Academic literature on the topic 'Saigon (vietnam)'

During the Vietnam War, South Vietnamese students were some of the most vocal activists asserting multiple visions for Vietnam’s future. Students’ attitudes spanned the political spectrum from staunchly anti-Communist to supportive of the National Liberation Front. Like young people throughout the world in the 1960s, students in South Vietnam embodied the spirit of the global Sixties as a hopeful moment in which the possibility of freedom energized those demanding political change. South Vietnam’s university students staged protests, wrote letters, and drew up plans of action that tried to unite the disparate political interests among the nation’s young people as politicians and generals in Saigon attempted to establish a viable national government. South Vietnamese government officials and U.S. advisors paid close attention to student activism hoping to identify and cultivate sources of support for the Saigon regime. While some students were willing to work with Americans, others argued that foreign intervention of any kind was bad for Vietnam. The Saigon government’s repressive tactics for dealing with political protest drove away students who otherwise might have supported it.

Using materials from the Vietnams National Archives Center No. 2, in particular the incomplete series of the Military Administration Committees weekly or monthly reports, as well as recently published archival documents from the Central Office of South Vietnam (COSVN), this paper aims to shed light on the issue of Tiếp quản, the transition of power in Saigon after 30 April 1975 from the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) to the combined Vietnamese revolutionary forces by studying the Ủy ban Qun quản Thnh phố Si Gn Gia định (UBQQSG), the Military Administration Committee for the City of Saigon Gia Dinh. This paper will start by examining what kind of challenge Saigon represented for the Vietnamese revolution and how the revolutionaries prepared to face it. Second it will tackle the issue of the presence of Southerners in the state apparatus for transition. Third, it will go over the main policies that the UBQQSG implemented, what resistance it confronted and how it struggled with issues of discipline amongst its assigned cadres. Finally, the article proposes an expansion of the dates in which the Vietnam War is generally examined by pushing back the end of the periodization to July 1976 and the official reunification of Vietnam.

This essay examines Western representations of Saigon as a feminine and sensual place, providing examples of continuity between French colonial portrayals of the city and print journalism during the u.s. presence in Vietnam from the mid-1950s to 1975. Femininity and sexual allure feature prominently in an array of 19th Century works about Saigon, yet those writings vary considerably. By the early 20th Century, Western writers had begun to personify Saigon as a woman engaged in a relationship with a Western man. In similar ways, femininity and sensuality figured prominently in how Western journalists covered Saigon throughout the Vietnam War. Such representations cast a mold for tragic postwar narratives—a genre that the celebrated musical Miss Saigon best exemplified. Weighing the possibilities and shortcomings of collectively interpreting these writings as an Orientalist discourse, this article surveys more than a century of work that describes Saigon as a sensual maiden whom the West courted, exploited, and abandoned.

From the beginning to open up the southern land, Saigon has soon represented as the center of the whole Southern with a strong pervasion. Saigon has also received the influence of Western Civilization in order to urbanize rapidly. In the nineteenth century, Saigon had a strong integration and became the motive force in leading the South Vietnam to integrate into the area and the world. The French colonialism invaded Gia Dinh and invested to establish Saigon as the administrative centre, the capital of Southern. They turned Saigon into the international trade center. Saigon changed its look and quickly became “Pearl of the Far East”.

The 23rd Annual Conference on Pacific Basin Finance, Economics, Accounting, and Management was held in Saigon Technology University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam on July 16th and July 17th, 2015. The first conference was held at Rutgers University in 1993. Since then, the conference has been held in Hong Kong (1994, 1998), Taipei (1995, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2011), Bangkok (2000, 2004, 2009), Rutgers (1996, 2001, 2005, 2012), Singapore (1997, 2002), Vietnam (2007), Australia (2008, 2013), China (2010), and Japan (2014). The program co-directors of the conference were Cheng-Few Lee, Rutgers University, USA, and Cao Hao Thi, Saigon Technology University, Vietnam.

Starting in 1975, Los Angeles attracted what would become, within a decade, the largest concentration of resettled Vietnamese refugees in the United States. A combination of legacies led to the concentration of Vietnamese in Los Angeles: decades of U.S. involvement in Vietnam; Cold War foreign policy; domestic urban planning; and public housing policies born of the city’s history of racial segregation. These structural forces also drew many other immigrant groups to Los Angeles during the same period, as Koreans, Thais, Mexicans, and Central Americans likewise concentrated in L.A., each developing their own distinctive enclaves in the same districts and neighborhoods as the Vietnamese refugees. Refugee resettlement in Los Angeles in the 1970s and ’80s meant that the Vietnamese benefited from services and institutions established earlier for prior immigrant and refugee groups who had made their way to L.A., but also competition and conflict over space, markets, services, and resources, as well as cross-cultural cooperation and convergence. However, unlike some other newcomer groups, Vietnamese refugees had access to specific government-funded resources and opportunities, in addition to personal, professional, and military-related connections, that stemmed from the United States’ decades-long imperialist project in Vietnam. This article examines the settlement and placemaking experiences of Vietnamese refugees among other immigrant groups—overlap, similarities, and differences—in Los Angeles in this era.

Abstract This study to enhance the discussion about the usefulness of benthic macroinvertebrates for water quality assessment in Saigon River and its tributaries. Data from 16 sites were used as a representative example for Saigon River and its tributaries in the area of basin over 4,500 km2, the length through provinces of Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc, Binh Duong, and Ho Chi Minh City of about 280 km. The data covered the period of dry and rainy seasons in 2015, the survey sampled 16 sites (32 events) of the Saigon River and its tributaries selected. To implement this evaluation, the analyses were based on MRC methods and classifications these improved by the scientific group. The analysis of general characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates and bio-indices were used to examine the spatial patterns of water quality and biological groups. The value of good water quality was recorded in the sites far from industrial parks, crowded citizen areas, big cities (SG1 and SG2) while the sites in near urban Ho Chi Minh City and Thu Dau Mot Town or industrial areas (the section of Saigon River from SG6 to SG13) where had the value of worse water quality because of the more human activities. Especially, there was not any animal that was collected in the site SG7 because of too heavy pollution. The results demonstrated that these organisms could be applied to describe the ecological health in the Saigon River and its tributaries.

Since the 1990s, under the pressure of socio-economic growth in the Ho Chi Minh City and nearby provinces, the heavy-extraction of groundwater of this area has dramatically increased to meet high water demand for domestic and industrial purposes. Although the groundwater – Saigon River interaction significantly contributes to groundwater reserves, researchers have been less attentive to fully describe and understand the river recharge. This study attempts to explore the impact of groundwater-river interaction to aquifer system due to pumping increase via field seepage and (O18, H2) isotopic measurements in the Saigon River Basin, South East of Vietnam. The analysis showed that river bed conductance at 0 km, 30 km, 60 km, 80 km, and 120 km were 4.5 m2/day/m, 4.2 m2/day/m, 2.5 m2/day/m, 1.7 m2/day/m, and 0.25 m2/day/m respectively. The riverbed conductance relies on the sand percentage of sediment. The composition δO18 in groundwater, river, and precipitation indicates that river recharge to groundwater exists mainly in the lower part of the basin. In contrast to downstream, the composition of δO18 was signified that the river primarily gains water from groundwater upstream. Under pressure of developing economies, the groundwater pumping in the Saigon river basin increased from 175,000 m3/day in 1995 to 880,000 m3/day in 2017. As a consequence of the increased pumping rate, the groundwater discharge to the river decreases from 1.6 to 0.7 times of groundwater pumping in upstream, while the amount of Saigon river recharge increases by 33% to 50% of the total groundwater pumping downstream. Under the exceedance pumping rate, the aquifers in the Saigon River Basin release less water to the Saigon river and it tends to gain more water through the river - groundwater interaction process. Therefore, groundwater management in downstream aquifers needs better joint planning with surface water development plans, particularly for surface water supply utilities which still struggle to satisfy the water demand of the development plan.

After the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces in 1975, Vietnam has remained virtually isolated from the rest of the world. With the global political changes of the past 10 years. the Hanoi Government succeeded in reducing Vietnam's international isolation in part by attempting to open the country's door to foreign visitors. The country stretches along the eastern coast of the Indo-Chinese peninsula and is slightly larger than Italy. It is ‘S-shaped’, broad in the north and south and very narrow in the centre (Fig. 1). The country's main cultivated areas are the Red River delta in the north and the Mekong delta containing Ho Chi Min city (Saigon) in the south.

Vietnam: An epic tragedy 1945-1975, by Max Hastings. London: William Collins. 2018. 722 pages. ISBN 978-0-00-813298-9WHEN SAIGON fell, 44 years ago on 30 April 1975, a number of journalists, photographers and cameramen were there to witness the final humiliation of the United States. Journalist John Pilger and cameraman Neil Davis, both Australians, were there to see the North Vietnamese Army take the city, as was New Zealander Peter Arnett, among others. Pilger’s slim volume about those events, The Last Day, is a classic. Davis survived Saigon, but filmed his own death while covering an attempted coup in Bangkok in 1987.

La rivière Saigon, qui constitue un sous bassin du fleuve Nha Be, est située dans le sud du Vietnam. Cette rivière a une longueur d'environ 250 km et le bassin versant total à une surface de 4717 km2. Le réservoir de Dau Tieng, situé en amont de la rivière Saigon, a été construit pour mieux gérer l’irrigation, lutter contre les inondations et contrôler l’intrusion d’eau salée. En traversant HCMC, la rivière Saigon est connectée à plusieurs canaux puis rejoint la rivière Dongnai pour devenir le fleuve Nha Be qui traverse la zone de mangrove de Can Gio et se jette dans la mer de l'Est. La rivière Saigon et son bassin versant sont situés dans la plaine côtière et sont soumis au balancement quotidien des marées.L'objectif général de cette thèse est (i) d’évaluer l'état trophique de la rivière Saigon - Dongnai, (ii) d’étudier les processus à l’origine de la dynamique des nutriments, en particulier le rôle des sédiments en suspension, du mélange turbulent et du gradient de salinité, afin d'estimer la capacité de rétention par rapport aux flux d'éléments nutritifs; (ii) d’utiliser ces mesures de terrain et de laboratoire pour envisager une simulation numérique de ce système estuarien.La première étape de cette thèse a consisté en une étude des concentrations en nutriments (N, P, Si) sur quatre sites d’échantillonnage dans le système de la rivière Saigon – Dongnai. Les mesures ont été réalisées deux fois par mois de juillet 2015 à décembre 2017 pour évaluer les niveaux de concentration en éléments nutritifs et l’état d’eutrophisation. Cette thèse a mis en évidence un excès de nutriments dans HCMC avec des concentrations de NH4+ et de PO43- atteignant en moyenne 0.7 mgN L-1 et 0.07 mgP L-1, respectivement. Nous avons observé que des rejets domestiques non traités entraînaient une dégradation de la qualité de l’eau de la rivière Saigon, avec une valeur extrême de biomasse algale (150 µChl-a L-1) et des périodes d’hypoxie (DO < 2 mg L-1), principalement en saison sèche. L’eutrophisation de la rivière dans la zone urbaine dense n'a pas d'effet clair en aval, car la masse d'eau eutrophie de la rivière Saigon est efficacement mélangée avec les masses d'eau de mer et de la Dongnai pendant chaque cycle de marée. Ce qui met en évidence le rôle tampon (capacité de métabolisation) de l’estuaire entre les apports amont et la mer.Sur la base d'enquêtes de terrain et d’expérience en laboratoire, nous avons évalué les causes de l'eutrophisation de la rivière et étudié la capacité d'adsorption-désorption du phosphore sur les sédiments en suspension dans le gradient de salinité. Les enquêtes sur le terrain ont montré un impact clair de la mégapole, le P total augmentant de trois fois dans le centre de HCMC, par rapport aux valeurs en amont. En aval, dans la zone estuarienne mélangée par des marées, le P total descend à moins de 0.5 gP kg-1. Les expériences en laboratoire ont montré le rôle clé de la concentration en sédiments cohésifs en suspension sur la capacité d’adsorption de P sur les particules dans le gradient de salinité.Dans cette thèse, nous avons également analysé une base de données des nutriments, des sédiments en suspension et des rejets d’eau de 2012 à 2016 (données du service de surveillance de la qualité de l’eau vietnamien de la province d’HCMV). Neuf sites le long de la rivière Saigon et un site dans la rivière Dongnai ont permis de déterminer l’état de référence à l’amont et à l’aval d’Ho Chi Minh Ville. Les flux calculés permettent de dresser un premier bilan sédimentaire et nutritif à l’échelle des fleuves Saigon – Dongnai, de discuter de la contribution de chaque sous bassin aux flux totaux et de dresser des hypothèses sur l’état géomorphologique et environnemental actuel et futur des zones estuariennes et côtières
The Saigon River, a part of Saigon – Dongnai River basin located in Southern Vietnam, is about 250 km long with a catchment area of 4,717 km2. The Dau Tieng reservoir in the upstream of the Saigon River has been constructed for irrigation, flood protection purposes and the control of the intrusion of saline water. When flowing through HCMC, Saigon River is connected with canals and then joins Dongnai River to become the Nha Be River flowing through Can Gio Mangrove to the East Sea. Draining a low elevation coastal zone (LECZ), Saigon River is affected by the asymmetric semi-diurnal tides.The general goal of this thesis is to (i) assess trophic status in the Saigon – Dongnai River, (ii) assess the processes that lead nutrient behavior in the salinity gradient to estimate retention capacity with respect to the nutrients fluxes and (iii) calculate nutrient budgets to further be used for numerical simulations.The first step of this thesis consisted in a survey of nutrient concentrations (N, P, Si) at four sampling sites within the Saigon – Dongnai River system, which was carried out bi-monthly from July 2015 to December 2017, allowing to quantify the levels of nutrient concentrations and of indicators of eutrophication. This thesis pointed out an excess of nutrients in HCMC with concentrations of NH4+ and PO43- averaging to 0.7 mgN L-1 and 0.07 mgP L-1, respectively. We observed that untreated domestic discharges lead to the degradation of Saigon River’s water quality with extreme value of algal biomass (up 150 µChl-a L-1) and hypoxia conditions occurring episodically (DO < 2 mg L-1) during dry season. The eutrophic issue in the city center has no clear effect downstream because eutrophic water mass from Saigon River is efficiently mixed with Dongnai and sea water masses during the semi-diurnal tidal cycle, leading to efficient metabolism of nutrients within the estuarine partBased on field and laboratory surveys, we assessed the eutrophication of the river, and investigated P adsorption-desorption capacity onto suspended sediment (SS) within the salinity gradient. Field surveys showed a clear impact of the megacity, total P increasing three fold in HCMC center, as compared with upstream values. Downstream, in the tidally mixed estuarine area, the total P lowered to less than 0.5 gP kg-1. Laboratory experiments were carried out to characterize the influence of SS concentrations, salinity and turbulence on sorption/desorption processes. Among these observed variables, SS concentration was shown to be the main driver for adsorption capacity of P onto SS in salinity gradient. This underlines the role of cohesive sediment dynamics, as an important driver of nutrient dynamic in this estuarine river system.In this thesis, we analyzed the nutrients, suspended sediments and water discharges database from the Vietnamese Center of Monitoring of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (period 2012 to 2016). Nine sites along the Saigon River and one site in the Dongnai River were used to identify the reference water status before HCMC and the increasing fluxes from upstream to downstream. The calculated fluxes allow drawing a first sediment and nutrients budget at the scale of the Saigon – Dongnai Rivers and discussing the contribution of each sub basins to the total fluxes to the estuarine and coastal zones. Add one sentence pointing out the main result of this 2005-2016 dataseries analysis

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 2, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’étude de la structure électrique de la croûte terrestre dans deux régions du Vietnam, au Nord dans le delta du Fleuve Rouge et au Sud dans la région de la faille de la Rivière Saigon, et en Afrique de l’Ouest, où les données utilisées sont celles acquises durant l’Année Internationale de l’Electrojet Equatorial (AIEE). La technique utilisée est celle du sondage magnétotellurique. Deux des régions étudiées (le sud du Vietnam et l’Afrique de l’Ouest) sont situées au voisinage de l’équateur magnétique. Du fait de la présence de l’électrojet équatorial, l’hypothèse de l’onde plane, sur laquelle est basée la magnétotellurique, n’y est vérifiée que pour une gamme de périodes limitée. La modélisation de l’induction par un électrojet gaussien nous a permis de caractériser l’effet de source associé à l’électrojet équatorial, et de déterminer pour chacune des zones étudiées les gammes de périodes pour lesquelles cet effet de source est négligeable. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que l’effet de source associé à l’électrojet équatorial dépend des principales caractéristiques de la structure électrique du sous-sol, et de la distance entre le centre de l’électrojet équatorial et la position examinée. Dans le delta du fleuve Rouge, le profil magnétotellurique est orienté SO-NE. Long d’environ 32 km, il recoupe les failles majeures du système de failles du Fleuve Rouge. Les données magnétotelluriques ont été inversées pour obtenir une coupe transversale de résistivité électrique pour les trois premiers kilomètres. Cette coupe de résistivité électrique et une coupe de densité obtenue par modélisation des données gravimétriques acquises le long du même profil, ainsi que des informations déduites de forages effectués au voisinage du profil ont été utilisées pour proposer une coupe géologique de la région étudiée. Dans la région de la faille de la Rivière Saigon, le profil magnétotellurique, long d’environ 15 km, recoupe le trajet supposé de la faille. La structure électrique des premiers kilomètres de la croûte a été déterminée par inversion 2-D des données pour les gammes de périodes qui ne sont pas affectées par l’électrojet équatorial (< 0,7 s). La coupe transversale de résistivité électrique ainsi obtenue nous a permis de proposer une nouvelle localisation de la faille de la Rivière Saigon, à la limite entre un domaine résistant, le bloc de Da Lat au nord-est, et un domaine moins résistant, le bloc de Can Tho au sud-ouest. Cette nouvelle localisation est à environ 2,2 km au sud-ouest de la localisation généralement supposée pour cette faille. En Afrique de l’Ouest, nous avons montré que les données de jour sont affectées par l’électrojet équatorial pour toute la gamme de période étudiée (>120 s); ces données n’ont donc pas été utilisées pour déterminer la structure électrique de la croûte et du manteau supérieur. L’inversion 2-D des données de nuit, montre la présence d’une structure subverticale, relativement conductrice, qui sépare le Craton Ouest-africain très résistant des terrains situés sous le bassin du fleuve Sénégal
This thesis is devoted to the study of the electrical structure of the Earth’s crust in two regions of Vietnam (the Red River Delta in the north and the region of the Saigon River fault in the south) and in West Africa. The data were those acquired during the International Year of the Equatorial Electrojet (IYEE). The technique used is the magnetotelluric (MT) sounding method. Two of the regions studied (southern Vietnam and West Africa) are located near the magnetic equator. Due to the presence of the equatorial electrojet in these regions, the assumption of plane wave, on which MT relies, is valid for a limited range of periods. Modeling of the induction by a Gaussian electrojet allowed us to characterize the source effect associated with the equatorial electrojet, and to determine for each studied region the period ranges for which the source effect is negligible. We have also shown that the source effect associated with the equatorial electrojet depends on the main features of the electrical structure of the basement, and the distance between the center of the equatorial electrojet and the location of the considered station. In the Red River Delta at the north, the MT profile is oriented SW-NE. It is about 32 km long, and goes across the major faults of the Red River fault system. MT data were applied 2-D inversion to obtain a electrical cross-section for the first three kilometers of the crust. This electrical cross-section, a density cross-section obtained by modeling of gravity data collected along the same profile, and information derived from holes drilled in the vicinity of the profile, both were used to construct a geological section of the study area. In the region of the Saigon River fault, the magnetotelluric profile is about 15 km long. It goes across the supposed location of the fault. The electrical structure of the first three kilometers of the crust was determined by 2-D inversion of data for periods which are not affected by the equatorial electrojet (< 0.7 s). The electrical cross-section obtained allowed us to propose a new location for the Saigon River fault; it corresponds to the boundary between a resistant domain, the block of Da Lat in the north-east, and a less resistant domain, the block of Can Tho in the south-west. This new location is about 2.2 km southwest of the location currently assumed for this fault. In West Africa, we have shown that electromagnetic impedances derived using day time data are affected by the equatorial electrojet for the whole range of period studied (> 120 s), so these data have not been used to determine the electrical structure of the crust and the upper mantle. The 2-D inversion of nighttime data shows the presence of a subvertical structure, relatively conductive, which separates the West African Craton which is very resistant from the geological structures beneath the Senegal River basin

The 1968 Tet offensive is referred to as the turning point in the Vietnam War. Of the many battles of Tet, the attack on the American Embassy in Saigon stands out. It is neither the battle's size nor its casualties that makes it important. The significance of the embassy attack lay in the way it was conveyed to the American public. I argue that the 1968 attack on the American Embassy in Saigon served as a catalyst for the media to criticize the government's conduct of the Vietnam War and aided in turning the American public against the war. The news media aided this shift in opinion through its coverage and subsequent narrative of the attack on the U.S. Embassy. My goal is to examine the ongoing relationship between the media and the public by examining the major newspapers; the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, and the Christian Science Monitor, and the major news magazines, Time, Life, and Newsweek. It is important to observe that the news media is still a business that must appeal to its customers (readers and advertisers). As the public view changed, the media reflected that change in order to appeal to its audience. At the same time the news media's consistency of war coverage and reflection of public sentiment helped further perpetuate the public's disapproval of the conflict and continued this cycle. How did the media report the unexpected attack on the American Embassy and how did it affect public opinion of Vietnam? How does the press coverage of the embassy attack fit in the larger context of media coverage of the Tet Offensive in determining the relationship between the media and the public? Which one influenced the other in creating opinions of the Vietnam War? These questions are important not only because the news media was a major contributor to Americans' knowledge of the war but also because of the role the media plays in the society of the era and how its narrative became the historical narrative. My focus on the U.S. Embassy attack during the Tet Offensive is due to the chaos that surrounded the attack not only from the military's perspective but also from the media's. Since the attack took place in Saigon, headquarters of the media companies' in Vietnam, it was readily accessible to journalists. The attacks surprised the military, government, and the public, and in the midst of the chaos the media was there to report on it all. Reports constantly changed as to what went on and frequently contradicted "official" statements. These are the reasons why the media's involvement in the Vietnam War was filled with misconceptions and controversy.
Master of Arts

Between 1964 and 1973, the United States sent over 48,000 Puerto Rican soldiers to fight the war in Vietnam. While many enlisted voluntarily, many others were sent as draftees, subject to conscription as citizens of the United States. This is the starting point of this thesis, which looks at the intersection between citizenship, nationality and military service in relation to Puerto Rican identity at the time of the Vietnam War. This project focuses on the experiences of three distinct groups. First, it uses newspaper and archival research to explore opposition to the draft by Puerto Rican nationalists on the island, who used conscription as a tool to challenge the meaning of their citizenship. They questioned how a state that denied them the right to vote could require them to give the ultimate sacrifice and challenged both the moral and legal dimensions of conscription as it applied to the island. Next, it moves to the Puerto Rican barrios of New York to look at second-generation Puerto Ricans who came of age during the era of civil rights and the Vietnam War. Through the lens of popular culture, it looks at the early development of Puerto Rican stereotypes in Hollywood films and the way that these were challenged by a new generation of writers and activists by the close of the sixties. Finally, it turns to interviews and memoirs of Puerto Rican veterans to present a personal account of what it meant to be Puerto Rican in the U.S. armed forces at the time, and questions the success of the military’s effort to construct soldiers who would remain loyal American citizens after the war. Taken separately, each of these chapters provides a small glimpse of the Puerto Rican experience during the Vietnam War era, but taken together they contribute to our understanding of the ways in which the war, and the environment it created, played a role in the efforts of Puerto Ricans to reclaim and reconstruct their collective identity during this period.

Ho Chi Minh-Ville (Saigon) est reconnue universellement en tant que ville historique végétale et hydraulique. Trente ans après le lancement de la politique de Renouveau (1986), elle s’est transformée en une métropole trépidante de plus de 10 millions d’habitants faisant face à une urbanisation accélérée, tant horizontale que verticale. Alors que son centre est métamorphosé par la construction de nombreuses grandes tours résidentielles, commerciales et de bureaux, ses territoires périurbains et ruraux s’urbanisent et se modernisent par le biais des Nouvelles Zones Urbaines (KDTM) construites depuis 1996. Dans cette fabrique spatiale concrète, les interventions des investisseurs et opérateurs privés jouent un rôle déterminant. Ils sont actuellement des acteurs clés des KDTM qu’ils orientent vers un cadre de vie mondialisé en direction des classes aisées. Cependant ces nouveaux quartiers ne correspondent pas toujours à leurs objectifs initiaux, ni même à leurs concepts et à leur communication publicitaire. Cet écart découle en premier lieu d’une gestion urbaine hiératique. Les textes officiels et les plans directeurs sont encore trop peu consolidés, les autorités municipales et locales ne contrôlant dans les faits que difficilement une expansion métropolitaine galopante. A partir de recherches documentaires, cartographiques, photographiques et d’analyses in situ et in vivo, la thèse traite la question centrale des modalités de privatisation des KDTM de 1996 à nos jours. Elle met en lumière les modes opératoires de la production urbaine des acteurs privés ainsi que les effets en retour des KDTM sur les mutations spatiales et sociétales de la grande métropole économique du Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) has been universally and historically known as a planted and hydraulic city. Thirty years after the beginning of the Renewal policy (1986), it has become a hectic megalopolis inhabited by more than 10 million people. Moreover, it is facing an accelerated urbanization, which is both horizontal and vertical. While its center is transformed through the construction of many high residential, commercial and office towers, its peri-urban and rural areas are urbanized and modernized thanks to the construction of New Urban Areas (KDTM) whose construction starts from 1996. In this concrete urban fabric, interventions of private investors and operators play an important role. They are currently key developers of KDTMs, who contributes to the development of globalized living environments for the upper class. However these new neighborhoods do not always match their initial purposes, concepts and advertising. First, this gap results in a hieratic urban management. Official texts and master plans are still not accurate, and municipal and local authorities have difficulties to control a quick metropolitan expansion. Based on documentary, cartographic, and photographic research, as well as in situ and in vivo analysis, the thesis looks into the KDTM privatization’s modalities, from 1996 to the present day. It highlights the modes of private actors’ urban production, as well as the impact of KDTMs on the spatial and social changes of the great Vietnamese metropolis

This chapter recounts Thanh's time in serving the National Liberation Front (NLF), the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), and eventually the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV). It talks about Thanh's work with the foreign relations office in Hanoi and her assignment to escort journalists Wilfred Burchett and Madeleine Riffaud after the Geneva Accords. It also describes Thanh's duty of being a translator and assistant to Mme Nguyen Thi Binh, on the Central Committee of the NLF, where she traveled the world to meet with women's peace groups. The chapter looks into how Thanh was eventually assigned to the Vietnam mission to the United Nations. It also delves into Thanh's diplomatic career, in which she made immense personal sacrifices and was dubbed “Political Mother” by the Saigon sisters.

This chapter focuses on Le An as she joined an artistic troupe that performed for military units and youth groups during the war and spent over two decades living in northern Vietnam with the military. It mentions Le An and her troupe's crossing of the border and performance in southern Laos in 1971. It also details how Le An survived a period at the Seventeenth Parallel that was punctuated by the heavy bombing of Binh Dinh and Quang Binh Provinces. The chapter recounts Le An's return to southern Vietnam to reunite with her husband, who served in the army in North Vietnam. It points out how Le An's husband was not able to recognize her when she walked up to him at the rendezvous point in Can Tho after not being able to see each other for so long.

Abstract Chapter 22 focuses on the war in Vietnam; Bunche’s role as interlocutor between Washington and New York; the conflict in Cyprus; and his growing ties to Martin Luther King Jr., including his participation in the Selma march.

A vietnámi háború lezárását és az ország békéjének helyreállítását célzó egyezményt 1973. január 27-én Párizsban írták alá. Ez az egyezmény szavatolta a Nemzetközi Ellenőrző és Felügyelő Bizottság (NEFB) felállítását, amely keretén belül a háború utolsó szakaszában Magyarország is szolgálatot teljesített. Az ebben való részvételre 1972. október 19-én kérte fel hazánkat az észak-vietnámi kormány, amit a Politikai Bizottság október 24-i ülésén fogadott el. A misszióban a katonák és a különböző rendvédelmi szervek tagjai (524 fő) mellett polgári személyek és diplomaták (112 fő) is szerepeltek. Ők 1973. január 27. és 1975. május 8. között három váltásban utaztak ki, és hét körzetben, 26 Helyi Ellenőrző Csoportban, 26 Áteresztő Ellenőrző Csoportban és a saigoni központban dolgoztak. A béketeremtő műveletekben való részvétel azonban áldozatokkal is járt. 1973. április 7-én egy nemzetközi megfigyelőket szállító, az NEFB felségjelével ellátott helikoptert rakétatalálat ért, és a rajta utazó két magyar NEFB-tag is elhunyt. 1974-ben a harcok felerősödésével több ellenőrző csoportot is be kellett vonni a központba, és a harmadik váltás is jószerével Saigonra és körzetére redukálta tevékenységét. 1975. április 30-án a Ho Shi Minh-hadművelet záróakkordjaként elfoglalták Saigont. A magyar kontingens ott tartózkodó állományát amerikai segítséggel vonták ki, és május 8-án tértek haza.