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1
Dvornikov, Dmitry A., Vladimir I. Voronov, Ilya А. Flegentov, and Radik М. Giniyatov. "Development of a standard-size range of part-turn electric drives." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-4-405-411.
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Specialists of NII Transneft LLC and TOMZEL JSC were tasked with developing a standard-size range of partturn electric drives with an electronic control unit for ball shutoff valves in order to arrange the Russian production of this type of equipment. When determining the requirements for the developed valves, the features of the operation of foreign-made part-turn electric drives were taken into account. New developments had to meet general technical requirements, safety and ergonomics requirements for electric drives operated in oil and petroleum products pipeline transport facilities. When elaborating technical solutions, an analysis of thematic publications, international and Russian regulatory documents, technical characteristics of domestic and imported drives, existing solutions for the layout of electric drives with electronic control units has been accomplished. As part of the R&D work, optimal design solutions have been found taking into account the actual operating conditions of the equipment, design documentation has been developed for the standard-size range of part-turn electric drives, prototypes have been manufactured, and their preliminary and acceptance tests have been accomplished successfully.
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Pechenik, M. V., S. O. Burian, H. Y. Zemlianukhina, and D. V. Rudniev. "ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATING MODES OF THE SUSPENDED CABLE CAR ELECTRIC DRIVE USING THE VECTOR CONTROL SYSTEM." Praci Institutu elektrodinamiki Nacionalanoi akademii nauk Ukraini 2021, no. 58 (May 19, 2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/publishing2021.58.039.
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Continuous transport systems, including rope conveyors designed to move people and goods, are subject to very strict safety and energy efficiency requirements. As a rule, suspended cableways in operation have an unregulated electric drive with a smooth start system. Among the ways to meet these requirements is the use of modern regulated electric drives. The electromechanical system with a vector-controlled asynchronous electric motor is considered in the work. Based on the obtained model, within the framework of the MATLAB / Simulink application package, an investigation of the dynamic characteristics of the cableway electric drive was carried out. An analysis of the nature of the distribution of dynamic error in terms of speed and energy losses depending on the load and speed of movement of the rope traction element of the transport system is given. The results presented in the article make it possible to choose rational electric drives for continuous transport systems with rope traction elements. References 5, figures 5, table.
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Дворников, Дмитрий Александрович, Владимир Иванович Воронов, Илья Александрович Флегентов, and Радик Миннеахметович Гиниятов. "Development of an electric linear actuator for shut-off and control valves." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2021-11-1-93-99.
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Перед ООО «НИИ Транснефть» и АО «ТОМЗЭЛ» была поставлена задача по разработке типоразмерного ряда электроприводов прямоходных, применяемых для управления клапанами запорно-регулирующими, с целью организации их серийного производства в России. При определении требований к разрабатываемой арматуре были учтены особенности эксплуатации ее импортных аналогов. Новые разработки должны были соответствовать общим техническим требованиям, требованиям безопасности и эргономики, предъявляемым к электроприводам, которые применяются на объектах трубопроводного транспорта нефти и нефтепродуктов. В процессе подготовки технических решений был проведен анализ тематических публикаций, международных и российских нормативных документов, технических характеристик электроприводов отечественного и зарубежного производства, существующих решений по схемам компоновки электроприводов блоками электронного управления. В рамках выполнения опытно-конструкторской работы были найдены оптимальные конструкционные решения, учитывающие фактические условия эксплуатации оборудования, разработана конструкторская документация на типоразмерный ряд электроприводов прямоходных, изготовлен опытный образец электропривода и успешно проведены его предварительные и приемочные испытания. The specialists of Pipeline Transport Institute LLC and TOMZEL JSC were tasked with developing a standardsize range of linear electric drives used to control shut-off and control valves in order to organize their serial domestic production. Operation features of its imported analogues were taken into account while determining the requirements for the developed equipment. New developments had to meet the general technical requirements, safety and ergonomics requirements for electric drives used at oil and oil products pipeline transportation facilities. In the process of preparing technical solutions, an analysis of thematic publications, international and Russian regulatory documents, technical characteristics of electric drives of domestic and foreign production, existing solutions for layouts of electric drives with electronic control units was carried out. As part of the development work, optimal design solutions were found, taking into account the actual operating conditions of the equipment, design documentation was developed for the standard-size range of linear electric drives, a prototype electric drive was manufactured and its preliminary and acceptance tests were successfully carried out.
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Notohardjono, Budy D., James Wilcoski, and James B. Gambill. "Design of Earthquake Resistant Server Computer Structures." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1638389.
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This paper presents the design features of an electrical equipment frame structure that can withstand a severe earthquake test profile. Original designs of these structures were optimized to survive shock and shipping vibrations only, since the majority of products experience shock and vibrations during transportation. Shock and vibration found in the shipping environment are oriented in the vertical direction only. Increased concerns for equipment survivability and safety during seismic events have driven new requirements for consideration when designing equipment’s frame structure and incorporation of tests having earthquake profiles into testing regimes. This adds horizontal components of vibration into design considerations and demands design compromises that will optimize performance for both horizontal and vertical vibrations. Frame and assembly mounting design for both orientations will be discussed and test criteria specifically for vertical vibration will be described in order to compare to tests geared toward combinations of vertical and horizontal vibrations. Structures created under these new requirements are rigid in all three axes, especially in the horizontal direction where low frequency seismic vibrations can induce large displacement of the frame members and subassemblies installed in the frame. Both the subassembly components and the frame assembly must be modified to reach the optimum design for multi-directional vibration. The development of the frame structure and related hardware involves extensive uniaxial and triaxial earthquake simulation testing in both raised floor and non-raised floor environments. The dynamic responses of the system under different earthquake test profiles are recorded and analyzed in both the time and frequency domains. The computer frame and anchorage system must have adequate strength and stiffness for earthquake induced forces to prevent human injury and potential system damage. However, this same frame and anchorage system must also meet the potentially conflicting requirement of ensuring continued system operation by limiting transmitted accelerations to acceptable levels at critical system components such as hard drives.
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Быкова, Валентина Прохоровна, and Valentina Prokhorovna Bykova. "Application of training and methodological complex Electrical Engineering." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2019, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2019-4-130-140.
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The paper presents the laboratory practicum on electrical engineering and physics worked out on the basis of the teaching guide on electrical engineering including 5 test benches.
It includes 24 laboratory works with elements of independent research. The detailed and illustrated test benches of the training complex are the following: Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Electric Machines and Electric Drive, Electric Machine Assembly, Electric Energy, its Transmission and Quality, Principles of Electrical Safety. Some stands are connected to a software and hardware complex designed for measuring the studied values, reflection and processing of analog signals. The compactness and versatility of the training complex Electrical Engineering are noted; one can do 6–9 laboratory works on electrical engineering and physics at one stand. Mathematical calculations of the readings are recommended to perform in Mathcad computer algebra system.
A manual based on the laboratory works, which contains general safety rules, guidelines for per-forming tasks and requirements for their processing, is now under consideration. The advantages
of the elaborated laboratory workshop have been listed; the educational, developmental, pedagogical tasks for solving at the lesson have been analyzed; a laboratory work “Three-phase circuit connection in star scheme” is given as an example. The diagram of a star connection is presented;
a vector diagram of linear and phase voltages relations in a star connection is built. The oscillo-grams of currents under symmetrical load are illustrated. It has been noted that the individual tasks have an exploratory nature, they develop cognitive, independent and creative skills of students. The proposed methodological guidelines are recommended for specialists and bachelors in such areas as “Ship and Power Plants”, “Shipbuilding”, “Heat and Power Engineering and Heat Engineering”, etc., and can be used by teachers of general engineering disciplines
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Khrustalev, V. A., M. V. Garievskii, I. A. Rostuntsova, and A. V. Portyankin. "On the possibility of participation of npps with vverin emergency frequency regulation in power system." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 21, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-3-99-108.
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The purpose of the article is to study the possibility and feasibility of participation of nuclear power plants (NPPs) with VVER in emergency frequency control in power systems with a high proportion of nuclear power units and, at the same time, of reducing the power consumption for the own needs of the main circulation pumps during modes with power below nominal. To solve these problems, it was proposed to increase the achievable speeds of power gain (load increase) due to the installation of frequency controlled drives of the MCP. Large system frequency variations (caused by large imbalances between generation and demand) may jeopardize electrical equipment, in terms of maintaining stable and reliable operating conditions. For NPPs, the task of preventing or localizing accidents is even more important than for TPPs, since in case of major system accidents, it is possible to completely stop external power supply of the NPPs own needs. Thus, besides the requirements for the primary control of the frequency of NPPs with VVER, today we need more stringent requirements for their emergency acceleration and mobility. The operation of NPPs with long-term non-recoverable active power shortage causes a decrease in the speed of the main circulation pumps of NPPs with VVER and a decrease in the coolant flow rate. It is shown that the installation of variable frequency drives of the MCPs at NPP with VVER is appropriate not only to save energy consumption for their drive in partial modes, but also to increase the power of NPP above the nominal (without reducing the reserve before the heat exchange crisis in the reactor core) for the elimination of system accidents, and thus to improve the safety of the NPPs included in the power system.
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Juraj Pancik, Peter Drgona, and Marek Paskala. "Functional Safety for Developing of Mechatronic Systems – Electric Parking Brake Case Study." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.4.134-143.
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The electric parking brake (EPB) system as the complex mechatronic system consists of the actuators that generate the clamping force necessary to hold the vehicle safe, the conventional calipers that convert clamp force into brake torque, electronic hardware with the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), cable harness and switches and especially the control software providing the functions that the driver will experience. Like most of the modern automotive components, the EPB is equipped with embedded electronic systems that include ECU, electronic sensors, signals, bus systems, and coding. Due to the complex application in electrical, electronics and programmable electronics, the need to carry out detailed safety analyses that are focused on the potential risk of malfunction is crucial for automotive systems. This paper describes a possible division of the EPB sub-functions between the supplier the wheel brakes and the supplier which supplying the ECU. Functional safety must be a guarantee with concerning the overall vehicle system. Functional safety is according to the requirements of the ISO 26262 standard and in the context of this paper relates solely to the E/E components (electrical and/or electronic) of the EPB. This paper covers the hazard analysis and risk assessment relevant to the EPB control software, and the derived allocation of ASIL risk levels to the EPB software elements of the functional architecture of the EPB.
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Venkata Ramana, D., and S. Baskar. "Incipient Fault Detection of the Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i2.pp722-729.
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Inverter fed Induction motor drives are deployed across a variety of industrial and commercial applications. Although the drives in the question are well known for their reliable operation in any type of environment, it becomes an important daunting critical task to have them in continuous operation as per the applications’ requirement. Identifying the faulty behavior of power electronic circuits which could lead to catastrophic failures is an attractive proposition. The cost associated with building systems devoted for monitoring and diagnosis is high, however such cost could be justified for the safety-critical systems. Commonly practiced methods for improving the reliability of the power electronic systems are: designing the power circuit conservatively or having parallel redundant operation of components or circuits and clearly these two methods are expensive. An alternative to redundancy is fault tolerant control, which involves drive control algorithm, that in the event of fault occurrence, allows the drive to run in a degraded mode. Such algorithms involve on-line processing of the signals and this requires Digital Signal Processing of the signals. This paper presents the FFT and Wavelet transform techniques for on-line monitoring and analyzing the signals such as stator currents.
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Nadiia Kulbashna, Iryna Lynnyk, Andrii Galkin, Oleksii Prasolenko, and Sergii Dulfan. "Safety Assessment of Adjacent Roads Sections via Maximum Entropy Driver’s Perception Field." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.4.182-190.
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Characteristics have been developed, by which the boundaries of coherence of adjacent road sections are established in accordance with requirements for the traffic safety. The coordination of adjacent sections of the road is carried out taking into account the driver’s behavior program, which is presented in the work as a value of the maximum entropy of his perception field. The choice of this criterion is determined by the possibility of a comprehensive assessment of many road environment factors that influence the driver. The boundaries of coordination of the maximum entropy values of adjacent road sections with use of the accident rate are established.
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Varlahov, V., and A. Lubentsov. "PECULIARITIES OF CONDUCTING FORENSIC RESEARCH ON PASSENGER SRS VEHICLE SYSTEM TO ESTABLISH THE REASON NOT CAUSE THE FRONT BUCKLES." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 19, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2019.23.
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Issues that arise from experts during the performance of court automotive expert assessments (expert researches) of technical condition of automobiles are considered, namely: SRS passive safety systems. The sequence of carrying out elemental research of the passive safety system of the SRS of cars on establishing the reasons for failure of the front (front) airbag of the passenger during a traffic accident is presented. The urgency of this paper is due, on the one hand, to the mass installation of airbags on cars of different brands, which are intended to protect the driver and passengers of vehicles from injuries during a collision, and on the other hand, frequent cases of not triggering airbags in the collision, associated as both for technical and operational reasons, resulting in serious injuries to the driver and passengers in the event of a collision. The increase in the level of constructive safety of the car, above all, is ensured by strengthening the requirements for the development, installation of structural elements and systems that provide protection of life and health of road users. Given the diversity of sources of risk factors for road accidents, constructive safety is divided into active, passive and after emergency. The examination of the technical condition of the SRS passive safety system is essentially a study of the vehicle electrical system requiring safety measures, since damage to the insulation of wires, shorting of individual circuits of electrical wires, and the introduction of extraneous current to the connectors can lead to the deployment of airbags during research.
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Zhang, Bing Yi, Qing Xu Li, Gui Hong Feng, Bing Wang, and Han Guang Sun. "Study on Mine Hoist Driven by PMSM of Low Voltage and Multi-Branch." Advanced Materials Research 619 (December 2012): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.619.22.
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As a set of typical mechanical and electrical integration equipment, mine hoist plays an important part in mineral mining industry known as the "mine throat". Traditional mine hoist mainly has the winding induction motor drive system, generator-dc machines and dc motor powered by the thyristor rectifier system. However, with the growing requirements of modern large mine hoist on hoisting tonnage, control performance, safety, reliability and the ratio of performance to price, the limitation of the traditional drive system emerges. If the permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) is used to driven the heavy load, the speed reducer can be canceled. Thus, the performance of the system and control characteristic can be improved greatly. According to the status in this field above, this article brought forward a type of mine hoist with multi-rope friction driven by PMSM. A kind of multi branch control mode is adopted. Out of the actual needs of the project, a rated power 1300 kW of multi-rope friction mine hoist is designed and manufactured. Loss and heating of high power PMSM is studied. A kind of inner circulation air-cooled system is worked out. And good cooling effect is achieved.
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Liu, Zhansheng, Guoliang Shi, Anshan Zhang, and Chun Huang. "Intelligent Tensioning Method for Prestressed Cables Based on Digital Twins and Artificial Intelligence." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 7006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247006.
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In this study, to address the problems of multiple dimensions, large scales, complex tension resource scheduling, and strict quality control requirements in the tensioning process of cables in prestressed steel structures, the technical characteristics of digital twins (DTs) and artificial intelligence (AI) are analyzed. An intelligent tensioning of prestressed cables method driven by the integration of DTs and AI is proposed. Based on the current research status of cable tensioning and DTs, combined with the goal of intelligent tensioning, a fusion mechanism for DTs and AI is established and their integration to drive intelligent tensioning of prestressed cables technology is analyzed. In addition, the key issues involved in the construction of an intelligent control center driven by the integration of DTs and AI are discussed. By considering the construction elements of space and time dimensions, the tensioning process is controlled at multiple levels, thereby realizing the intelligent tensioning of prestressed cables. Driven by intelligent tensioning methods, the safety performance evaluation of the intelligent tensioning process is analyzed. Combined with sensing equipment and intelligent algorithms, a high-fidelity twin model and three-dimensional integrated data model are constructed to realize closed-loop control of the intelligent tensioning safety evaluation. Through the study of digital twins and artificial intelligence fusion to drive the intelligent tensioning method for prestressed cables, this study focuses on the analysis of the intelligent evaluation of safety performance. This study provides a reference for fusion applications with DTs and AI in intelligent tensioning of prestressed cables.
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Skurikhin, V., K. Soroka, and I. Aharkov. "Mathematical modeling of the electric power steering system of a vehicle with a worm drive." Lighting engineering and power engineering 3, no. 59 (November 27, 2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x-2020-3-59-101-107.
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The complexity and variety of requirements imposed on modern cars have led to a variety of designs of steering amplifiers, which are based on various physical phenomena and patterns (mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical, etc.). Despite the difference in design and operating principles, steering amplifiers of domestic and foreign production are based on a large number of complex components and parts, which reduces their reliability. In addition, due to the constant impact of amplifiers on the controlled wheels, the driver does not feel changes in the behavior of the car on the road when disturbing influences occur, which reduces traffic safety and can lead to an accident. Therefore, increasing the sensitivity of the steering wheel to adverse factors acting on the wheels of the car while driving is one of the important tasks of improving power steering system. Introduction of electric power steering systems for cargo and passenger vehicles with a load capacity of up to 20 tons. this is a very urgent problem. In contrast to power steering system, which is still used in the control systems of high-tonnage vehicles, electric power is much simpler in design, does not require much time and costs for operation and repair. Electric power steering system with worm drive, which has a gear ratio significantly higher than those used in passenger cars, is considered. For this purpose, the formula for calculating the active moment of resistance due to the angle of transverse inclination of the pin and the corresponding system of differential equations characterizing the electric power steering system with worm drive are derived. Based on this, a functional diagram of the electric power steering control system has been developed, which is unified for worm drive steering systems and can serve as a base for modeling the steering system of cargo and passenger vehicles.
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NWAGBOSO, CHRISTOPHER. "SMART SENSORY INFORMATION WITH FUZZY LOGIC FOR AN INTELLIGENT AUTOMOTIVE GEAR CHANGING CONTROL SYSTEM." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 05, no. 01 (March 1995): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126695000023.
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The automotive gear changing process can be a mechanically and physically demanding operation. Although self-changing gearboxes have reduced the skills demanded of a driver, the physical performance requirements of the gear changing skill remains the same. The basic requirement for safety, reliability and efficiency of the gear changing process as an integral part of the power train system demands that continued development is made towards the application of intelligent control methods. When the systems development is coupled with the benefits of smart sensors, the control technique employed can be made more intelligent. In this paper, aspect of intelligent gear changing process together with sensory information factors which form part of the gear changing process is presented. The application of fuzzy logic with the multi-sensory systems for the purpose of reliably selecting appropriate gear ratios under changing road conditions demanding changing vehicle performance is analysed.
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Tian, Di-An, and Giovanni Sansavini. "Impact of cyber dependencies in critical infrastructures: The reliability of grid splitting in power systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 232, no. 5 (October 2018): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x17736165.
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The growing presence of cyber interdependencies in critical infrastructures can be exemplified by grid splitting, which is an application in power system stability and control dependent on communication services. It involves the controlled separation of a power system into islands in reaction to an imminent instability. Communication is necessary for gathering system-wide synchronized measurements for state estimation as well as for the dispatch of line switch-opening signals. However, grid splitting may become ineffective due to a degradation in communication, which is accrued by the use of non-dedicated, open communication networks. To address this issue, this article aims to quantify the reliability of grid splitting under degraded communication conditions. A simulation framework is developed that allows the integration of a transient electrical model and a stochastic communication delay model that captures the effects of congestion and traffic uncertainty. The application to the IEEE 39-Bus Test System shows that the reliability of grid splitting is reduced under the influence of degraded communication leading to increased time delays. Furthermore, the results identify a critical transition range in the grid splitting reliability for a very narrow range of external interfering traffic and network data rate. Finally, the interdependency of the electric and the communication network is quantified by the expected efficiency of the communication network subject to degraded communication following the grid splitting action. The decrease in the expected communication efficiency under degraded communication is driven by increased congestion levels and by failures of electrical and co-located communication nodes and is related to the critical transition range for reliability. The developed methodology allows identifying the communication requirements for a reliable grid splitting execution under traffic uncertainty and congestion.
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KOROVINA, Maria S., and Sergey K. KOROVIN. "The distributed system of multipoint daily monitoring of the technical condition of the working equipment of mobile lifts with mast-type work platforms." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 2021, no. 2 (June 2021): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2021-2-294-302.
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Objective: To consider the requirements for safety devices of mobile lifts with working platforms and ana- lyze the specifics of daily monitoring of their technical condition. To consider the need to expand the func- tionality of the built-in safety systems of these lifts. To demonstrate the need for in-depth control and anal- ysis of the work cycle dynamic processes of mobile lifts with mast-type work platforms and provide tech- nical solutions for their implementation. Methods: The relationship of mechanical and electromechanical characteristics of electric drives of mobile lifts with mast-type work platforms with the output parameters of a distributed system of multipoint daily monitoring in various modes has been revealed using the Adap- tive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) of the MATLAB package. Results: On the laboratory bench, the values of the minimum root-mean-square errors in determining the speed, torque on the shaft, and the stator current of an asynchronous electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor were obtained according to the data of the three-axis accelerometer LIS331DLH, gyroscope I3G4250D, and magnetometer LIS3MDL, as well as an electret microphone on training and test samples, various training methods and membership func- tions of the generated structures of ANFIS, the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. Practical impor- tance: The possibility of expanding the functionality of built-in safety systems of mobile lifts with mast- type work platforms is shown based on the control of the work cycle dynamic processes by a distributed system of multipoint daily monitoring trained using the ANFIS of the MATLAB package, which can be recommended for practical use.
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Wenning, Marius, Sebastian Kawollek, and Achim Kampker. "Automated driving for car manufacturers’ vehicle logistics." at - Automatisierungstechnik 68, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2019-0087.
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AbstractTechnical and legal challenges cause the implementation of Autonomous Driving in road traffic to still be a long way off. However, the introduction of driver assistance functions enables cars’ automation for low speeds already nowadays. The concept of Autonomous Transport (AT) combines automated driving with Automated Guided Vehicle’s technology. In this paper, we assess risks that emanate from AT and show fields of action for its implementation with respect to the standards for functional safety. We set up requirements for the reliability of cars’ electric power supply, actuators and sensors. Concepts for their cost-efficient fulfillment are derived. The realization of collision avoidance and navigation without additional attachments is discussed.
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Flores, David Lopez, Graciela Ramirez Alonso, Daniel Aguirre Prieto, Martin Acosta Corral, Arturo Armendariz Camargo, and Brian Granados Perez. "Implementation of two robotic flagmen controlled by CAN messages to increase the safety of human workers in road maintenance." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 18, no. 4 (August 30, 2020): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2020.18.4.1191.
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Commonly, the improper signaling in road construction zones is the cause of different accidents to drivers, pedestrians, and road construction workers. The signaling used when a vehicle is approaching a repairing section could be classified into two classes: stationary or active. Nevertheless, active warning systems have demonstrated to reduce accidents in road work zones. Within the active signaling class we have: portable changeable message sign, flashing arrow signs, flagman, to mention some. This paper describes the implementation of two robotic flagmen controlled by the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. Each robotic flagman can perform four different actions: speed reduction (right and left) and lane change (right and left). The electronic circuitry and mechanical motors of the two robotic flagmen have the option to be powered by a solar charging system considering working zones where there is no access to the electric grid. The solar charging system guarantees a sufficient electrical power supply for night conditions operations. Also, the CAN protocol can be used to monitor the correct operability of the robotic flagmen thus eliminating the need to incorporate more expensive electronic devices such as cameras. The hardware combination in the control, monitoring, and solar charging system allow us to propose a low-cost practical implementation. The results of our implementation show that the longest response time of the robot is less than 850 ms once that the CAN message has been sent to the network. This demonstrates that our proposal can meet real-time implementation requirements.
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Ramírez-Agudelo, Oscar Hernán, Corinna Köpke, Yann Guillouet, Jan Schäfer-Frey, Evelin Engler, Jennifer Mielniczek, and Frank Sill Torres. "An Expert-Driven Probabilistic Assessment of the Safety and Security of Offshore Wind Farms." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 5465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175465.
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Offshore wind farms (OWFs) are important infrastructure which provide an alternative and clean means of energy production worldwide. The offshore wind industry has been continuously growing. Over the years, however, it has become evident that OWFs are facing a variety of safety and security challenges. If not addressed, these issues may hinder their progress. Based on these safety and security goals and on a Bayesian network model, this work presents a methodological approach for structuring and organizing expert knowledge and turning it into a probabilistic model to assess the safety and security of OWFs. This graphical probabilistic model allowed us to create a high-level representation of the safety and security state of a generic OWF. By studying the interrelations between the different functions of the model, and by proposing different scenarios, we determined the impacts that a failing function may have on other functions in this complex system. Finally, this model helped us define the performance requirements of such infrastructure, which should be beneficial for optimizing operation and maintenance.
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Oliveira Filho, José Ilton, Otacílio Mota Almeida, and José Medeiros Araújo Júnior. "Desenvolvimento de hardware para a medição de parâmetros de temperatura e umidade em uma incubadora neonatal." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 39 (April 17, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n39p121-127.
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This paper presents the development of a control and validation hardware for neonatal incubators. The developed circuit is installed in the incubator located in the Electrical Engineering Course’s Laboratory of Control of the Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, and constitutes an important dynamic system for the development of control and data processing techniques for undergraduate and masters courses, focusing on the disciplines of Control, Instrumentation and Automation. The prototype created takes into account the requests of the IEC 60601-2-19 standard about the minimum requirements for hardware safety certification and equipment control for incubators. This project presents as result, two circuits, one being responsible for the processing and data acquisition and the other the control drive of the heating load. In addition, this work contains photos, schematics and graphics related to the system created
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Mata-Carballeira, Óscar, Jon Gutiérrez-Zaballa, Inés del Campo, and Victoria Martínez. "An FPGA-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Sensor for Personalized Driving Assistance." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 4011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19184011.
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Advanced driving-assistance systems (ADAS) are intended to automatize driver tasks, as well as improve driving and vehicle safety. This work proposes an intelligent neuro-fuzzy sensor for driving style (DS) recognition, suitable for ADAS enhancement. The development of the driving style intelligent sensor uses naturalistic driving data from the SHRP2 study, which includes data from a CAN bus, inertial measurement unit, and front radar. The system has been successfully implemented using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device of the Xilinx Zynq programmable system-on-chip (PSoC). It can mimic the typical timing parameters of a group of drivers as well as tune these typical parameters to model individual DSs. The neuro-fuzzy intelligent sensor provides high-speed real-time active ADAS implementation and is able to personalize its behavior into safe margins without driver intervention. In particular, the personalization procedure of the time headway (THW) parameter for an ACC in steady car following was developed, achieving a performance of 0.53 microseconds. This performance fulfilled the requirements of cutting-edge active ADAS specifications.
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Rocca, Roberto, Savvas Papadopoulos, Mohamed Rashed, George Prassinos, Fabio Giulii Capponi, and Michael Galea. "Design Trade-Offs and Feasibility Assessment of a Novel One-Body, Laminated-Rotor Flywheel Switched Reluctance Machine." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 5857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225857.
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In a bid to respond to the challenges being faced in the installation of flywheel-based electric energy storage systems (EESSs) in customer-side facilities, namely high safety, high energy/power densities and low cost, research work towards the development of a novel, one-body, laminated-rotor flywheel, based on a switched reluctance machine (OBOLAR-Fly SR machine) is presented, where the laminated rotor provides both the energy storage and motor/generator functions. The one-body architecture improves compactness and robustness. Besides, the rotor’s laminated body ensures inherently high safety. From the design perspective, the rotor’s dual purpose causes the traditional electrical machines design aspects, such as power development, cooling, losses, torque ripple, etc., to clash with the typical requirements of a flywheel, namely in-vacuum operation and moment of inertia. This results in six main trade-offs to be addressed during the design process: rotor material, speed ratio, number of drive phases, split ratio, optimal vacuum level, and controller hysteresis band. A 60 kW, 2.2 kWh OBOLAR-Fly SR system is developed with a twofold objective: (1) provide an in-depth description of the six bespoke design trade-offs and give some useful guidelines to tackle them; (2) prove the OBOLAR-Fly concept and compare the prototype’s performance with the current state of the art flywheels. Preliminary experimental results prove the viability of the OBOLAR idea and show its competitiveness in terms of efficiency and power density. On the other hand, a gap in energy density to be filled in future research works is highlighted.
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Khan, Muhammad Qasim, and Sukhan Lee. "Gaze and Eye Tracking: Techniques and Applications in ADAS." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 14, 2019): 5540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245540.
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Tracking drivers’ eyes and gazes is a topic of great interest in the research of advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). It is especially a matter of serious discussion among the road safety researchers’ community, as visual distraction is considered among the major causes of road accidents. In this paper, techniques for eye and gaze tracking are first comprehensively reviewed while discussing their major categories. The advantages and limitations of each category are explained with respect to their requirements and practical uses. In another section of the paper, the applications of eyes and gaze tracking systems in ADAS are discussed. The process of acquisition of driver’s eyes and gaze data and the algorithms used to process this data are explained. It is explained how the data related to a driver’s eyes and gaze can be used in ADAS to reduce the losses associated with road accidents occurring due to visual distraction of the driver. A discussion on the required features of current and future eye and gaze trackers is also presented.
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Lee, Chee Wei, and Stuart Madnick. "Cybersafety Approach to Cybersecurity Analysis and Mitigation for Mobility-as-a-Service and Internet of Vehicles." Electronics 10, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101220.
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Urban mobility is in the midst of a revolution, driven by the convergence of technologies such as artificial intelligence, on-demand ride services, and Internet-connected and self-driving vehicles. Technological advancements often lead to new hazards. Coupled with the increased levels of automation and connectivity in the new generation of autonomous vehicles, cybersecurity is emerging as a key threat affecting these vehicles. Traditional hazard analysis methods treat safety and security in isolation and are limited in their ability to account for interactions among organizational, sociotechnical, human, and technical components. In response to these challenges, the cybersafety method, based on System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA and STPA-Sec), was developed to meet the growing need to holistically analyze complex sociotechnical systems. We applied cybersafety to coanalyze safety and security hazards, as well as identify mitigation requirements. The results were compared with another promising method known as Combined Harm Analysis of Safety and Security for Information Systems (CHASSIS). Both methods were applied to the Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and Internet of Vehicles (IoV) use cases, focusing on over-the-air software updates feature. Overall, cybersafety identified additional hazards and more effective requirements compared to CHASSIS. In particular, cybersafety demonstrated the ability to identify hazards due to unsafe/unsecure interactions among sociotechnical components. This research also suggested using CHASSIS methods for information lifecycle analysis to complement and generate additional considerations for cybersafety. Finally, results from both methods were backtested against a past cyber hack on a vehicular system, and we found that recommendations from cybersafety were likely to mitigate the risks of the incident.
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Olejnik, Krzysztof. "Analysis of dangers in the operation of city buses at the intersections." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0042.
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Summary Operation of motor vehicles should take into account the elimination of the possibility of accidents. The article considers selected problems occurring in the operation of public transport buses at intersections. Compliance with the requirements of the safety system during signal change on the signaling device controlling traffic at the intersection was analyzed. The human factor in ergonomics is important. Ending the green signal display (in special situations) causes a dilemma of decisions. The driver brakes abruptly (resulting in potentially harming passengers on the bus) or passes through a signal light displaying a red signal. The need to introduce changes in the regulations that would allow the introduction of adequate solutions was pointed out. These are activities in the area of the active safety system in the operation of vehicles in road traffic. The need to provide advance information and change the provisions in applicable law has been demonstrated.
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Jeong, Sangsoo, Youngmi Baek, and Sang H. Son. "Component-Based Interactive Framework for Intelligent Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010264.
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While emerging technology for self-driving automation in vehicles progresses rapidly, the transition to an era of roads full of fully connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) may take longer than expected. Until then, it is inevitable that CAVs should coexist and interact with drivers of non-autonomous vehicles (NAVs) in urban roads. During this period of transition, it is critical to provide road safety with the mixed vehicular traffic and uncertainty caused by human drivers. To investigate the issues caused by the coexistence and interaction with humans, we propose to build a component-based and interactive intelligent transportation cyber-physical systems (ITCPS) framework. Our design of the interactive ITCPS framework aims to provide a standardized structure for users by defining core components. The framework is specified by behavior models and interfaces for the desired ITCPS components and is implemented as a form of human and hardware-in-the-loop system. We developed an intersection crossing assistance service and an automatic emergency braking service as an example of practical applications using the framework. To evaluate the framework, we tested its performance to show how effectively it operates while supporting real-time processing. The results indicate that it satisfies the timing requirements of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and the limited processing time required for performing the functions of behavior models, even though the traffic volume reaches the road capacity. A case study using statistical analysis is conducted to assess the practical value of the developed experimental environment. The results of the case study validate the reliability among the specified variables for the experiments involving human drivers. It has shown that V2V communication support has positive effects on road safety, including intersection safety, braking events, and perception-reaction time (PRT) of the drivers. Furthermore, V2V communication support and PRT are identified as the important indicators affecting road safety at an un-signalized intersection. The proposed interactive framework is expected to contribute in constructing a comprehensive environment for the urban ITCPS and providing experimental support for the analysis of human behavior in the coexistence environment.
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Odachowska, Ewa, Monika Ucińska, Mikołaj Kruszewski, and Kamila Gąsiorek. "Psychological factors of the transfer of control in an automated vehicle." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0046.
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Abstract In accordance with the requirements of the NHTSA guidelines on Level 3 automation, the comfortable control transition times is about 40 seconds. The data obtained so far are consistent with the assumption that the situation is better when drivers receive a warning about critical events than when they have to take over control unexpectedly. How these variables are shaped in the presence of distractors and what influences psychological factors have on these aspects remains unknown. For this purpose, a research experiment was developed in which control was taken over when the driver was additionally forced to perform the indicated activity (e.g. by looking away from the road), or when road conditions made it impossible to focus on the road. Psychological (temperament) and psychomotor variables (reaction time, hand–eye coordination) were controlled. The study was conducted on active road traffic participant drivers (N=95). Not only the time of taking control was analyzed, but also the way that may have a significant impact on road safety. The results revealed a significant influence of distractors on the manner control is taken over. In the conditions without distractors, the subjects were more likely to take over control than to cause automatic braking.
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Lee, Trong-Yen, I.-An Lin, and Ren-Hong Liao. "Design of a FlexRay/Ethernet Gateway and Security Mechanism for In-Vehicle Networks." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030641.
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Due to the development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), the Ethernet has become one of the most important communication protocols for the future of automotive networks. This is because the existing communication protocols (such as FlexRay) do not provide sufficiently high bandwidth requirements. The main challenge for the automotive industry will be to transfer and extend standard IP and Ethernet into vehicles and still fulfill the automotive requirements. The automotive gateway not only links two or more protocols and exchanges the data using each, but also monitors and ensures functional safety. This paper proposes a FlexRay/Ethernet gateway by considering the development conditions of embedded systems and the security in the field of vehicle networking. The proposed method is implemented on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) system to evaluate running time and to analyze the overhead of the security mechanism. For one-to-one mapping logic, the execution times of FlexRay to the Ethernet path and Ethernet to FlexRay path are constant, at 4.67 μs and 6.71 μs, respectively. In particular, cybersecurity can be integrated as an extension of the gateway with low latency and power consumption.
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Sakhnevych, Aleksandr, Vincenzo Maria Arricale, Mattia Bruschetta, Andrea Censi, Enrico Mion, Enrico Picotti, and Emilio Frazzoli. "Investigation on the Model-Based Control Performance in Vehicle Safety Critical Scenarios with Varying Tyre Limits." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 5372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165372.
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In recent years the increasing needs of reducing the costs of car development expressed by the automotive market have determined a rapid development of virtual driver prototyping tools that aims at reproducing vehicle behaviors. Nevertheless, these advanced tools are still not designed to exploit the entire vehicle dynamics potential, preferring to assure the minimum requirements in the worst possible operating conditions instead. Furthermore, their calibration is typically performed in a pre-defined strict range of operating conditions, established by specific regulations or OEM routines. For this reason, their performance can considerably decrease in particularly crucial safetycritical situations, where the environmental conditions (rain, snow, ice), the road singularities (oil stains, puddles, holes), and the tyre thermal and ageing phenomena can deeply affect the adherence potential. The objective of the work is to investigate the possibility of the physical model-based control to take into account the variations in terms of the dynamic behavior of the systems and of the boundary conditions. Different scenarios with specific tyre thermal and wear conditions have been tested on diverse road surfaces validating the designed model predictive control algorithm in a hardware-in-the-loop real-time environment and demonstrating the augmented reliability of an advanced virtual driver aware of available information concerning the tyre dynamic limits. The multidisciplinary proposal will provide a paradigm shift in the development of strategies and a solid breakthrough towards enhanced development of the driving automatization systems, unleashing the potential of physical modeling to the next level of vehicle control, able to exploit and to take into account the multi-physical tyre variations.
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Yang, Wei, Xiang Zhang, Qian Lei, and Xin Cheng. "Research on Longitudinal Active Collision Avoidance of Autonomous Emergency Braking Pedestrian System (AEB-P)." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214671.
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The AEB-P (Autonomous Emergency Braking Pedestrian) system has the functional requirements of avoiding the pedestrian collision and ensuring the pedestrian’s life safety. By studying relevant theoretical systems, such as TTC (time to collision) and braking safety distance, an AEB-P warning model was established, and the traffic safety level and work area of the AEB-P warning system were defined. The upper-layer fuzzy neural network controller of the AEB-P system was designed, and the BP (backpropagation) neural network was trained by collected pedestrian longitudinal anti-collision braking operation data of experienced drivers. Also, the fuzzy neural network model was optimized by introducing the genetic algorithm. The lower-layer controller of the AEB-P system was designed based on the PID (proportional integral derivative controller) theory, which realizes the conversion of the expected speed reduction to the pressure of a vehicle braking pipeline. The relevant pedestrian test scenarios were set up based on the C-NCAP (China-new car assessment program) test standards. The CarSim and Simulink co-simulation model of the AEB-P system was established, and a multi-condition simulation analysis was performed. The results showed that the proposed control strategy was credible and reliable and could flexibly allocate early warning and braking time according to the change in actual working conditions, to reduce the occurrence of pedestrian collision accidents.
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Tahir, N. A., and D. H. H. Hoffmann. "Development of advanced fuel inertial fusion targets." Laser and Particle Beams 15, no. 4 (December 1997): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600011150.
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This paper discusses the implications of using different fuels, including pure deuterium, deuterium–tritium, deuterium–helium3, and proton–boron11, on safety and environmental compatibility of the fusion reactor, as well as on the driver requirements. Due to present-day technology limitations, it seems likely that the first generation of the fusion reactors will be based on a deuterium–tritium cycle. Such a scheme, however, would pose serious problems, including neutron activation and tritium handling. We show that by developing low-level tritium inertial fusion targets, one may substantially reduce the daily use of tritium in the reactor that may ultimately lead to a reduction in the overall tritium inventory in the power plant. Such reduced tritium targets will still generate sufficient energy to run the power plant economically.
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Guo, Yi-Xin, Cong Lai, Zhi-Biao Shao, Kai-Liang Xu, and Ting Li. "Differential Structure of Inductive Proximity Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092210.
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The inductive proximity sensor (IPS) is applicable to displacement measurements in the aviation field due to its non-mechanical contact, safety, and durability. IPS can increase reliability of position detection and decrease maintenance cost of the system effectively in aircraft applications. Nevertheless, the specialty in the aviation field proposes many restrictions and requirements on the application of IPS, including the temperature drift effect of the resistance component of the IPS sensing coil. Moreover, reliability requirements of aircrafts restrict the use of computational-intensive algorithms and avoid the use of process control components. Furthermore, the environment of airborne electronic equipment restricts measurements driven by large current and proposes strict requirements on emission tests of radio frequency (RF) energy. For these reasons, a differential structured IPS measurement method is proposed in this paper. This measurement method inherits the numerical separation of the resistance and inductance components of the IPS sensing coil to improve the temperature adaptation of the IPS. The computational complexity is decreased by combining the dimension-reduced look-up table method to prevent the use of process control components. The proposed differential structured IPS is equipped with a differential structure of distant and nearby sensing coils to increase the detection accuracy. The small electric current pulse excitation decreases the RF energy emission. Verification results demonstrate that the differential structured IPS realizes the numerical decoupling calculation of the vector impedance of the sensing coil by using 61 look-up table units. The measuring sensitivity increased from 135.5 least significant bits (LSB)/0.10 mm of a single-sensing-coil structured IPS to 1201.4 LSB/0.10 mm, and the linear approximation distance error decreased from 99.376 μm to −3.240 μm. The proposed differential structured IPS method has evident comparative advantages compared with similar measuring techniques.
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Zhang, Hui, Dengfei Liu, Yinwan Wei, and Hong Wang. "Asymmetric Double Freeform Surface Lens for Integrated LED Automobile Headlamp." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060663.
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We propose a design method of asymmetric double freeform surface lens for an integrated LED automobile headlamp and develop an integrated LED automobile optical system. A single asymmetric double freeform surface lens is designed to redistribute rays emitting from the light source for realizing both low and high beams. Moreover, a freeform surface reflector is used to improve the energy efficiency of high beams. The prism placed in the optical path can suppress chromatic dispersion on the edge of the target plane. Simulation and experimental results show that the illumination values and color temperature of the key points can fully meet the requirements of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe vehicle regulations (ECE) R112, 48, and 128. The volume of the whole optical system comprised of freeform surface elements is smaller than that of the low beam system of a traditional headlamp, resulting in saved space, in which other electronic devices can be installed for the safety of the driver, which indicates that the proposed method is practical in the field of automobile lighting.
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Schlünder, C. "Device reliability challenges for modern semiconductor circuit design – a review." Advances in Radio Science 7 (May 19, 2009): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-7-201-2009.
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Abstract. Product development based on highly integrated semiconductor circuits faces various challenges. To ensure the function of circuits the electrical parameters of every device must be in a specific window. This window is restricted by competing mechanisms like process variations and device degradation (Fig. 1). Degradation mechanisms like Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) or Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) lead to parameter drifts during operation adding on top of the process variations. The safety margin between real lifetime of MOSFETs and product lifetime requirements decreases at advanced technologies. The assignment of tasks to ensure the product lifetime has to be changed for the future. Up to now technology development has the main responsibility to adjust the technology processes to achieve the required lifetime. In future, reliability can no longer be the task of technology development only. Device degradation becomes a collective challenge for semiconductor technologist, reliability experts and circuit designers. Reliability issues have to be considered in design as well to achieve reliable and competitive products. For this work, designers require support by smart software tools with built-in reliability know how. Design for reliability will be one of the key requirements for modern product designs. An overview will be given of the physical device damage mechanisms, the operation conditions within circuits leading to stress and the impact of the corresponding device parameter degradation on the function of the circuit. Based on this understanding various approaches for Design for Reliability (DfR) will be described. The function of aging simulators will be explained and the flow of circuit-simulation will be described. Furthermore, the difference between full custom and semi custom design and therefore, the different required approaches will be discussed.
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BLEICHER, Friedrich, Christoph REICHL, Felix LINHARDT, Peter WIMBERGER, Christoph HABERSOHN, and Stephan KRALL. "INVESTIGATION OF NOISE TRANSMISSION OF A MACHINE TOOL ENCLOSURE." Journal of Machine Engineering 19, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4076.
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Machine tools are highly integrated mechatronic systems consisting of dedicated mechanic design and integrated electrical equipment - in particular drive systems and the CNC-control - to realize the complex relative motion of tool towards work piece. Beside the process related capabilities, like static and dynamic stiffness as well as accuracy behavior and deviation resistance against thermal influence, safety aspects are of major interest. The machine tool enclosure must fulfill multiple requirements like retention capabilities against the moving parts of broken tools, lose work pieces or clamping components. In regular use, the noise emission have to be inhibited at the greatest possible extent by the machine tool enclosure. Nevertheless, the loading door and the moving parts of the workspace envelope are interfaces where noise transmission is harder to be avoided and therefore local noise emissions increase. The aim of the objective investigation is to analyse the noise emission of machine tools to determine the local noise transmission of a machine tool enclosure by using arrays of microphones. By the use of this measuring method, outer surfaces at the front, the side and on the top of the enclosure have been scanned. The local transient acoustic pressures have been recorded using a standard noise source placed on the machine table. In addition, an exemplary manufacturing process has been performed to analyse the frequency dependent location resolved sound emissions.
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Brown, S. J. "Functional safety of electrical machines and drives." Computer Standards & Interfaces 20, no. 6-7 (March 1999): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)91119-4.
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Olejnik, Krzysztof. "Analysis and assessment of defectiveness of regulations for the yellow signal at the intersection." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0022.
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Abstract Imprecise and defective regulations should be eliminated in the operation of vehicles. The article discusses and evaluates the differences in legal acts regarding the requirements for the yellow signal at intersections with traffic lights. Poland has signed the Vienna Convention on signs and signals. When implementing it into Polish legislation, the original provision was changed slightly. The reason for the ban on entering the intersection during the yellow signal has been changed. As a result, an unfavorable situation arises for the driver without a good way out. In addition, a colloquial word was introduced, undefined – “rapid braking”. The changes introduced in relation to the Vienna Convention were analyzed and evaluated. Defects were found and the need and necessity of correction of the applicable provision were reported. The necessity to consider changing the provision in the Vienna Convention was also pointed out. There is a need to provide advance information about an upcoming change. These are activities in the operation of vehicles in road traffic from the area of active safety system. It may be possible to use e.g. a flashing signal in the final phase of displaying a solid green signal on the S1 signaling device for vehicles.
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Spinsante, Susanna, and Cosimo Stallo. "Hybridized-GNSS Approaches to Train Positioning: Challenges and Open Issues on Uncertainty." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 29, 2020): 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071885.
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In recent years, the development of advanced systems and applications has propelled the adoption of autonomous railway traffic and train positioning, with several ongoing initiatives and experimental testbeds aimed at proving the suitability and reliability of the Global Navigation Satellite System signals and services, in this specific application domain. To satisfy the strict safety and accuracy requirements aimed at assuring the position solution’s integrity, availability, accuracy and reliability, recent proposals suggest the hybridization of the Global Navigation Satellite System with other technologies. The integration with localization techniques that are expected to be available with the upcoming fifth generation mobile communication networks is among the most promising approaches. In this work, different approaches to the design of hybrid positioning solutions for the railway sector are examined, under the perspective of the uncertainty evaluation of the attained results and performance. In fact, the way the uncertainty associated to the positioning measurements performed by different studies is reported is often not consistent with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, and this makes it very difficult to fairly compare the different approaches in order to identify the best emerging solution. Under this perspective, the review provided by this work highlights a number of open issues that should drive future research activities in this field.
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Schieman, Robert G. "Power System Requirements for Thyristor Drives." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications IA-21, no. 4 (July 1985): 849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.1985.349531.
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Barbu, Anca Giorgiana, and Marian Gheorghe. "Development of the Car Seat through a Wider Range of Active Elements Implementation." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.113.
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Car seats represent a constructive - functional system including a variety of elements, assembled on a specific frame, among those the main components are the seat pan, the seat backrest, and the seat headrest. In order to improve the comfort of the driver and passengers, as well vehicle general safety, the car seats are under of intensive research and implementation of advanced developments.Thus, through of variety of sensors integrated into the seat, some important parameters are analysed for keeping the drivers alert and comfortable while driving semi-autonomous or autonomous cars. For adjustment of the seat linear and angular positions, a special system has been implemented, comprising electric, electronic, and pneumatic elements. Also, seat micro-adjustments are possible through the action of specific actuators. The car seat design and manufacture take into consideration a diverse array of data, based on a large range of parameters to face the diversity of drivers requirements. The present paper is advancing a conceptual development of car complex seat, integrating a number of active elements, with multiple possible adjustments. The new seat model is designed to satisfy a larger diversity of people both in terms of comfort and safety.
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Arango, J. Felipe, Luis M. Bergasa, Pedro A. Revenga, Rafael Barea, Elena López-Guillén, Carlos Gómez-Huélamo, Javier Araluce, and Rodrigo Gutiérrez. "Drive-By-Wire Development Process Based on ROS for an Autonomous Electric Vehicle." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 6121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216121.
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This paper presents the development process of a robust and ROS-based Drive-By-Wire system designed for an autonomous electric vehicle from scratch over an open source chassis. A revision of the vehicle characteristics and the different modules of our navigation architecture is carried out to put in context our Drive-by-Wire system. The system is composed of a Steer-By-Wire module and a Throttle-By-Wire module that allow driving the vehicle by using some commands of lineal speed and curvature, which are sent through a local network from the control unit of the vehicle. Additionally, a Manual/Automatic switching system has been implemented, which allows the driver to activate the autonomous driving and safely taking control of the vehicle at any time. Finally, some validation tests were performed for our Drive-By-Wire system, as a part of our whole autonomous navigation architecture, showing the good working of our proposal. The results prove that the Drive-By-Wire system has the behaviour and necessary requirements to automate an electric vehicle. In addition, after 812 h of testing, it was proven that it is a robust Drive-By-Wire system, with high reliability. The developed system is the basis for the validation and implementation of new autonomous navigation techniques developed within the group in a real vehicle.
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Ridley, John. "Essential safety requirements." Manufacturing Engineer 68, no. 9 (1989): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/me:19890147.
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Kornaszewski, Mieczysław, and Janusz Dyduch. "The new generation electrical railway drives." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.434.
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The safe realization of railway traffic requires a safe railway route. The intersection of railway tracks, which is one of the railway road elements is operated by railway drive. Therefore, the article has been devoted to modern railway drives, which take a significant role in the realization of safe railway transport. The evolution of further technical solutions of railway drives is forced by a continuous increase of expectations in relation to ensuring the safety and railway transport quality.
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Rossin, A. David. "Operating Experience Drives Nuclear Safety Research." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 32, no. 1 (1985): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1985.4336780.
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Szász, Cs, and R. Şinca. "Fault-tolerant PWM inverter model development for safety electrical drives." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 7, no. 2 (December 2016): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2016.7.2.3.
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This paper deals with the most recent technology in wireless communication which is massive multiple input multiple output system. The paper studies the performance of massive multiple input multiple output uplink system over Rayleigh fading channel. The performance is measured in terms of spectral and energy efficiency using three schemes of linear detection, maximum-ratio-combining, zero forcing receiver, and minimum mean-square error receiver. The simulation results show that the spectral and energy efficiency increases with increasing the number of base station antennas. Also, the spectral and energy efficiency with minimum mean-square error receiver is better than that withzero forcing receiver, and the latter is better than that with maximum-ratio-combining. Furthermore, the energy efficiency decreases with increasing the spectral efficiency.
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Stankov, Stanko. "Modern control of mineral wool production process." Chemical Industry 67, no. 2 (2013): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120428069s.
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In this paper, the control of the plant for mineral wool production consisting of a number of the technological units of different sizes and complexity is considered. The application of modern equipment based on PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) configuration provides optimal control of technological process. Described supervisory and control system is consisting of a number of units doing decentralized distributed control of technological entities where all possible situation are considered during work of machines and devices, which are installed in electric drive and are protected from technological and electrical accident. Transformer station and diesel engine, raw materials transport and dosage, processes in dome oven, centrifuges, polycondensation (PC) chamber, burners, compressor station, binder preparation and dosage, wool cutting, completed panel packing and their transport to storehouse are controlled. Process variables and parameters like as level, flow, velocity, temperature, pressure, etc. are controlled. Control system is doing identification of process states changes, diagnostic and prediction of errors and provides prediction of behavior of control objects when input flows of materials and generates optimal values of control variables due to decreasing downtime and technic - economical requires connected to wool quality to be achieved. Supervisory and control system either eliminates unwanted changes in the production line or restricts them within the allowable limits according to the technology. In this way, the optimization of energy and raw materials consumption and appropriate products quality is achieved, where requirements are satisfied in accordance with process safety and environmental standards. SCADA provides a visual representation of controlled and uncontrolled parts of the technological process, processing alarms and events, monitoring of the changes of relevant variables, data archiving, choice of either automatic or manual control. Supervison of the production process by intuitive screens on monitors, and display terminal is allowed to the operator. Certain objects of plant are represented by the appropriate symbols whose color is changed depending on status (working, inactive status, stand by, failure, etc.). Symbols are associated with characteristic parameters and the variables whose current values are monitored by graphics and/or tables. Special attention is paid to alarm conditions occurring in the case of failure or exceeding the set limits of certain values. Alarm signal is manifested by sound and signal light, with a corresponding text message on the screen, with the date and time of occurrence and the request to the operator to confirm the alarm in some way. Alarms and other important data are stored in the database, including information about the time of removing the causes of the alarm emergence. Beside data acqusition and processing data of process variables and installed equipment state, the system also provides data archiving and generating and printing of daily, weekly and monthly reports. Based on these reports, analysis and appropriate corrections are being done to increase productivity. Specific data of drive functionality, raw materials and amounts of final products are available to management at any moment via Internet. Information about status of embedded equipment, devices and protective elements provide planning periodical reviews and remont some lines or whole plant. Then replacement of certain parts significantly contributes to efficienty of current, preventive and investment maintenance. In this way, reliability and safety of production plant are increased. With complete automatization of production process that is complex and multidisciplinary, demages and energy consumption are considerably decreasing, workforce is optimized, good quality of final product is achieved and plant work with full capacity is provided. Some technical solutions (diesel engine and transformer station supervisory, compressor station supervisory, electric drive regulation, dedusting system control, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system control, transport and dosage system control) applied at realization of supervisory and control system for mineral wool production process, can be also applied to regulation large number of industrial processes.
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MURAKAMI, Fumio. "Medical Electrical Equipment-Part1 : General Requirements for Safety." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 56, no. 11 (2000): 1332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001357358.
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Li, Jun-Xia, Zi-Ming Kou, and Jian-Wei Du. "Co-Simulation and Experimental Research of Wedge Broken-Belt Catching Device." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (September 16, 2014): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01408010358.
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The paper conducted a research on a broken-belt catching machine based on full face catching. The device is a mechanical electrical hydraulic integration design, driven by hydraulic pressure to achieve catching work. This paper introduces its principle and basic composition, using ADMAS and AMESim simulation software to verify the rationality of the design. Prototype was produced for the experiment in the laboratory. The results show that the catching device can safely complete the work and the arrest meets the design requirements, without significant impact to performance.
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Amato, Gerardo, and Riccardo Marino. "Reconfigurable Slip Vectoring Control in Four In-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicles." Actuators 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10070157.
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Controllability, maneuverability, fault-tolerance/isolation and safety are significantly enhanced in electric vehicles (EV) equipped with the redundant actuator configuration of four-in-wheel electric motors (4IWM). A highly reconfigurable architecture is proposed and illustrated for the adaptive, nonmodel-based control of 4IWM-EVs. Given the longitudinal force, yaw-moment requests and the reconfiguration matrix, each IWM is given a slip reference according to a Slip Vectoring (SV) allocation strategy, which minimizes the overall slip vector norm. The distributed electric propulsion and the slip vector reference allow for a decentralized online estimation of the four-wheel torque-loads, which are uncertain depending on loading and road conditions. This allows for the allocation of four different torques depending on individual wheel conditions and to determine in which region (linear/nonsaturated or nonlinear/saturated) of the torque/slip characteristics each wheel is operating. Consequently, the 4IWMs can be equalized or reconfigured, including actuator fault-isolation as a special case, so that they are enforced to operate within the linear tire region. The initial driving-mode selection can be automatically adjusted and restored among eighteen configurations to meet the safety requirements of linear torque/slip behavior. Three CarSim realistic simulations illustrate the equalization algorithm, the quick fault-isolation capabilities and the importance of a continuous differential action in a critical double-lane-change maneuver.
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Zheng, Gang, Jian Dong Wu, Ming Wei Kuang, Deng Zhang, and Yang Yang. "A Disturbance Rejection Strategy for Asynchronous Motor of the Electric Vehicle in Speed-Open-Loop Operating Mode." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.71.
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For any electric vehicle on the road, it is inevitable to be influenced by parameter uncertainties and some kinds of disturbance torques, which present challenge for the controller design in the electric vehicle. Therefore, control of the electric vehicle to achieve the safety running requirement becomes important. In this paper, we investigate the control method for electric drive system of the electric vehicle from both theoretical and applied perspectives, then, speed loop inverse based disturbance rejection control strategy is proposed. The proposed approach is illustrated by implementing it into an experimental platform. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed control method can achieve rapid response to current variation at operating frequency of electric vehicle, and substantially suppress the adverse effect of current variation at high frequency.