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Journal articles on the topic 'Safety instrumented system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 June 2025

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1

Gruhn, Paul. "Safety instrumented system design: Lessons learned." Process Safety Progress 18, no. 3 (1999): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680180307.

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Ouache, Rachid, Muhammad Nomani Kabir, and Ali A. J. Adham. "A reliability model for safety instrumented system." Safety Science 80 (December 2015): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.08.004.

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3

Wang, Yu, Yunxiu Sai, and Dongliang Yuan. "Key technologies for energy saving and emission reduction of heating furnaces in petrochemical plants." Thermal Science 25, no. 4 Part B (2021): 3159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2104159w.

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The safety instrumented system is a system that is independent of the petrochemical production process control system and can independently complete the safety interlock protection function. It can avoid significant hazards to production equipment caused by process production failures, field instrument failures, system power supply failures, etc., and ensure safe operation of production equipment. In petrochemical plants, it is imperative to configure a safe, reliable, and timely safety instrumented system. Combined with applying the burner management system of the heating furnace in a refiner

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4

单, 少卿. "SIL and Redundancy Requirement of Safety Instrumented System." Journal of Oil and Gas Technology 42, no. 04 (2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jogt.2020.424143.

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5

Yam, Andy. "How to monitor your safety instrumented system performance." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17120.

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With the impending release of Edition 2 of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 61511 in Australia, it is timely to revisit the topic of safety instrumented system (SIS) performance monitoring. Operators need to monitor the performance of their SISs to ensure that design assumptions are correct. Any incorrect assumption or error introduced during operation can result in an unsafe plant situation. Questions to consider include: how do operators know their plants are adequately protected; are protection systems performing as required, and do operators need to re-assess th

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Chen, Peng, Qinbei Lin, and XueFeng Han. "Taking 2oo3 as an example to study the improvement of Markov model considering periodic function test." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2264, no. 1 (2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2264/1/012008.

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Abstract In order to make the safety instrumented system meet the functional safety requirements of the classification in a longer period of time, and considering the model incompleteness of the original Markov model, we propose to add the consideration of periodic functional testing to the original Markov model for modeling. The results show that the PFDavg of the safety instrumented system with periodic functional testing is lower than that of the safety instrumented system without periodic functional testing, and the Markov model with periodic functional testing is more comprehensive and mo

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Pradana, Mochamad Rizky, Rahmat Friandi Ramadhan, and M. Syauqi Sada Putra. "RANCANG BANGUN SAFETY INSTRUMENTED SYSTEM PADA METERING REGULATING STATION." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Energi dan Mineral 4, no. 1 (2024): 449–56. https://doi.org/10.53026/prosidingsntem.v4i1.173.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membangun Safety Instrumented System (SIS) yang efisien dan adaptif guna meningkatkan keselamatan operasional di Metering Regulating Station (MRS). Sistem ini menggunakan dua sensor utama, yaitu flame detector dan gas detector, untuk mendeteksi ancaman kebakaran dan kebocoran gas yang berpotensi menimbulkan kecelakaan atau kerusakan serius. Prototipe sistem terdiri dari dua Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) yang didukung oleh kontroler PLC Outseal Mega V2, yang memproses data dari sensor dan menghasilkan output berupa alarm, indikator, solenoid val

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8

JIN, HUI, MARY ANN LUNDTEIGEN, and MARVIN RAUSAND. "NEW RELIABILITY MEASURE FOR SAFETY INSTRUMENTED SYSTEMS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 20, no. 01 (2013): 1350005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539313500058.

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Safety instrumented systems (SISs) are installed to provide risk reduction and the performance of a SIS can be assessed by its ability to reduce risk. This article introduces a new quantitative measure for the risk reduction, denoted PFD*. Compared with the current reliability measures, the new measure takes into account the demand rate, and therefore can be used for SISs operating in both low-demand and high-demand mode. For a SIS operating in low-demand mode, the PFD* is approximately equal to the standard probability of failure on demand (PFD) used in IEC 61508 and related standards. PFD* c

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REHAIL, YASSER, Youcef ZENNIR, Khalid LARIT, and NOUREDDINE TCHOUAR. "Evaluation of safety instrumented system using “HAZOP-LOPA-FTA” methodology." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 9, no. 4 (2024): 287–93. https://doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v9i4.249.

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Following the IEC 61508 standard, this paper presents a combined "HAZOP-LOPA-FTA" method for evaluating the safety level of a High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS) which is a type of SIS. The technique combines hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP), layers of protection analysis (LOPA), and fault tree analysis (FTA). This paper aims to confirm that a safety instrumented system achieves the intended safety integrity level as per IEC 61508. If not, suggest upgrading the safety instrumented system to lessen the effects of the scenario under study. The technique was used in the C-63

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CHAFAI, Mahfoud, Abderrahmane OUADI, and Hamid BENTARZI. "PLC-Based Safety Instrumented System of a Boiler using HAZOP." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 3, no. 1 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v3i1.53.

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HAZOP Analysis is used to determine great deviations which will affect the operational safety of a boiler of an existing petrochemical plant that may affect on persons, material and the environment. PLC is proposed to provide the safety function to fit into the overall machine control system as a safety-related part. It reads from the temperature, pressure sensors via its input interface modules and outputs commands in the case of critical deviation via the output module to the final control elements such as actuators allowing an improvement in the safety of the overall boiler system.

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11

Catelani, Marcantonio, Lorenzo Ciani, and Gabriele Patrizi. "Logic Solver Diagnostics in Safety Instrumented Systems for Oil and Gas Applications." Safety 8, no. 1 (2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety8010015.

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A safety instrumented system (SIS) is a complex unit composed of a set of hardware and software controls which are expressly used in critical process systems. A SIS should be specifically designed to obtain the failsafe state of the monitored plant or maintain safety of the procedure or a process when unacceptable or dangerous conditions occur. This paper focuses on condition monitoring and different diagnostic solutions used in safety instrumented systems, such as limit alarm trips, on-board diagnostics, and logic solver diagnostics. A case study consisting of the design of a safety loop usin

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Macii, David, Stefano Dalpez, Roberto Passerone, Michele Corrà, Manuel Avancini, and Luigi Benciolini. "A safety instrumented system for rolling stocks: Methodology, design process and safety analysis." Measurement 67 (May 2015): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.01.002.

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13

Labadlia, Fatma Zohra, Elias Hadjadj Aoul, Brahim Hamaidi, and Mohammed Bougofa. "Optimization of Safety Instrumented System Configuration based on Simplex Algorithm." International Journal of Performability Engineering 17, no. 2 (2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.23940/ijpe.21.02.p3.191199.

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14

Torres-Echeverría, A. C., S. Martorell, and H. A. Thompson. "Modeling safety instrumented systems with MooN voting architectures addressing system reconfiguration for testing." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 96, no. 5 (2011): 545–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2010.12.003.

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15

Trashchenkov, Sergei, and Victor Astapov. "SPURIOUS ACTIVATION ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT’S SAFETY-INSTRUMENTED SYSTEMS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 15, 2017): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2529.

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Safety-instrumented systems (also called technological protections) play the significant role in prevention and mitigating of major accidents that can occur on thermal power plant. Activations of safety-instrumented system turn the power unit into safe state by shutting it down or reducing it productivity. The power generation process operates continuously. Any unplanned outage of generation equipment leads to undersupply of energy and big commercial losses to generation company. In Russia the values of allowed spurious trip rate for safety-instrumented systems are set by regulatory agency. Th

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Goeritno, Arief, Dudi Nurmansyah, and Maswan. "Safety Instrumented Systems to Investigate the System of Instrumentation and Process Control on the Steam Purification System." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 10, no. 5 (2020): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.100504.

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This paper explains the SIS to investigate the system of instrumentation and process control on the steam purification systems in the geothermal power plant. The research objectives include (i) analysis based on SIL against the BPCS, (ii) determining the component specifications of SIS, (iii) the design of SIS in the form of drawing, and (iv) simulation aided the application of PLC Simulator against the design of SIS result. Analysis step based on SIL conducted on the existence of BPCS. There are two potential danger of SIL-2, namely the condensate water entered the turbine and the steam press

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17

Bae, Jeong-hoon, Min-jae Jung, and Sung-chul Shin. "Knowledge Modeling of Reliability Analysis and Safety Design for Offshore Safety Instrument System with MBSE (Model-Based Systems Engineering)." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea 55, no. 3 (2018): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3744/snak.2018.55.3.222.

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18

Goeritno, Arief, Muhidin Muhidin, Sarah Chairul Annisa, et al. "Implementation of a Safety Instrumented System: A Comprehensive Review and Conceptual Framework." Journal of Applied Science and Advanced Engineering 2, no. 2 (2024): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.59097/jasae.v2i2.33.

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A safety instrumented system (SIS) is specifically designed to protect personnel, pieces of equipment, and the environment by reducing the likelihood or severity of the impact of identified emergency events. This review has five objectives, i.e., (i) to find the layers of protection, (ii) to figure out and implement the SIS through life cycle step design, (iii) to find the Safety Integrity Level (SIL), (iv) to find the Safety Requirement Specification (SRS), and (v) to figure out and think about the SIS design that will be used. The study's methods are algorithms that a researcher uses to carr

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19

de Lira-Flores, Julio A., Antioco López-Molina, Claudia Gutiérrez-Antonio, and Richart Vázquez-Román. "Optimal plant layout considering the safety instrumented system design for hazardous equipment." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 124 (April 2019): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.01.021.

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20

Nasimi, Elnara, and Hossam A. Gabbar. "Application of Safety Instrumented System (SIS) approach in older nuclear power plants." Nuclear Engineering and Design 301 (May 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.02.026.

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21

Karmanov, A. V., and O. E. Frolov. "A model and algorithm for safety parameters calculation of safety instrumented system (SIS) with 1oo2D architecture." Automation, Telemechanization and Communication in Oil Industry, no. 4 (2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/0132-2222-2020-4(561)-35-40.

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22

Moshnikov, Aleksandr, and Vladimir Bogatyrev. "Risk Reduction Optimization of Process Systems under Cost Constraint Applying Instrumented Safety Measures." Computers 9, no. 2 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers9020050.

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This article is devoted to an approach to develop a safety system process according to functional safety standards. With the development of technologies and increasing the specific energy stored in the equipment, the issue of safety during operation becomes more urgent. Adequacy of the decisions on safety measures made during the early stages of planning the facilities and processes contributes to avoiding technological incidents and corresponding losses. A risk-based approach to safety system design is proposed. The approach is based on a methodology for determining and assessing risks and th

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23

Maesy, Maesy, Nina Nugraheni, Sutanto Hadisupadmo, and Augie Widyotriatmo. "Perancangan dan Implementasi Safety Instrumented System pada Miniatur Pasteurisasi Menggunakan Programmable Logic Controller." Jurnal Otomasi Kontrol dan Instrumentasi 10, no. 1 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/joki.2018.10.1.2.

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De Lafayatte, Muhammad, and Astrie Kusuma Dewi. "Prototype Safety Instrumented System Pada Proses Pengendalian Level Berbasis Outseal Programmable Logic Controller." Jurnal Elektronika dan Otomasi Industri 11, no. 1 (2024): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elkolind.v11i1.4504.

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Dalam industri minyak dan gas, keselamatan merupakan faktor terpenting yang harus diterapkan untuk menghindari beberapa insiden yang mengakibatkan kerugian baik material maupun non-material. Salah satu peralatan keselamatan dalam industri minyak dan gas adalah Safety Instrumented System (SIS). Dalam penelitian ini, SIS diimplementasikan dalam proses kontrol level di tangki penyimpanan air. Peralatan SIS sendiri terpisah dari peralatan process control, biasanya peralatan SIS menggunakan PLC sebagai controller-nya. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan prinsip gerbang logika dan tabel kebenara

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25

Jin, Jianghong, Lei Pang, Shoutang Zhao, and Bin Hu. "Quantitative assessment of probability of failing safely for the safety instrumented system using reliability block diagram method." Annals of Nuclear Energy 77 (March 2015): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.11.009.

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26

Nadir, Fatima Ezzahra, Mohammed Bsiss, and Benaissa Amami. "Development and evaluation of a 2oo3 safety controller in FPGA using fault tree analysis and Markov models." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 2 (2024): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i2.pp1496-1507.

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The Safety integrity level (SIL) is a measure of the reliability and availability of a safety instrumented system. SIL determination involves qualitative and quantitative analysis based on international standards such as IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. Several techniques can be used to analyze safety instrumented systems, including reliability block diagrams, fault tree analysis, and Markov models. The aim of this paper is to design and evaluate a pressure control system for a compressed nitrogen tank using a PID controller implemented in a field programmable gate array with 2 out of 3 architecture.

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Nadir, Fatima Ezzahra, Mohammed Bsiss, and Benaissa Amami. "Development and evaluation of a 2oo3 safety controller in FPGA using fault tree analysis and Markov models." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 2 (2024): 496–1507. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i2.pp1496-1507.

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The Safety integrity level (SIL) is a measure of the reliability and availability of a safety instrumented system. SIL determination involves qualitative and quantitative analysis based on international standards such as IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. Several techniques can be used to analyze safety instrumented systems, including reliability block diagrams, fault tree analysis, and Markov models. The aim of this paper is to design and evaluate a pressure control system for a compressed nitrogen tank using a PID controller implemented in a field programmable gate array with 2 out of 3 architecture.

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28

Redutskiy, Yury. "Optimization of Safety Instrumented System Design and Maintenance Frequency for Oil and Gas Industry Processes." Management and Production Engineering Review 8, no. 1 (2017): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mper-2017-0006.

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Abstract Oil and gas industry processes are associated with significant expenditures and risks. Adequacy of the decisions on safety measures made during early stages of planning the facilities and processes contributes to avoiding technological incidents and corresponding losses. Formulating straightforward requirements for safety instrumented systems that are followed further during the detailed engineering design and operations is proposed, and a mathematical model for safety system design is introduced in a generalized form. The model aims to reflect the divergent perspectives of the main p

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LUNDTEIGEN, MARY ANN, and MARVIN RAUSAND. "RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY INSTRUMENTED SYSTEMS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY: A PRACTICAL APPROACH AND A CASE STUDY." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 16, no. 02 (2009): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539309003356.

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This article presents a practical approach to reliability assessment of a complex safety instrumented system that is susceptible to common cause failures. The approach is based on fault tree analysis where the common cause failures are included by post-processing the minimal cut sets. The approach is illustrated by a case study of a safety instrumented function of a workover control system that is used during maintenance interventions into subsea oil and gas wells. The case study shows that the approach is well suited for identifying potential failures in complex systems and for including desi

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Touahar, Hafed, Nouara Ouazraoui, Nor El Houda Khanfri, Mourad Korichi, Bilal Bachi, and Houcem Eddine Boukrouma. "Multi-objective optimization of safety instrumented systems maintenance strategy: a case study." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 38, no. 8 (2021): 1792–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-03-2020-0076.

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PurposeThe main objective of safety instrumented systems (SISs) is to maintain a safe condition of a facility if hazardous events occur. However, in some cases, SIS's can be activated prematurely, these activations are characterized in terms of frequency by a Spurious Trip Rate (STR) and their occurrence leads to significant technical, economic and even environmental losses. This work aims to propose an approach to optimize the performances of the SIS by a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The optimization of SIS performances is performed using the multi-objective genetic algorithm by minimiz

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Заломнова, О., and O. Zalomnova. "Functional Safety as An Integral Part of Engineering Tasks." Safety in Technosphere 7, no. 2 (2019): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c35e4670897a1.42375191.

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In this paper have been considered the basic terms of functional safety for industrial processes according to GOST R IEC61511–1–2011 «Functional Safety. Safety Instrument Systems for Industrial Processes»: safe and dangerous failures, safety instrumented system, safety instrument function, safety integrity level. The qualitative analysis method — the study of hazard and operability HAZOP using the control words — has been considered. The algorithm for HAZOP carrying out has been presented. Safety integrity levels for low and high intensity of requests have been considered. An example for safet

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Ouache, Rachid, and Muhammad Nomani Kabir. "Models of probability of failure on demand for safety instrumented system using atmospheric elements." Safety Science 87 (August 2016): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.03.015.

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Azizpour, Hooshyar, and Mary Ann Lundteigen. "Analysis of simplification in Markov-based models for performance assessment of Safety Instrumented System." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 183 (March 2019): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.09.012.

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Kim, Jinkyung, and Il Moon. "Automatic verification of control logics in safety instrumented system design for chemical process industry." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 22, no. 6 (2009): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2009.06.013.

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Sal, Rachid, Rachid Nait-Said, and Mouloud Bourareche. "Dealing with uncertainty in effect analysis of test strategies on safety instrumented system performance." International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management 8, S2 (2017): 1945–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13198-017-0636-2.

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Oktavianto, Putra, Anis Noor Kundari, Ade Saputra, Imam Abdurrosyid, Munisatun Sholikhah, and Andri Saputra. "SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVEL ASSESSMENT AT URANIUM EVAPORATOR AND DEPOSITION VESSEL IN NON NUCLEAR REACTOR INSTALLATIONS." Urania : Jurnal Ilmiah Daur Bahan Bakar Nuklir 29, no. 1 (2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/urania.2023.29.1.6986.

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The operation of non-reactor nuclear installations that use nuclear material in the process must be ensured safely during the process. One of the assessments of the safety level of the protection system that has been owned by the installation is using the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) which assesses the safety level of the protection system based on the value of the risk reduction factor that the protection system can achieve. The uranium evaporator and deposition vessel at the Experimental Fuel Element Installation (EFEI) is one of the installations that uses nuclear material in the process so

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Zhang, Yan Li, Chun Lei Gu, and Yong Jian Ding. "The Application of Functional Safety Standards on the Safety Management of a Chemical Process Tank." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1590.

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This paper describes a systematic way to apply the functional safety standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 on the safety management of a chemical process tank. After a short introduction of the basic principle of the functional safety philosophy the risk based determination of the safety integrity level (SIL) for a special liquid tank application is given. Then a safety instrumented system (SIS) suitable to the SIL-level 2 has been designed to fulfill the qualitative and quantitative requirements in the safety standards. The experience gained can be seen as a guidance for process and I&C engin

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Shaluf, Ibrahim M., and Salem A. Sakal. "Evaluation of Reliability of Safety Instrumented System (Sis) and Safety Valves of Crude Oil Separators in an Oil Field." University of Zawia Journal of Engineering Sciences and Technology 1, no. 1 (2024): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26629/uzjest.2023.02.

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A crude oil separator is a pressure vessel used to separate oil and gas in an oil well stream. The separators are provided with a Basic Process Control System (BPCS) and a protection system which consists of a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) and a Pressure Relief System (PRS). Failure of the crude oil separator might result in fire, explosion, and toxic dispersions. The world has witnessed several fire and explosion incidents due to the operation of crude oil separators. Reliability of the control and protective systems of crude oil separators is very important to verify their abilities to pe

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Kosmowski, Kazimierz. "Human Reliability Analysis in the Context of Accident Scenarios." Journal of Konbin 6, no. 3 (2008): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0074-y.

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Human Reliability Analysis in the Context of Accident ScenariosThis article addresses the issue of human reliability analysis (HRA) in the context of accident scenarios. The need for contextual analysis of human operator behavior with careful treating of errors and dependent failures within given accident scenario is emphasized. The functional safety analysis including the human reliability analysis is illustrated on example of the protection layers of a hazardous industrial system that includes the basic process control system (BPCS), human-operator (HO) and safety instrumented systems (SIS)

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Okubanjo, Ayodeji Akinsoji, Olasunkami oriola Akinyemi, Oluwadamilola Kehinde Oyetola, Olawale omopariola Olaluwoye, and Olufemi Peter Alao. "Unavailability of K-out-of-N: G Systems with non-identical Components Based on Markov Model." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 2, no. 1 (2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v2i1.45.

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The process industry has always been faced with the challenging tasks of determining the overall unavailability of safety instrumented systems (SISs). The unavailability of the safety instrumented system is quantified by considering the average probability of failure on demand. To mitigate these challenges, the IEC 61508 has established analytical formulas for estimating the average probability of failure on demand for K-out-of-N (KooN) architectures. However, these formulas are limited to the system with identical components and this limitation has not been addressed in many researches. Hence

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Le Gourriérec, Corentin, Bastien Durand, Stéphane Roux, Xavier Brajer, Benoît Voillot, and Richard Villey. "Multi-instrumented dynamic loading experiments on laminated glass." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125001027.

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Describing quantitatively the response of laminated glass to low-velocity (~5 m/s) impacts by rigid bodies is an important issue because of its significance in terms of structural degradation and integrity, key parameters for people safety and anti-intrusion performances. This study aims to address the formation of cracks during graveling and steel ball drop tests, so, two well-instrumented experimental set-ups are proposed to study cracking in reproducible conditions. The first device can be seen as a mini-Hopkinson bar system, which from two strain gauges, allows to estimate force and veloci

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Lee, Inbok, and Taekeun Oh. "A study of flare load reduction by a safety instrumented system based on a high integrity protection system." Process Safety Progress 32, no. 4 (2013): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.11608.

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Malik, Mohammed. "Critical Evaluation of Hazards Operability Versus Safety Integrity Risk Analysis Techniques." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 7, no. 1 (2018): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2018010103.

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Many companies follow very systematic methodology for carrying out execution of Mega projects. Project risks are identified, analyzed and proposed mitigation actions are identified and agreed upon. This activity is carried out in Project Risk Workshop. While SIL and HAZOP workshops are broadly related to the process design. HAZOP technique is a highly disciplined and systematic in nature; it attempts to identify how a process may deviate from the design intent. The emphasis in the HAZOP study is on identifying potential problems, not necessarily solving them. SIL studies is a specialized area

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Da Costa, Silvana, Gita F. Sasanti, A. Musyafa, Adi Soeprijanto, and Totok R. Biyanto. "Duelist algorithm for optimisation of safety instrumented system at distillation column based on RAMS + C." Safety and Reliability 37, no. 2-3 (2017): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09617353.2018.1468657.

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Zhang, Aibo, Tieling Zhang, Anne Barros, and Yiliu Liu. "Optimization of maintenances following proof tests for the final element of a safety-instrumented system." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 196 (April 2020): 106779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106779.

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Jeerawongsuntorn, C., N. Sainyamsatit, and T. Srinophakun. "Integration of safety instrumented system with automated HAZOP analysis: An application for continuous biodiesel production." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 24, no. 4 (2011): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.02.005.

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Boudjoghra, Nabil, and Fares Innal. "Evaluation of Safety Instrumented System in a Natural Gas Facility According to IEC 61508 Standard." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 13, no. 5 (2023): 801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.130504.

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Lee, Jung Suk, Kwang Ho Kim, Jae Hwan Han, and Dong Il Kwon. "Evaluation of Mechanical and Fracture Characteristics Using Instrumented Indentation Technique." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2210.

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The material characterization on the weak points of the structural systems is essential to evaluate safety accurately. However, general material characterization methods such as uniaxial tensile test and CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) test are destructive, therefore, it cannot be applied to the system in use. To overcome this problem, the material characterization using instrumented indentation technique was developed. However, current researches on instrumented indentation technique focus on the hardness measurement. The evaluation of flow property, residual stress and fracture toughne

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Liu, Wei, Lin He, Jikai Liu, et al. "Design Optimization of an Innovative Instrumental Single-Sided Formwork Supporting System for Retaining Walls Using Physics-Constrained Generative Adversarial Network." Buildings 15, no. 1 (2025): 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010132.

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Single-sided formwork supporting systems (SFSSs) play a crucial role in the urban construction of retaining walls using cast-in-place concrete. By supporting the formwork from one side, an SFSS can minimize its spatial footprint, enabling its closer placement to boundary lines without compromising structural integrity. However, existing SFSS designs struggle to achieve a balance between mechanical performance and lightweight construction. To address these limitations, an innovative instrumented SFSS was proposed. It is composed of a panel structure made of a panel, vertical braces, and cross b

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Rielly, John. "Assuring the Probability of Failure on Demand of a Safety Instrumented System without Full Proof Testing." Measurement and Control 49, no. 9 (2016): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294016663975.

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