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Journal articles on the topic 'Saint kitts and nevis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 24 February 2023

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1

MILBRATH, Gwyneth, Audrey SNYDER, and Marcus MARTIN. "Interdisciplinary disaster preparedness: Study abroad in Saint Kitts and Nevis." Health Emergency and Disaster Nursing 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24298/hedn.2018-0008.

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Tavares, Marcos Domingos Siqueira, and William Ricardo Amâncio Santana. "First record and a new species of Euphrosynoplax (Crustacea: Pseudorhombilidae) from the southwestern Atlantic." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 (July 30, 2021): e20216166. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.66.

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A new species of deep-water brachyuran crab, Euphrosynoplax dincao, from southeastern Brazil is described and illustrated. The genus Euphrosynoplax currently consists of two species, E. clausa Guinot, 1969, and E. campechiensis Vázquez-Bader & Gracia, 1991, both only known from the Gulf of Mexico. The new species can be easily separated from its northern counterparts by a suite of carapace and appendage characters. Euphrosynoplax campechiensis is recorded for the first time from the Caribbenan Sea (Guadeloupe and between Saint Kitts and Nevis).

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3

Atherley, Nicole A. M., Michelle M. Dennis, and Mark A. Freeman. "Two species of Carcinonemertes Coe, 1902 (Nemertea: Carcinonemertidae) infesting the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) (Decapoda: Achelata: Palinuridae), in Saint Kitts, West Indies." Journal of Crustacean Biology 40, no. 6 (September 9, 2020): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa060.

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Abstract The Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804), is an important resource in the Western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. A nemertean egg predator of P. argus, Carcinonemertes conanobrieniSimpson, Ambrosio & Baeza, 2017, was recorded in Florida in 2017 and Colombia in 2018. This study sought to investigate the presence of C. conanobrieni in P. argus in Saint Kitts and Nevis, eastern Caribbean Sea. Nemerteans were observed in the brood masses of P. argus. Molecular techniques confirmed its presence in the P. argus population on Saint Kitts. Egg, juvenile, and adult stages of C. conanobrieni and of an undescribed Carcinonemertes sp. were found in the brood masses of 27 of 31 (87%) ovigerous P. argus. Differences in the shape of the nemertean egg masses (string versus spherical arrangement) were confirmed as two distinct species of Carcinonemertes Coe, 1902 using molecular analyses. The juvenile stage of the undescribed Carcinonemertes sp. was detected in the gills of 72 of 320 (23%) of the P. argus individuals from Saint Kitts. The prevalence of branchial nemertean infestation was not significantly different among male and female P. argus. Female lobsters with ovaries in early stages of gonadal maturation were more likely to have branchial nemerteans relative to those with ovaries in late stages of maturation, suggestive of nemertean migration from gills to egg mass once the host oviposits. This is the first report of C. conanobrieni in the Caribbean spiny lobster from the eastern Caribbean, which is approximately 1,300 miles from Florida and 1,000 miles from Colombia. This is also the first report of an undescribed nemertean worm in P. argus. The high prevalence of Carcinonemertes spp. in P. argus raises concern for the extent to which these egg predators may be impacting P. argus in Saint Kitts, an important fishery on the island.

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Branford, Ian, Filip Boyen, Shevaun Johnson, Samantha Zayas, Aspinas Chapwanya, Patrick Butaye, and Felix N. Toka. "Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance of Dermatophilus congolensis from Cattle in Saint Kitts and Nevis." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070135.

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Dermatophilosis is a form of dermatitis caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis. The disease usually presents as localized purulent dermatitis, crusty hair masses or widespread matting of the hair. This condition is most common in domestic ruminants; but it can also affect other wild animals and humans. Antimicrobial therapy is used in many regions to treat clinical dermatophilosis with varying results. In this study, we aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of D. congolensis isolates. Fifty-two isolates were obtained from animals showing clinical signs of the disease at farms in St. Kitts. The isolates were then confirmed as D. congolensis by phenotypic tests, PCR and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 16 antimicrobial agents were determined, using the broth microdilution method. Although most antimicrobials showed MICs in line with published values, the tetracycline results displayed a clear bimodal distribution over the tested range, with most isolates showing low MICs and 6 isolates much higher values (+/− 100-fold increase). These results indicate the presence of acquired tetracycline resistance in D. congolensis on the island of St. Kitts. Whether the current observation has implications for efficacy of treating the disease must be confirmed in further research.

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Ayvar Campos, Francisco Javier, José César Lenin Navarro Chávez, and Víctor Manuel Giménez García. "EL BIENESTAR SOCIAL EN AMÉRICA LATINA, 1990-2014: UN ANÁLISIS DEA A PARTIR DE LAS * DIMENSIONES DEL DESARROLLO HUMANO." Revista Nicolaita de Estudios Económicos 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2017): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33110/rnee.v10i2.200.

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El presente documento aborda el estudio de la eficiencia en la generación de bienestar social de 38 economías latinoamericanas durante el período 19902014. Para ello se hizo uso de la técnica DEA, tomando como referencia los indicadores socioeconómicos del desarrollo humano. El análisis de resultados arrojó que fueron las economías de Aruba, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, Islas Turcas y Caicos, Saint Kitts y Nevis, y Sint Maarten las más eficientes en la generación de bienestar social. Situación que refleja que no son necesariamente los países con más recursos socioeconómicos los más eficientes en la generación de bienestar social.

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Mohammed, Hamish, Jessica Evanson, Floyd Revan, Elise Lee, Rosina C. Krecek, and Joshua Smith. "A Mosquito Survey of the Twin-Island Caribbean Nation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, 2010." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 31, no. 4 (December 2015): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/moco-31-04-360-363.1.

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7

Miller-Pelletier, Alex. "L’inclusion du droit à la sécession dans la constitution." Federalism-E 18, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/fede.v18i1.13576.

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La question de la sécession est une question qui touche beaucoup d’États, mais en particulier les pays qui sont composés d’États fédérés ou qui connaissent une certaine forme de dévolution envers des régions spécifiques de leur territoire. Dans les Constitutions des États fédéraux, plusieurs dispositions sont prévues, notamment les compétences respectives des paliers de pouvoir ainsi que les compétences résiduaires. Les dispositions concernant le droit à la sécession sont très rarement incluses dans les Constitutions fédérales. En ce moment, seules les Constitutions des fédérations de l’Éthiopie et de Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis mentionnent explicitement un droit à la sécession (Kreptul, 2003, p. 79). Il apparaît peut-être contraire à l’idée même de la fédération que de prévoir comment se séparer alors que les membres sont en train de s’unir [...]

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8

Mohammed, Hamish, Mary H. Hayden, Elise Lee, Luis M. Santiago, Rosina C. Krecek, Floyd Revan, and Elizabeth Hunsperger. "Dengue in the campus community of an overseas American university: A cross-sectional study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 03 (March 31, 2019): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10701.

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Introduction: After a large outbreak of dengue virus (DENV) serotype-3 in Saint Kitts and Nevis (SKN) in 2008, we performed a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of anti-DENV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in expatriate and local persons affiliated with an American veterinary school there. Methodology: This campus community comprised mostly expatriate students and faculty and Kittitian administrative staff. In 2009, a stratified random sample of students, faculty and staff was invited to complete an electronic survey to assess risk factors for DENV and provide blood for testing for anti-DENV IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgG-positive specimens were also tested by a 90% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) to determine immunoreactivity to DENV (1-4) serotypes and West Nile virus. Risk factors for anti-DENV IgG seropositivity were determined using simple and adjusted logistic regression. Results: Of the 118 participants, the overall prevalence of DENV IgG antibodies was 44.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35.1-53.0%), ranging from 30.1% in students, 100.0% in staff and 57.9% in faculty (p < 0.001). Duration of residence in St. Kitts was the only variable significantly associated with seropositivity on multiple logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.21 [1.07-1.37]). The serotype of DENV was determined in 11 persons: DENV-1 (n = 4), DENV-2 (n = 3), and DENV-3 (n = 4). Conclusions: Expatriate students and faculty moving to St. Kitts from non-endemic areas were at high risk of DENV infection. There is a need for increased emphasis on pre-travel mosquito-borne virus prevention education for persons moving to St. Kitts to study and work.

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Huysmans, Martijn, and Christophe Crombez. "Making exit costly but efficient: the political economy of exit clauses and secession." Constitutional Political Economy 31, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10602-019-09295-1.

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AbstractThis article presents a political economic analysis of exit from federations. After the federation has formed, members’ benefits from it may be different than expected. If a member ends up not benefitting, it may wish to secede i.e. exit the federation. Based on formal models, we show how state-contingent exit penalties can induce socially efficient exit decisions: they force the secessionist member to take into account the lost benefits of the federation for the other. Even if ex-ante specified exit penalties cannot be made state-contingent, they may still enhance social welfare by preventing forceful exit. Empirical evidence concerning Montenegro, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and the EU is compatible with these claims. In spite of the simplifications inherent to any modeling exercise, we hope that our results stimulate more research into exit clauses as a means to mitigate the problem of violent secessionism.

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Henry, Fitzroy J., Beverly Lawrence, and Melissa Nelson. "Comparative cost of diets for low-income families in the Caribbean." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 46 (August 25, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2022.120.

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Objective. To assess the ability of low-income families to obtain a standard basket of healthy foods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. The costs of 191 food items were averaged from supermarkets, municipal markets, wholesalers, and community food outlets in high- and low-income areas in three Caribbean countries. The analysis compared foods not only by selecting high- and low-ranked commodities but by the proportions of those foods, by food group, that will be required to meet a low-cost, nutritionally balanced diet of 2 400 kcal. Results. The main finding was that low-income households will need between 22% and 47% of their earnings to obtain a healthy diet. Despite higher food prices in Saint Kitts and Nevis, low-income households there will need a smaller proportion of their income to obtain a similar basket of foods than in Jamaica or Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Conclusions. While the COVID-19 pandemic has added economic stressors to low-income households the basic vulnerability of the poor to obtain a healthy diet remains. Despite country variations, the findings point to the need for an increase in the minimum wage, particularly in Jamaica. It is essential to embed policies that ensure reduced economic and social vulnerability at the household level.

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Hoefer, Andreas, Anne A. M. J. Becker, Arshnee Moodley, Filip Boyen, and Patrick Butaye. "Presence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Feces of the Small Indian Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) on Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies." Antibiotics 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11080990.

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Although, historically, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was restricted to humans, since 2005 these strains emerged in livestock and wildlife. Therefore, a One Health approach was applied to analyze the diversity and characteristics of S. aureus strains isolated from the invasive species of mongoose (Urva auropunctata) in St. Kitts. Fecal samples collected from these animals (n = 81) were cultured on selective agar. The isolated S. aureus strains were identified using MALDI-TOF and further characterized by whole genome sequence analysis. The fecal microbiome study identified the presence of S. aureus in 5 animals. Both MSSA (n = 3) and MRSA (n = 2) strains were identified. The two MRSA isolated were nearly identical ST5 SCCmec IVa (2B) strains. The two MSSA isolated were a new ST7434, pertaining to clonal complex 30, and the other belonged to ST5, but unrelated to the MRSA ST5. The SCCmec IVa (2B) is, however, the main SCCmec in human MRSA of different STs identified in St Kitts, indicating potential horizontal transmission events. In conclusion, a new type of MSSA, ST7434, was found and MRSA ST5 t002 SCCmec IVa (2B) found its way into wildlife on a small Caribbean Island. Further One Health studies are necessary to determine the role of MRSA in wildlife.

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Saunders, Adrian D. "A COMMENTARY ON THE EARLY DECISIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN COURT OF JUSTICE IN ITS ORIGINAL JURISDICTION." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 3 (July 2010): 761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000291.

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The Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (‘the RTC’) is an attempt on the part of a group of Caribbean States to respond in a collective manner to the pressing challenges posed by the forces of globalization and liberalization. The RTC seeks, inter alia, to deepen regional economic integration through the establishment of a Caribbean Community (‘CARICOM’) including a CARICOM Single Market and Economy (‘CSME’). The States in question—Antigua & Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad & Tobago—are for the most part former British colonies that gained their independence in the 1960s and 1970s. The RTC signals yet another important step in the tortuous path taken by these Anglophone Caribbean States ‘to avoid the looming threat of marginalization’1 following the failure in 1962 of the West Indies Federation.2 Significantly, this latest step is being taken side by side with the non English speaking civil law States of Haiti and Suriname thereby adding a new and interesting dimension to the integration process.

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Guzman-Vilca, Wilmer Cristobal, and Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco. "Mortality attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latin America and the Caribbean: a comparative risk assessment analysis." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 10, no. 1 (February 2022): e002673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002673.

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IntroductionWe quantified the proportion and the absolute number of deaths attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) using an estimation approach.Research design and methodsWe combined T2DM prevalence estimates from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, relative risks between T2DM and all-cause mortality from a meta-analysis of cohorts in LAC, and death rates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We estimated population-attributable fractions (PAFs) and computed the absolute number of attributable deaths in 1990 and 2019 by multiplying the PAFs by the total deaths in each country, year, sex, and 5-year age group.ResultsBetween 1985 and 2014 in LAC, the proportion of all-cause mortality attributable to T2DM increased from 12.2% to 16.9% in men and from 14.5% to 19.3% in women. In 2019, the absolute number of deaths attributable to T2DM was 349 787 in men and 330 414 in women. The highest death rates (deaths per 100 000 people) in 2019 were in Saint Kitts and Nevis (325 in men, 229 in women), Guyana (313 in men, 272 in women), and Haiti (269 in men, 265 in women).ConclusionsA substantial burden of all deaths is attributed to T2DM in LAC. To decrease the mortality attributable to T2DM in LAC, policies are needed to strengthen early diagnosis and management, along with the prevention of complications.

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Atherley, NAM, MM Dennis, DC Behringer, and MA Freeman. "Size at sexual maturity and seasonal reproductive activity of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus." Marine Ecology Progress Series 671 (August 5, 2021): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13762.

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The Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus, a long-lived decapod crustacean, is fished throughout its geographical range and generates close to 1 billion US dollars annually. Fisheries across this range are fully- or over-exploited, spurring management strategies such as closed seasons and minimum size limitations. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum legal size and appropriate closed season for the lobster population of Saint Kitts and Nevis by assessing and comparing the functional, physiological and morphological determinants of sexual maturity. Such a comparison has never been attempted for this species. Females did not reach functional maturity until 87.8 mm carapace length (CL) based on the presence of a spermatophore and eggs, but reached morphological maturity based on the presence of ovigerous setae at 72.5 mm CL. Physiological maturity was intermediate at 82.8 mm CL. Determinants of functional maturity overestimate the size at sexual maturity, while the presence of ovigerous setae underestimates it. The gonadosomatic index, a reliable method of assessing physiological maturity in female P. argus, can be used to monitor changes in reproductive activity in both males and females. Gross assessment of the ovary may be used to determine size at physiological maturity, and functional maturity can be used to calculate peak periods of reproduction. The peak physiological and functional maturity for P. argus occurs from March to May. As a result, we propose a closed season from March to June and suggest assessment of reproductive dynamics in order to determine minimum legal size for harvesting P. argus.

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Artemiou, Elpida, Gregory E. Gilbert, Anne Callanan, Silvia Marchi, and Don R. Bergfelt. "Mind-body therapies: an intervention to reduce work-related stress in veterinary academia." Veterinary Record 183, no. 19 (October 3, 2018): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104815.

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Studies investigating perceived stress and mindfulness awareness support mind-body therapy (MBT) effectiveness in reducing stress and anxiety and, thus, has potential to decrease work-related stress. A pre/postexperimental design involved 30 faculty and staff working at Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis, who experienced a two-day MBT intervention programme. An additional 16 faculty and staff not involved in MBT who went about their daily work schedules served as contemporary controls. Demographics, Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), 16 Personality Factor (16PF) Openness to Change subscale and saliva cortisol concentrations were analysed. Control participants reported significantly perceived less stress (PSS-10: M=13; sd=1.4) than intervention participants (M=20; sd=6.6) during pretest. However, at post-test the intervention group reported a significant decrease in perceived stress (M=11; sd=6.0). MAAS pretest results indicated the intervention group displayed a lower average score (M=54; sd=15.3) than control participants (M=68; sd=2.0). Post-MAAS intervention scores showed improvements in mindfulness (M=63; sd=15.3). Correlations between the 16PF Openness to Change subscale and MAAS were r=0.03 and r=−0.17 for the intervention and control groups, respectively. Mean concentrations of saliva cortisol indicated a larger and significant decline in cortisol for the intervention group both during day 1 (P=0.0001) and day 2 (P=0.0008). In conclusion, these preliminary results provide support that MBTs in veterinary academia can improve psychological and physiological aspects of personal wellbeing.

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Casswell, Sally, Taisia Huckle, Karl Parker, Jose Romeo, Thomas Graydon-Guy, June Leung, Karimu Byron, et al. "Benchmarking alcohol policy based on stringency and impact: The International Alcohol Control (IAC) policy index." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e0000109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000109.

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This study developed a measurement tool to assess stringency and ‘on-the-ground’ impact of four key alcohol policy domains to create an alcohol policy index suitable for benchmarking alcohol policy and assessing change over time in middle- and high-income countries. It involved a collaboration between researchers in 12 diverse countries: New Zealand; Australia; England; Scotland; Netherlands; Vietnam; Thailand; South Africa; Turkey; Chile; Saint Kitts and Nevis and Mongolia. Data on the four most effective alcohol policy domains (availability, pricing policy, alcohol marketing, drink driving) were used to create an alcohol policy index based on their association with alcohol per capita consumption (APC) of commercial (recorded) alcohol. An innovation was the inclusion of measures of impact along with the stringency of the legislation or regulation. The resulting International Alcohol Control (IAC) Policy Index showed a very high negative correlation (-0.91) with recorded APC. Greater affordability of alcohol, an impact measure taking into account prices paid and countries’ Gross Domestic Product, was predictive of higher APC (-0.80). Countries in which more modes of alcohol marketing are legally allowed and used had higher APC. Legislation on outlet density and drink driving predicted APC whereas trading hours did not. While stringency and impact measures varied between domains in terms of relationship with APC, overall, there was a strong correlation between impact and stringency (0.77). The IAC Policy Index, which includes measures of policy stringency and ‘on-the-ground’ impacts in relation to four key policy areas, was found to be strongly associated with commercial alcohol consumed in a number of diverse country settings. It showed a larger relationship than previous indices that include more policy dimensions. The index provides a relatively simple tool for benchmarking and communication with policy makers to encourage a strong focus on uptake of these four most effective alcohol policies.

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Midgett, Douglas. "Pepper and bones: the secessionist impulse in Nevis." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 78, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2004): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002517.

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Describes the history of the recurring impulse for independence from the St. Kitts-Nevis state on the part of Nevis. Author examines the modern political history of the St. Kitts-Nevis state, in order to discern the motivations of the Nevisian people and politicians for their wish of secession. First, he sketches how Nevis and St. Kitts were historically linked since the 17th c., but that socioeconomic differences developed; as after the decline of sugar and plantation agriculture on both islands, St Kitts developed a largely proletarian rural population, whereas Nevis' population came to consist more of smallholders, resulting in the labour movement having more influence in St Kitts than in Nevis, which also had political repercussions. Nevisian parties favoured secession. Author reconstructs elections, partisan and general political developments in the St. Kitts-Nevis union since the 1950s, describing the long dominance of the St. Kitts-dominated Labour Party, and responses in Nevis. For Nevisian secession there seemed to be popular support. In 1998, however, the required majority on Nevis for secession was not obtained. Author concludes that the Nevisian wish for secession did not stem from any strong nationalistic zeal, or a particularly strong sense of separate identity or ethnicity, but mainly from economic and political reasons.

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Gugnani, Harish Chander, Soni Sharma, Brijinder Gupta, and Srinivas Gaddam. "Prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in soils of St. Kitts and Nevis." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, no. 04 (November 30, 2011): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1962.

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Introduction: Information on the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in West Indies is scanty. Occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in soils of St. Kitts and Nevis has not been investigated previously. Methodology: The prevalence of keratinophilic fungi was investigated in 108 samples of soils of varying habitats from St. Kitts and 55 such samples from Nevis by hair-baiting technique. Fungal growths appearing on the hair baits after four to eight weeks of incubation at room temperature were microscopically examined and cultured on mycological media. Cultures were identified on the basis of colonial and microscopic features. Results: Forty-nine (45%) of the samples from St. Kitts and 38 (69%) from Nevis were positive for keratinophilic fungi. Microsporum gypseum complex, a well-known geophilic dermatophyte, was the most frequently recovered species being present in 15.7% of soils of St. Kitts and 40% of soils of Nevis. The next commonest species recovered was Chrysosporium indicum, represented by 15 (13.9%) isolates from St. Kitts and seven (12.7%) isolates from Nevis. Other infrequently isolated keratinophilic species included Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, and unidentified Chrysosporium species. Conclusions: This study is the first of its kind in the islands of St. Kitts and Nevis. A high incidence of M. gypseum complex in the soil of these islands is a noteworthy finding of public health significance.

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Kimball, Lee A. "Anguilla-Antigua and Barbuda-Aruba-Bahamas-Barbados-Bermuda-British Virgin Islands-Cayman Islands-Dominica-Grenada-Guyana-Jamaica-Montserrat-Netherlands Antilles-Saint Kitts and Nevis-Saint Lucia-Saint Vincent and the Grenadines-Suriname-Trinidad and Tobago-Turks and Caicos Islands: Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Caribbean Region." International Legal Materials 36, no. 2 (March 1997): 231–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900019501.

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The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Port State Control in the Caribbean Region is the fourth in a series commencing in 1982 with the Paris Memorandum (Europe). The other two cover the Latin American (1992) and Asia Pacific (1993) regions, and further regional developments are in the offing. These documents represent an innovative exercise by port states at the regional level to guard against accidents and pollution caused by vessels that do not conform with generally accepted international rules and standards. Following the practice of the Paris MOU, most also ensure conformity with international standards for seafarers to ensure acceptable living and working conditions on board ships. Each MOU identifies the relevant rules by reference to specific conventions adopted under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Labor Organization (ILO).

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Urbino, C., and A. Dalmon. "Occurrence of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Tomato in Martinique, Lesser Antilles." Plant Disease 91, no. 8 (August 2007): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-8-1058a.

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During April of 2002, symptoms of stunting and chlorotic curled leaves of reduced size, similar to those caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), were observed for the first time in commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in the northwest region of Martinique. Six months later, many tomato fields had more than 80% of plants expressing these symptoms and yield was drastically reduced. Samples from two symptomatic plants were collected and analyzed by PCR. Primers PC1 (5′-TGACTATGTCGAAGCGACCAGG-3′) and PC2 (5′-CGACATTACAGCCTCAGACTGG-3′) were used to amplify a 950-bp fragment within the coat protein gene (CP) of TYLCV species (1). Primer pair MP16-MP82 (2) amplified a 550-bp fragment from the conserved nonanucleotide sequence (TAATATTAC) to the 5′ end of the CP gene. Products of expected sizes were obtained with both pairs of primers from symptomatic samples but not from uninfected ones. The two overlapping PCR products were cloned into a pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced. A BLAST analysis was conducted with begomovirus sequences available in the GenBank database at the NCBI, and DNAMAN software (Lynnon Corporation, Quebec, Canada) was used for further comparisons. The 1275-bp sequence (GenBank Accession No. EF490995) shared 99% nucleotide identity with the partial sequences of TYLCV from Antigua and Barbuda (GenBank Accession No. EF028240), Saint Kitts and Nevis (GenBank Accession No. EF028239), and the two overlapping sequences from Guadeloupe (GenBank Accessions No. AY319645 and AY319646). It was at least 98% identical to TYLCV isolates from Florida (GenBank Accession No AY530931), Dominican Republic (GenBank Accession No. AF024715), and Cuba (GenBank Accession No. AJ223505). These results confirm the introduction of TYLCV into Martinique, possibly from a nearby Caribbean country, and reveal its southward spread in the Lesser Antilles. The nearness of the islands in the Lesser Antilles (20 to 100 km distant) probably permitted the rapid spread of TYLCV through the movement of plant material or wind transport of viruliferous whiteflies from one island to the next. Monitoring the spread of TYLCV in this Caribbean archipelago is important for regional virus management and in forecasting the spread of TYLCV to nearby countries in South America. References: (1) Y. Martinez et al. Rev. Prot. Veg. 18:168, 2003. (2) P. Umaharan et al. Phytopathology 88:1262, 1998.

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International Monetary Fund. "St. Kitts and Nevis: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 08, no. 127 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451821994.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "St. Kitts and Nevis: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 95, no. 59 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451821925.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "St. Kitts and Nevis: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 97, no. 70 (1997): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451821932.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "St. Kitts and Nevis: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 00, no. 157 (2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451931891.002.

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25

Gangelhoff, Christine, and Cathleen LeGrand. "Art Music by Caribbean Composers: St. Kitts and Nevis." International Journal of Bahamian Studies 19, no. 2 (November 11, 2013): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v19i2.193.

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Lowe, Gillian A., Garth Lipps, Sharon Halliday, Amrie Morris, Nelson Clarke, and Rosemarie N. Wilson. "Depressive Symptoms among Fourth Form Students in St. Kitts and Nevis High Schools." Scientific World JOURNAL 9 (2009): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2009.16.

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There has been limited research on depressive symptoms among high school students in St. Kitts and Nevis. This project examines levels of depressive symptoms among fourth form (grade 10) students attending all high schools in St. Kitts and Nevis. Students enrolled in the fourth form during the 2006/2007 academic year in all high schools were administered the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). A near census of the students was conducted (n = 744 students; 50.4% females, 47.6% males, and 2% no gender reported; age 13–19 years, mean = 15.5 ± 0.8 years). Six in every ten students (62.1%) reported some symptoms of depression, with 14.8% reporting moderate to severe and 9.7% reporting severe symptoms of depression. Females reported significantly higher BDI-II scores (t(727)= 7.11,p< 0.01) with 70% of females reporting some level of depressive symptoms compared with 52% of their male counterparts (X2(1) = 24.6,p< 0.05). Additionally, 34% of females were in the moderate to severe or severe range of depressive symptoms, while 15% of males were in the same range. Students who were older than expected for their grade (i.e., 17 years or older) reported significantly higher BDI-II scores (F(2,740) = 2.88,p< 0.05) than students who were younger or at the expected age (i.e., 14–16 years). Students whose mothers had a high school or postsecondary education reported significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms than students whose mothers had less than a high school education (F(3, 637), = 4.23,p< 0.05). Symptoms of depression among fourth form students in St. Kitts and Nevis are a prevalent problem that is influenced by students’ age, gender, and social class as indicated by maternal education.

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Gainor, Kerry, April Bowen, Pompei Bolfa, Andrea Peda, Yashpal S. Malik, and Souvik Ghosh. "Molecular Investigation of Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) Outbreak in Nevis Island: Analysis of the Nearly Complete Genomes of CPV-2 Strains from the Caribbean Region." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 6, 2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061083.

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To date, there is a dearth of information on canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) from the Caribbean region. During August–October 2020, the veterinary clinic on the Caribbean island of Nevis reported 64 household dogs with CPV-2-like clinical signs (hemorrhagic/non-hemorrhagic diarrhea and vomiting), of which 27 animals died. Rectal swabs/fecal samples were obtained from 43 dogs. A total of 39 of the 43 dogs tested positive for CPV-2 antigen and/or DNA, while 4 samples, negative for CPV-2 antigen, were not available for PCR. Among the 21 untested dogs, 15 had CPV-2 positive littermates. Analysis of the complete VP2 sequences of 32 strains identified new CPV-2a (CPV-2a with Ser297Ala in VP2) as the predominant CPV-2 on Nevis Island. Two nonsynonymous mutations, one rare (Asp373Asn) and the other uncommon (Ala262Thr), were observed in a few VP2 sequences. It was intriguing that new CPV-2a was associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis on Nevis while found at low frequencies in sporadic cases of diarrhea on the neighboring island of St. Kitts. The nearly complete CPV-2 genomes (4 CPV-2 strains from St. Kitts and Nevis (SKN)) were reported for the first time from the Caribbean region. Eleven substitutions were found among the SKN genomes, which included nine synonymous substitutions, five of which have been rarely reported, and the two nonsynonymous substitutions. Phylogenetically, the SKN CPV-2 sequences formed a distinct cluster, with CPV-2b/USA/1998 strains constituting the nearest cluster. Our findings suggested that new CPV-2a is endemic in the region, with the potential to cause severe outbreaks, warranting further studies across the Caribbean Islands. Analysis of the SKN CPV-2 genomes corroborated the hypothesis that recurrent parallel evolution and reversion might play important roles in the evolution of CPV-2.

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Veenendaal, Wouter. "Political Representation in Microstates: St. Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles, and Palau." Comparative Politics 45, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041513x13815259182893.

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Veenendaal, Wouter. "Size and institutional legitimacy: the case of St Kitts and Nevis." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 51, no. 3 (July 2013): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2013.805543.

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Mills, Frank L. "DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE MIGRATION CULTURE OF ST. KITTS-NEVIS." Center for Migration Studies special issues 6, no. 2 (March 1988): 42–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411x.1988.tb00556.x.

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31

International Monetary Fund. "IMF Staff Country Report 07/142 St. Kitts and Nevis: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 07, no. 142 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451821970.002.

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32

International Monetary Fund. "St. Kitts and Nevis: 2017 Article IV Consultation- Press Release; Staff Report." IMF Staff Country Reports 17, no. 186 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484307342.002.

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Avram, Andrei A. "Review of Baker & Pederson (2013): Talk of St Kitts and Nevis." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.2.10avr.

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International Monetary Fund. "St. Kitts and Nevis: 2000 Article IV Consultation--Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Authorities of St. Kitts and Nevis." IMF Staff Country Reports 01, no. 09 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451821949.002.

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35

Simmonds, Keith C. "Political and Economic Factors Influencing the St. Kitts-Nevis Polity: An Historical Perspective." Phylon (1960-) 48, no. 4 (1987): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/274485.

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Simmonds, Keith C. "The Politicization of Bureaucracies in Developing Countries: St. Kitts-Nevis, A Case Study." Phylon (1960-) 46, no. 1 (1985): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/274946.

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International Monetary Fund. "St. Kitts and Nevis: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report." IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 250 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498387194.002.

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38

Graham, Aaron. "The British financial revolution and the empire of credit in St. Kitts and Nevis, 1706–21*." Historical Research 91, no. 254 (October 22, 2018): 685–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12244.

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Abstract The British ‘financial revolution’ was a colonial as well as a metropolitan phenomenon. Yet the structures used by colonists to participate in it have rarely been studied in their own right. A close examination of the islands of St. Kitts and Nevis, which received almost £100,000 in government debentures between 1706 and 1721, confirms that they used the same types of networks and agents as their counterparts in Britain and Ireland to overcome the problems of distance and to manage their investments. In functional terms, the new ‘empire of credit’ was therefore merely an extension of the British financial revolution.

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39

International Monetary Fund. "St. Kitts and Nevis: Ex Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access Under the 2011 Stand-By Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Kitts and Nevis." IMF Staff Country Reports 15, no. 297 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513530581.002.

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40

Étienne, Jean, and Michel Martinez. "Les Agromyzidae de l'île de Saint-Christopher (Saint-Kitts) aux Antilles (Diptera)." Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 108, no. 1 (2003): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2003.16931.

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41

MacGown, Joe A., and James K. Wetterer. "Distribution and biological notes of Strumigenys margaritae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini)." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 6, no. 3 (2013): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06001066.

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Strumigenys margaritae Forel, 1893 (Tribe Dacetini) is a tiny predatory ant native to the New World. It is known from northern South America, Central America, Mexico, the West Indies, and the southeastern US from Texas to Florida. To evaluate the geographic range of S. margaritae, we compiled and mapped specimen records from > 200 sites. We found S. margaritae records for 38 geographic areas (countries, island groups, major islands, and US states), including several locales for which we found no previously published records: Anguilla, Barbados, Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Dutch Caribbean, Grenada, Honduras, Nevis, Nicaragua, St Kitts, St Lucia, St Martin, Tobago, US Virgin Islands, and Venezuela.

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Jeffers, Denrick, and Ro-Ting Lin. "Knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of asbestos among the residents of St. Kitts and Nevis." Safety and Health at Work 13 (January 2022): S201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.1378.

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Cotterell, R. "Secession: The Way Forward for Nevis & St Kitts: The World's Smallest Trust Jurisdiction!" Trusts & Trustees 4, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/4.9.11.

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Gungnani, HC, S. Sharma, and B. Gupta. "Keratinophilic Fungi Recovered from Feathers of Different Species of Birds in St Kitts and Nevis." West Indian Medical Journal 61, no. 9 (December 2012): 912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7727/wimj.2012.104.

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45

Agostini, Vera N., Shawn W. Margles, John K. Knowles, Steven R. Schill, Robbie J. Bovino, and Ruth J. Blyther. "Marine zoning in St. Kitts and Nevis: A design for sustainable management in the Caribbean." Ocean & Coastal Management 104 (February 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.003.

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Wilson, Mark. "Chips, Bits, and the Law: An Economic Geography of Internet Gambling." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, no. 7 (July 2003): 1245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a35106.

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Online gambling offers valuable insights into the relationship between real and virtual places. Gambling in most countries is highly regulated, with its geography reflecting the licensing of gambling to specific activities and locations. The ability to use the Internet challenges the legal foundation for gambling by offering access in an efficient and private way from distant locations. The heaviest concentration of gambling websites is found in North America and the Caribbean, with the leading locations for gambling-domain-name registrations being the United States, Canada, Antigua and Barbuda, Costa Rica, the United Kingdom, and St Kitts and Nevis. In this paper I explore the location and operation of Internet-gambling websites, with emphasis on the legal and economic geography of this activity.

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Shiokawa, Kanae, Shamara Welcome, Michalina Kenig, Brenda Lim, and Sreekumari Rajeev. "Epidemiology of Leptospira infection in livestock species in Saint Kitts." Tropical Animal Health and Production 51, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01859-5.

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Lenoble, Arnaud. "Drymaeus virgulatus, an extirpated land snail species on Saint Kitts and Tintamarre islands." Novitates Caribaea, no. 18 (July 15, 2021): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33800/nc.vi18.270.

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The land snail species Drymaeus virgulatus (Férussac, 1821) is recorded in St. Kitts in the form of 21 complete or fragmented shells collected on the island in November 2019. The complete shells were collected on the backshores of South Frigate Bay and Majors Bay, while shell fragments come from naturally exposed sections of the North Frigate Bay sand ridge, where they date to the pre-Columbian period. This evidence therefore attests to the past presence of this species on the island. The absence of this taxon from recent malacological surveys points to it having been extirpated from St. Kitts. Apertural fragments of a large bulimulidae collected in the caves of Tintamarre Island, near St. Martin, are also related to this taxon, adding a second West Indian island from which this species apparently disappeared in recent centuries.

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McElroy, Jerome L. "Island Demography: A Review of Selected Caribbean Contributions." Island Studies Journal 6, no. 2 (2011): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.259.

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This article traces the demographic contributions of island studies scholarship in four sections. First, demographic transition theory is applied to the population history of the region. The second highlights the impact of this demographic scholarship on related social science fields in the Caribbean. The third and fourth contributions focus on the impact of migration on two related hypotheses: the demographic transition and the mobility transition. In the first case, migration patterns between St. Kitts-Nevis and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the 1960s suggest that the age-sex selectivity of migration tends to accelerate the transition in sending societies and retard its progress in receiving societies. In the second case, empirical support is provided for the so-called ‘migration transition’ whereby former chronic labour exporters become labour importers under sustained growth.

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Snyder, Audrey, Gwyneth Milbrath, Tiffany Lee Hood, Raiden Gaul, Kyler Hijmans, Nancy Leahy, and Stephanie Matthew. "The perspective of doctoral nursing students engaged in mentored international research." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 11, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v11n1p19.

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Five doctoral nursing students and their faculty traveled to St. Kitts and Nevis for a study abroad experience to apply research skills outside of a classroom setting as part of a disaster preparedness elective course. Nursing students reflected on their perspectives of conducting a mixed-methods research study in another country. Each student reported positive benefits from the experience, particularly emphasizing the importance of face-to-face mentorship in doing actual research as a part of doctoral studies to supplement research methods learned in online courses. Students also acknowledged challenges and learning opportunities within their experience. International mentored research projects can assist graduate nursing students through the transition from student to independent researcher. The authors believe these types of intensive research experiences should be encouraged and supported within nursing education.

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