Academic literature on the topic 'Sagittal spinal alignment'

In the last 20 years, sagittal alignment and balance of the spine have become one of the most important issues in the field of spine surgery. Recent studies emphasize that sagittal balance and alignment are more important for health-related quality of life. The understanding of normal and abnormal sagittal alignment of the spine is necessary for the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD), and we will discuss the currently used classification of ASD, the parameters of sagittal alignment that are essential for the diagnosis of spinal deformity, compensatory actions to maintain sagittal balance, and the relationship between sagittal alignment and clinical symptoms. Furthermore, we will also discuss the recently introduced Global Alignment and Proportion scores. The Korean Spinal Deformity Society is publishing a series of review articles on spinal deformities to help spine surgeons better understand spinal deformities.

Sagittal spinal misalignment (SSM) is an established cause of pain and disability. Treating physicians must be familiar with the radiographic findings consistent with SSM. Additionally, the restoration or maintenance of physiological sagittal spinal alignment after reconstructive spinal procedures is imperative to achieve good clinical outcomes. The C-7 plumb line (sagittal vertical axis) has traditionally been used to evaluate sagittal spinal alignment; however, recent data indicate that the measurement of spinopelvic parameters provides a more comprehensive assessment of sagittal spinal alignment. In this review the authors describe the proper analysis of spinopelvic alignment for surgical planning. Online videos supplement the text to better illustrate the key concepts.

Understanding regional as well as global spinal alignment is increasingly recognized as important for the spine surgeon. A novel software program for virtual preoperative measurement and surgical manipulation of sagittal spinal alignment was developed to provide a research and educational tool for spine surgeons. This first-generation software program provides tools to measure sagittal spinal alignment from the occiput to the pelvis, and to allow for virtual surgical manipulation of sagittal spinal alignment. The software was developed in conjunction with Clifton Labs, Inc. Photographs and radiographs were imported into the software program, and a 2D virtual spine was constructed from the images. The software then measured regional and global sagittal spinal alignment from the virtual spine construct, showing the user how to perform the measurements. After measuring alignment, the program allowed for virtual surgical manipulation, simulating surgical procedures such as interbody fusion, facet osteotomy, pedicle subtraction osteotomy, and reduction of spondylolisthesis, as well as allowing for rotation of the pelvis on the hip axis. Following virtual manipulation, the program remeasured regional and global sagittal spinal alignment. Computer software can be used to measure and manipulate sagittal spinal alignment virtually, providing a new research and educational tool. In the future, more comprehensive programs may allow for measurement and interaction in the coronal, axial, and sagittal planes.

Object An increasing emphasis is being placed on the preservation or restoration of neutral upright sagittal spinal alignment in both deformity surgery and routine spinal operations. Sagittal spinal alignment is becoming recognized as an important predictor of a patient’s outcome after spinal surgery. In this literature review, the authors analyze data obtained from previously published studies conducted to evaluate neutral upright sagittal spinal alignment from the occiput to the pelvis in asymptomatic adults. Methods A review of the English-language literature was conducted to identify studies conducted to evaluate neutral upright sagittal spinal (occiput–pelvis) alignment in asymptomatic adult volunteers with no spinal disease. The authors identified 12 articles that met the strict primary inclusion criteria of the current study. From these articles, 23 angles and displacements were selected to depict neutral upright sagittal occiput–pelvis alignment. Pooled estimates of the mean and variance were calculated for angles and displacements that met secondary inclusion criteria. The greatest variation in the regional spinal curves occurred in the cervical spine from C-2 to C-7, whereas the greatest focal angulation in the spine occurred from L-4 to S-1. Sagittal spinal balance was maintained in a narrow range for alignment of the spine over the pelvis and femoral heads. Conclusions Neutral upright sagittal occiput–pelvis alignment in asymptomatic adults has been well studied regionally. Despite a wide variation in the undulating lordotic and kyphotic regional curves from the occiput to the pelvis, sagittal spinal balance is maintained in a narrower range for alignment of the spine over the pelvis and femoral heads.

Spinal sagittal malalignment due to vertebral fractures (VFs) induces low back pain (LBP) in patients with osteoporosis. This study aimed to elucidate spinal sagittal malalignment prevalence based on VF number and patient characteristics in individuals with osteoporosis and spinal sagittal malalignment. Spinal sagittal alignment, and VF number were measured in 259 patients with osteoporosis. Spinal sagittal malalignment was defined according to the SRS-Schwab classification of adult spinal deformity. Spinal sagittal malalignment prevalence was evaluated based on VF number. In patients without VFs, bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, LBP scores and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores of normal and sagittal malalignment groups were compared. In 205 of the 259 (79.2%) patients, spinal sagittal malalignment was detected. Sagittal malalignment prevalence in patients with 0, 1, or ≥2 VFs was 72.1%, 86.0%, and 86.3%, respectively. All LBP scores and some subscale of HRQoL scores in patients without VFs were significantly worse for the sagittal malalignment group than the normal alignment group (p < 0.05). The majority of patients with osteoporosis had spinal sagittal malalignment, including ≥70% of patients without VFs. Patients with spinal sagittal malalignment reported worse LBP and HRQoL. These findings suggest that spinal sagittal malalignment is a risk factor for LBP and poor HRQoL in patients with osteoporosis.

The aim of this study was to compare the sagittal spinal alignment of people with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) with normal individuals and to determine whether transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) could cause a change in the thoracic kyphosis (TK) and lumbar lordosis (LL) to re-establish normal sagittal spinal alignment. A case series study was conducted, wherein twelve individuals with SCI and ten neurologically intact subjects were scanned using 3D ultrasonography. In addition, three people with SCI having complete tetraplegia participated further to receive a 12-week treatment (TSCS with task-specific rehabilitation) after evaluation of sagittal spinal profile. Pre- and post-assessments were conducted to evaluate the differences in sagittal spinal alignment. The results showed that the TK and LL values for a person with SCI in a dependent seated posture were greater than those of normal subjects for: standing (by TK: 6.8° ± 1.6°; LL: 21.2° ± 1.9°), sitting straight (by TK: 10.0° ± 4.0°; LL: 1.7° ± 2.6°), and relaxed sitting (by TK: 3.9° ± 0.3°; LL: 7.7° ± 1.4°), respectively, indicating an increased risk for spinal deformity. In addition, TK decreased by 10.3° ± 2.3° after the TSCS treatment, showing a reversible change. These results suggest that the TSCS treatment could be used to restore normal sagittal spinal alignment for individuals with chronic SCI.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The majority of earlier studies of the parameters of sagittal balance did not consider the influence of spinal muscles on spinal sagittal alignment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the paraspinal muscle (quantity and quality) and sagittal alignment in elderly patients. METHODS: We reviewed 50 full-spine lateral standing radiographs and lumbar magnetic resonance images of elderly patients at a single center. The radiographic parameters examined were thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis (LL), sagittal vertical axis, pelvic tilt, sacral slope, and pelvic incidence (PI). The lumbar muscularity (LM; quantity) and fatty degeneration ratio (FD; quality) in the paraspinal muscle were measured at the L3 level on magnetic resonance images. The relationships between the parameters, LM, and FD were analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Pearson analysis demonstrated that the FD had significant correlations with age (r = 0.393), thoracic kyphosis (r = −0.559), pelvic tilt (r = 0.430), sagittal vertical axis (r = 0.488), and PI − LL (r = 0.479, P < .05), and a close negative correlation was found between the FD and LL (r = −0.505, P < .01). The LM had significant correlations with the LL (r = 0.342) and PI − LL (r = −0.283, P < .05). Regression models that controlled for confounding factors such as body mass index confirmed the correlations between the above parameters and FD (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The quality of the paraspinal muscle could be one of the various factors that influence sagittal balance.

Degenerative spine disease (DSD) is a progressive disease of the spine affecting inter vertebral discs, bones, soft tissues and joints. This condition not only affects the stability of the spine but it also affects its alignment. Alignment of the spine is of special importance at Spinal-pelvic junction specially its sagittal alignment, broadly referred to as Spinal sagittal balance. Main objective parameters that determine the Spinal sagittal balance is Sacral slope (SS), Pelvic tilt (PT), Lumbar lordosis (LL) and Pelvic incidence (PI). Lumbar spine fixation is a surgical procedure aimed to restore not only the stability but also the alignment of the spine. In this retrospective study spanning over 2 years at a tertiary care hospital, we evaluated patients before and after the spine fixation surgeries in terms of their Spinal sagittal parameters. Total 52 patients were included in the study and followed for one year period, with majority (32) patients showing correction of the parameters especially Sacral slope, Lumbar lordosis and Pelvic tilt. Patients with corrected spinal alignment also showed significant clinical improvement in terms of low back pain and Oswestry disability index (ODI). Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that Spine fixation improves Sagittal balance of the spine in selected population.

Orientador: Alberto Cliquet Junior<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T16:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sakai_DenisSeguchi_M.pdf: 2873973 bytes, checksum: aeb14c04fce3c257f6e361abd03d43e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: Introdução: O trauma raquimedular apresenta maior incidência em indivíduos do sexo masculino entre 15 e 40 anos de idade. A denervação da musculatura segmentar da coluna vertebral abaixo do nível da lesão medular altera a postura do tronco no plano sagital destes indivíduos. Adaptações posturais ocorrem na coluna cervical e podem predispor à degeneração precoce do disco intervertebral e/ou das articulações facetárias, resultando na formação de osteófitos nos corpos vertebrais, diminuição do calibre dos forâmens intervertebrais e do canal vertebral. O envelhecimento da coluna cervical (espondilose cervical) é um processo lento. Sua sintomatologia é imprevisível e ocorre após a 5a década de vida na população geral, podendo decorrer de compressões radiculares ou medulares. As compressões radiculares apresentam-se clinicamente como dores irradiadas nos membros superiores, diminuição da força muscular (paresia) e alterações da sensibilidade (parestesia). Já as compressões medulares (ou mielopatia cervical) levam à incoordenação dos movimentos finos nas mãos, alterações de marcha (claudicação), do equilíbrio e disfunções no controle esfincteriano vesical e anal. Os paraplégicos preservam as funções nos membros superiores e dependem exclusivamente destes para a realização das atividades diárias. As alterações mecânicas no plano sagital na coluna cervical de indivíduos paraplégicos poderiam, deste modo, desencadear precocemente o processo de envelhecimento da coluna cervical levando a sintomas compressivos radiculares e/ou medulares cervicais com uma importante perda de função para estes indivíduos. Objetivo: O objetivo primário deste estudo foi correlacionar o alinhamento da coluna cervical no plano sagital de indivíduos paraplégicos com o nível de lesão neurológica torácica. O objetivo secundário foi caracterizar e comparar as alterações degenerativas radiográficas em diferentes níveis de lesão medular torácica. viii Metodologia: Foi realizada a análise radiográfica da coluna cervical de 12 indivíduos paraplégicos torácicos (9 do sexo masculino e 3 do sexo feminino) com lesão medular há mais de 1 ano (média de 9,1 anos, de 4 a 15 anos). Os indivíduos foram divididos em 2 grupos: 6 apresentavam lesão medular abaixo de T9 e outros 6, acima ou em T8, de acordo com a classificação da American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA). A lordose global, mensurada de C2 a C7 e a lordose local, mensurada para cada nível cervical foram comparadas. Sinais radiográficos de degeneração cervical (diminuição da altura do disco intervertebral, formação de osteófitos e esclerose dos platôs vertebrais) também foram analisados utilizando o método de Gore et al., e os resultados foram comparados entre os grupos. Resultados: O grupo com lesão medular em T8 ou acima apresentou maiores medidas de lordose global (55o ± 5,7o vs 26,2o ± 3,8o, p<0,0001), especialmente nos segmentos C5-C6 (10,7o ± 5,9o vs 1o ± 3,1o, p=0,02) e C6-C7 (18o ± 3,5o vs 4,5o ± 3,6o, p<0,0001). Não foram encontradas diferenças quanto às alterações degenerativas radiográficas entre os grupos em C4-C5 (p=0,16), C5-C6 (p=0,06) e C6-C7 (p=0,31). Conclusão: Este estudo preliminar indica que o nível de lesão medular influencia o alinhamento cervical no plano sagital aumentando a lordose especialmente nos segmentos mais distais e nos indivíduos com lesão medular em T8 ou acima<br>Abstract: Introduction: Spinal cord injury occurs more frequently in males between 15 and 40 years old. The loss of innervation in the segmental musculature of the spine below the level of spinal cord injury modifies the posture of the trunk in these subjects. Consequently, adaptative postural changes occur in the cervical spine predisposing to early degeneration of the intervertebral disc and/or facet joints, osteophyte formation and narrowing of the spinal canal and foramina. The degeneration of the cervical spine, known as cervical spondylosis, is a slow process and its symptoms usually occur after the 5th decade of life, and may result in radicular and/or cord compressions. Radicular compressions may present as radiating pain to the upper extremities, diminished strength and abnormal sensation. Spinal cord compressions, on the other hand, may present as a loss of fine movements in the hands, abnormal gait, impaired balance and dysfunctions in the vesical and anal sphincters. Paraplegics depend on the upper extremities for everyday activities and the development of radicular and/or spinal cord compressive symptoms in these subjects can be devastating. Mechanical changes in the sagittal plane of the cervical spine of paraplegics might result in early degeneration of this segment and an increasing disability for everyday activities over time. Objective: The primary endpoint of this study was to analyse the differences in the cervical spine alignment in paraplegics according to their level of spinal cord injury. The secondary endpoint was to compare degenerative findings on conventional radiographs between two different groups of paraplegics. Participants/methods: Twelve paraplegics (9 males and 3 females) sustaining more than 1 year of injury (average 9,1, from 4 to 15 years) had their sagittal cervical spine x-rays analyzed. They were divided into 2 groups: 6 patients had injuries below T9 and another 6, at or above T8, according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification. The global lordosis, x measured from C2 to C7, and the local lordosis, measured for each level were compared between the groups. Radiographic cervical degeneration (loss of disc height, osteophytes formation and end-plate sclerosis) was also quantified using a previous method described by Gore et al. and compared between the groups. Results: Results indicate that paraplegics sustaining higher spinal cord injuries (at or above T8) have an increased global lordosis (55o ± 5,7o vs 26,2o ± 3,8o, p<0,0001) specially in the lower segments - C5-C6 (10,7o ± 5,9o vs 1o ± 3,1o, p=0,02) and C6-C7 (18o ± 3,5o vs 4,5o ± 3,6o, p<0,0001). No differences were found comparing the radiographic scores for cervical degeneration between the groups at C4-C5 (p=0,16), C5-C6 (p=0,06) and C6-C7 (p=0,31). Conclusion: This preliminary study indicates that the level of spinal cord injury influences the cervical sagittal alignment with an increase in lordosis specially in the lower segments and in subjects with spinal cord injury at or above T8<br>Mestrado<br>Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica<br>Mestre em Ciências

Les déformations rachidiennes se réfèrent aux patients avec une courbure anormal de la colonne vertébrale qui ont terminé leur croissance. Par leur prévalence, leur impact clinique, et le taux relativement élevé d'échecs chirurgicaux, elles représentent un défi thérapeutique. La recherche a permis de démontrer que la préservation ou la restauration de l'alignement, sont des éléments clé du traitement chirurgical. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'analyser le traitement des patients avec DR, avec un intérêt particulier pour la restauration de l'alignement sagittal et l'évaluation musculaire. Fondé sur une analyse rétrospective d'une base de données multicentriques, les deux premiers articles présentent une évaluation du traitement chirurgical en termes d'efficacité clinique et de réalignement radiographique. Les écarts entre la planification préopératoire et l'exécution opérationnelle ont aussi été étudiés avec une collecte de données prospectives, et ont mis en évidence la nécessité de mieux comprendre le rôle des muscles dans le maintien de la posture. Par conséquent, deux protocoles pour la caractérisation des principaux muscles impliqués dans l'alignement sagittal ont été validés. Les deux méthodes sont basées sur la segmentation manuelle d'acquisition IRM spécifique (méthode de Dixon) afin d'obtenir l'infiltration graisseuse en plus du volume musculaire. Une des méthodes permet d'obtenir la reconstruction 3D des muscles et donc de générer des modèles musculo-squelettiques personnalisés. L'autre ouvre la voie à une pratique clinique car nécessite seulement la segmentation de quatre coupes pour obtenir une évaluation des principaux groupes musculaires. Enfin, à partir de la première méthode, le système musculaire de patients avec DR a été décrit<br>Adult spinal deformity(ASD) refers to abnormal curvatures of the spine in patients who have completed their growth. Due to its prevalence, clinical impact, and the relatively high rate of surgical failures, they represent a therapeutic challenge. Research has been able to demonstrate that the preservation or the restoration of the sagittal alignment, are key objectives of surgical treatment. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the treatment of ASD patients, with particular interest in restoration of sagittal alignment and to develop tools to assess the spino-pelvic musculature of ASD patients. Based on an analysis of a multicenter database, the first two articles present an evaluation of the surgical treatment in term of clinical effectiveness and radiographic realignment. In addition, the discrepancies between surgical preoperative planning and operative execution have been studied with a prospective data collection, and have highlighted the necessity to understand better the role of the muscles in the maintaining of the posture. Therefore two methods for the characterization of the muscles involved in the sagittal alignment have been validated. Both methods are based on manual segmentation of specific MRI acquisition (Dixon methods) in order to obtain precise fat infiltration quantification in addition to muscular volume. One method permits to obtain 3D reconstruction able to generate patient–specific musculoskeletal model. The other one open the path to a clinical purpose, because necessitate only segmentation of four slices to obtain an relevant evaluation of the muscular system. Finally, thanks to the first protocol the muscular system of ASD patients have been described

Das Konzept der spinopelvinen sagittalen Balance beruht auf der Wechselwirkung und dem Abhängigkeitsprinzip zwischen Einstellung der Wirbelsäulenkrümmungen zueinander sowie Einstellung der Wirbelsäule zum Becken in der Sagittalebene (Koller et al. 2009). Die sagittale Balance der Wirbelsäule wird beschrieben durch Winkel und Abstände. Sie definieren einerseits die optimale Ausrichtung der Wirbelsäule im Verhältnis zum Becken in der Sagittalebene. Andererseits werden sie zur Beschreibung von Pathologien genutzt. In den beiden letzten Jahrzehnten sind unterschiedliche, teils konkurrierende Konzepte zur sagittalen Balance entstanden (Duval-Beaupère et al. 1992, During et al. 1985, Jackson & McManus 1994, Jackson et al. 1998). Das französische Modell der Autorengruppe um Duval-Beaupère und Legaye (Duval-Beaupère et al. 1992, Legaye & Duval-Beaupère 1998) gilt in der heutigen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion als maßgeblich (Harding 2009). Die Parameter dieses Modells sind der individuell konstante, anatomische Parameter Pelvic Incidence und die positionalen Parameter Pelvic Tilt und Sacral Slope. Dem Konzept von Duval-Beaupère et al. liegen biomechanische Untersuchungen zur Verteilung der Schwerkraft mit dem Barycentremeter zugrunde (Duval-Beaupère et al. 1992). Der wesentliche Parameter im Konzept nach During et al. (1985) ist der pelvisakrale Winkel. Jackson und Co-Autoren definieren die spinopelvine Balance in der Sagittalen mittels des Beckenradius-Methode mit dem namensgebenden Parameter PR, einer Längenangabe, und dem Winkel PR-S1 (Jackson et al. 1998, Jackson & Hales 2000). Letztgenannte Parameter wurden durch Korrelations- und Reliabilitätsanalysen erhoben. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt im Rahmen eines Literaturstudiums die konkurrierenden Konzepte und ihre Weiterentwicklungen vor. Das Verhalten der unterschiedlichen Parameter während Wachstum und Alter wird beschrieben. Ihr Verhalten bei und ihr potentieller Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Pathologien der Wirbelsäule wird anhand des Beispiels der Spondylolisthese beleuchtet. Den vorangestellten Konzepten und insbesondere ihrer Anwendung zur Berechnung der optimalen sagittalen Balance, zur Berechnung der optimalen Lordose und zur Distinktion des physiologischen vom pathologischen Zustand ist eine zunehmende Komplexität gemeinsam. Es werden komplizierte mathematische Gleichungen (Legaye & Duval-Beaupère 2005; Boulay et al. 2006) und aufwendige wie teure Computersoftware bei der Anwendung der Konzepte benötigt (Berthonnaud et al. 2005b). Baig et al. schlugen 2010 ein alternatives Verfahren zur Beschreibung eines Teilaspekts der spinopelvinen Balance in der Sagittalen vor. Anhand des Parameters hüftsakraler Abstand soll die Vorhersage der lumbalen Lordose erfolgen. Die eigenen Untersuchungen prüfen das Konzept nach Baig et al. mittels einer Reliabilitätsuntersuchung. Ermittelt wird die Intrarater- und die Interrater-Reliabilität für lumbale Lordose und hüftsakralen Abstand. Die lumbale Lordose wird dabei mittels des gebräuchlichen Verfahrens nach Cobb (Cobb 1948) vom ersten Sakral- bis zum ersten Lendenwirbelkörper gemessen. Der hüftsakrale Abstand bezeichnet den Abstand zwischen Mittelpunkt beider Femurköpfe und Promontorium auf einer Röntgenaufnahme der Lendenwirbelsäule im lateralen Strahlengang (Baig et al. 2010). Bei der Konstruktion des hüftsakralen Abstandes und seiner Festlegung als morphologischer Parameter, wird die bicoxofemorale Achse (Achse durch das Zentrum beider Femurköpfe) (Jackson & McManus 1994; John & Fisher 1994) als Fixpunkt gewählt. Die bicoxofemorale Achse stellt das Zentrum der Beckenrotation dar (John& Fisher 1994). Vermessen wurden die Röntgenaufnahmen von 30 rückengesunden Freiwilligen zu je zwei unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten von jeweils drei unabhängigen Untersuchern. Die eigenen Untersuchungen verfolgen zur Hypothesenprüfung eine Reliabilitätsanalyse (Intrarater und Interrater-Reliabilität). Man folgt bei der Festlegung des Parameters „hüftsakraler Abstand“ als konstantem, durch die Beckenanatomie vorgegebenen Parameter damit der Methodik Jacksons, nach der die Festlegung der anatomischen Parameter durch hohe Übereinstimmung in longitudinalen Untersuchungen erfolgte (Jackson & Hales 2000). Das Ergebnis der Reliabilitätsanalyse zeigt hohe Werte für die Intrarater und Interrater-Reliabilität. Das Ergebnis der anschließend durchgeführten Regressionsanalyse für hüftsakralen Abstand (unabhängige Variable) und den Winkel der lumbalen Lordose (abhängige Variable) zeigt einen negativen Zusammenhang. Zusammenfassend weisen die Ergebnisse der statistischen Auswertung darauf hin, dass das vorgestellte Verfahren nach Baig et al. (2010) eine zuverlässige Methode zur Bestimmung der lumbalen Lordose ist und unabhängig von der Erfahrung des Untersuchers replizierbare Ergebnisse liefert.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal deformities, including adult spinal deformities (ASD) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), can cause significant pain and disability. Radiographic parameters are measured in order to establish quantitative relationships among spinal alignment and health related quality of life metrics. Various classification systems including the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-Schwab and Global Alignment Proportion (GAP) score have been developed to correlate radiographic parameters with relevant clinical outcomes. While the SRS-Schwab Classification is both a coronal and sagittal categorization that correlates to health related quality of life metrics, the GAP score is a newly developed 13-point scale that focuses on sagittal alignment to predict mechanical failure postoperatively. The study aims to evaluate the utility of the GAP score as a method of evaluating radiographic correction and maintenance over one year. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of ASD and AIS patients who underwent operative intervention. Patients were evaluated for GAP score changes from preoperative to postoperative and then to a one year follow up. Of the 285 screened patients, 73 had suitable radiographs for measurements. This included 45 ASD patients, 32 of which had one year follow up radiographs, and 28 AIS patients, of which only 19 had one year follow up radiographs. Measurements were obtained by three independent readers. These included pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), L1-S1 lumbar lordosis (L1-S1 LL), L4-S1 lumbar lordosis (L4-S1 LL), sacral slope (SS), global tilt (GT), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA). GAP score subcategories were calculated and summed to produce the GAP score. RESULTS: The 73 included patients had an average age of 41.8 ± 24.1, BMI of 26.2 ±6.3, and consisted of 51 females (69.9%). All but one radiographic parameters exhibited an Intra Class Correlation (ICC) of over 0.66. PI had an ICC of 0.59 which was likely due to the incomplete visibility of the femoral heads in few radiographs. Among ASD patients, from pre to postoperative, PI-LL significantly decreased from 18° to 5°, PT significantly decreased from 26° to 19°, L1-S1 LL significantly increased from 37° to 47°, L4-S1 LL significantly increased from 28° to 31°, GT significantly decreased from 37° to 25°, SVA significantly decreased from 120 mm to 64 mm, and total GAP score significantly decreased from 8 to 6. For the 32 patients with long term data, the GAP score changed significantly from 9 to 6 to 7 at one year follow up. Of the 32 patients, 14 patients experienced a worsened score at the one year follow up. Among AIS patients, PI-LL increased from 0° to 3°, PT remained 13°, L1-S1 LL decreased from 56° to 53°, L4-S1 LL significantly decreased from 37° to 31°, GT increased from 14° to 16°, SVA decreased from 25 mm to 28 mm, and total GAP score increased from 3 to 4. For the 19 with long term data, the GAP score changed significantly from 3 to 3 to 2 and 2 patients experienced a worsened score at the one year follow up. DISCUSSION: The patient population showed a slight improvement in GAP score among both ASD and AIS groups. The improvement is more pronounced when evaluating with the SRS-Schwab Classification. The GAP score does not emphasize the same radiographic parameters and therefore does not correlate well with the SRS-Schwab Classification. Many patients also experienced a worsened GAP score by the one year follow up which can be attributed to the adjacent superior or inferior region (PJK), thoracolumbar region (construct failure), or compensation at the pelvis through hip flexion. Additionally, GAP is potentially oversensitive to measurement error and rounding differences. Thus, the utility of the GAP score in evaluating spinal deformity patients is questionable and requires further adjustment and evaluation based on prospective studies.

Das Konzept der spinopelvinen sagittalen Balance beruht auf der Wechselwirkung und dem Abhängigkeitsprinzip zwischen Einstellung der Wirbelsäulenkrümmungen zueinander sowie Einstellung der Wirbelsäule zum Becken in der Sagittalebene (Koller et al. 2009). Die sagittale Balance der Wirbelsäule wird beschrieben durch Winkel und Abstände. Sie definieren einerseits die optimale Ausrichtung der Wirbelsäule im Verhältnis zum Becken in der Sagittalebene. Andererseits werden sie zur Beschreibung von Pathologien genutzt. In den beiden letzten Jahrzehnten sind unterschiedliche, teils konkurrierende Konzepte zur sagittalen Balance entstanden (Duval-Beaupère et al. 1992, During et al. 1985, Jackson & McManus 1994, Jackson et al. 1998). Das französische Modell der Autorengruppe um Duval-Beaupère und Legaye (Duval-Beaupère et al. 1992, Legaye & Duval-Beaupère 1998) gilt in der heutigen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion als maßgeblich (Harding 2009). Die Parameter dieses Modells sind der individuell konstante, anatomische Parameter Pelvic Incidence und die positionalen Parameter Pelvic Tilt und Sacral Slope. Dem Konzept von Duval-Beaupère et al. liegen biomechanische Untersuchungen zur Verteilung der Schwerkraft mit dem Barycentremeter zugrunde (Duval-Beaupère et al. 1992). Der wesentliche Parameter im Konzept nach During et al. (1985) ist der pelvisakrale Winkel. Jackson und Co-Autoren definieren die spinopelvine Balance in der Sagittalen mittels des Beckenradius-Methode mit dem namensgebenden Parameter PR, einer Längenangabe, und dem Winkel PR-S1 (Jackson et al. 1998, Jackson & Hales 2000). Letztgenannte Parameter wurden durch Korrelations- und Reliabilitätsanalysen erhoben. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt im Rahmen eines Literaturstudiums die konkurrierenden Konzepte und ihre Weiterentwicklungen vor. Das Verhalten der unterschiedlichen Parameter während Wachstum und Alter wird beschrieben. Ihr Verhalten bei und ihr potentieller Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Pathologien der Wirbelsäule wird anhand des Beispiels der Spondylolisthese beleuchtet. Den vorangestellten Konzepten und insbesondere ihrer Anwendung zur Berechnung der optimalen sagittalen Balance, zur Berechnung der optimalen Lordose und zur Distinktion des physiologischen vom pathologischen Zustand ist eine zunehmende Komplexität gemeinsam. Es werden komplizierte mathematische Gleichungen (Legaye & Duval-Beaupère 2005; Boulay et al. 2006) und aufwendige wie teure Computersoftware bei der Anwendung der Konzepte benötigt (Berthonnaud et al. 2005b). Baig et al. schlugen 2010 ein alternatives Verfahren zur Beschreibung eines Teilaspekts der spinopelvinen Balance in der Sagittalen vor. Anhand des Parameters hüftsakraler Abstand soll die Vorhersage der lumbalen Lordose erfolgen. Die eigenen Untersuchungen prüfen das Konzept nach Baig et al. mittels einer Reliabilitätsuntersuchung. Ermittelt wird die Intrarater- und die Interrater-Reliabilität für lumbale Lordose und hüftsakralen Abstand. Die lumbale Lordose wird dabei mittels des gebräuchlichen Verfahrens nach Cobb (Cobb 1948) vom ersten Sakral- bis zum ersten Lendenwirbelkörper gemessen. Der hüftsakrale Abstand bezeichnet den Abstand zwischen Mittelpunkt beider Femurköpfe und Promontorium auf einer Röntgenaufnahme der Lendenwirbelsäule im lateralen Strahlengang (Baig et al. 2010). Bei der Konstruktion des hüftsakralen Abstandes und seiner Festlegung als morphologischer Parameter, wird die bicoxofemorale Achse (Achse durch das Zentrum beider Femurköpfe) (Jackson & McManus 1994; John & Fisher 1994) als Fixpunkt gewählt. Die bicoxofemorale Achse stellt das Zentrum der Beckenrotation dar (John& Fisher 1994). Vermessen wurden die Röntgenaufnahmen von 30 rückengesunden Freiwilligen zu je zwei unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten von jeweils drei unabhängigen Untersuchern. Die eigenen Untersuchungen verfolgen zur Hypothesenprüfung eine Reliabilitätsanalyse (Intrarater und Interrater-Reliabilität). Man folgt bei der Festlegung des Parameters „hüftsakraler Abstand“ als konstantem, durch die Beckenanatomie vorgegebenen Parameter damit der Methodik Jacksons, nach der die Festlegung der anatomischen Parameter durch hohe Übereinstimmung in longitudinalen Untersuchungen erfolgte (Jackson & Hales 2000). Das Ergebnis der Reliabilitätsanalyse zeigt hohe Werte für die Intrarater und Interrater-Reliabilität. Das Ergebnis der anschließend durchgeführten Regressionsanalyse für hüftsakralen Abstand (unabhängige Variable) und den Winkel der lumbalen Lordose (abhängige Variable) zeigt einen negativen Zusammenhang. Zusammenfassend weisen die Ergebnisse der statistischen Auswertung darauf hin, dass das vorgestellte Verfahren nach Baig et al. (2010) eine zuverlässige Methode zur Bestimmung der lumbalen Lordose ist und unabhängig von der Erfahrung des Untersuchers replizierbare Ergebnisse liefert.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einführung 1.1 Vorstellung des Themengebiets 1.2 Ziel der Arbeit 2 Die Balance der Wirbelsäule in der sagittalen Ebene 2.1 Anatomie von Wirbelsäule und Becken 2.1.1 Anatomie der Wirbelsäule 2.1.1.1 Spezielle anatomische Gegebenheiten der Lendenwirbelsäule 2.1.2 Anatomie des Beckens und des lumbosakralen Überganges 2.2 Ebenen, Lordose, Kyphose, thorakolumbaler Übergang 2.2.1 Die Körperebenen 2.2.2 Die Messung der Wirbelsäulenkrümmungen in der sagittalen Ebene: Lordose und Kyphose 2.2.2.1 Lendenlordose und Brustkyphose 2.2.2.1.1 Die korrekte Standposition zur Erfassung der Krümmungen der Wirbelsäule in der sagittalen Ebene 2.2.2.2 Das Winkelprofil der Wirbelsäule in der sagittalen Ebene 2.2.2.3 Segmentale Winkelmessung 2.2.2.3.1 Thorakolumbaler Übergang 2.2.2.4 Winkelmessung nach Cobb 2.2.2.5 Geometrische Konstruktion der spinalen Krümmungen 2.2.2.6 Problematik der Messung spinaler Krümmungen 2.3 Konzepte zur sagittalen Balance 2.3.1 Die Wirbelsäulenkrümmungen und ihr Verhältnis zur Achse der Schwerkraft: C7-Lot und sagittale vertikale Achse 2.3.1.1 Das C7-Lot 2.3.1.2 Die sagittale vertikale Achse, SVA 2.3.2 Der pelvisakrale Winkel im Konzept nach During 2.3.2.1 Die Parameter Durings 2.3.2.2 Zusammenhänge zwischen den Parametern 2.3.2.3 Die Sakrale Inklination 2.3.3 Das Konzept der Gruppe um Duval-Beaupère: Pelvic Incidence 2.3.3.1 Vorbedingungen 2.3.3.1.1 Die bicoxofemorale Achse („Hip Axis“ oder „Hip Sacral Axis“) 2.3.3.2 Pelvic Incidence 2.3.3.3 Positionale Parameter: Sacral Slope, Pelvic Tilt, S1-Overhang 2.3.3.4 Das Verhältnis von PI und den positionalen Parametern sowie der lumbalen Lordose 2.3.3.5 Das Verhältnis der spinopelvinen Parameter zu den unteren Extremitäten 2.3.3.6 Verhalten der spinopelvinen Parameter bei Pathologien 2.3.3.7 Die Neigungswinkel 2.3.3.7.1 L1-Tilt und T9-Tilt 2.3.3.7.2 Das Verhältnis der spinopelvinen Parameter und des Neigungswinkels von T9 (T9-Tilt) 2.3.3.7.3 Weitere Neigungswinkel 2.3.3.7.3.1 Lumbar Tilt, Thoracic Tilt und Cervical Tilt 51 2.3.3.7.3.2 Anwendung des lumbalen Neigungswinkels (Lumbar Tilt) zur Einteilung von 4 lordotischen Krümmungstypen 2.3.4 Das Konzept nach Jackson: Pelvic Radius Technique 2.3.4.1 Pelvine Parameter: Beckenradius PR, PR-S1-Winkel und hip-axis 2.3.4.2 Spinale Parameter: T12-S1-Lordose, T1-T12- und T4-T12-Kyphose, segmentale Lordosemessung 2.3.4.3 Spinopelvine Parameter nach Jackson 2.3.4.4 Horizontaler Abstand zu den Lotlinien durch HA, C7 und T4 – Spinal Balance Techniques 2.3.4.5 Die Quotienten 2.3.4.6 Sagittale Balance und Imbalance als Kompensation und Dekompensation im Modell nach Jackson („Sacropelvic Translation“) 2.3.4.7 Zusammenfassung der Normalparameter spinaler Balance im Modell nach Jackson et al. – Terminologie des Alignment 2.3.4.7.1 Positive und negative Bezeichnung von Winkeln und Abständen 2.3.4.7.2 Korrelationsanalyse und Reliabilität der Beckenradius-Methode 2.3.4.7.3 Normalparameter – die „4 C.s“ 2.3.5 Computergestützte Messung spinopelviner Parameter 2.4 Sagittale Balance in der Entwicklung des Menschen: Wachstum und Alter 2.4.1 Entwicklung der Wirbelsäule 2.4.2 Sagittale Balance des Heranwachsenden 2.4.3 Sagittale Balance im Alter – die Wirbelsäule des alternden Menschen 3 Das Krankheitsbild der Spondylolisthese als Beispiel für die Anwendbarkeit der Konzepte zur sagittalen Balance – Relevanz der sagittalen Imbalance 3.1 Spondylolisthese 3.1.1 Definition 3.1.2 Ätiologie und Einteilung 3.1.2.1 Klassifikation nach Ätiologie 3.1.2.1.1 Einteilung nach Wiltse et al. und Ätiologie unter biomechanischen Gesichtspunkten 3.1.2.1.2 Einteilung nach Marchetti und Bartolozzi 3.1.2.2 Einteilung nach Schweregrad 3.1.2.3 Radiologische Erfassung mittels Gleitwinkel und Kreuzbeinbasiswinkel 3.1.3 Spondylolisthese und Konzepte sagittaler Balance 3.1.3.1 Spondylolisthese im Konzept nach Duval-Beaupère, Legaye et al. 3.1.3.2 Weiterentwicklungen auf Grundlage des Konzepts nach Duval-Beaupère, Legaye et al. 3.1.3.2.1 L5 Incidence Angle 3.1.3.2.2 Chirurgische Klassifikation der Spondylolisthese auf Grundlage des Konzepts nach Duval-Beaupère, Legaye et al. 3.1.3.2.3 Sagittale Balance vor und nach operativer Versorgung der Spondylolisthese 3.1.3.3 Spondylolisthese im Konzept nach Jackson et al. (Beckenradiusmethode) 4 Eigene Untersuchungen zur Reliabilität des alternativen Messverfahrens nach Baig et al. 4.1 Vorstellung der Methode nach Baig et al. 4.2 Material und Methode 4.2.1 Messmethode 4.2.1.1 Messung des hüftsakralen Abstandes („Hip-sacral axis“) 4.2.1.2 Messung der lumbalen Lordose nach der Cobb Methode 4.2.2 Materialien 4.2.2.1 Auswahl der Röntgenbilder und Kriterien zur Teilnahme an der Untersuchung 4.2.2.2 Untersucher 4.2.3 Durchführung der Messung 4.2.3.1 Anpassung der Rohwerte von HS 4.2.4 Verwendete Analysemethoden 4.2.4.1 Reliabilität 4.2.4.2 Korrelation 4.2.4.3 Regression 4.3 Ergebnisdarstellung 4.3.1 Deskriptive Statistik 4.3.2 Reliabilität der Methode 4.3.3 Korrelationsanalyse 4.3.4 Regressionsanalyse 4.4 Zusammenfassung der statistischen Auswertung, Beantwortung der Fragestellung 5 Diskussion Zusammenfassung der Arbeit Bildmaterial Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit Lebenslauf Danksagung

Bibliographic identification KUČEROVÁ, Klára. Long-term monitoring of impact of competitive swimming in statics and dynamics of the spine. Prague: Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2017, 59 p. Supervisor of the bachelor's thesis Mgr. Magdaléna Lepšíková. Abstract Swimming is a physical activity that is often recommended by physicians as compensatory activity. It is symmetrical sport which takes place in aquatic environment. This sport has many benefits and can be done at any age. Our goal was to find out if competitive swimming had an effect on statics and dynamics of the spine. To measure static sagittal parameters we used DIER Formetric III 4D. Dynamic tests were measured by spinal development tests. The trunk stabilization was detected using Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) concepts. We observed 11 children aged 11 - 12. These children were examined twice in the bachelor thesis, first one before the start of racing swimming and second one after 10 months. In our diploma thesis, these children were examined again after 3 years of racing swimming. We also watched a set of 11 adult swimmers. We compared their results with standards. After three years of racing swimming in children, there was no statistically significant change in size of...

♦ Kyphosis may be a focal deformity limited to a few spinal segments or a more global problem involving the thoraco-lumbar spine♦ The causes are myriad and reflect all the disease processes that affect bone♦ As well as producing pain from disturbed sagittal balance, neurological complications can occur infrequently♦ Conservative treatment in established kyphotic deformity has a limited role♦ The aims of surgery are to correct the deformity, restore sagittal alignment and decompress the neural elements as required.

Increasingly, there is more attention being directed to the role that full spine sagittal alignment plays in causing or exacerbating a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. Similarly, spinal displacements, termed subluxation, are thought to cause dysfunctions in the entire neuromusculoskeletal system that may lead to altered neurophysiological function, abnormal sensorimotor control, and altered autonomic nervous system function. Abnormalities in neutral upright spine alignment (sagittal translation or flexion deformities) are known to increase mechanical loads (stresses and strains) on the central nervous system. These increased mechanical loads may subtly or overtly impair neurophysiological function as measured with evoked potentials in terms of latency and amplitudes of potentials. Proprioceptive afferentation from spine ligaments, muscles and discs are considered a major component of sensorimotor control. The voluminous mechanoreceptors in spinal muscles, ligaments, and discs plays an intimate role, providing the necessary neurophysiological input in a feed forward and feedback system for sensorimotor control via connections to the vestibular, visual and central nervous systems. Of particular interest, a network of neurophysiological connections between spine mechanoreceptors and the sympathetic nervous system has been documented. This chapter explores the hypothesis and evidence that restoring normal posture and spine alignment has important influences on neurophysiology, sensorimotor control and autonomic nervous system functionality. There is limited but high-quality research identifying that sagittal spine alignment restoration plays an important role in improving neurophysiology, sensorimotor control, and autonomic nervous system function. Accordingly, in the current chapter, we review this work in hopes of stimulating further investigations into structural rehabilitation of the spine and posture.

Abstract: Sagittal spinopelvic configuration and global alignment have previously been investi-gated in healthy children, adolescents, and adults to understand biomechanics or to guide fusion surgery. However, no studies were found in the literature assessing patients with structural hyperkyphosis (HK) from the perspective of global alignment and spinopelvic parameters. The research question is: How does structural HK affect spinopelvic parameters, global tilt(GT), global alignment, and proportion (GAP) score in skeletally immature adolescents? This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively col-lected data. Thirty-two structural HK patients(19 male, 13 female) with a mean age of 13.8 years and an initial curve magnitude between 55-75° were included in the study. Radiographic measurements including thoracic kyphosis(TK) angle, L1-S1 lumbar lordo-sis(LL) and L4-S1 lower arch lordosis angles, pelvic incidence, sacral slope, global tilt were measured from lateral spine radiographs by a blinded orthopedic spine surgeon at the first visit, and GAP score was calculated using these parameters. The mean TK was 59.5°, LL was 66.7°, and the mean GT was 7.2° at baseline. There was a correlation be-tween TK and LL, meaning that patients who have higher TK have also a higher degree of LL. There was also a correlation between PT and SS with the PI at baseline. Structural HK may affect pelvic development resulting in lower values of PI. Higher values of TK or thoracolumbar kyphosis may be sufficiently compensated by LL to maintain a neutral sagittal balance when PI has lower values. Clinicians should focus on global alignment to maintain the global sagittal balance rather than TK alone. Keywords: Scheuermann's disease, hyperkyphosis, global alignment, sagittal balance, spinopelvic configuration

The mechanics of the lumbar spine are dependent on the morphology of the vertebral bodies and their alignment. As intersubject anatomic variability is significant, this paper developed a method to characterize shape and alignment variability in the lumbar spine using statistical shape modeling techniques. The primary modes of variation between subjects were sagittal plane curvature of the spine and height of the discs. Quantifying the biomechanical variation of the lumbar spine across the population facilitates designers and clinicians in making informed decisions regarding implant sizing and component placement.

Cervical fusion is a traditional surgical technique in the management of spondylotic pathologies. An increased rate of arthrodesis has been well stated in the literature by using anterior and/or posterior instrumentation. Despite excellent results for the multi-level cervical fusions, failures due to the pseudarthrosis, graft dislodgement, migration and screw loosening were reported. These failures were also found to be directly proportional to the number of fused levels. The multi-level fusions with a single strut graft (corpectomy) have only two graft-endplate interfaces and a lower rate of pseudarthrosis failures. But it has a longer lever arm and moment, thus disrupting the normal sagittal alignment of the cervical spine. On the other hand, the multi-level fusion with multiple inter-body grafts (discectomy) maintains the sagittal alignment, but a higher rate of pseudarthrosis failures were expected due to a large number of graft-endplate interfaces. Some investigators have advocated a combination of corpectomy and discectomy, while others believe to perform either one of them due to the individual advantages and disadvantages as per their patient needs. Consequently, a dilemma and controversy still exists in the selection of the type of reconstructive fusion technique. The objective of the present study was to compare the biomechanical stability of the three reconstructive fusion techniques — corpectomy, discectomy and combined corpectomy-discectomy. The stability of the superior motion segment was compared to the inferior motion segment to determine the direction of propagation of the adjacent segment disease.

Kyphosis refers to an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the spine. Among the various types of kyphosis, postural kyphosis, also known as postural roundback, is the most prevalent. The condition arises from poor posture habits, such as slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy school bags, established during childhood, gradually weakening the muscles and soft tissues of the back. Over time, postural kyphosis can progress, resulting in a chronic deformity and persistent back pain. It typically becomes evident during adolescence, particularly in females. These effects can significantly impact the quality of life for individuals afflicted by the condition, both during their adolescent years and into adulthood. Among the treatment options available, bracing is frequently employed to prevent the progression of the deformity and facilitate correction. The Milwaukee brace, in particular, has been proven as an effective brace for subjects with postural kyphosis. However, one of the challenges associated with its use is wearer discomfort, which can contribute to reduced compliance and treatment efficacy. In this study, a soft textile brace with lightweight pneumatic paddings specifically designed for correcting the posture of individuals with postural kyphosis was developed. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this new brace, subjects with the condition was recruited to participate in a wear trial. During the trial, head and shoulder posture were assessed including coronal head tilt angle, coronal shoulder angle, sagittal head tilt angle, craniovertebral angle and sagittal shoulder angle. The results revealed significant improvements in sagittal shoulder angle, the subjects wearing the pneumatic padding brace, compared to those without any bracing. These findings suggest that the newly developed brace holds promise for effectively managing postural kyphosis, as it demonstrated positive effects on improving rounded shoulder. By providing more comfort and potentially improving compliance, this brace offers a potential solution to enhance the overall treatment experience for individuals with postural kyphosis.

The design of automotive seats is an important design factor that affects the biomechanical alignment of the driver's spinopelvic alignment when in a seated state. However, there is a lack of biomechanical studies evaluating body changes in a driver's seated state in a driving environment. Therefore, urgent research is needed on driver-specific basic data that can be used as basic data to be considered in the development and design of automotive seats.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to measure the difference in the alignment of the spine and pelvis according to the driver's sitting posture when voluntarily participating drivers sit at their preferred car seat back angle and to use this data as basic biomechanical data for car seat design.Method: A total of 15 participants were seated in their preferred posture, and the lateral view of their spine and pelvis was evaluated using X-rays. The sagittal seatback angle at the time of sitting and the distance from the HCP (hip center point) to the VBC (vertebral body center) were measured. The HCP was determined as being the center of the femoral head, which is the point where the horizontal line and the vertical line bisecting the horizontal line meet after drawing a circle enclosing the femoral head on the lateral X-ray. VBC was defined as being the point at which the lines connecting the four ends of the vertebral body with intersections met in the side view of the X-ray. Then, based on the HCP, the distance of the VBC from the 5th lumbar vertebra to the 10th thoracic vertebra was measured with the x-coordinate for the horizontal line and the y-coordinate for the vertical line.Result: When the angle of the seatback was optimized when sitting, the angle was 10.9.4°±2.997°. And the distance of all vertebral bodies (L5, L4, L3, L2, L1, T12, T11, T10) from the HCP was 128±15.96, 147.3±19.44, 167.6±22.39, 187.5±24.87, 202.9±26.93, 216.2±29.89, 226.4±32.42, and 234±33.46, respectively, and the y (mm) values were 64.67±21.93, 106.1±22.91, 143.8±24.78, 181.6±23.30, 218.1±24.32, 253.6±27.80, 283.8±30.6.57, 331.6.57, respectively. Thus, as the change in distance from the HCP from the 5th lumbar vertebra to the 10th thoracic vertebra increases, x-axis increases by 15%, 13.78%, 11.87%, 8.2%, 6.55%, 4.72%, and 3.4%, respectively, and y-axis increases by 64.67%, 35.53%, 26.29%, 20.1%, 16.28%, 11.9%, and 10.6%, respectively, were observed.Conclusion: The results of this study will be used as basic data that can be reflected in an optimal ergonomic seat design by providing the vertebral body coordinate shift in the thoracic and lumbar region from the HCP through actual X-ray imaging, not virtual simulation, for optimal car seat design.