Relevant bibliographies by topics / Safety performance level

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Safety performance level'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Safety performance level"

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Lu, Jian, Fuquan Pan, and Qiaojun Xiang. "Level-of-Safety Service for Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2075, no. 1 (January 2008): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2075-04.

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Lališ, Andrej, and Peter Vittek. "Safety KPIs - Monitoring of safety performance." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 2, no. 11 (September 15, 2014): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2014.11.02.

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB">This paper aims to provide brief overview of aviation safety development focusing on modern trends represented by implementation of Safety Key Performance Indicators. Even though aviation is perceived as safe means of transport, it is still struggling with its complexity given by long-term growth and robustness which it has reached today. Thus nowadays safety issues are much more complex and harder to handle than ever before. We are more and more concerned about organizational factors and control mechanisms which have potential to further increase level of aviation safety. Within this paper we will not only introduce the concept of Key Performance Indicators in area of aviation safety as an efficient control mechanism, but also analyse available legislation and documentation. Finally we will propose complex set of indicators which could be applied to Czech Air Navigation Service Provider.</span>
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Holloway, James C., Dean L. Sicking, and Ronald K. Faller. "Reduced-Height Performance Level 2 Bridge Rail." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1528, no. 1 (January 1996): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152800112.

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The safety performance of a 737-mm (29-in.)-high open concrete bridge railing was evaluated. The evaluation included four full-scale crash tests, investigating two critical impact locations where structural failure was most likely to occur. Each impact location was evaluated with a single-unit truck and a ballasted pickup truck. The safety performance of the 737-mm-high open concrete bridge rail was shown to meet the Performance Level 2 requirements specified in the AASHTO Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings (1989).
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Saqib, Najmus, and Muhammad Tahir Siddiqi. "Aggregation of safety performance indicators to higher-level indicators." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 93, no. 2 (February 2008): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2006.10.028.

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Jonsson, Patrik, and Stig-Arne Mattsson. "An inherent differentiation and system level assessment approach to inventory management." International Journal of Logistics Management 30, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-12-2017-0329.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the effects of inherent differentiation and system level performance assessment in inventory management. This is done by comparing the performance of two common safety stock methods, by considering the methods’ inherent differentiation and item group-level performance effects. Design/methodology/approach Due to the lack of analytical relationships between the two methods, the analysis is based on event-driven simulations. Data are collected from eight different case companies. Findings explain the importance of assessing safety stock performance for groups of items and not for individual items, as is common in academic studies. It explains how the methods’ inherent differentiation and planning environment characteristics affect the relative performances of the two safety stock methods. Findings The study explains the importance of assessing performance of safety stock methods on a system-level, rather than on item-level measures. It explains why the demand fill-rate method has a negative impact on the performance for groups of items, while the number-of-days method has a positive impact. The study also explains how the group-level safety stock performance is affected by five demand data characteristics. Research limitations/implications The study explains the importance of assessing performance of safety stock methods on a system-level, rather than on item-level measures. It explains why the demand fill-rate method has a negative impact on the performance for groups of items, while the number-of-days method has a positive impact. The study also explains how the group-level safety stock performance is affected by five demand data characteristics. Practical implications Understanding the necessity of system level assessment of safety stock performance, how methods inherently differentiate service levels, and how demand characteristics affect methods’ performance can guide the choice of safety stock methods in companies. Originality/value No research on the characteristics of the number-of-days safety stock method, any assessment of differentiation characteristics of and comparison with the demand fill-rate method, has been published. The variable “inherent differentiation” is also introduced and defined.
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Qayoom, Abdul, and Bonaventura H.W. Hadikusumo. "Multilevel safety culture affecting organization safety performance: a system dynamic approach." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 10 (November 18, 2019): 2326–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-08-2018-0355.

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Purpose Previous research studies have testified that safety culture positively affects safety performance. However, the progression by which safety culture affects safety performance has not yet been examined. Also, how safety culture affects the overall safety performance at different levels of the organization is yet to be explored. In order to address this issue, the purpose of this paper is to study the effect of multilevel safety culture upon safety performance over time. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual causal-loop diagram is constructed using the group model building approach to establish the relationship between safety culture components (e.g. psychological, behavioral and situational) and the factors associated with safety performance (e.g. risk level, safety behavior, unsafe conditions, unsafe acts and incident rate). Considering the dynamic nature and intricacy of the safety management system, the system dynamics approach has been employed to develop the model. Findings The results indicate that the safety culture at the tactical level (middle management) and operational level is much more effective than strategic level (top management) in ameliorating the safety performance of the organization. Research limitations/implications The scope of this study is limited to the effect of multilevel safety culture on safety performance. The focus is on the dynamics of personal, behavioral and situational factors of top management, middle management and workers to reinforce the safety performance of the organization. Future research can be protracted to build other models of safety. Practical implications First and foremost, the findings summarized in this paper can be implemented by organizations to achieve the total safety culture to upgrade safety performance. Originality/value This paper presents the holistic view of multilevel safety culture in an organization’s hierarchy. It shows how multilevel level safety culture in an organization interacts with the safety management system to enhance the safety performance of the organization.
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Xu, Xiaohong, Nhan Le, Yimin He, and Xiang Yao. "Team Conscientiousness, Team Safety Climate, and Individual Safety Performance: a Cross-Level Mediation Model." Journal of Business and Psychology 35, no. 4 (June 11, 2019): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09637-8.

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Eksler, Vojtech. "Measuring and understanding road safety performance at local territorial level." Safety Science 48, no. 9 (November 2010): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2009.12.010.

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Ambros, J., J. Perůtka, P. Skládaný, and P. Tučka. "Enhancing the insight into Czech railway level crossings’ safety performance." International Journal of Rail Transportation 8, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23248378.2019.1612791.

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HISAGI, Akie, and Takashige ISHIKAWA. "REQUIRED PERFORMANCE OF STRUCTURAL SAFETY OF HOUSE AND ITS LEVEL." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 63, no. 513 (1998): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.63.51_3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Safety performance level"

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Ahmed, Mohamed. "Multi-Level Safety Performance Functions for High Speed Facilities." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5091.

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High speed facilities are considered the backbone of any successful transportation system; Interstates, freeways, and expressways carry the majority of daily trips on the transportation network. Although these types of roads are relatively considered the safest among other types of roads, they still experience many crashes, many of which are severe, which not only affect human lives but also can have tremendous economical and social impacts. These facts signify the necessity of enhancing the safety of these high speed facilities to ensure better and efficient operation. Safety problems could be assessed through several approaches that can help in mitigating the crash risk on long and short term basis. Therefore, the main focus of the research in this dissertation is to provide a framework of risk assessment to promote safety and enhance mobility on freeways and expressways. Multi-level Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) were developed at the aggregate level using historical crash data and the corresponding exposure and risk factors to identify and rank sites with promise (hot-spots). Additionally, SPFs were developed at the disaggregate level utilizing real-time weather data collected from meteorological stations located at the freeway section as well as traffic flow parameters collected from different detection systems such as Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) and Remote Traffic Microwave Sensors (RTMS). These disaggregate SPFs can identify real-time risks due to turbulent traffic conditions and their interactions with other risk factors. In this study, two main datasets were obtained from two different regions. Those datasets comprise historical crash data, roadway geometrical characteristics, aggregate weather and traffic parameters as well as real-time weather and traffic data. At the aggregate level, Bayesian hierarchical models with spatial and random effects were compared to Poisson models to examine the safety effects of roadway geometrics on crash occurrence along freeway sections that feature mountainous terrain and adverse weather. At the disaggregate level; a main framework of a proactive safety management system using traffic data collected from AVI and RTMS, real-time weather and geometrical characteristics was provided. Different statistical techniques were implemented. These techniques ranged from classical frequentist classification approaches to explain the relationship between an event (crash) occurring at a given time and a set of risk factors in real time to other more advanced models. Bayesian statistics with updating approach to update beliefs about the behavior of the parameter with prior knowledge in order to achieve more reliable estimation was implemented. Also a relatively recent and promising Machine Learning technique (Stochastic Gradient Boosting) was utilized to calibrate several models utilizing different datasets collected from mixed detection systems as well as real-time meteorological stations. The results from this study suggest that both levels of analyses are important, the aggregate level helps in providing good understanding of different safety problems, and developing policies and countermeasures to reduce the number of crashes in total. At the disaggregate level, real-time safety functions help toward more proactive traffic management system that will not only enhance the performance of the high speed facilities and the whole traffic network but also provide safer mobility for people and goods. In general, the proposed multi-level analyses are useful in providing roadway authorities with detailed information on where countermeasures must be implemented and when resources should be devoted. The study also proves that traffic data collected from different detection systems could be a useful asset that should be utilized appropriately not only to alleviate traffic congestion but also to mitigate increased safety risks. The overall proposed framework can maximize the benefit of the existing archived data for freeway authorities as well as for road users.
ID: 031988164; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
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McCarthy, Ross James. "Performing Network Level Crash Evaluation Using Skid Resistance." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56576.

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Evaluation of crash count data as a function of roadway characteristics allows Departments of Transportation to predict expected average crash risks in order to assist in identifying segments that could benefit from various treatments. Currently, the evaluation is performed using negative binomial regression, as a function of average annual daily traffic (AADT) and other variables. For this thesis, a crash study was carried out for the interstate, primary and secondary routes, in the Salem District of Virginia. The data used in the study included the following information obtained from Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) records: 2010 to 2012 crash data, 2010 to 2012 AADT, and horizontal radius of curvature (CV). Additionally, tire-pavement friction or skid resistance was measured using a continuous friction measurement, fixed-slip device called a Grip Tester. In keeping with the current practice, negative binomial regression was used to relate the crash data to the AADT, skid resistance and CV. To determine which of the variables to include in the final models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Log-Likelihood Ratio Tests were performed. By mathematically combining the information acquired from the negative binomial regression models and the information contained in the crash counts, the parameters of each network's true average crash risks were empirically estimated using the Empirical Bayes (EB) approach. The new estimated average crash risks were then used to rank segments according to their empirically estimated crash risk and to prioritize segments according to their expected crash reduction if a friction treatment were applied.
Master of Science
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Al, Mulla Mohammed. "Effect of ISO certification on the safety performance level of petrochemical industries in Arabian Gulf countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30240.

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Safety in the work place is a critical management issue and has serious dimensions in a petrochemical industry. Safety performance is closely linked with quality management. Quality being a competitive weapon has been the motivation for ISO 9001 certification. The primary objective of this research was to study and analyse the effect of ISO certification on the safety performance level of petrochemical industries in the Arabian Gulf region. The literature review revealed the gaps that exist in the research efforts until now relating to the effects of ISO 9001 certification on the safety performance in petrochemical companies. It also helped in identifying the 'instruments' for assessing safety performance more objectively. The reactive safety performance data before and after ISO certification was collected from 10 ISO certified Petrochemical companies. Proactive safety performance data was collected from the same 10 ISO certified companies as well as from another 10 non-ISO certified companies. The safety culture data was collected through questionnaire surveys conducted in these companies. Qualitative safety data obtained were quantified using conventional scaling techniques. Statistical analysis of the data showed significant improvement in safety performance level after the ISO certification. Results endorsed the view that positive safety culture is predominant in ISO certified companies. The research demonstrated the expediency of applying statistical models in analysing safety culture in Petrochemical industries. It is concluded that implementation of ISO 9001 significantly improved the safety performance in petrochemical industries in Arabian Gulf countries, and it can be assessed objectively through statistical techniques. Based on the findings of the research a revised ISO/TS29001 process model with 'safety at the centre' is suggested.
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Zacharatos, Anthea. "An organization and employee-level investigation of the relationship between high-performance work systems and workplace safety." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65689.pdf.

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McCarthy, Ross James. "Reducing Highway Crashes with Network-Level Continuous Friction Measurements." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103702.

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When a vehicle changes speed or direction, the interaction between the contacting surfaces of the tire and the pavement form frictional forces. The pavement's contribution to tire-pavement friction is referred to as skid resistance and is provided by pavement microtexture and macrotexture. The amount of skid resistance depreciates over time due to the polishing action of traffic, and for this reason, the skid resistance should be monitored with friction testing equipment. The equipment use one of four test methods to measure network-level friction: ASTM E 274 locked-wheel, ASTM E 2340 fixed-slip technique, ASTM E 1859 variable-slip technique, and sideways-force coefficient (SFC) technique. The fixed-slip, variable-slip, and SFC techniques are used in continuous friction measurement equipment (CFME). In the United States, skid resistance is traditionally measured with a locked-wheel skid trailer (LWST) equipped with either a ASTM E 501 ribbed or a ASTM E 524 smooth 'no tread' tire. Since the LWST fully-locks the test wheel to measure friction, it is only capable of spot testing tangent sections of roadway. By contrast, the remaining three test methods never lock their test wheels and, therefore, they can collect friction measurements continuously on all types of roadway, including curves and t-intersections. For this reason, highway agencies in the U.S. are interested in transitioning from using a LWST to using one of three continuous methods. This dissertation explores the use of continuous friction measurements, collected with a Sideways-force Coefficient Routine Investigation Machine (SCRIM), in a systemic highway safety management approach to reduce crashes that result in fatalities, injuries, and property damage only. The dissertation presents four manuscripts. In the first manuscript, orthogonal regression is used to develop models for converting between friction measurements with a SCRIM and LWST with both a ribbed and smooth tire. The results indicated that the LWST smooth tire measured friction with greater sensitivity to changes in macrotexture than the SCRIM and LWST ribbed tire. The SCRIM also had greater correlation to the LWST ribbed tire than the LWST smooth tire. The second investigation establishes the relationship between friction measured with a SCRIM and the risk of crashes on dry and wet pavement surfaces. The results of this showed that increasing friction decreases both dry and wet pavement crashes; however, friction was found to have greater impact in wet conditions. Due to the negative relationship between friction and crashes, eventually there will be a point where further losses in friction can result in a rapid increase in crash risk. This point can be identified with a friction threshold known as an investigatory level. When measured friction is at or below the investigatory level, an in- and out-of-field investigation is required to determine whether a countermeasure is necessary to improve safety. The third manuscript proposes a statistical regression approach for determining investigatory levels. Since this approach relies on statistical regression, the results are objective and should be the same for any analyst reviewing the same data. The investigatory levels can be used in a systemic approach that identifies locations where crashes can be reduced based on a benefit-cost analysis of surface treatments. Last, the forth manuscript demonstrates a benefit-cost analysis that selects surface treatments based on crash reductions predicted with continuous friction measurements.
Doctor of Philosophy
When a vehicle changes speed or direction, the tires slide over the pavement surface, creating friction that produces the traction that is necessary for the vehicle to change speed or direction. Friction can diminish when water, dust, and other contaminants are present, or over time due to traffic. Over time, the loss in friction causes the risk of a crash to increase. However, this relationship is non-linear, and therefore, eventually there will be a point where further losses in friction can cause a rapid increase in crash risk. For this reason, the pavement friction is monitored with equipment that slides a rubber tire with known properties over a pavement surface. Since friction is lowest when the pavement is wet, the equipment applies a film of water to the surface directly in front of the sliding tire. There are different types of equipment used to measure friction. The physical designs of the equipment and their method of testing may be different. For example, some devices measure friction by sliding a wheel that is angled away from the path of the vehicle, while others slide a wheel that is aligned with the vehicle but reduced in speed compared to the vehicle. The factors that make the equipment different can affect the quantity of friction that is measured, as well as the timing between each consecutive measurement. The advantages that some equipment offers can entice highway agencies to transition from a pre-existing system to a more advantageous system. Before transitioning, the measurements from the two types of equipment should be compared directly to determine their correlation. Statistical regression can also be used to develop models for converting the measurements from the new equipment to the units of the current, which can help engineers interpret the measurements, and to integrate them into an existing database. The presence of water on a pavement surface can result in a temporary loss of friction that can increase the risk of a crash beyond the normal, dry pavement state. This does not guarantee that dry pavements have sufficient friction as is suggested in most literature. In this dissertation, the relationship between friction and the risk of a crash on dry and wet pavements are evaluated together. The results show that increasing friction can decrease the crash risk on both dry and wet pavement surfaces. The amount of friction that is needed to maintain low crash risk is not the same for every section of road. Locations such as approaches to curves or intersections can increase the risk of a crash, and for that reason, some sections of roadway require more friction than others. Minimum levels of friction called investigatory levels can be established to trigger an in- and out-of-field investigation to determine whether improving friction can improve safety when the measured friction is at or below a specific value. This dissertation proposes a methodology for determining the investigatory levels of friction for different sections of roadway using a statistical regression approach. The investigatory levels are then used to identify locations where pavement surface treatments can reduce crashes based on a benefit-cost analysis. Last, the ability of a surface treatment to reduce crashes is evaluated using another statistical regression approach that predicts changes in crash risk using friction measurements. Since there are several treatment options, a treatment is selected based on estimated cost and benefit.
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Šimoník, Martin. "Funkční bezpečnost snímačů tlaku BD SENSORS, s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221099.

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This master thesis examines the functional safety of the pressure sensor XMP i which is produced by BD SENSORS Company. The aim of this thesis is the demonstration of compliance of the pressure sensor XMP I with functional safety integrity level SIL3 requirements. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the concept of functional safety, defines the basic concepts of functional safety, compares the approaches of functional safety according to selected standards and provides a general procedure for the functional safety determination. The second part deal with technical systems reliability defines reliability indicators and describes selected types of reliability analysis used in practice, especially the FMEA/FMECA analysis. Third part deals with the reliability analysis of the sensor XMP i and with evaluation of results.
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Pinero, Juan Carlos. "A Framework for Monitoring Performance-Based Road Maintenance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30010.

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In the late 1980s and early 1990s few transportation agencies around the world considered performance-based specifications as an alternative to improve the efficiency of the services provided to the public. These initiatives are better known as Performance-Based Road Maintenance (PBRM). PBRM calls for performance-based work, in which a desired outcome is specified rather than a material or method. This type of specification promises to be an excellent tool to improve government efficiency in maintaining transportation networks; however, without proper monitoring, it could likely yield adverse outcomes. Since PBRM is relatively new, the availability of reliable and comprehensive sets of guidelines to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of this type of specifications in the roadway maintenance arena is limited. Transportation agencies currently rely on criteria and procedures they have had developed from their traditional methods used to evaluate performance. Unfortunately, some of these procedures cannot appropriately assess the benefits, if any, accrued by the government as a result of implementing performance-based specifications for the maintenance of the roadway system. This research presents the development of a framework for monitoring PBRM more comprehensively and accurately. The framework considers the assessment of five main areas -- Level of Service Effectiveness, Cost-Efficiency, Timeliness of Response, Safety Procedures, and Quality of Services -- in order to guarantee the comprehensiveness and reliability of the evaluation process. The major contribution of this framework is to provide transportation agencies with guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of PBRM as an alternative delivery method to maintain and preserve the roadway system.
Ph. D.
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Zvolánková, Kateřina. "Zlepšení podnikových procesů zajišťování bezpečnosti produktů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417961.

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The diploma thesis devotes to the process of ensuring functional safety of products in Bosch Rexroth Brno, which deals with industrial hydraulic systems. The first part introduces the basic legislative regulations concerning product safety and describes selected standards relevant to this thesis. The second part focuses on Bosch Rexroth and the current state in the field of ensuring functional safety of their products. It also includes a description of the functional safety solution of a specific project – a hydraulic try-out press. At the end of the thesis, improvements to the process of ensuring functional safety in response to the identified shortcomings are proposed.
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Viksten, Henrik. "Säkerhets- och kostnadsjämförelse för maskinskydd kring balningslinje : En jämförelse av förreglingsbrytare." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-36974.

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Många arbetsrelaterade olyckor sker av att säkerhet kring att LOTO-principen är undermålig och att maskiners rörliga delar är lätt att komma åt. Vid konstruktion av en maskin är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till maskinens farliga upphov. För att konstruera bort detta är det viktigt redan på ett konstruktionsstadie att identifiera och bygga bort dessa områden med till exempel ett maskinskydd kring maskiner. Tillträdesplatser måste vara noga övervakad för att det ska vara en säker användning av maskin enligt maskindirektivet 2006/42/EG. I denna rapport har säkerhet såväl som kostnader setts över för en befintlig förreglingsbrytare på tillträdesplatser för en balningslinje och undersökt om kostnader kan minskas med föreslagen PROFInet baserat förreglingsbrytare. Den harmoniserade standarden EN ISO 13849-1:2016 tar upp ett sätt för att utvärdera säkerheten kring en maskins styrsystem allt utvärderas efter begreppet PL, Performance Level. För att räkna ut PL vid säkerhetsjämförelse användes SiSteMa och för att räkna ut kostnaden av dem olika alternativen emellan har en intervju kring kostnader gjorts och presenterats som en kvot. Säkerhetsjämförelse visar att PLd är bibehållen. Kostnadsjämförelsen visar att den föreslagna lösningen är dyrare än den befintliga men att en undermålig prisuppskattning kan ligga bakom detta. En aspekt av den nya förreglingsbrytaren som inte sågs över i rapporten men värt att nämna i slutsatsen kring säkerhets- och kostnadsjämförelse är att det föreslagna förreglingsbrytaren med PROFInet är en flexibel lösning med enkel felsökning. Framtida arbeten kring säkerhet vid balningslinje hade varit att titta på resterande tillträdesplatser som övervakas av ljusbomar och se om kostnader går att få ner där.
Many work-related accidents occur because safety around the LOTO principle is substandard and that the moving parts of machines are easy to access. When designing a machine, it is important to consider the machine's dangerous origin. To design this, it is important to identify and build these areas already at a design stage with, for example, a fence around machines. Access places must be carefully monitored for safe machine use according to the Machinery Directive 2006/42 / EC. In this report, safety as well as costs have been considered to an existing guard lock on access places for a baling line and examined whether costs can be reduced with the proposed PROFInet based guard lock. The harmonized standard EN ISO 13849-1: 2016 addresses one way of evaluating the safety of a machine's control system, all being evaluated according to the concept of PL, Performance Level. To calculate PL when comparing safety, SiSteMa was used and to calculate the cost of their different alternatives, an interview on costs has been made and presented as a quota. Safety comparison shows that PLd is retained. The cost comparison shows that the proposed solution is more expensive than the existing solution, but that a substandard price estimate may be behind this. One aspect of the new guard lock that was not seen in the report but worth mentioning in the conclusion about safety and cost comparison is that the proposed guard lock with PROFInet is a flexible solution with simple troubleshooting. Future work on safety at baling line would have been to look at remaining access places that are monitored by light curtains and see if costs can be reduced there.
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Plocek, Jaroslav. "Řízení jednoúčelového obráběcího stroje." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232092.

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The master thesis treats the design of control system of special purpose machine tool. The first part analyzes and compares two possible variants of control system which use either a CNC control system Sinumerik or motion control system Simotion. Only the variant with the Simotion control system is subsequently examined in detail: its hardware configuration, the selection of components and partly also the software solution. The thesis further deals with the safety of the realized control system and of the whole machine. There are described general safety requirements of machinery based on harmonized European standards and their specific application in the design of safety functions and the safety circuits of solved machine tool.
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Books on the topic "Safety performance level"

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Trending of Low Level Events And Near Misses to Enhance Safety Performance in Nuclear Power Plants. Intl Atomic Energy Agency, 2006.

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U.S. Army Engineer School. and U.S. Army Training Support Center. Reserve Schools Division., eds. Performance test: 52D10 power generation equipment repairer, skill level I : safety for U.S. Army Reserve Schools. Fort Eustis, VA: U.S. Army Training Support Center, Reserve Schools Division, 1987.

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J, Serne R., Waste Management Program (U.S.), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Effects on radionuclide concentrations by cement/ground-water interactions in support of performance assessment of low-level radioactive waste disposal facilities. Washington, DC: Division of Waste Management, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1998.

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Chidester, Thomas R. Creating a Culture of Safety. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0008.

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Safety culture focuses on who is responsible in what ways for patient safety, ranging from individuals and teams performing critical duties on the front lines to the context within which work takes place, and high-level organizational priorities. Though it is a recent concept, it represents growth in the understanding of accident causation, and offers additional and potentially more broadly effective preventive actions. Key concepts include organizational commitment, operational interactions, formal and informal safety indicators, and safety behaviors and outcomes. Measurement can be accomplished through benchmarked surveys, case analysis, field observation, and examination of procedures, manuals, newsletters, brochures, and performance evaluation criteria for their safety focus. Intervening to improve safety culture requires assessing an organization’s current state, communicating safety and minimizing patient risk as a core value in a methodical and sustained manner, deploying and monitoring standardized procedures by workgroup, establishing feedback systems, and reporting progress in safety alongside economic progress.
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Glasbergen, P., L. G. J. Janssen, and J. Hamstra. A Netherlands Approach for Assessing the Performance and the Long-Term Safety Aspects of a High Level Waste Repository to Be Mined in a Medium Sized s. European Communities, 1987.

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Ruskin, Keith J., Marjorie P. Stiegler, and Stanley H. Rosenbaum, eds. Quality and Safety in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.001.0001.

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Quality and Safety in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care offers practical suggestions for improving both quality of care and patient safety in the perioperative setting. The book is divided into two parts: the first on clinical foundations and the second on practical applications, and the chapters emphasize strategies that support reform at all levels, from operating room practices to institutional procedures. Written by leading experts in their fields, chapters are based on accepted safety, human performance, and quality management science, and they illustrate the benefits of collaboration between medical professionals and human factors experts. The book highlights concepts such as situation awareness, staff resource management, threat and error management, checklists, explicit practices for monitoring, and safety culture. Quality and Safety in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care is a must-have resource for those preparing for the quality and safety questions on the American Board of Anesthesiology certification examinations, as well as clinicians and trainees in all practice settings.
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Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy, and Terry Martin, eds. Governance. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0002.

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Retrieval services operate across many parts of the health system, and interface with many organizations. The work that is performed is complex, high risk, and resource consuming. It is therefore imperative that robust clinical and corporate governance systems are in place, and that these systems are tested, credentialed, and monitored where possible. Governance systems are the cornerstones of a high performance health organization, and are the foundation of excellent clinical outcomes, patient and stakeholder satisfaction, and safety and quality at all levels. The key elements of governance systems for retrieval services are described in this chapter.
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Glavin, Ronnie, Sven Staender, and Andrew Smith. Human factors and simulation in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0035.

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Human factors is the study of how interactions between organizations, tasks, and the individual worker impact human behaviour and affect systems performance. The importance of human factors in anaesthesia and critical care has been increasingly recognized, leading to its inclusion in the European-wide standards for patient safety in anaesthesiology within the Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology. ‘Person’ factors include permanent characteristics such as an individual’s personality and temporary influences such as physical condition, stress, morale, and workload. ‘Task’ factors include task complexity, preparation and checking, timing, equipment, and working environment. ‘Organization’ factors include communication, leadership, staffing levels, and organizational (safety) culture. While some of these features rely on the technical domain of anaesthetic/critical care practice, most are in the domain of ‘non-technical’ skills. This chapter reviews a number of these influences in detail and describes how non-technical aspects of practice can be encouraged and promoted. Simulation has been used as an educational tool in healthcare for some years, often with anaesthetists closely involved in establishing and running simulation centres and programmes. However, recent changes in medical education, coupled with public demands for increased patient safety, have brought simulation to the fore. This chapter reviews the classification of simulation systems and outlines the use of scenario-based and in situ simulation, before examining the evidence for its effectiveness. The authors emphasize that simulation provides a means for achieving an educational aim rather than being a technological end in its own right.
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Faigenbaum, Avery D., and Rhodri S. Lloyd. Resistance training. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0036.

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Traditional fears and misinformed concerns regarding youth resistance training have been replaced by scientific evidence that indicates regular participation in well-designed resistance-training programmes can be safe and effective for both children and adolescents. In addition to increasing muscular strength and power, regular participation in a structured resistance training-programme can increase bone mineral density, improve cardiovascular risk factors, fuel metabolic health, facilitate weight control, enhance psychosocial well-being, and prepare youth for the demands of daily physical activity and sport. An integrative approach to training, grounded in resistance exercise and motor skill development, can optimize children’s fitness potential and maximize their athletic performance while reducing the risk of sports-related injury. Qualified professionals are needed to plan, implement and progress developmentally appropriate resistance training to attain a level of muscular fitness that facilitates long-term physical development.
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Read, John, and Peter Stacey. Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101104.

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Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design is a comprehensive account of the open pit slope design process. Created as an outcome of the Large Open Pit (LOP) project, an international research and technology transfer project on rock slope stability in open pit mines, this book provides an up-to-date compendium of knowledge of the slope design processes that should be followed and the tools that are available to aid slope design practitioners. This book links innovative mining geomechanics research into the strength of closely jointed rock masses with the most recent advances in numerical modelling, creating more effective ways for predicting rock slope stability and reliability in open pit mines. It sets out the key elements of slope design, the required levels of effort and the acceptance criteria that are needed to satisfy best practice with respect to pit slope investigation, design, implementation and performance monitoring. Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design comprises 14 chapters that directly follow the life of mine sequence from project commencement through to closure. It includes: information on gathering all of the field data that is required to create a 3D model of the geotechnical conditions at a mine site; how data is collated and used to design the walls of the open pit; how the design is implemented; up-to-date procedures for wall control and performance assessment, including limits blasting, scaling, slope support and slope monitoring; and how formal risk management procedures can be applied to each stage of the process. This book will assist in meeting stakeholder requirements for pit slopes that are stable, in regards to safety, ore recovery and financial return, for the required life of the mine.
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Book chapters on the topic "Safety performance level"

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Ávila, Salvador, Luiz Fernando Lopes de Souza, and Lucas Menezes Pereira. "Continuous Stress and Consequence on C4t, Complexity, Risk, and Necessity of Leadership Level 5." In Advances in Safety Management and Human Performance, 124–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80288-2_15.

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Boateng, Emmanuel Bannor, Manikam Pillay, and Peter Davis. "Predicting the Level of Safety Performance Using an Artificial Neural Network." In Human Systems Engineering and Design, 705–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02053-8_107.

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Jennings, Patricia A., and Anthony A. DeMauro. "Individual-Level Interventions: Mindfulness-Based Approaches to Reducing Stress and Improving Performance Among Teachers." In Aligning Perspectives on Health, Safety and Well-Being, 319–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53053-6_14.

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Wipf, Heinz. "Safety Versus Security in Aviation." In The Coupling of Safety and Security, 29–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47229-0_4.

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Abstract The two domains safety and security have traditionally been kept separated in aviation. While the first treats risks associated with aviation activities, the latter safeguards civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. While national and international guidelines exist in addressing the installation of risk management for organizations having hazardous operations in aviation, an appropriate application of established assessment techniques, both quantitative and qualitative are crucial to both domains. For an incorrect hazard identification and the quantification of an adverse outcome may strongly affect both the level of protection and the investments required to reach it. The empirical example and data shown stem from safety risk assessments in HEMS (helicopter emergency medical service) flight operations. These flight operations use advanced instrument flight procedures in obstacle rich environments under low visibility conditions and are therefore a safety concern on the one hand. On the other hand, one analyzes security, whenever HEMS flights are operated in adverse weather conditions, having as a sole navigation source signals from a global navigation satellite constellation. A traditional safety risk assessment (Wipf in Aviation risk and safety management, Springer, p 108, 1) under these circumstances, considers only factors of human performance under technical failure conditions. A security analysis, however, should treat all forms of jamming, meaconing, and spoofing of the satellite signals and the adverse impact on the performance of the receiver to calculate a valid position. The chapter illustrates to which extent commonalities reign in both domains and where practices go separate ways.
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Babczyński, Tomasz, and Jan Magott. "Dependability and Safety Analysis of ETCS Communication for ERTMS Level 3 Using Performance Statecharts and Analytic Estimation." In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Dependability and Complex Systems DepCoS-RELCOMEX. June 30 – July 4, 2014, Brunów, Poland, 37–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07013-1_4.

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Oury, Jacob D., and Frank E. Ritter. "How User-Centered Design Supports Situation Awareness for Complex Interfaces." In Human–Computer Interaction Series, 21–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47775-2_2.

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AbstractThis chapter moves the discussion of how to design an operation center down a level towards implementation. We present user-centered design (UCD) as a distinct design philosophy to replace user experience (UX) when designing systems like the Water Detection System (WDS). Just like any other component (e.g., electrical system, communications networks), the operator has safe operating conditions, expected error rates, and predictable performance, albeit with a more variable range for the associated metrics. However, analyzing the operator’s capabilities, like any other component in a large system, helps developers create reliable, effective systems that mitigate risks of system failure due to human error in integrated human–machine systems (e.g., air traffic control). With UCD as a design philosophy, we argue that situation awareness (SA) is an effective framework for developing successful UCD systems. SA is an established framework that describes operator performance via their ability to create and maintain a mental model of the information necessary to achieve their task. SA describes performance as a function of the operator’s ability to perceive useful information, comprehend its significance, and predict future system states. Alongside detailed explanations of UCD and SA, this chapter presents further guidance and examples demonstrating how to implement these concepts in real systems.
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"Safety assessment and performance determination." In Containment of High-Level Radioactive and Hazardous Solid Wastes with Clay Barriers, 428–48. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482266245-16.

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Rakoczy, A., and A. Nowak. "Evaluation of safety level for railway bridges." In Safety, Reliability, Risk and Life-Cycle Performance of Structures and Infrastructures, 3773–79. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16387-548.

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"Generational Differences and Team Performance: Millennial Miners and the Older Generation." In Production, Safety and Teamwork in a Deep-Level Mining Workplace, 123–42. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-563-420171006.

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Ismail, Ahmad, Mohd Yusof, Baba Deros, Mat Rani, and Muhamad Noor. "Optimizing humidity level to enhance worker performance in automotive industry." In Advances in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries, 421–30. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1439834992-44.

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Conference papers on the topic "Safety performance level"

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Orlean, Robert H., and Robert Patterson. "Intrinsic Safety Analysis - Driving Safety Performance to a New Level." In IADC/SPE Drilling Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/99036-ms.

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Bayma, Alaide, and Marcelo Ramos Martins. "Determination of Level of Automation for an Adequate Human Performance." In Proceedings of the 31st European Safety and Reliability Conference. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-18-2016-8_427-cd.

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Xiaorong, Feng, Xiong Jing, Liu Wei, and Yang Panfei. "A Multi-level Grey Performance Evaluation Model for Robot Operating System." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Safety Produce Informatization (IICSPI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iicspi48186.2019.9095883.

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Ma, Jiu-He, Hai-Lin Zhou, Zi-Yuan Qi, and Xun-Lai He. "The testing method research for level keeping performance of certain equipment." In 2012 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (QR2MSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icqr2mse.2012.6246457.

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Hannun, Jameel, Jamal Hannun, Khaled Shamiyeh, Mohammad Ghanim, and Mohamed Kharbeche. "Operational Performance and Safety Assessment of Signalized Roundabouts." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0077.

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Roundabouts are widely used to reduce the severity of conflicts at intersecting roads. While they tend to provide an acceptable level of traffic operation, their operational benefits are reduced when traffic demands increase. One possible and economic mitigation is to convert the roundabouts into signalized ones to accommodate the demand increase and to further reduce the conflicts. This conversion will allow the roundabouts to perform both functions (safety and operational) within acceptable levels. Accordingly, proper signal timing parameters are often required to achieve the anticipated safety and operational levels. Unlike the operational performance of signalized intersections that can be easily assessed based on field measurements, safety assessment is far more difficult due to the need of historical crash data, which would potentially take years. This study presents the use of traffic simulation to assess the operational performance as well as the safety performance of signalized intersections. At first, a well-calibrated model of a signalized roundabout located in the city of Doha is built in microscopic traffic simulation environment based on field measurements and observations. Secondly, Surrogate Safety Assessment Method (SSAM) is used to analyze the simulated vehicular trajectories to identify the type and severity of conflicts. The results revealed that the implemented signal timing parameters have a significant impact on the safety functionality of the signalized roundabouts.
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Wang, Ying-Chieh, I.-Hsin Chung, Che-Rung Lee, Michael Perrone, and Yeh-Ching Chung. "Hardware Thread-Level Speculation Performance Analysis." In 2015 IEEE 17th International Conference on High-Performance Computing and Communications; 2015 IEEE 7th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security; and 2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpcc-css-icess.2015.208.

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Lescheticky, Juergen, Graham Barnes, and Marc Schrank. "System Level Design Simulation to Predict Passive Safety Performance for CFRP Automotive Structures." In SAE 2013 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0663.

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Saiprasert, Chalermpol, Supawat Supakwong, Wassanun Sangjun, and Suttipong Thajchayapong. "Effects of smartphone usage on driver safety level performance in urban road conditions." In 2014 11th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecticon.2014.6839778.

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Zandvliet, Luc. "Asset-Level Social Performance in Conflict Areas & Frontier Markets; Doable or Doomsday Scenario?" In SPE Asia Pacific Health, Safety, Security, Environment and Social Responsibility Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185211-ms.

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Davison, I. "Modelling Fleet Performance over Complex Operating Scenarios." In Marine Electrical and Control Systems Safety Conference. IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-8198.2019.004.

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The Systems Availability Model (SAM) is a program designed to assess the Availability, Reliability and Maintainability (ARandM) characteristics of multiple systems used over operating scenarios that place varying demands upon those systems, such as that encountered in complex military, commercial shipping, industrial installations and deployed systems of systems. The unique ability of SAM to overlay system dependencies onto complex mission profiles makes it a uniquely powerful and flexible ARandM modelling tool. Mission profiles are built up from a variety of activities, each demanding use of different combinations of equipment, rather than a fixed time at risk approach adopted by many simpler modelling tools. This paper and associated presentation discusses: • The unique capabilities of SAM and, at a high level, how a SAM model is developed and its crossindustry applications; • The use of SAM to set system/equipment requirements, and understand the impact of equipment reliability on a fleet of ships undergoing complex operating scenarios; • Reflecting changes to mission requirements, and the knock-on effect of predicted performance; • How SAM can be used to understand the significance of individual systems during safety critical activities (e.g. replenishment at sea, close water navigation).
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Reports on the topic "Safety performance level"

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SULLIVAN, T. WASTE CONTAINER AND WASTE PACKAGE PERFORMANCE MODELING TO SUPPORT SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15016583.

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Bhagavathula, Rajaram, Ronald Gibbons, and Andrew Kassing. Roadway Lighting’s Effect on Pedestrian Safety at Intersection and Midblock Crosswalks. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-028.

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This study evaluates the visual performance of four intersection lighting designs and five midblock crosswalk lighting designs along with two pedestrian safety countermeasures (rectangular rapid flashing beacons and flashing signs) at three light levels. The study involved a pedestrian detection task, which was completed at night on a realistic roadway intersection and a midblock crosswalk. The results from the study showed that driver nighttime visual performance at intersection and midblock crosswalks was influenced by the lighting design and light level. Intersections should be illuminated to an average horizontal illuminance of 14 lux (1.3 fc). This light level ensures optimal visibility of pedestrians regardless of the lighting design (or luminaire layout) of the intersection. The average horizontal illuminance of 14 lux (1.3 fc) also increases the visibility of pedestrians when glare from oncoming vehicles is present. The 14 lux (1.3 fc) average horizontal illuminance is valid for all lighting designs evaluated except the lighting design that illuminated the exits of the intersection. When the exits of the intersection are illuminated, an average horizontal illuminance of 24 lux (2.2 fc) is needed to offset the disability glare from opposing vehicles. Midblock crosswalks should be illuminated to an average vertical illuminance of 10 lux (0.9 fc) to ensure optimal pedestrian visibility. Where overhead lighting is available, midblock crosswalk lighting designs that render the pedestrian in positive contrast are recommended. Where overhead lighting is not available, crosswalk illuminators can be used to illuminate midblock crosswalks. At night, pedestrian crossing treatments such as rectangular rapid flashing beacons and flashing signs should not be used for pedestrian visibility at midblock crosswalks. Pedestrians crossing treatments should be used in conjunction with overhead lighting or crosswalk illuminators at the established vertical illuminance to ensure optimal pedestrian visibility at midblock crosswalks.
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Ukkusuri, Satish, Lu Ling, Tho V. Le, and Wenbo Zhang. Performance of Right-Turn Lane Designs at Intersections. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317277.

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Right-turn lane (RTL) crashes are among the most key contributors to intersection crashes in the US. Different right turn lanes based on their design, traffic volume, and location have varying levels of crash risk. Therefore, engineers and researchers have been looking for alternative ways to improve the safety and operations for right-turn traffic. This study investigates the traffic safety performance of the RTL in Indiana state based on multi-sources, including official crash reports, official database, and field study. To understand the RTL crashes' influencing factors, we introduce a random effect negative binomial model and log-linear model to estimate the impact of influencing factors on the crash frequency and severity and adopt the robustness test to verify the reliability of estimations. In addition to the environmental factors, spatial and temporal factors, intersection, and RTL geometric factors, we propose build environment factors such as the RTL geometrics and intersection characteristics to address the endogeneity issues, which is rarely addressed in the accident-related research literature. Last, we develop a case study with the help of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). The empirical analyses indicate that RTL crash frequency and severity is mainly influenced by turn radius, traffic control, and other intersection related factors such as right-turn type and speed limit, channelized type, and AADT, acceleration lane and AADT. In particular, the effects of these factors are different among counties and right turn lane roadway types.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck-Platoonable Pavement Sections in Illinois’ Network. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-002.

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Truck platooning has many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Literature shows that platooning improves safety and reduces fuel consumption between 5% and 15% based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Deployment of truck platooning within interstate highways would result in significant fuel savings, but may have a direct impact on flexible pavement performance. The channelization of the platoon and reduced rest time between consecutive loads would accelerate the damage accumulation at the channelized position. Ultimately, this would lead to pavement service life reduction and a subsequent increase in maintenance and rehabilitation costs. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to quantify the effects of platooning on flexible pavements and provide guidelines for the state of Illinois by considering the aforementioned factors. Although the benefits of platooning are quantifiable, not every truck route is platoonable. For efficient platooning, trucks need to travel at a constant high speed for extended distances. The integrity of the platoon should be preserved because interfering vehicles would compromise the platooning benefits and road safety. An introduced high-level approach considers the volume/capacity of a roadway and the expected number of highway exit and entry conflicts. Using these parameters, each roadway section is assigned a level of platoonability, ranging from one to five—with five being the highest. A framework was developed to analyze the Illinois highway network. It was found that 89% of the network highway is platoonable under average capacity conditions.
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Qamhia, Issam, and Erol Tutumluer. Review of Improved Subgrade and Stabilized Subbases to Evaluate Performance of Concrete Pavements. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-016.

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This report presents findings on the evaluation of foundation layers under concrete pavements in the state of Illinois. It also provides recommendations and scenarios where unbound granular layers can be safely used under concrete pavements as economical and well-performing subbase layers. The current practice and mechanistic design methods for constructing concrete pavements in Illinois was first evaluated, including historical studies that led to the current design procedures and policies. The performance of concrete pavements with unbound granular layers in Illinois were then evaluated, and several case studies of well-performing concrete pavements with granular subbases, high traffic levels, and low distress levels and severity were realized. Next, the practices of surrounding states were evaluated, and several Midwest states, i.e., Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Michigan, were found to regularly use unbound granular layers under concrete pavements with no issues. A literature review on the most recent requirements and recommendations for designing granular subbases under concrete pavements was then presented. It is concluded that subbase layers under concrete pavements are mainly used to provide uniform support and prevent pumping. Based on the case study evaluations and literature, a stable, drainable, and durable daylighted granular subbase design is recommended for traffic factors up to 10.0. Stability is ensured by limiting the ratio of gravel-to-sand fractions in the aggregate mix between 1.3 and 1.9. Drainability requirements can be met by limiting the percentage of fines passing the No. 200 sieve (0.075 mm) to 4% and by checking the quality of drainage is at least fair based on the time required to drain 50% of the water. Lastly, a geotextile fabric is recommended for use below the granular subbase for separation to ensure drainability throughout design life.
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Kodupuganti, Swapneel R., Sonu Mathew, and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Modeling Operational Performance of Urban Roads with Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1802.

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The rapid growth in population and related demand for travel during the past few decades has had a catalytic effect on traffic congestion, air quality, and safety in many urban areas. Transportation managers and planners have planned for new facilities to cater to the needs of users of alternative modes of transportation (e.g., public transportation, walking, and bicycling) over the next decade. However, there are no widely accepted methods, nor there is enough evidence to justify whether such plans are instrumental in improving mobility of the transportation system. Therefore, this project researches the operational performance of urban roads with heterogeneous traffic conditions to improve the mobility and reliability of people and goods. A 4-mile stretch of the Blue Line light rail transit (LRT) extension, which connects Old Concord Rd and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte’s main campus on N Tryon St in Charlotte, North Carolina, was considered for travel time reliability analysis. The influence of crosswalks, sidewalks, trails, greenways, on-street bicycle lanes, bus/LRT routes and stops/stations, and street network characteristics on travel time reliability were comprehensively considered from a multimodal perspective. Likewise, a 2.5-mile-long section of the Blue Line LRT extension, which connects University City Blvd and Mallard Creek Church Rd on N Tryon St in Charlotte, North Carolina, was considered for simulation-based operational analysis. Vissim traffic simulation software was used to compute and compare delay, queue length, and maximum queue length at nine intersections to evaluate the influence of vehicles, LRT, pedestrians, and bicyclists, individually and/or combined. The statistical significance of variations in travel time reliability were particularly less in the case of links on N Tryon St with the Blue Line LRT extension. However, a decrease in travel time reliability on some links was observed on the parallel route (I-85) and cross-streets. While a decrease in vehicle delay on northbound and southbound approaches of N Tryon St was observed in most cases after the LRT is in operation, the cross-streets of N Tryon St incurred a relatively higher increase in delay after the LRT is in operation. The current pedestrian and bicycling activity levels seemed insignificant to have an influence on vehicle delay at intersections. The methodological approaches from this research can be used to assess the performance of a transportation facility and identify remedial solutions from a multimodal perspective.
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Mracek Dietrich, Anna, and Ravi Rajamani. Unsettled Issues Regarding the Certification of Electric Aircraft. SAE International, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021007.

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The aerospace industry is beginning to grapple with the reality of certifying electric aircraft (EA), signaling the maturing of the field. Many players are ramping up their activities to respond to imminent technical, safety, and regulatory requirements. While there are gaps in EA knowledge as well as the processes for certifying them, some leading standards development organizations (SDOs) such as SAE International, ASTM International, and RTCA—ably supported by representatives from regulatory agencies—are stepping in to address many of these issues. Of special importance are the new rule changes in the normal category (14 CFR Part 23, Amendment 64) that shift from a prescriptive philosophy to “performance-based rules.” Regarding system knowledge, there has been a trend in the use electrical energy to power systems that have long employed mechanical hydraulics. In the new EA paradigm, these components will be employed at criticality levels not previously witnessed in conventional aircraft, calling for a specific set of certification demands. Unsettled Issues Regarding the Certification of Electric Aircraft tackles the certification challenges faced by EA manufacturers in both the small (normal) and large (transport) categories, addressing technical, business, and process issues.
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