple faults due to radiation and other harsh external phenomena. To overcome single or multiple faults from affecting electronic circuits and systems, progressive module redundancy (PMR) has been suggested as a potential solution that recommends the use of different levels of redundancy for the vulnerable portions of a circuit or system depending upon their criticality. According to PMR, triple modular redundancy (TMR) can be used where a single fault is likely to occur and should be masked, and quintuple modular redundancy (QMR) can be used where double faults are likely to occur and should be masked. In this article, we present asynchronous QDI majority voter designs for QMR and state which are preferable from cycle time (i.e., speed), area, power, and energy perspectives. Towards this, we implemented example QMR circuits in a robust QDI asynchronous design style by employing a delay insensitive dual rail code for data encoding and adopting four-phase handshake protocols for data communication. Based on physical implementations using a 32/28nm CMOS process, we find that our proposed QMR majority voter achieves improved optimization in speed and energy.

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Bartczak, Marek. "Switch Point Control Circuits with Small-size Safety Relays." Problemy Kolejnictwa - Railway Reports, no. 183 (June 2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36137/1832e.

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Liu, Shulin, and Yongxiu Zhao. "Research on Short-Circuit Discharge Characteristics of Capacitive Circuits Based on Safety Spark Test Apparatus." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/516925.

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Based on the safety spark test apparatus, the short-circuit spark discharge (SCSD) characteristics of the simple capacitive circuit and switching converter are studied. It is pointed out that their SCSD process can be divided into four stages, that is, dielectric-breakdown stage, spark-generated stage, spark-maintenance stage, and spark-extinguish stage; moreover, there is different equivalent spark resistance in each stage. For the simple capacitive circuit, its spark resistance is larger and maintaining voltage is almost unchanged in the spark-maintenance stage. For the switching converter, its output short-circuit characteristics depend strongly on the load resistance and its maintaining voltage reduces rapidly with the decrease of the load resistance. The circuit model is proposed, which can simulate the output SCSD process of the switching converter. By using the least-squares method, the relationship expressions between the discharge duration and capacitance in each time-stage are derived and the corresponding equivalent resistance is obtained. The mathematical models are established, and the expressions of the discharge current and voltage are deduced. Experiment and simulation results are positive in the analysis showing the feasibility of the proposed models.

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Назаров, V. Nazarov, Назаров, I. Nazarov, Назаров, and A. Nazarov. "LOWER MARGINAL BRAKING DISTANCE BIAXIAL USE OF MOTOR VEHICLES CONDITIONS AS A WAY TO IMPROVE SAFETY ROAD." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19531.

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The paper offered the option to increase safety two-axle vehicles in operational conditions through the use of dynamic brake control systems. It was found that for improving road safety of cars not equipped with ABS, the laws of the sound management of braking forces at the wheels of a single vehicle must take into account not only changes in weight status and the coefficient of traction, but the dynamic change of normal reactions in an operational environment that is possible with the introduction of the braking system board or combined circuit switching circuits.

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Yang, Sheng, Wenwei Wang, Cheng Lin, Weixiang Shen, and Yiding Li. "Investigation of Internal Short Circuits of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Mechanical Abusive Conditions." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101885.

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Current studies on the mechanical abuse of lithium-ion batteries usually focus on the mechanical damage process of batteries inside a jelly roll. In contrast, this paper investigates the internal short circuits inside batteries. Experimental results of voltage and temperature responses of lithium-ion batteries showed that battery internal short circuits evolve from a soft internal short circuit to a hard internal short circuit, as battery deformation continues. We utilized an improved coupled electrochemical-electric-thermal model to further analyze the battery thermal responses under different conditions of internal short circuit. Experimental and simulation results indicated that the state of charge of Li-ion batteries is a critical factor in determining the intensities of the soft short-circuit response and hard short-circuit response, especially when the resistance of the internal short circuit decreases to a substantially low level. Simulation results further revealed that the material properties of the short circuit object have a significant impact on the thermal responses and that an appropriate increase in the adhesion strength between the aluminum current collector and the positive electrode can improve battery safety under mechanical abusive conditions.

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Liu, Si Yang, and Dong Zhang. "Research on Brushless DC Motor Control System for Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.661.

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In order to improve the controllability and safety of electric vehicle, the flexibility of the motor control system, and ensure the service life of the motor controller, a kind of brushless DC motor control system that used microcontroller with special integrated circuits is suggested in this paper. Introduced the control scheme and operational principle of the control system, given the main hardware circuit, and expounded the control strategy and software design of system. In this control system, the microcontroller is mainly used to control special integrated circuits, implement good man-machine conversation and control strategy, as well as the management of the lead-acid battery; Special integrated circuits main to control the motor, alleviate the pressure of microcontroller effectively, guarantee the microcontroller to complete other work better. The test result indicates that the control system have a simple structure, response quickly, good reliability.

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Darling, Edward, Kathy Nanry, Ian Shearer, David Kaemmer, and Scott Lawson. "Techniques of paediatric modified ultrafiltration: 1996 survey results." Perfusion 13, no. 2 (March 1998): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765919801300204.

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In September 1996, perfusionists from 50 paediatric open-heart surgery programmes were contacted to identify centres that are currently using the technique of modified ultrafiltration (MUF). Of the 50 centres contacted, 22 (44%) were utilizing the technique. These centres were surveyed on the following: neonatal circuit description, patient entry criteria, MUF circuit description, conduct of MUF, use of extracorporeal safety devices and/or modifications, and technical complications. All 22 centres used roller pumps and membrane oxygenators. In 19 centres, MUF was utilized exclusively in the arteriovenous mode (86%), while two centres (9%) used the venovenous mode and one centre (5%) used both methods. Most (82%) of the 22 MUF centres used a blood cardioplegia system for myocardial preservation. After cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), these blood cardioplegia systems were often converted for use as MUF circuits in a variety of ways. Other methods of accessing the CPB circuit for MUF included utilizing either a recirculation line or a dedicated port added to the circuit specifically for MUF. Blood flow rates during MUF, pump strategies, haemoconcentrator vacuum levels and endpoints were variable from centre to centre. Technical complications related to MUF were reported by 82% of the surveyed MUF centres. The most common complication, air cavitating into the circuit, was reported by 15 centres. From these data, we propose recommendations on the integration of MUF into CPB circuits, the conduct of perfusion during MUF, and appropriate safety considerations to minimize technical complications.

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Bleckmann, H.-W., and L. Weise. "The New Four-Wheel Anti-Lock Generation: A Compact Anti-Lock and Booster Aggregate and an Advanced Electronic Safety Concept." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 200, no. 4 (October 1986): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_191_02.

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An overview is given on hydraulic anti-lock systems with direrent pedal characteristics, power supply concepts, and physical configurations suitable for ‘add-on’ installation or functional integration. The integrated Teves anti-skid system is presented with special attention to a three-circuit configuration including ‘dynamic’ brake circuits. Different safety levels of electronic concepts compared to the advanced Teves approach, and the application of microprocessors are discussed.

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Walstra, S. V., and Changhong Dai. "Circuit-level modeling of soft errors in integrated circuits." IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2005.855684.

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Jackson, Keit, and JeffreyA Niehaus. "4752729 Test circuit for VSLI integrated circuits." Microelectronics Reliability 29, no. 2 (January 1989): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(89)90600-8.

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Xu, JiYang, Jian Ma, Xuan Zhao, Hao Chen, Bin Xu, and XueQin Wu. "Detection Technology for Battery Safety in Electric Vehicles: A Review." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 4636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184636.

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The safety of electric vehicles (EVs) has aroused widespread concern and attention. As the core component of an EV, the power battery directly affects the performance and safety. In order to improve the safety of power batteries, the internal failure mechanism and behavior characteristics of internal short circuit (ISC) and thermal runaway (TR) in extreme cases need to be tested and studied. The safety of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has become a research hotspot for many scholars. With unreasonable misuse or abuse of lithium ion batteries, it is easy to cause internal short circuits, resulting in thermal runaway, which poses a great threat to the safety of the whole vehicle. This comprehensive review aims to describe the research progress of safety testing methods and technologies of lithium ion batteries under conditions of mechanical, electrical, and thermal abuse, and presents existing problems and future research directions.

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Pniewski, Roman. "Safety of Single-Channel Railway Traffic Control." Problemy Kolejnictwa - Railway Reports 64, no. 186 (March 2020): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36137/1867e.

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Reversible gates enable the creation of fault tolerant digital devices. The application of these gates allows safe control systems to be realized. At present, control systems based on relays are being replaced by systems based on computer technology. This technology allows the implementation of safe systems. Because this system is composed of many elements, it is very difficult to obtain a high safety level for it. The application of reversible logic in the synthesis of digital systems constitutes an alternative approach. The paper presents reversible gates along with examples of their usage in the synthesis of digital systems. The main advantage of reversible logic is the possibility of synthesis of self testing and fault tolerant circuits. The application of circuits based on reversible logic allows safe control systems to be developed. The paper also presents a proposal for the application of reversible logic in simple control systems. Keywords: reversible logic, railway traffic control, safety

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Likhtik, Ekaterina, and Joshua A. Gordon. "Circuits in Sync: Decoding Theta Communication in Fear and Safety." Neuropsychopharmacology 39, no. 1 (December 9, 2013): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.228.

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Buchweiller, J. P., A. Mayer, R. Klein, J. M. Iotti, A. Kusy, D. Reinert, and E. Christ. "Safety of electronic circuits integrated into personal protective equipment (PPE)." Safety Science 41, no. 5 (June 2003): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-7535(01)00075-3.

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Riley, Jeffrey B., Phillip D. Scott, and Gregory J. Schears. "Update on Safety Equipment for Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) Circuits." Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 13, no. 3 (August 31, 2009): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089253209347895.

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Goldschlag, David M. "Mechanically verifying safety and liveness properties of delay insensitive circuits." Formal Methods in System Design 5, no. 3 (December 1994): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01383831.

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STERLING, PETER, and MICHAEL FREED. "How robust is a neural circuit?" Visual Neuroscience 24, no. 4 (July 2007): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523807070526.

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Design in engineering begins with the problem of robustness—by what factor should intrinsic capacity exceed normal demand? Here we consider robustness for a neural circuit that crosses the retina from cones to ganglion cells. The circuit's task is to represent the visual scene at many successive stages, each time by modulating a stream of stochastic events: photoisomerizations, then transmitter quanta, then spikes. At early stages, the event rates are high to achieve some critical signal-to-noise ratio and temporal bandwidth, which together set the information rate. Then neural circuits concentrate the information and repackage it, so that nearly the same total information can be represented by modulating far lower event rates. This is important for spiking because of its high metabolic cost. Considering various measurements at the outer and inner retina, we conclude that the “safety factors” are about 2–10, similar to other tissues.

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Yang, Yan Gui, Min Xun Lu, Zhi Xin Chen, Bao Fu Xu, and Yun Jie Wang. "Heave Compensation System for Base Plate Used in Deep-Water Exploration Ship." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.74.

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This paper presents a heave compensation system for base plate used in 3000m deep-water exploration ship according to the sea conditions and the compensation requirements. The heave compensation system consists of a passive heave compensation system and an active heave compensation system. The passive heave compensation system with two hydraulic circuits and two air circuits is described, and the working principle is analyzed. The active heave compensation system, which consists of the hydraulic compensation cylinder, the hydraulic system using the closed-circuit and the electrical control system, is also established, and the working principle is investigated. The heave compensation system can keep compensation tension in the wire rope within certain range and make the rod run at design range (±500mm), which can avoid the serious equipment damage and a safety hazard to operators.

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Antoniuk, V. V., A. V. Drozd, J. V. Drozd, and H. S. Stepova. "Checkability of the circuits in FPGA designs according to power dissipation." Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре, no. 1-2 (2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15222/tkea2019.1-2.03.

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The authors consider the checkability issues of FPGA designs and analyze the logical (structural and structurally functional) checkability. The paper describes the features of safety-related systems that can operate in normal and emergency mode. In these modes different input data are fed to the inputs of the digital circuits of the components, which leads to an expansion of the structurally functional checkability to dual-mode. The paper shows the problem of hidden faults, which can accumulate in the normal mode and manifest themselves in the emergency mode. The features of checkability of circuits in FPGA projects and its advantages important for critical applications are noted. The limitations of the logical checkability of the circuits are analyzed, as well as the possibility and expediency of expanding the traditionally used logical form to power usage checkability. The study defines the checkability of circuits in FPGA projects by power usage and determines its subtypes — lower and upper checkability. Lower checkability is important in identifying faults that lead to lower power usage, for example, in chains of common signals, such as reset or synchronization. The upper one is important for identifying faults that increase the level of power usage, for example, short-circuits. The authors identify the possibility of assessing the power usage checkability of FPGA projects in terms of the power dissipation or power consumption and indicate the possibility of developing upper checkability by the dissipated power. The features of power dissipation monitoring for FPGA projects are noted. An analytical assessment for the checkability of circuits for short-circuit faults, which increase the dissipated power, and the organization of monitoring its excess are proposed. Experiments in Quartus Prime Lite CAD to assess upper checkability by power dissipation of scalable shift register circuits, that are implemented in FPGA projects, based on default IP-Core and a custom VHDL description, are carried out. The paper presents experimental results, that estimate the dependence of the checkability level on the area, occupied by the circuit on the FPGA chip.

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Dimski, Thomas, Timo Brandenburger, Torsten Slowinski, and Detlef Kindgen-Milles. "Feasibility and safety of combined cytokine adsorption and continuous veno-venous hemodialysis with regional citrate anticoagulation in patients with septic shock." International Journal of Artificial Organs 43, no. 1 (August 3, 2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391398819866459.

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Introduction: Septic shock is characterized by severe metabolic and hemodynamic alterations. It is often accompanied by acute kidney injury. A new adjunct treatment is hemoadsorption using a cytokine adsorber in line with continuous veno-venous renal replacement therapy. We studied the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of cytokine adsorption with citrate-anticoagulated continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (regional citrate anticoagulation–continuous veno-venous hemodialysis). Methods: In 11 patients with septic shock and acute kidney injury stage 3, we studied 12 cycles of cytokine adsorption and regional citrate anticoagulation–continuous veno-venous hemodialysis. We monitored parameters of citrate anticoagulation, circuit lifetime, laboratory parameters, hemodynamics, and vasopressor demand. Results: Ten out of 12 adsorber/continuous veno-venous hemodialysis circuits reached the target lifetime of 24 h for the adsorber. One system clotted and one was stopped for non-device-related reasons. Nine of the remaining continuous renal replacement therapy circuits reached 72 h lifetime. With default settings for regional citrate anticoagulation, serum ionized calcium and pH were in the normal range. Urea and creatinine were reduced significantly, and norepinephrine dose decreased from 0.47 (±0.09) to 0.16 (±0.04) µg/kg/min ( p = 0.016) after 24 h. Discussion: We show that combined cytokine adsorption/continuous veno-venous hemodialysis is effective to control pH, to reduce urea and creatinine, and to improve hemodynamics by reducing norepinephrine doses in patients with septic shock. It can be applied safely with standard settings of regional citrate anticoagulation rendering sufficiently long filter lifetimes for the adsorber and the continuous veno-venous hemodialysis circuit. Further studies are on the way to investigate whether these effects translate into improved outcomes in septic shock patients.

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Colangelo, N., S. Moriggia, T. Kieser, F. De Simone, A. Vescovo, L. Palumbo, P. Denti, et al. "A cardioplegia circuit with versatility: the ‘ReVerse’ system. How to do it." Perfusion 23, no. 4 (July 2008): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659108101498.

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Various methods of cardioplegia administration have been used in cardiac surgery: crystalloid, blood and mixed crystalloid/blood. Each of these types of cardioplegia administration typically needs a different circuit. This may correspond to an increase in cost and the time needed to change the circuit if required. When various modifications are performed on the circuit, this also increases the risk of contamination. In order to simplify the management of differing cardioplegia circuits, we devised one circuit for all solutions in all situations by adding one modification. The ReVerse cardioplegia circuit system is a description of a two-pump cardioplegia circuit which is adaptable to either blood or crystalloid cardioplegia. The change from one mode to another requires a manoeuvre of two clamps, allowing the blood solution to travel through shunt tubing into the apposite pumphead. In our experience the versatility of this circuit is a fast, safe method to administrate all types of cardioplegia solution, saving the space taken up by storing multiple circuits.

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Dumitrescu, Mariana. "Isolated Power System Safety Analysis." Proceedings 63, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020063021.

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For a specific vessel, the safety of the isolated power system is analyzed. Concerning the safety, the choice of propulsion system and the classification regulations have a major role for the power system design. The rules of SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea), the flag state, and the harbor authorities are pointing to the basic level of safety, while the classification societies are pointing to the basic navigational regulations. A case study of the main switchboard and emergency switchboard safety, while taking into account different short circuits for the specific operational configuration of the electrical network, makes a comparative study possible.

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Wagner, D., D. Pasko, K. Phillips, J. Waldvogel, and G. Annich. "In vitro clearance of dexmedetomidine in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation." Perfusion 28, no. 1 (August 13, 2012): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659112456894.

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Dexmedetomidine (DMET) is a useful agent for sedation, both alone and in combination with other agents, in critically ill patients, including those on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. The drug is a clonidine-like derivative with an 8-fold greater specificity for the alpha 2-receptor while maintaining respiratory and cardiovascular stability. An in vitro ECMO circuit was used to study the effects of both “new” and “old” membrane oxygenators on the clearance of dexmedetomidine over the course of 24 hours. Once primed, the circuit was dosed with 840 μg of dexmedetomidine for a final concentration of 0.9 μg/ml. Serial samples, both pre- and post-oxygenator, were taken at 5, 60, 360, and 1440 minutes. Concentrations of the drug were expressed as a percentage of the original concentration remaining at each time point, both for new and old circuits. The new circuits were run at a standard flow for 24 hours, after which time the circuit was considered old and re-dosed with dexmedetomidine and the trial repeated. Results show that dexmedetomidine losses occur early in the circuits and then continue to decline. Initial losses in the first hour were 11+-65% and 59-73% pre- and post-oxygenator in the new circuit and 36-50% and 42-72% in the old circuit. The clearance of the drug through the membrane oxygenator exhibits no statistical difference between pre and post or new and old circuits. Dexmedetomidine can be expected to exhibit concentration changes during ECMO therapy. This effect appears to be more related to adsorption to the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing rather than the membrane oxygenator. Dosage adjustments during dexmedetomidine administration during ECMO therapy may be warranted in order to maintain adequate serum concentrations and, hence, the desired degree of sedation.*(Lack of equilibrium)

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Wagner, Deborah, Miguel Caraballo, John Waldvogel, Yuki Peterson, and Duxin Sun. "In vitro effects of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit on the sequestration of ϵ-aminocaproic acid." Perfusion 32, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659116678476.

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Objective: To assess the in vitro effects of drug sequestration in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on ϵ-aminocaproic acid (EACA) concentrations. Methods and Design: This in vitro study will determine changes in EACA concentration over time in ECMO circuits. A pediatric dose of 2,500 mg was administered to whole expired blood in the simulated pediatric ECMO circuit. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 360 and 1440-minute intervals after initial administration equilibration from three different sites of the circuit: pre-oxygenator (PRE), post-oxygenator (POST) and PVC tubing (PVC) to determine the predominant site of drug loss. The circuit was maintained for two consecutive days with a re-dose at 24 hours to establish a comparison between unsaturated (New) and saturated (Old) oxygenator membranes. Comparisons between sample sites, sample times and New versus Old membranes were statistically analyzed by a linear mixed-effects model with significance defined as a p-value <0.05. Results: There were no significant differences in EACA concentration with respect to sample site, with PRE and POST samples demonstrating respective mean differences of 0.30 mg/ml and 0.34 mg/ml as compared to PVC, resulting in non-significant p-values of 0.373 [95% CI (-0.37, 0.98)] and 0.324 [95% CI (-0.34, 1.01)], respectively. The comparison of New vs. Old ECMO circuits resulted in non-significant changes from baseline, with a mean difference of 0.50 mg/ml, 95% CI (-0.65, 1.65), p=0.315. Conclusion: The findings of this study did not show any significant changes in drug concentration that can be attributed to sequestration within the ECMO circuit. Mean concentrations between ECMO circuit sample sites did not differ significantly. Comparison between New and Old circuits also did not differ significantly in the change from baseline concentration over time. Sequestration within ECMO circuits appears not to be a considerable factor for EACA administration.

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Melchior, Richard W., Tami Rosenthal, and Andrew C. Glatz. "An in vitro comparison of the ability of three commonly used pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass circuits to filter gaseous microemboli." Perfusion 25, no. 4 (June 21, 2010): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659110375489.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of three commonly used pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits to filter gaseous microemboli (GME) in an in vitro model. Methods: Devices were tested at different levels of two specific independent variables: volume of air injected (1, 3, 5ml) and percentage of each oxygenator’s rated flow (50%, 75%, 100%, 125%). The air-handling ability of each CPB circuit was determined by the Emboli Detection and Classification Quantifier (Luna Innovations Inc., Roanoke,VA). Results: At all tested conditions, the FX-05 allowed a higher percentage of GME when compared to either one or both of the other two CPB circuits. When comparing oxygenators at similar absolute flow rates, the KIDS D100/D130 CPB circuit performed worse compared to the other two CPB circuits. C onclusions: The combination of the Baby RX-05 oxygenator and Capiox AF02 arterial line filter provides the highest level of protection from air emboli in an in vitro investigation.

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Ahn, Jung-Hoon, Yun-Sung Kim, and Byoung-Kuk Lee. "Robust Safety Circuits for DC Powered Home Appliances in Transient State." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2014): 1967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/jeet.2014.9.6.1967.

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Liu, Binghe, Yikai Jia, Juan Li, Sha Yin, Chunhao Yuan, Zihan Hu, Lubing Wang, Yangxing Li, and Jun Xu. "Safety issues caused by internal short circuits in lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 43 (2018): 21475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08997c.

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Hill, R. J., and D. N. Weedon. "Safety and reliability of synchronizable digital coding in railway track-circuits." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 39, no. 5 (1990): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/24.61315.

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Hamulu, Ahmet, Berent Discigil, Mustafa Özbaran, Tanzer Çalkavur, Erkan Kara, Ali Kokuludag, Suat Büket, and Önol Bilkay. "Complement consumption during cardiopulmonary bypass: comparison of Duraflo II heparin-coated and uncoated circuits in fully heparinized patients." Perfusion 11, no. 4 (July 1996): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765919601100406.

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Heparin attachment to synthetic surfaces is one means of improving the biocompatibility of clinically used cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits. To assess the effect of heparin-coated circuits on complement consumption during CPB, 40 patients undergoing elective myocardial revascularization were prospectively randomized either to a group in which a completely Duraflo II heparin-coated circuit was used for perfusion (heparin-coated Group, n = 20 patients) or to a control group (n = 20 patients) in which an uncoated, but otherwise standard circuit was used. Full systemic heparinization was induced (activated clotting time, 480 seconds) in all the patients included in the study, regardless of which perfusion circuit was used. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of bodyweight, aortic crossclamp and extracorporeal circulation times. No patient had difficulty in weaning from bypass and the postoperative period was uneventful in all patients. Concentrations of C3 and C4 were found to be within the 'normal' range in the prebypass period in both groups. There were no significant intergroup differences with regard to C3 and C4 consumption during CPB. We conclude that Duraflo II heparin- coated circuits have no effect in reducing complement consumption during CPB in fully heparinized patients.

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Amerasekera, Ajith, and Jan Verwey. "ESD in integrated circuits." Quality and Reliability Engineering 8, no. 3 (1992): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qre.4680080315.

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Veel, Kristin. "Review of Stewart’s Closed Circuits: Screening Narrative Surveillance." Surveillance & Society 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i1.6441.

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Cies, Jeffrey J., Wayne S. Moore, Nadji Giliam, Tracy Low, Daniel Marino, Jillian Deacon, Adela Enache, and Arun Chopra. "Oxygenator impact on voriconazole in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits." Perfusion 35, no. 6 (July 6, 2020): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659120937906.

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Introduction: To determine the oxygenator impact on alterations of voriconazole in a contemporary neonatal/pediatric (1/4 inch) and adolescent/adult (3/8 inch) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit including the Quadrox-i® oxygenator. Methods: Simulated closed-loop extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits (1/4 and 3/8 inch) were prepared with a Quadrox-i pediatric and Quadrox-i adult oxygenator and blood primed. In addition, 1/4- and 3/8-inch circuits were also prepared without an oxygenator in series. A one-time dose of voriconazole was administered into the circuits, and serial pre- and post-oxygenator concentrations were obtained at 5 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hour time points. Voriconazole was also maintained in a glass vial and samples were taken from the vial at the same time periods for control purposes to assess for spontaneous drug degradation Results: For the 1/4-inch circuit, there was an approximate mean of 64-67% voriconazole loss with the oxygenator in series and mean of 15-20% voriconazole loss without an oxygenator in series at 24 hours. For the 3/8-inch circuit, there was an approximate mean of 44-51% voriconazole loss with the oxygenator in series and a mean of 8-12% voriconazole loss without an oxygenator in series at 24 hours. The reference voriconazole concentrations remained relatively constant during the entire study period demonstrating that the drug loss in each size of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit with or without an oxygenator was not a result of spontaneous drug degradation. Conclusion: This ex vivo investigation demonstrated substantial voriconazole loss within an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit with an oxygenator in series with both sizes of the Quadrox-i oxygenator at 24 hours and no significant voriconazole loss in the absence of an oxygenator. Further evaluations with multiple dose in vitro and in vivo investigations are needed before specific voriconazole dosing recommendations can be made for clinical application with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Safety circuits'

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