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Journal articles on the topic 'Sagen (The German word)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Bradley, Hannah. "Rumors of Nature: An Ecotranslation of Ulrike Almut Sandig’s “so habe ich sagen gehört”." Humanities 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h10010014.

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Only recently have scholars begun to discuss the implications of the Anthropocene for the translation of literature, introducing the new practice and study of ecotranslation. The Anthropocene—a term popularized by Paul Crutzen—describes the current epoch as one where human activity gains a large negative impact on geology and ecosystems. In light of this, an ecological approach to translation is not only useful but necessary for addressing the complex relationship between humans and the natural world. Ecotranslation can be understood as translation that recognizes and retains ecological themes from the source text. This study looks at the application of ecotranslation theory to an English translation of the German poem “so habe ich sagen gehört” by Ulrike Almut Sandig. The poem critiques preconceived notions about how humans relate to and conceptualize nature, making it an ideal source for applying ecotranslation. Through a close reading and interpretation of the poem, its ecological features are noted, then close attention is given to their translation. Comparison of the ecotranslation with an existing translation displays that an ecological approach can lead to a particular recognition and emphasis of ecological aspects. The resulting translation differs significantly from those translations lacking an ecological emphasis.

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2

Naert, Jan. "Burgemeesters en activisme tijdens en na Wereldoorlog I (1914-1921)." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 74, no. 3 (September 29, 2015): 220–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v74i3.12091.

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Zowel de activistische samenwerking met de Duitse bezetter tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog als de bestraffing ervan na de oorlog, kunnen op veel interesse rekenen van de Belgische historici. De historiografie hieromtrent blijft dan ook stelselmatig aangroeien. Zo benadrukte Lode Wils recentelijk nog, verwijzend naar de vele lokale studies, dat de activisten zich ook meester probeerden te maken van het gemeentelijke niveau.Dit artikel toont aan dat de pogingen van activisten om burgemeesters uit hun rangen te laten benoemen om verschillende redenen mislukten. Hoewel de activisten niet per definitie kansloos waren, had de Duitse bezetter steevast het laatste woord. Die opteerde zo goed als altijd voor de verkozen Belgische burgemeesters en werkte met hen samen om de openbare orde en rust in het bezette land te bewaren. Na de oorlog organiseerde het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken tussen 1918 en 1921 een zuivering van het burgermeesterkorps. Het ministerie opende een onderzoek naar activistische burgemeesters en zij die van activistische sympathiën verdacht werden. Een analyse van die onderzoeken toont enerzijds aan dat het aantal burgemeesters dat beschuldigd werd van activisme zeer klein was. Anderzijds wordt duidelijk dat de studie naar de houding van burgemeesters ten aanzien van de Duitse bezetter weinig gebaat is bij een dichotoom denkkader van collaboratie en verzet.________Mayors and activism during and after World War I (1914-1921)Both the activist collaboration with the German occupiers during the First World War as well as its punishment after the war are of great interest to Belgian historians. Therefore the historiography on this subject continues to increase systematically. Lode Wils for instance recently emphasised in reference to the many local studies that the activists also tried to gain control at the municipal level.This article demonstrates that the attempts by activists to have mayors nominated from within their ranks failed for a number of reasons. Although the activists were not necessarily non-starters, the German occupiers invariably had the last word. The latter almost always opted for the elected Belgian mayors and cooperated with them in order to maintain public order and security in the occupied territory. After the war the Ministry of Home Affairs organised a purge of the body of mayors between 1918 and 1921. The ministry opened an investigation into activists mayors and those suspected of activist sympathies. An analysis of those investigations demonstrates on the one hand that the number of mayors that was accused of activism was very small. On the other hand it becomes clear that the study into the attitude of mayors towards the German occupiers does not benefit from a dichotomous conceptual framework of collaboration and resistance.

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3

Bodnaruk, E. V., and T. N. Astakhova. "Corpus Analysis of Evidential Verbs SAGEN and BEHAUPTEN in Modern German-Language Media Discourse." Nauchnyy Dialog, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-4-9-26.

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The semantic and morphological features of the evidential verbs of speech sagen (speak) and behaupten (assert), introducing statements with direct, indirect and fragmentary quotes in the German-language media discourse are discussed in the article. The study is based on the material of the Mannheim Corps of the German Language “COSMAS II”. The empirical material is the newspapers “Die Welt”, “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, and “Tageszeitung”. Attention is paid to one of the components of the category of evidentiality - reported evidentiality, which includes the meanings of ‘quotative’ and ‘hearsay’. A classification of the most significant sources of information is proposed. The results of a comparative analysis of the verbs sagen and behaupten are presented. It is concluded that the verb sagen is the most frequent and neutral verb introducing someone else's speech. The authors note that when transmitting indirect and fragmented citation, sagen usually means ‘individual personal quotative’ based on official and reliable sources. It is proved that the verb behaupten is a marked means of direct, indirect and fragmented quotes. It is emphasized that the verb behaupten is possible as an introductory verb when transmitting the meanings ‘generalized quotation’ and ‘rumors’.

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4

Sanders, Ruth H., Steve Mohler, and Goetz Seifert. "German Word Order." Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German 20, no. 2 (1987): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3530094.

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5

Mullen, Inga. "German Word Games." Modern Language Journal 72, no. 4 (1988): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327800.

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6

Röder, Brigitte, Tobias Schicke, Oliver Stock, Gwen Heberer, Helen Neville, and Frank Rösler. "Word order effects in German sentences and German pseudo-word sentences." Sprache & Kognition 19, no. 1/2 (June 2000): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0253-4533.19.12.31.

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Summary: German belongs to those languages that allow a free permutation of subject, direct object and indirect object in verb final sentences. Five linear precedence (LP) principles have been postulated to describe preference patterns for the different word orders ( Uszkoreit, 1986 ). The present study tested if these rules are valid for meaningful German sentences only or also hold for pseudo-word sentences, i.e., if they are independent of semantic language aspects. Twelve students saw sentences in six different but legal word orders and in one illegal word order, either with normal German words or pronounceable pseudo-words. They had to answer a question focussing on the thematic role of one or more complements. In addition, they rated the acceptability of a subset of sentences in all experimental conditions. The canonical word order was processed fastest and processing times increased the more LP-principles were violated, both for normal and pseudo-word sentences. Moreover, acceptability ratings decreased monotonously with an increasing deviation of the sentences from its canonical word order, again irrespective of the stimulus material. The ungrammatical permutation received the lowest acceptability ruting. These results imply that the LP-principles describe syntactical preferences independent of meaning, at least in isolated sentences.

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7

Beyermann, Sandra, and Martina Penke. "Word Stress in German Single-Word Reading." Reading Psychology 35, no. 6 (April 30, 2014): 577–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2013.790325.

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8

Viesel, Yvonne, and Constantin Freitag. "Wer kann denn schon ja sagen?" Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 38, no. 2 (November 3, 2019): 243–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2019-2003.

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Abstract The article explores German discourse particles (DiPs) in rhetorical wh-questions (wh-RQs). While schon (roughly ‘unexpectedly’) only marks rhetorical wh-questions, denn (roughly ‘I wonder’) marks contextually arising information-seeking or rhetorical Questions under Discussion (QuDs), with or without schon. Since ja (roughly ‘unquestionably’) marks shared information, it is incompatible with questions by itself, but occasionally occurs in wh-RQs left of DiPs like schon instead of denn. The results of two acceptability judgment experiments confirm that ja is strongly dispreferred in RQs, the presence of schon improves RQs with and without ja, and denn has no effect on acceptability. A follow-up study further indicated the rhetorical reading of our target questions to prevail independently from DiPs. We conclude that ja in RQs operates on the information contributed by elements like schon, denoting roughly that the issue in question arises ‘unquestionably against expectations’. Our contexts were neutral regarding the discourse functions of ja and denn (side remarks vs. QuDs), unlike the contexts of the findings, from which we deduce that the marked ja schon-RQs, while grammatical, require specific felicity conditions. A first attempt to confirm this experimentally was globally unsuccessful and could only reveal potential hints in an exploratory analysis.

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9

DE BLESER, RIA, and JOSEF BAYER. "GERMAN WORD FORMATION AND APHASIA." Linguistic Review 5, no. 1 (1986): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlir.1986.5.1.1.

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10

Micklich, D., and H. D. Matthes. "Die Weidehaltung von Sauen verschiedener Rassen auf Flußauenstandorten." Archives Animal Breeding 42, no. 2 (October 10, 1999): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-42-161-1999.

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Abstract. Title ofthe paper: Outdoor keeping of sows of different breeds in a location ofa floodplain wood The present investigations show resulte of four different breeds of pigs (Schwerfurter Meatrace, German Sattle- Back Duroc and Mangalica) in the nationalpark "Brandenburgische Eibtalaue". The aim ofthe investigations are checking the pigs with regard to their rooting activity, behaviour and their litter.

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11

Birkner, Stephanie, Michael Mohe, and Jost Sieweke. "Follow-your-Customer: Was sagen die Kunden?" Der Betriebswirt: Volume 51, Issue 3 51, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.51.3.12.

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In Studien zur Internationalisierung wissensintensiver Dienstleistungen finden sich Hinweise, dass Dienstleistungsunternehmen ihren Klienten häufig ins Ausland folgen (follow-yourcustomer-Strategie). Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel der Unternehmensberatung erstmals die Frage, welche Relevanz diese Internationalisierungsstrategie aus Sicht der Kunden aufweist. Die Ergebnisse einer Studie unter den 500 größten Klientenunternehmen in Deutschland zeigen, dass die Kunden dieser Internationalisierungsstrategie eine weitaus geringere Relevanz beimessen als dies gemeinhin von den Beratungsunternehmen angenommen wird. Zudem wird deutlich, wo und in welchem Ausmaß Klienten auf unterschiedliche Beratungen im Ausland zurückgreifen (deutsche, internationale sowie Beratungen im Zielland). Der Beitrag schließt mit Implikationen für die Praxis und weitere Forschungen. Studies on the internationalization of knowledge-intensive services point out that service firms mostly internationalize by following their customers. Using the example of consultancies this paper explores for the first time if this internationalization strategy is of the same importance from the clients’ point of view. The findings of an empirical study with the top 500 client firms in Germany reveal that this internationalization strategy is less relevant from the clients’ point of view than from the perspective of the consultants. Moreover, it becomes clear, where and to which degree clients engage different consultancies abroad (German, international or consultancies of the target country). The article concludes with implications for practice and future research.

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12

Hock, Hans Henrich. "Latin influence on German word order?" Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33 (December 31, 2019): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00027.hoc.

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Abstract Behaghel’s claim that verb finality in German dependent clauses (DCs) reflects Latin influence (1892, 1932) has been revived by Chirita (1997, 2003). According to Chirita, DC word order remains variable up to Early New High German, while in Latin, verb-finality is more frequent in DCs than main clauses (MCs); hence, she claims, German verb finality reflects Latin influence. This papers shows that the arguments for Latin influence are problematic and that the Modern German word order difference between MCs and DCs can be explained as the ultimate outcome of developments that started in early North and West Germanic. In the conclusion I briefly discuss similar developments in Western Romance and their implications for European contact linguistics.

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13

Trotzke, Andreas. "Mirative fronting in German." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 15, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 460–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.15.2.07tro.

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Abstract This paper presents an examination of syntactic constructions that are associated with the mirative interpretation of marking propositional content as being surprising or unexpected to the speaker. I report experimental evidence showing that certain options of marked word order in German are particularly suitable in mirative contexts. Cross-linguistic evidence offers good reasons to assume that mirative marking is also reflected in word order patterns. Having identified word order variation as one option to trigger mirative interpretations of utterances, I discuss the issue of distinguishing between information-structural and mirative effects of marked syntactic configurations.

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14

Meibauer, Jörg. "Expressive compounds in German." Word Structure 6, no. 1 (April 2013): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2013.0034.

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German adjectival and nominal compounds like ratten+scharf (‘rat sharp’) sau+schlecht, (‘sow bad’) Hammer+auftritt (‘hammer performance’), Arsch+gesicht (‘arse face’) contain meliorative or pejorative elements as part of their structure. The left-hand evaluative members of these compounds are usually considered as so-called semi-prefixes. Contrary to recent approaches within constructional morphology ( Booij 2009 , 2010 ), I will argue that these elements are still lexemes, but that they have undergone metaphorical extension. Evidence stems from the consideration of right-hand members like Kommunisten+schwein (‘communist pig’), which have never been considered as semi-suffixes in a similar way. The metaphorical meaning of these heads and non-heads is systematically connected with expressive meaning. It will be shown that the criteria for expressive meaning proposed by Potts (2007) by and large apply. Furthermore, I will argue against a possible analysis in terms of conventional implicature, as proposed by Williamson (2009 , 2010 ) with respect to the meanings of ethnical slur terms like spic.

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15

Hinrichs, Erhard W., Tsuneko Nakazawa, and Hans Uszkoreit. "Word Order and Constituent Structure in German." Language 65, no. 1 (March 1989): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414850.

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16

Scrimgeour, Anna. "Word-final T-deletion in Southern German." Lifespans and Styles 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ls.v4i2.2018.2913.

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The recordings of 20 native German speakers were analysed to identify the strongest factors affecting the rates of word-final t-deletion. Deletion rates were shown to be higher for /t/s in semiweak verbs, when preceded or followed by sibilants, and in a conversational speaking style. In addition to this, frequent words showed higher deletion rates. English and German t-deletion were comparable to some extent in this study. However, deletion rates by morphological complexity showed differences between the languages: monomorphemic words, in particular, had lower deletion rates in German than in English. It was also shown that reading aloud reduces the deletion rates significantly which is in line with previous research.

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17

Bader, Markus, and Jana Häussler. "Word order in German: A corpus study." Lingua 120, no. 3 (March 2010): 717–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2009.05.007.

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18

Roeleveld, Annelies. "Alliterating Word Pairs in Old High German." AMSTERDAMER BEITRÄGE ZUR ÄLTEREN GERMANISTIK 50, no. 1 (November 16, 1998): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-050-01-90000027.

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Beyermann, Sandra. "Orthographic cues to word stress in German." Written Language and Literacy 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 32–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.16.1.02bey.

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This paper reports a corpus study that addresses the question whether distributional patterns of certain letter strings are orthographic cues to stress in German word reading. For that purpose, the occurrence of stress patterns with a different number of final consonant letters as well as with specific word endings in disyllabic German noun lemmas were investigated. The findings indicate that distributional properties of word endings can serve as reliable orthographic cues to word stress in disyllabic nouns — irrespective of whether they are polymorphemic or simplex nouns. Likewise, the number of final consonant letters is a potential orthographic cue to word stress in disyllabic simplex nouns. Such orthographic cues to stress may be employed during phonological recoding of written words by skilled readers of German.

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20

Connolly, Leo A. "Case Grammar and Word Order in German." Studies in Language 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 129–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.11.1.06con.

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21

Sahel, Said, Guido Nottbusch, Angela Grimm, and Rüdiger Weingarten. "Written production of German compounds." Written Language and Literacy 11, no. 2 (March 24, 2009): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.11.2.06sah.

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In this study, we present an experiment in which we examined the time course of typing German compounds. The compounds varied according to three criteria: (1) whole word frequency (high vs. low), (2) head frequency (high vs. low) and (3) semantic transparency (transparent vs. opaque). In this experiment, we recorded the interkey intervals (IKIs) and concentrated on the IKI measurements found at the boundary of the two immediate constituents in compounds. We refer to this boundary type as an SM-boundary because (S)yllable and (M)orpheme boundaries coincide at this word position. As we found effects of lexical frequency for SM-IKIs in a series of previous studies, we argue that possible differences in SM-IKIs found for compounds of different frequency classes and of different degrees of semantic transparency can give an insight into the processes involved in the written production of German compounds: whole word procedures and/or compositional procedures. Our findings show that SM-IKIs are affected by compound frequency, head frequency and semantic transparency. We therefore argue that both whole word procedures and compositional procedures are involved in the written production of German compounds. These findings are in line with those versions of dual-route models which postulate that the two routes run in parallel and interact.

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Finkbeiner, Rita. "Identical constituent compounds in German." Word Structure 7, no. 2 (October 2014): 182–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2014.0065.

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The status of identical constituent compounds (ICCs) (e.g. Künstler-Künstler, ‘artist-artist’) is discussed controversially in the morphological literature on German. In this paper, it is claimed that ICC formation is a productive word formation pattern in German. In the first part of the paper, I investigate the formal, semantic and pragmatic properties of ICCs in German. Based on this description, I discuss in more detail two conflicting claims about their meaning constitution: the ‘prototype reading claim’ and the ‘context-dependency claim’. I argue that ICCs do not behave differently, in principle, from canonical N+N compounds with respect to context-dependency. Based on a discussion of selected theoretical models of nominal compounds, an approach is sketched that takes into account not only semantic and contextual, but also stored conceptual and experiential knowledge as main sources of knowledge in ICC interpretation. In the second part of the paper, the results of a pilot experimental study are presented in which 40 native speakers were asked to paraphrase a set of context-free German ICCs. The findings clearly indicate that ICCs are systematically interpretable in isolation, with a significant preference for ‘prototype’ (e.g. Winter-Winter: ‘very cold winter’) and ‘real’ readings (e.g. Holz-Holz: ‘real wood, not artificial wood’).

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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare in der frühmittelhochdeutschen Genesis: Nachträge zum Bestand." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 76, no. 4 (March 16, 2016): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340051.

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A new edition of the “Wiener Genesis” provides data relevant to the extant listings of alliterating word-pairs in early attestations of German. A complete catalogue of the word-pairs locates the collection from the Early Middle High German text within the body of Early German literature. Three new earliest word-pair attestations are documented, while issues of word sequence, alliteration, and transmission are discussed.

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Ingrao, Christian. "Nazism, science, and utopia." Mètode Revista de difusió de la investigació, no. 10 (January 8, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.16463.

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Exploring Nazism and its relationship with science and scientists is undoubtedly one of the most interesting research lines for historians studying Germany, scientists, and the elites. Indeed, for a long time «Nazi science» was considered the work of a minority of sages on the edge of madness and perversion, committed to political atrocities, without it affecting the rest of the German scientific landscape. But these assertions were brought down by numerous studies. On the one hand, only a negligible part of scientists refused to work for Nazi Germany: less than 1 % of university graduates resigned after the Machtergreifung, meaning that 99 % of university professors continued working in Nazified institutions. Anthropologists, physicians, historians, sociologists, linguists, and geographers benefited from research programmes that turned their disciplines into «legitimising sciences», i.e., «combatant sciences». The more or less certified commitment of many prominent scientific figures, such as the psychiatrist Johann Asperger or the physicist Werner Heisenberg, is not that surprising when we contextualise it with the broader history of elites. The scientific field was no exception in 1930s Germany: 1990s social history proved that the elites’ adherence to the National Socialist party and the Nazi racial determinism was connected to the great appeal of Nazi ideology’s appeasing belief system, but also to the existence of elitist organisations that allowed these specific circles to find a place for entre-soi socialisation and self-preservation. This is one of the great paradoxes of 1990s historiography. After mercilessly but fairly responding to the problems in Hannah Arendt’s work regarding Nazi «totalitarianism», social historiography tended to quietly confirm that National Socialism came to power by following the electoral strategy of a popular party, but with the support of extremely well-educated militant elites. That is how the party adapted to the most significant characteristic of totalitarian regimes. In the eyes of German philosophy, this structure was considered an unprecedented alliance between the masses and the elite. Deep down, how else can we define institutions such as the SS, the Ahnenerbe, or the Sicherheitsdienst? Or the Volkswissenschaftliche Arbeitskreis (“Population Ethnoscience Work Circle”), which grouped university specialists and SS officers to study the populations of some Eastern European territories with the aim to legitimise their conquest? Nazi science is not just a collection of skulls from exterminated Jewish citizens, nor is it a group of experts condemning entire populations like the Krymchak – a Jewish ethnic group from the Caucasus –, or indulgent speeches at university ceremonies, or inhumane medical experiments like submerging Soviet officers into freezing water in concentration camps. Nazi science is equivalent to daily acceptance, to the slow and thorough penetration of resignation and the commitment to an ideology that permeates everything adorned as a hopeful utopia, a great addictive toxin to which the cultural elites are particularly sensitive.

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KUBUS, OKAN, AGNES VILLWOCK, JILL P. MORFORD, and CHRISTIAN RATHMANN. "Word recognition in deaf readers: Cross-language activation of German Sign Language and German." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 4 (January 27, 2014): 831–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716413000520.

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ABSTRACTThis study addressed visual word recognition in deaf bilinguals who are proficient in German Sign Language (DGS) and German. The study specifically investigated whether DGS signs are activated during a monolingual German word recognition task despite the lack of similarity in German orthographic representations and DGS phonological representations. Deaf DGS–German bilinguals saw pairs of German words and decided whether the words were semantically related. Half of the experimental items had phonologically related translation equivalents in DGS. Participants were slower to reject semantically unrelated word pairs when the translation equivalents were phonologically related in DGS than when the DGS translations were phonologically unrelated. However, this was not the case in Turkish–German hearing bilinguals who do not have sign language knowledge. The results indicate that lexical representations are associated cross-linguistically in the bilingual lexicon irrespective of their orthographic or phonological form. Implications of these results for reading development in deaf German bilinguals are discussed.

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Ільчук, О. А. "Word-building concept of German suffixal nouns with metonymical component." Studia Philologica, no. 10 (2018): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2018.10.2.

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If many scientific researches are devoted to the study of lexical and grammatical concepts, then the question of the word-building concept has not been adequately researched in linguistic studies. The purpose of the article is to provide a definition and outline the specifics of the word-building concept, to present the possible typology of word-building concepts on the example of a group of suffixal nouns of modern German with metonymic component. The material of the study is about 3.600 lexical-semantic variants of suffixal nouns of modern German, with the aim of studying word-building concepts, the method of conceptual analysis is used. Under the word-building concept we understand the information structure that contains the conceptual information of the word-building level about the sets of conceptual elements, conceptual structures and schemes used by the subject when creating or using derivative words. The subject has conceptual information of the word-building level about word-building suffixes with a certain meaning, possible derivative units, models of their combination (word-building and cognitive models) and can use during the conceptualization information structures of different types. The bearers of wordbuilding concepts are derived units, and the word-building concept is a morphological concept that consists of concepts of derivative morpheme and of suffix and is subjected to a lexical concept. Word-building concepts of derived nouns are, for example, OBJECT OR OBJECT AS RESULT OF ACTION, PERSON FOR RESIDENCE OR STAY, RESULT OF ACTION, PLACE FOR EXECUTABLE ACTION, where the first part of the name of the word-building concept corresponds to morphological concept of suffixal morpheme (SUBJECT, PERSON, RESULT, PLACE), and the second part is the morphological concept of a derivative morpheme (AS THE RESULT OF ACTION, FOR RESIDENCE OR STAY, OF ACTION, FOR EXECUTABLE ACTION). In general, derived nouns with suffixal formant represent word-building concepts that belong to the group of concepts BEING AND HUMAN ACTIVITY (46 % ), OBJECT (27 % ), PERSON (22 % ), PLACE (4 % ), PLANTS AND ANIMALS (1 % ). Further study of the word-building concept should be continued, in our opinion, by involving other groups of word-building units, including complex ones, which will clarify the proposed definition of word-building concept and establish clear criteria for the separation of word-building concepts.

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Korol, Svitlana. "COMPOUND NOUNS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-124-127.

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The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.

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Lange-Küttner, C. "Word Structure Effects in German and British Reading Beginners 1Dieser Beitrag wurde unter der geschäftsführenden Herausgeberschaft von Joachim C. Brunstein akzeptiert." Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie 19, no. 4 (January 2005): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652.19.4.207.

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Abstract: Due to the late developmental onset of reading, it appears to be more malleable than other cognitive functions. In the present study, German- and English-spoken reading beginners were compared with respect to reading of words with increasingly novel word structure. A clear gradual effect of word novelty was found in English speakers only, while in German pupils a gradual word novelty effect was absent. For German reading beginners rhymed words were more difficult than scrambled words, probably because of the ambiguity of rhymed words being familiar and novel at the same time, with only the word onset distinguishing them from proper words. Another difference was that English speakers showed fast reading routines of familiar and rhymed words, while normally schooled German pupils read familiar words slower. This was different in German children with preschool education, who read familiar and rhymed words at the same speed as British pupils, and novel words even faster. Simultaneously their reading accuracy of novel words was further improved. Differences in response patterns to word structure were remarkably robust, although the amount of difference between word types could be varied both in English and in German pupils.

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Zhilyuk, Sergey. "THE SPECIAL STATUS OF EXOGENOUS WORD-FORMATION WITHIN THE GERMAN WORD-FORMATION SYSTEM." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 2 (June 2014): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2014.2.8.

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Krupnova, Nataliya Aleksandrovna. "WORD-FORMING AND SEMANTIC POTENTIAL OF THE WORD “HALB” IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 5 (May 2019): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2019.5.61.

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Bölte, Jens, and Cynthia M. Connine. "Grammatical gender in spoken word recognition in German." Perception & Psychophysics 66, no. 6 (August 2004): 1018–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03194992.

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Kraehenmann, Astrid. "Swiss German stops: geminates all over the word." Phonology 18, no. 1 (May 2001): 109–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675701004031.

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This paper presents evidence for two claims: (a) that the underlying contrast between stops in Swiss German dialects is based purely on quantity and (b) that the duration of the stop closure is its sole reliable phonetic reflex, i.e. there is a geminate–singleton opposition acoustically manifested in long–short closure duration. Using production and perception data on initial, medial and final stops in Thurgovian, a dialect spoken in north-eastern Switzerland, we show that the pattern of phrase-medial contrast neutralisation supports both arguments: when the extra phonological length position of a geminate is not syllabifiable, the closure duration shortens and underlying geminates and singletons become indistinguishable. The perception data in particular make evident that closure duration is the crucial cue of the underlying contrast, because, in the absence of this phonetic correlate, listeners can no longer discriminate an underlying geminate from a singleton. The results bear not only on central issues concerning the representation of geminates but also on some intricacies of the phonology–phonetics interface.

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Bombien, Lasse, Christine Mooshammer, and Philip Hoole. "Articulatory coordination in word-initial clusters of German." Journal of Phonetics 41, no. 6 (November 2013): 546–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2013.07.006.

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Zaba, Aleksandra, and Thomas Schmidt. "Neighborhood density and word frequency in child German." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 2 (July 6, 2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.549.

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High word frequency and neighborhood density contribute to the accuracy and speed of word production in English adults (e.g., Vitevitch & Sommers 2003), and characterize early words in child English (e.g., Storkel 2004). The present study investigated a speech corpus of child German (ages 2;00-3;00) to further the understanding of the influence of frequency and density on production. Results for four children suggest that, contrary to English, words produced early are not from denser neighborhoods in an adult lexicon than later words. As in English, frequent words are produced before less frequent words. Implications on theory and methodology are discussed.

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Haas, Florian. "Motivating an English-German contrast in word-formation." Languages in Contrast 17, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.17.2.02haa.

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Abstract German has a set of nouns which are derived from a combination of a preposition and the reciprocal pronoun einander ‘one another’. Compounds of this type are strikingly absent from English, although all the components that enter the German formations are available in English, as well. This paper takes a closer look at the relevant word-formation patterns, focusing on compounding and different types of conversion, also taking into account the diachrony of reciprocal pronouns (einander in German and each other/one another in English) and the role of morphological schemas. It will be argued that for explaining the lack of English nouns corresponding to the German nouns under discussion contrasts in the history and the grammar of reciprocals are less relevant than (i) the availability of well-entrenched word-formation patterns, and (ii) the more significant role of ‘syntactic conversion’ in German.

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Hinc, Jolanta. "Englisch als Interferenzquelle bei der Aneignung der Wortstellung des Deutschen." Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics 36 (November 5, 2018): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/gl.2010.36.12.

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The paper deals with the issue of the interaction of languages in a multilingual person. First, it is related to an error analysis of the word order in German which investigates the influence of English as the first foreign language with the bounded word order on German as the second foreign language with the relative bounded word order in the group of Polish high school students. Afterwards, the basic structures of German, English and Polish word order are compared to show the topological relationship between the languages.

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Waldinger, Albert. "The Remnant Word." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 47, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.47.1.06wal.

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This article deals with the meaning of contemporary Yiddish poetry and its translation into several non-Jewish languages — French, German and English — stressing the perfected realization of this meaning through educated insight into a completely different culture and language. Also discussed are the contributions of Hasidism, Expressionism and Yiddish Introspectivism as well as the fact that both poetry and language are in the process of disappearing and thus require special care.

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Hopp, Holger, and Michael T. Putnam. "Syntactic restructuring in heritage grammars." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5, no. 2 (July 10, 2015): 180–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.5.2.02hop.

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In order to elucidate the structure of heritage grammars, this paper presents an analysis of word order variation in Moundridge Schweitzer German (MSG), a moribund heritage variety of German spoken in South Central Kansas. Based on elicited production data and an acceptability judgment task, we show that the current state of the MSG grammar maintains the asymmetric German verb-second (V2) and verb-final (V-final) word-ordering closely tied to specific pragmatic information associated with clause-types and complementizers. Extensive contact with English does not lead to adoption of English word order; rather, it occasions restructuring of German word order within the constraints of German syntax. We model these findings in a syntactic analysis following recent proposals by Putnam & Sánchez (2013) and Polinsky (2011) that challenge the notion of ‘incomplete acquisition’ as a way to conceptualize heritage language acquisition.

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SCHMERSE, DANIEL, ELENA LIEVEN, and MICHAEL TOMASELLO. "Error patterns in young German children's wh-questions*." Journal of Child Language 40, no. 3 (May 28, 2012): 656–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000912000104.

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ABSTRACTIn this article we report two studies: a detailed longitudinal analysis of errors in wh-questions from six German-learning children (age 2 ; 0–3 ; 0) and an analysis of the prosodic characteristics of wh-questions in German child-directed speech. The results of the first study demonstrate that German-learning children frequently omit the initial wh-word. A lexical analysis of wh-less questions revealed that children are more likely to omit the wh-word was (‘what’) than other wh-words (e.g. wo ‘where’). In the second study, we performed an acoustic analysis of sixty wh-questions that one mother produced during her child's third year of life. The results show that the wh-word was is much less likely to be accented than the wh-word wo, indicating a relationship between children's omission of wh-words and the stress patterns associated with wh-questions. The findings are discussed in the light of discourse–pragmatic and metrical accounts of omission errors.

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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare in Wolframs „Parzival“ im Umfeld vor allem frühmittelhochdeutscher Rhetorik." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 79, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 338–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340157.

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Abstract This article researches alliterating word-pairs in Wolframs ‘Parzival’. First, all examples from the text are collected and analyzed to elucidate their occurrence in the Old and Middle High German context. It becomes clear which word-pairs have been inherited from Old and (Early) Middle High German, and which were possibly the making of Wolfram himself. In doing so, the inventory of alliterating word-pairs in the early language phases of German is expanded with a few more specimens. We also gain a deeper understanding of their role in the Middle High German courtly novel.

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VON HOLZEN, KATIE, CHRISTOPHER T. FENNELL, and NIVEDITA MANI. "The impact of cross-language phonological overlap on bilingual and monolingual toddlers’ word recognition." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 476–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000597.

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We examined how L2 exposure early in life modulates toddler word recognition by comparing German–English bilingual and German monolingual toddlers’ recognition of words that overlapped to differing degrees, measured by number of phonological features changed, between English and German (e.g., identical, 1-feature change, 2-feature change, 3-feature change, no overlap). Recognition in English was modulated by language background (bilinguals vs. monolinguals) and by the amount of phonological overlap that English words shared with their L1 German translations. L1 word recognition remained unchanged across conditions between monolingual and bilingual toddlers, showing no effect of learning an L2 on L1 word recognition in bilingual toddlers. Furthermore, bilingual toddlers who had a later age of L2 acquisition had better recognition of words in English than those toddlers who acquired English at an earlier age. The results suggest an important role for L1 phonological experience on L2 word recognition in early bilingual word recognition.

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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare im Minnesang (neben Hartmann, Walther und Wolfram)." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 80, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340187.

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Abstract Building on studies on alliterating word-pairs in Old and Early Middle High German (including early Minnesang poets, Gotfried von Straßburg, Hartmann von Aue, Walther von der Vogelweide und Wolfram von Eschenbach), this study collects and analyses the remaining Minnesang poets of the Classic Period (Des Minnesangs Frühling), tracing the use of extant and the emergence of new alliterating word-pairs while establishing their literary rhetorical context. Thus, the early history of the German alliterating word-pairs is extended within the Middle High German era.

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Alm, Maria. "contribution of sentence position: the word 'also' in spoken German." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.219.

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The German word also, similar to English so, is traditionally considered to be a sentence adverb with a consecutive meaning, i.e. it indicates that the propositional content of the clause containing it is some kind of consequence of what has previously been said. As a sentence adverb, also has its place within the core of the German sentence, since this is the proper place for an adverb to occur in German. The sentence core offers two proper positions for adverbs: the so-called front field and the middle field. In spoken German, however, also often occurs in sentence-initial position, outside the sentence itself. In this paper, I will use excerpts of German conversations to discuss and illustrate the importance of the sentence positions and the discourse positions for the functions of also on the basis of some German conversations.

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Berg, Thomas. "Compounding in German and English." Languages in Contrast 17, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.17.1.03ber.

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Abstract German is well-known for its propensity for nominal compounding. This claim is put on a firmer empirical footing by means of a bidirectional translation study between German and English. The difference between the two languages crystallizes in the competition between compounds and phrases. Two complementary asymmetries emerge: first, German compounds are more frequently translated by English phrases than English compounds by German phrases; second, English phrases are more frequently translated by German compounds than German phrases by English compounds. An extension to other word classes shows that the compounding bias in German is not restricted to nouns. It is tentatively argued that the token frequency of word classes plays a role in the emergence of compound propensity. The heavier use of nouns and adjectives in German than in English might be partly responsible for the higher rate of nominal and adjectival compounding in the former than the latter language.

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45

Döpke, Susanne. "Approaches to first language acquisition." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 15, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.15.2.08dop.

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A bilingual child’s development of word order in German and English subordinate clauses was followed between three and five years of age, and a number of diversions from the development of word order in such clauses by monolingual children was noted. Of particular interest is the fact that incorrect dependent clause structures in German were more likely to be due to intra-language influences from German main clause structures than from English. The findings are discussed in the light UG claims made by Clahsen (1988) concerning the word order development in monolingual children.

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46

Fortuna, Marcin. "A typological shift in the phonological history of German from the perspective of licensing scales." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, no. 15/1 (December 18, 2018): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2018.1.01.

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The paper argues that the typological shift of German from a syllable language to a word language (Szczepaniak 2007) can be accounted for through reference to a change at the level of the nuclei and their licensing abilities (Cyran 2003, 2010). Old High German used full nuclei in all positions of the word. In the late Old High German period, unstressed vowel reduction took place and entailed a domino effect of further changes. Reduced vowels were granted more licensing potential, and empty nuclei were strengthened too. This parametric shift is assumed to lie at the heart of the whole typological shift. There is no need to state that Old High German “profiled” the syllable, while Modern High German “profiles” the word, since most of the associated phenomena can be explained with more basic mechanisms.

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Werner, Martina. "Three diachronic sources for the development of -erei-based synthetic compounds in German." Word Structure 13, no. 3 (November 2020): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0175.

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This article investigates the historical development of synthetic compounds with the suffix -erei, such as German Buchleserei ‘book reading’. Synthetic compounding has been attested in older language stages of German, as in Old High German kirihwihî ‘church consecration’ or Middle High German bluotspîunge ‘blood spitting’. In the history of the German language, synthetic compounds are the last step in the development of a nominalizing suffix. Suffixes attach first to simplex bases (such as German Leserei ‘reading’), and only afterwards can they form synthetic compounds with a compound base (such as Bücherleserei ‘reading of books’). The development of verbal synthetic compounding results from three different sources: a) a suffixal pattern based on compound nominals (such as exocentric Freigeist ‘free spirit’ becomes Freigeisterei ‘free spiritedness’), where the pattern develops the ability to nominalize VPs (such as Nichtstuerei ‘doing nothing’); b) root compounds which develop the ability to take a deverbal head suffixed by -erei (such as Venus–Nascherey ‘Venusian nibbling’); and c) low-frequency - erei-compounds which originate from inherited idiomatic compound verbs (such as Ehebrecherei ‘adultery’, lit. ‘marriage-breakery’ > ehebrechen (V) ‘to commit adultery’, lit. ‘to marriage-break’). The paper delineates the three developments for different word formation types which lead to the morphological distribution of present-day German.

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Nosacheva, Marina, and Nataliya Danilina. "Types of Compound Word-Formation in Medical Terminology (On the Material of the German Language)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (December 2019): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.4.11.

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The aim of the study is to optimize the classification of the types of the compound word-building with components of Greek and Latin origin; the research is based on the sample of 2882 substantive compound terms of the German clinical terminology. The researches apply the descriptive analytical and quantitative methods to the study. It is stated, that the words with complex morphemic structures can be formed by composite and non-composite types of word-building. The paper presents the complex classification of different ways of the compound word-formation considering following criteria: the type and the base of the word-formation process (morphological and morphological-and-syntactic ways of the compound word-formation), the number of the word-building processes, taking place within the compound word-formation (pure and mixed types of the compound word-formation). The analysis of the material reveals the dominance of the morphological compound word-building. In the medical terminology the following subtypes of the compound word-formation are distinguished: stem + terminological element, term + term, stem + term, with the latter two to be the most productive.The use of terminological units as structural elements of compounds and their employment in classification allows to avoid excessive extension of stock of morphemes used in the so-called intermediate zone. Further arrangement of word-building patterns is carried out according to the genetic criterion. In German clinical terminology the dominance of hybrid terms with German components has been established; among homogeneous compounds the terms consisting of Greek rather than Latin or German components are more widely represented. The proposed classifications are applicable to the material of medical terminologies in other languages and enable their accurate comparison.

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Karimova, R. K. "ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD ARBEIT IN GERMAN." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 6 (2017): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2017-6-66-70.

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Shchyhlo, L. V. "Development of Word-Formation Processes in the German Language." Fìlologìčnì traktati 10, no. 2 (June 2018): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2018.10(2)-16.

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