Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Saint Lucia'

An indirectly heated solar drier fitted with a flat plate collector and a directly heated solar drier were compared with open air sun drying of cocoa beans under field conditions in St. Lucia. Sun drying was conducted on two surfaces, perforated steel and non perforated wood. The methods were examined for the ability to adequately dry fermented beans and effect on quality. Loading rates of 13.5, 26.9 and 40.4 kg/m$ sp2$ were examined.
Temperature increases of 15$ sp circ$C and 20$ sp circ$C above ambient were achieved in the indirect and direct drier, respectively. The solar driers were more efficient than sun drying units at removing moisture throughout at loading rates of 26.9 and 40.4 kg/m$ sp2$ but only in the initial stages at 13.5 kg. External mould development was therefore reduced. Open air sun drying on the wooden surface proved more effective in the final stages at 13.5 kg/m$ sp2$.
The dried beans were of similar internal quality despite faster drying in the driers. The various drying methods and loading rates produced beans of similar pH while only loading rates affected titratable acidity differently. The direct solar drier achieved lower final moisture levels at high loads and was the cheaper alternative.

A decision support framework (DSF) to guide watershed management planning in St. Lucia was developed. The DSF, supported by three components, integrated physiographic criteria in spatially defining sustainable land management regimes, crop suitability based on agro-ecologic zoning criteria, and water quality modelling tools.
In the first component, a methodology for agricultural and forestry land management zoning based on decision-rule frameworks was developed, employing GIS-based spatial multiple-criteria integration techniques. Land capability, recommended land management regimes, crop suitability and broad agricultural/forestry land utilization type zones were derived for the country. Sixteen broad agricultural and forestry land utilization types (LUTs) based on FAO agro-ecologic zoning guidelines were spatially defined over the island. These LUT zones represent relative suitability for rain-fed annual and perennial crop production, grazing and forestry.
In the second component, field research to quantify rainfall, runoff and erosion from two small watersheds under contrasting land management regimes was undertaken. Over the study period the erosion rate from an intensively cultivated, degraded agricultural watershed was 20 times that of a completely forested watershed. SCS curve numbers were evaluated for both watersheds based on rainfall-runoff relationships.
The third component demonstrated the application of a distributed-parameter hydrologic/water quality model, AnnAGNPS, in land management scenario evaluation, in terms of runoff and soil erosion. Data from the second component were used to calibrate and validate the model in simulation of daily runoff and erosion losses from the two watersheds over the study period. The model generally performed better in runoff simulation for the agricultural watershed compared to the forested watershed. Average annual erosion rates under current land management regimes were estimated at 73.3 and 7.2 t/ha for the agricultural and forested watersheds respectively. The model was applied to simulate runoff and erosion losses from the agricultural watershed under alternative sustainable land management regimes derived in the first component. Simulated average annual erosion losses were reduced to 9.2 t/ha.
This study demonstrated the application of efficient and powerful computer-based tools in the development of a decision support framework for watershed management planning for small islands.

This study investigated the response of the macrophytes in St Lucia Estuary, northern KwaZulu-Natal to drought. The present distribution of vegetation (2010 / 2011) was mapped and changes over time recorded from past aerial photographs. The changes in macrophyte cover in response to environmental factors (sediment and groundwater characteristics) was measured along four transects in 2010 and compared with results from previous years, in 2005 and 2006. In the current study, 1960 images were digitized to illustrate macrophyte distribution and cover of the Narrows, Makakatana and the Eastern Shores during a low rainfall period which started in 1958. The 2001 images were digitized to illustrate vegetation distribution and cover of the same area prior to the current drought which started in June/ July 2002. The 2008 images were digitized to illustrate vegetation distribution and cover of estuarine vegetation within the floodplain during the drought (after 6 years). The sites were visited in June 2011 for verification of the distribution and boundaries of each macrophyte habitat. The area covered by the water column varied over time. In 1960 during a low rainfall period the water was 32705 ha, 33320 ha in 2001 and reduced to 30443 ha in 2008. The area cover of inundated and dry reeds fluctuated with the water level. Under high water levels, low-lying areas such as Fanies Island and Selley‟s Lake were flooded and under low water levels, intertidal sand and mudflats were exposed and colonised by succulent salt marsh (Sarcocornia spp. and Salicornia meyeriana). Similar conditions were observed at Makakatana. Mangroves were observed from the mouth to the Forks. Avicennia marina was the dominant mangrove species and primary colonizer of dredge spoil. The area cover of mangroves in the vicinity of the mouth fluctuated as a result of fluctuating water levels, dredging operations, excavation of the Back Channel and Cyclone Gamede which killed intertidal vegetation. Between 2001 and 2008, mangrove expansion was faster in the Mfolozi Swamps area (± 1.4 ha yr -1) compared to the Narrows (± 0.4 ha yr -1). Long term monitoring transects were set up in 2005, at Makakatana, Charters Creek, Catalina Bay and at Listers Point to document changes in sediment conditions and vegetation cover. These were sampled in July 2005, October 2005, February 2006 and May 2010. Silt was the dominant particle size at Catalina Bay, Charters Creek and Makakatana. At Makakatana, average ground water salinity was 17.2 ± 6.6 ppt, 4.1± 4.9 ppt at Catalina Bay and 32.9 ± 19.3 ppt at Charters Creek. Drought resulted in the accumulation of salt on the surface sediment layer at Listers Point and Charters Creek due to low rainfall. Listers Point, the site with the lowest freshwater input and habitat diversity had the lowest macrophyte species richness with only three species. The dominant species at this site were Sporobolus virginicus and Chenopodium album L. which are highly salt tolerant species. Catalina Bay had the highest species richness (18 to 27); as a result of freshwater input via groundwater seepage from the sand dune aquifers on the Eastern Shores. Along the Eastern Shores, vegetation was dominated by species of Cyperaceae, Juncaceae and Juncaginaceae. Fluctuations in groundwater depth were observed at all sites, Listers Point groundwater depth in February 2006 was 80 cm and the ground water level was not reached during the May 2010 field trip. During the May 2010 field trip, the water column salinity of the St Lucia system was highly variable, Makakatana had the lowest water column salinity of 7.1 ppt, 42.1 ppt at Catalina Bay, 44 ppt at Charters Creek and Listers Point had the highest water column salinity of 95 ppt. An assessment of the changes in macrophyte cover along the transects showed that cover fluctuated in response to rainfall, water level and drought. At Listers Point, there was a continuous decline in the abundance of Sporobolus virginicus over time which was sparsely distributed in the first 40 m of the transect. Sarcocornia natalensis, a succulent and obligate halophyte, was recorded, in areas with high sediment conductivity. In May 2010, bare ground increased to an average percentage cover of 96.5% and was covered with dead organic matter and a salt crust at Listers Point. At Makakatana, there was a significant decrease in bare ground from July 2005 to May 2010 (H = 24.58, N = 197, p<0.001) as bare areas were colonized by salt marsh. Multivariate analysis showed that the abundance of Sporobolus virginicus was positively influenced by sediment moisture content and Paspalum vaginatum abundance was strongly influenced by the water column salinity. At Catalina Bay, low sediment conductivity at the groundwater seepage area resulted in terrestrial vegetation encroaching on estuarine vegetation. Sarcocornia natalensis became more abundant towards the water column. During the period of study, species richness at St Lucia ranged from 2 (Listers Point, May 2010) to 27 (Catalina Bay, February 2006). Salinity and water level fluctuation have a significant impact on the distribution of macrophytes at St Lucia during the drought. In saline areas salt marsh plants have colonized exposed shorelines and along the Eastern Shores groundwater seepage has increased macrophyte species richness. Low water levels have resulted in the exposure and desiccation of submerged macrophytes, which are replaced by macroalgae.

Ten individuals of Cephalopholis cruentata, a marine serranid common on Caribbean coral reefs and important to artisanal reef fisheries, were implanted with acoustic transmitters on two reefs within the Soufriere Marine Management Area, St. Lucia. The mean home range area determined was 2120m2. Home range shape was non-circular, with a mean aspect ratio of 0.72. Neither home range size nor home range shape differed between the study sites or as a function of fish size. However, more active fish, as determined by movement per hour and displacement per hour, had larger home ranges.
Use of space within the home range was characterised as activity rates (movement per hour), displacement rates (maximum distance between fish locations per hour), and preferential use of specific areas (% of position fixes in different areas). All fish demonstrated a clear preference for specific areas in their home range. Activity, displacement and % time spent in the preferred reef area were not correlated with fish size. Activity and displacement were higher by night than by day, and consistent with this, fish spent less time in their preferred home range area by night than by day. Given the home range size and movement patterns of C. cruentata determined in the study, the effectiveness of the marine reserve zones in the Soufriere Marine Management Area in protecting C. cruentata is assessed.

The purpose of this research is to study how journalists in two Caribbean countries, Dominica and Saint Lucia, see their profession in a developing country where freedom of the press is high but where restrictions also occur. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews we will ask thirteen local journalists in the aforementioned countries what they think about journalistic values and ask for their thoughts on the journalists´ role and responsibility in society. We will also ask them about what limitations there might be to accomplish these ideals. Since every country differs from another, our study will lean on normative theories, and the study will be based on Hallin and Mancini's work Comparing media systems (2004) and their three models of media. According to the respondents in Saint Lucia and Dominica, the main role for the journalists is to report accurate, balanced and fair stories to the audience so that they can make informed decisions in their everyday life. However, the respondents in both countries face challenges in fulfilling these ideals where in Dominica the main challenge is access to information that prevents the press to work on a free basis. In Saint Lucia the respondents state that main obstacles are the “red tape”, i.e., the problematic bureaucratic procedure, that journalists have to deal with when trying to get information, and also threats such as lawsuits and pulled advertisement - something that prevents them from producing free and independent journalism.

Detta är en Minor Field Study finansierad uppsats. 

Three soil conservation systems: contour drainage, strip cropping, and terracing, were designed and established within separate plots on hillside farmlands in St. Lucia. A control plot with no form of soil conservation was also established. Topographic and soils surveys of these plots were conducted. Rainfall, runoff and soil loss were measured over one wet season. Crop yields and construction and maintenance costs were also determined.
For rainfall amounts between 14.2 and 211.2 mm, runoff depths varied from 0.6 to 203.6 mm in the control plot, 2.1 to 199.2 mm in the contour drained plot, 3.2 to 155.1 mm in the strip cropped plot and 1.3 to 94.7 mm in the terraced plot. The largest amounts of runoff were most often recorded in the strip cropped plot, while on most occasions, the terraced plot produced the least runoff.
Soil loss rates varied from 0.01 to 1.77 kg/ha in the control plot, 0.07 to 16.88 kg/ha in the contour drained plot, 0.2 to 28.86 kg/ha in the strip cropped plot and 0.01 to 6.62 kg/ha in the terraced plot.
Construction costs per hectare were EC$5565 for the contour drainage system, EC $5425 for the strip cropped system and EC$6350 for the terraced system.
Further monitoring of the conservation systems is required for prediction of their long-term effectiveness in runoff and soil erosion control.

The purpose of this research was to explore the role of the school principal in St. Lucia in staff development. It also explored whether the role corresponded with the expectations of school teachers.
Data was obtained through questionnaires administered to school principals and to school teachers respectively. For the most part, the data was analysed quantitatively. However, a small part of the data was analysed qualitatively using content analysis.
The findings show that generally, school principals play a positive role in staff development and this matches the expectations of teachers. This role takes the form of conducting orientation sessions for new staff, advising staff on teaching techniques, encouraging staff to pursue further studies, inviting their input in school related matters and preparing effective professional development day sessions.

This thesis traces the establishment and decline of the mixed legal system of Saint Lucia. It is argued that the gradual abandonment of aspects of the island's civilian heritage, and its replacement by the English Common Law, is explained, primarily, though not exclusively, by the anglicisation of the island's legal culture, economy, politics and society. Part One is concerned with the historical evolution of the legal system. In Chapter 1, it is argued that mixed systems are recognisable as distinct systems of law with their own juridical personality and are fully capable of being classified as independent of, but related to, both the common law and civil law systems. It is advanced in Chapter 2 that the vulnerability of Saint Lucia's Civil Law is largely explained by the subordination of the civil law to the public law of the common law. How the British Crown utilised its powers of public law to fashion a legal system that was structurally similar, though not identical to the English Common Law system is examined in some detail. The reasons for adopting and adapting the Quebec Civil Code and Code of Civil Procedure ostensibly to serve the needs of Saint Lucia are explained in Chapters 3 and 4. It is suggested that like Quebec, codification of the sUbstantive and procedural law was dictated by technical factors, primarily the need to remove the uncertainty and chaos which had characterised the legal system since 1803. The enactment of both codes marked the formal establishment of Saint Lucia as a mixed legal system. Part Two focuses on the gradual abandonment of certain aspects of the civil law in favour of the English Common Law. Chapter 5 examines the numerous amendments to the Civil Code since its enactment in 1879, the introduction of a Commercial Code based on English statutes and the enactment of other legislation which derogated from the Civil Code. Chapter 6 assesses the jurisprudential impact of the 1957 amendments to the Civil Code and the consequences which flowed from the superimposition of the English Law of Tort, Contract, and Trust on the remaining body of codified law. The major conclusion is that these amendments denatured and distorted the symmetry of the Civil Code, weakened the character of the legal system and accentuated its decline.

A method for estimating long-term average annual soil loss under different land management scenarios from the Marquis and Soufriere watersheds on St. Lucia is presented. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used, and a GIS was employed to generate the required input parameters. Model execution and results were also generated within the GIS. Modelling soil loss for the different land management scenarios was based upon a land capability classification and associated conservation treatments. Soil losses under current agricultural land-use patterns were analyzed and compared to potential soil losses under conservation treatments following the criteria specified in the land capability classification. The model predicted substantial declines in soil loss where conservation treatments were assigned, as compared to soil loss under current land-use patterns. It was found that predicted soil losses from the Soufriere watershed were four times that predicted for the Marquis watershed for all the land management scenarios modelled. Of the input parameters in the model, slope steepness was most highly correlated to predicted soil loss. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will be used in the development of a decision support system for agricultural and forestry land planning on St. Lucia.

This research aims to identify the issues pertinent to the implementation of new curricula in the small island state of Saint Lucia and focuses in particular on the Organization of the Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Harmonized Language Arts Curriculum which was developed as part of the OECS Education Reform project. The intentions of this research are to fill the gaps in significant information on and knowledge of how implementation processes work in post colonial, small island states, in particular those of the OECS sub region, by giving voice to those hitherto unheard from in the reform process. The key question posed by the research is: “How is the curriculum implementation process represented by insider voices in curriculum discourse in Saint Lucia?” The study is qualitative in nature, using a dialogic approach to collecting data by way of audio/video taped conversations, focus groups and a panel discussion. Data was collected over a seven month period through conversations with participants who were representative of various strata of the education system: from policy makers through education officers, principals and teachers. Data was analysed using the constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss & Corbin, 1990; Charmaz, 2006) and sorted, classified and coded through a combination of electronic and manual processes. The results indicate that despite the plethora of reform initiatives in the region, there remains an absence of mutually intelligible dialogue within, between and among the various groups involved in the process of implementing curriculum. The findings also illustrate the need for developing collaborative systems designed to facilitate institutional support, strategic preparation, ongoing professional development and organized instructional supervision.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, February 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-69).
In this work we apply the method of two-dimensional time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (2D time-lapse ERT) for two different problems. In the first problem, we monitor the structural stability of the roof of the Great Hall cavern in the Harrison's cave system, Barbados. We present an interpretation and comparison of two sets of resistivity data collected over the Great Hall: one set collected by us in 2010, the other in 1996. Our results show that fracturing and degradation had progressed since 1996, indicating a gradual weakening of the structural stability of the roof of the Great Hall cavern. In the second problem, we conduct 2D ERT surveys during dry and rainy seasons to evaluate the potential and feasibility of groundwater exploration next to the Thomazo River in the Fond D'Or watershed in Saint Lucia. Interpretation of the ERT data sets reveals a lens of a porous rock that has a high potential to be a productive aquifer. We use the ERT time-lapse approach to evaluate the change in water content between dry and wet seasons in the potential aquifer.
by Yulia Agramakova.
S.M.

Classical soil mechanics as presented by Karl Terzaghi assumed that the soil is in a fully saturated state. However, in tropical areas of the world residual and colluvial soil slopes exist in an unsaturated condition and the traditional theories and methods of slope stability analysis cannot be readily applied. However, situations may arise when unsaturated soils rapidly become saturated during rainstorms and the traditional theories do apply. The quick response of pore water pressure to rainfall intensity in a multi-layered residual soil and colluvium has been studied and reported in this research project. The effect of infiltration into a slope of variable saturated hydraulic conductivity values on stability was also examined. It was found that for a multi-layered residual soil the rapid infiltration of water into the more permeable soil layer causing saturation had a relatively quick impact on pore water pressure increase and hence the stability of the slope even though the overlying residual soils of lower saturated hydraulic conductivity remained unsaturated. In tropical areas which experience heavy rainfall periods during the wet season followed by very dry spells for several months of the year the infiltration process particularly in multi-layered unsaturated residual soil slopes is not fully understood. This thesis attempts to address this problem with the objective of contributing to the understanding of the hydrological processes taking place in a multi-layered unsaturated residual soil slope and a colluvial slope and to demonstrate how quickly the unsaturated soils become saturated and unstable during a 24-hour rainstorm event. The study includes the use of field instrumentation, laboratory testing and finite element numerical analysis to determine the changes in pore water pressure and instability in the two slopes due to infiltration during rainstorms. The sites selected for the study are located on the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia in the West Indies. Both sites experienced land slippage during heavy rainfall events. A study of the cause of the slope failures of a colluvial soil slope derived from weathered basalt and a residual soil slope from weathered parent andesite rock. The effect of the hydrological process induced by variable rainfall patterns and their effect on the stability of the two slopes unstable are examined. Pore water pressure and matric suction were measured in the field at both sites with tensiometers manufactured by Soil Moisture Equipment Corporation, Santa Barbara, California, and were installed at variable depths at specified locations on the slopes. Slope inclinometers, standpipe piezometers and rainfall gauges were also used for field instrumentation. The combined seepage and limit equilibrium slope stability analyses were conducted using the soil properties from the field and laboratory testing programs. The software Slope/W and Seep/W from Geo-Slope International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada were used for modeling the slope failures. The results of the study indicate the sensitivity of the relationship between variable pore water pressures, suction and the degree of saturation as expressed by the Soil Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC).The effect of these stress variables on the stability of the two slopes are also presented. Several areas are highlighted where additional research work is required such as the need to accurately identifying soil parameters for unsaturated residual soils and colluvium both in the field and laboratory. Of particular concern is the accurate measurement of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and suction of these materials which contribute to the frequent occurrence of catastrophic landslides during the rainy season on the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia.

This thesis examines the feasibility of economic incentives for reforestation, with improved water quality being one potential benefit, in the Fond D’or watershed of Saint Lucia. Population growth, economic development, and the onset of climate change have decreased the environmental quality in Small Island Developing State (SIDS) while increasing risk to the islands’ water security. The unique topography and geology of Caribbean island nations contribute to the challenges of managing freshwater resources. The governments of SIDS often lack the human and financial resources to provide potable water for their citizens, as well as to monitor and enforce environmental regulations limiting land use in watersheds. Therefore, a new approach to watershed management in Saint Lucia is imperative for the provision of valuable ecosystem services at the local, regional, and global scales. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a promising approach to the protection and maintenance of public ecosystem services where there is little incentive for private landowners to provide them. The first article explores household willingness-to-pay (WTP) for reforestation in Fond D’or watershed. The contingent valuation method was used to obtain residents’ WTP for a hypothetical scenario in which an increase in water users’ fees are used to fund a program where farmers in the upper watershed are compensated for taking land near water sources out of agricultural production for reforestation. The findings from 294 household surveys provide a description of the state of water quality and quantity in the Fond D’or, domestic water uses and sources, as well as attitudes and opinions about current water service. Bivariate analyses were performed to identify underlying factors that influence WTP, revealing that increased WTP is not a result of higher education and income. Rather, residence in a particular community group likely influences opinions about water, ultimately shaping WTP. Lastly, I discuss WTP in terms of its potential contribution to a PES scheme in Saint Lucia; WTP by local beneficiaries represents one potential funding source for PES mechanisms as well as public support for environmental improvement programs. The second article describes a methodological approach to constructing a PES scheme in the Fond D’or watershed. Of the five environmental policy approaches— prescription, penalties, property rights, persuasion, and payments—payment is likely to be the most feasible method to influence private land management decisions for the provision of ecosystem services for the public good. This article draws upon existing PES schemes for hydrological services around the globe to provide key lessons for expanding the use of the instrument to Saint Lucia. I apply these lessons to the social, political, and institutional context of Saint Lucia, identifying opportunities for and challenges to developing local or regional payment schemes for ecosystem services in the Fond D'or watershed. I outline the steps to constructing a PES and recommend further research to Saint Lucian policymakers.

This study set out primarily to investigate the nature of reading comprehension instruction in Saint Lucia, and to examine the explanations of teachers with regard to the factors that they perceive contribute to Grade 6 students' failure in the main idea comprehension test in the national Common Entrance Examination in Saint Lucia. Four effective Grades 5 and 6 teachers (two per grade) from two Saint Lucian primary schools participated in a total of four individual semi-structured interviews and were observed in their regularly scheduled reading comprehension lessons. A total of 27 lessons were observed and audio tape-recorded to examine the nature of reading comprehension instruction in the classrooms. From this cohort of lessons, a sample of 16 lessons was randomly selected and transcribed to determine the presence of direct instruction in comprehension strategies, and the quality of instruction that took place. This quality was measured and described in terms of the elements of the Direct Instruction Model (Pearson Dole, 1987), the nature of questioning, and time allotted to instruction. This data was also used to make comparisons between Grades 5 and 6 classes. The results show that the four teachers perceived that there are four areas of blame for students' poor performance in reading comprehension: the teacher's inability to instruct, the students' poor decoding and comprehension abilities, the inadequacy of the main idea test, and the teaching materials available for teaching comprehension. However, the main factor perceived by teachers as contributing to the students' poor performance is teachers' inability to instruct. Nonetheless, the observation of the Grades 5 and 6 effective teachers' reading comprehension lessons showed that these teachers were indeed teaching a number of comprehension strategies. They relied predominantly on the question answering strategy in all their lessons which was mainly taught in combination with other strategies. However, it was the teaching of summarization through the main idea that was the dominant strategy more explicitly taught in 7 of the 16 lessons observed, appearing more frequently in the Grade 6 classes. An assessment of the quality of the reading comprehension instruction revealed that 11 of1 6 lessons, included all the four elements of direct instruction, and were rated as 'excellent' in quality. None of the lessons had fewer than two elements identified on the model. An assessment of the types of questions asked also showed that questioning was used both for the purpose of assessment and as an instructional strategy. The timing of the lessons support the quality of instruction, as 90% of the total time observed was allotted to instruction. The greater portion of that time went to guided practice (38%) and independent practice (33%) of reading comprehension strategies. This study shows that explicit comprehension instruction of strategies is evident in the reading comprehension classes of the 4 effective Saint Lucian Grades 5 and 6 teachers. It is therefore recommended that educational officials ensure that similar practices are maintained in other Saint Lucian classes, that the reading comprehension instruction practices of a wider cross section of Saint Lucian teachers be examined, and that future research looks into other probable causes of students' failure on the main idea comprehension test.

The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is endemic to Africa but threatened by range restriction, exploitation and competition with humans and domestic livestock for access to critical resources such as fresh water and grazing. Collectively these impacts have resulted in population declines throughout most of their range with the consequence that hippos are classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red list. Despite these threats to their persistence and their important ecological role as ecosystem engineers there have been surprisingly few studies concerning factors that influence their current distribution and habitat use. Such research is important for developing effective conservation and management plans to improve the protection of vulnerable and ecologically important species such as hippo. South Africa is home to one of a few growing hippo populations and one of the last persisting in an estuarine habitat. The St Lucia Estuary, one of three Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance located in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (itself a UNESCO World Heritage site), in northern KwaZulu-Natal is not only the largest estuarine system in Africa, but is also home to one of South Africa's largest hippo populations. In this study I explore aspects of the spatial and behavioural ecology of hippo within the St Lucia Estuary. More specifically, I investigate select abiotic and biotic predictors of hippo presence and the frequency with which they return to their diurnal lie-up sites. I used binary logistic regression models to evaluate the effects of the selected habitat features on hippo occurrence at two spatial scales (broad and fine). I used a negative binomial with log-link model to evaluate the effects of the selected habitat features on the frequency of use of sites (hippo persistence) in the fine-scale study. In addition, I employed both instantaneous scan sampling and continuous sampling methods in an attempt to determine the diurnal activity budgets and social interactions of a single group near the mouth of the St Lucia Estuary. I used non-parametric tests to evaluate differences in behaviour with daytime and across sampling days with a view to an improved understanding of how the environment influences the behaviour of hippo in an environment subject to ongoing human modification.

This context statement proposes that the traditional role of media and communication in Saint Lucia as mostly an information delivery system must be challenged and reinvented. Within the postcolonial context of Saint Lucian society, the statement posits that media and communication can and should play a catalytic role in national development. Through the critical reflection on and appraisal of the public works submitted, I demonstrate that media and communication can have such a role in two vital areas of national development: national identity and socio-economic development. The first series of public works comprising four television features on the arts seeks to articulate the Saint Lucian national identity as well as to foster public consciousness and appreciation of that identity. They are of ideological importance because a people with a solid sense of their identity can determine the kind of nation they want to build instead of merely imitating external models touted by more powerful countries. The latter set of public works are more concerned with communication strategy utilising a variety of media tools and other methods to encourage social and economic development. These works include a financial literacy television series, sustainability initiatives and policy formulation. At the core of these works is a commitment to the postcolonial project of nation building albeit enacted in different organizational contexts i.e. quasi-public and private sector. This context statement addresses both theoretical issues and those related to praxis. It aims to present a theoretical model of media and communication in Saint Lucia that emphasises the developmental and transformative dimension of the field. Local practitioners should conceive of media and communication as an ideological resource that can be a part of the discourse on national development and social progress. This necessarily involves a re-thinking of the role of the media professional in the Saint Lucian context. The traditional view of the media practitioner as simply a purveyor of information must give way to a new perspective that promotes the multi-faceted and strategic role of the media professional in organisations and the wider society. This context statement proposes how this can be achieved by examining the issues of leadership, processes and approaches adopted to realise results, and the role of reflection in practice. All of these considerations impact how the profession is actually practised and can lead to a transformation of the current paradigm.

Lake St Lucia in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, experiences severe ecological stress during dry periods largely as a result of diminishing freshwater supplies and conditions of hypersalinity. Possible intervention involves diverting the Mfolozi River to the St Lucia Lake system. However, due to high sediment loading, water from the Mfolozi river requires considerable filtration before a link can be established. A suggested option considered in this study is to restore the existing sugarcane farmlands on the Mfolozi Floodplain (~20 800 ha) to previous wetland conditions to reinstate a sediment removal function amongst other benefits. Proposed restoration will have a direct impact on the industries currently supported by the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the Mfolozi Floodplain (tourism, sugar, conservation). to understand a measure of such impacts, ecosystem services for both Lake St Lucia and the Mfolozi Floodplain were analysed (flood alleviation, water provision, water purification, sediment regulation, tourism, fisheries, vegetation for harvest, existence, cultural and research). Annual economic values for each ecosystem service were determined by means of valuation methods that included benefit transfer and replacement cost. Results showed a current annual minimum value of the Mfolozi Floodplain and Lake St Lucia as greater than R21 million and R1.1 billion respectively. Partial restoration of the floodplain (~6 000 ha) is expected to increase the sum of all ecosystem services values by approximately 26% for the Mfolozi Floodplain and by 23% for the St Lucia System. Full restoration (~20 800 ha) increases the total ecosystem services value by 88% and 50% for the Mfolozi Floodplain and St Lucia System respectively. Results showed that economic values for existence, fisheries, tourism and water provision increase by the greatest percentage for the St Lucia System under both restoration scenarios. Partial and full restoration of the floodplain will result in the greatest increases in economic value for the services existence, tourism, fisheries and the harvesting of vegetation on the Mfolozi Floodplain.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans les domaines de recherches interdisciplinaires de l'archeoastronomie et de l'ethnoastronomie, dans le cadre plus general de l'anthropologie historique. Il comporte deux parties principales, d'abord un nouvel essai de datation de la cathedrale saint-lizier (ariege) qui l'attribue a la premiere periode merovingienne; on explique les irregularites de la construction par des remaniements successifs et par la fonction astronomique de certaines parties de l'edifice. La cathedrale comprend dans sa maconnerie un dispositif d'orientations diverses destinees a observer le soleil et la lune a leurs levers a certains moments clefs de leurs cycles respectifs, ce qui permet de prevoir les eclipses. Dans la deuxieme partie, on aborde a partir de sources diverses (historiques, legendaires, mythologiques, ethnographiques, iconographiques) et de certaines singularites de la fenetre nord de l'absidiole nord de l'absidiole nord, la possibilite de l'utilisation d'un systeme a miroir afin de definir une perturbation de l'orbite lunaire significative pour le calcul des eclipses. L'ensemble architectural et technique est relie a l'iconographie locale sous forme allegorique.

L'objet de ma recherche porte sur l'obeah à Ste-Lucie, compris comme un ensemble de pratiques de gestion thérapeutique, spirituelle, magique et sorcellaire de la maladie et de l'infortune. Ces pratiques, nommées de façon similaire dans d'autres îles anglophones de la Caraïbe, sont souvent associées à la sorcellerie. Toutefois, il est possible de constater à Ste-Lucie que leur désignation suppose l'énonciation de valeurs morales, attribuées aux infortunes, à leur étiologie, aux pratiques de guérison ou aux personnes qui y sont associées. Cette thèse démontre la possibilité d'envisager l'obeah comme une pratique morale et éthique - au moins autant qu'une pratique thérapeutique ou religieuse - car elle implique la production et l'utilisation de valeurs morales au quotidien. L'obeah peut être considéré comme telle dans la mesure où ces pratiques sont définies moralement, où elles sont le reflet de discours moraux (discours de/sur l'obeah) en même temps qu'elles sont l'objet de processus de moralisation (altérisation, contagion morale), où elles donnent lieu au développement d'un travail éthique chez les praticiens de/associés à l'obeah. En ce sens, les pratiques de/associées à l'obeah sont façonnées par les discours moraux et les justifications éthiques. La démonstration se base sur le concept d'économie morale pour rendre compte du contexte de production des enjeux moraux entourant ces pratiques, de la répartition des évaluations morales chez les acteurs concernés par l'obeah et produisant un discours à l'égard de ces pratiques (discours coloniaux, historiques, publics, médiatiques, biomédicaux et religieux). Ce concept permet d'envisager la circulation et l'utilisation de valeurs morales entourant l'obeah telles qu'elles sont élaborées par les institutions (légales, religieuses et médicales), mais aussi par la population st-lucienne et par les praticiens concernés par de tels jugements moraux. À travers les évaluations morales portant sur l'obeah, ce sont les valeurs et idiomes moraux des membres de la société st-lucienne qui transparaissent, mais ce sont peut-être surtout les moralités telles qu'elles sont incarnées par les gens qui sont mises de l'avant, c'est-à-dire leur travail éthique, lequel met au premier plan les enjeux entourant la moralité individuelle. Les accusations morales et sorcellaires témoignent des représentations sociales plus larges à l'égard du Bien et du Mal, mais aussi des enjeux socio-politiques actuels, selon la perspective d'une économie politique de la sorcellerie. Principalement étudiées en termes religieux, magiques, thérapeutiques et culturels, les pratiques de l'obeah sont ici analysées à partir d'une anthropologie des moralités et de l'éthique, afin de saisir les processus de moralisation qu'elles génèrent et qui en sont constitutifs.

L’éducation préélémentaire n’a jamais eu une place importante dans les systèmes éducatifs des pays intégrés dans l'OECO par rapport aux autres niveaux. Dans certains cas tels que celui de Sainte-Lucie, l’absence des politiques éducatives viables pour gérer ce niveau contribue à un pourcentage très élevé des petits enfants non scolarisés et donc qui ne reçoivent pas la stimulation nécessaire pour se préparer pour leur cursus éducatif. En 2013, afin de répondre aux nombreuses demandes pour qu’il s’investisse dans l’éducation préélémentaire, le Ministère de l’éducation de Sainte-Lucie, en collaboration avec le Département de l’éducation préélémentaire, a lancé un programme de l’engagement visant à améliorer la qualité de l’éducation préélémentaire dans le pays. Mais, quelle est la limite de cet engagement si des véritables politiques éducatives ne sont pas mises en place ? De l'autre côté, Saint-Kitts et Nevis semblent avoir mieux maîtrisé l'éducation de leurs enfants, permettant de parler d'un succès remarquable. Cependant, pour tous ces pays et dans une perspective plus globale, il s'agit de rendre l'éducation accessible pour tous.Un des objectifs de la Banque Mondiale pour apaiser les crises de pauvretés dans le monde, c’est d’assurer l’éducation des masses avant l’année 2015. Il s’agit de rendre l’éducation primaire obligatoire pour tous. Les pays anglophones de l’Organisation de la Caraïbe Orientale, ayant accompli cet objectif bien avant cette promulgation par la Banque Mondiale, ont décidé de se concentrer sur l’éducation secondaire pendant la dernière décennie. Quels que soient les points positifs ou les conséquences négatives, ils réclament d’avoir accompli cet objectif. À cet égard, ils portent un très grand intérêt au niveau préélémentaire, mais quels projets pour l'avenir ? Des enquêtes menées à Saint-Lucie, par nos soins, en 2013 ont révélé une éducation préélémentaire sans structures, généralement gérée par des « promoteurs d’entreprises ». Par ailleurs, la créolisation de ces pays joue un rôle important dans l’éducation des jeunes. En effet, un enfant évolue dans un contexte culturel particulier à travers lequel il apprend à s’exprimer. Toutes ces considérations sont nécessaires dans cette éducation de la masse. Parallèlement, les Antilles françaises (Martinique et Guadeloupe), membres de l’Union Européenne et nouveaux membres associés de l’OECO sont soumises à une double contrainte : les standards éducatifs européens et la volonté de prendre en compte les spécificités culturelles et linguistiques dans un contexte caribéen. En outre, leur intégration dans l’OECO est l’occasion de comparer les politiques éducatives préélémentaires, afin d'évaluer les possibilités d'un fonctionnementopérationnel
Early childhood education had never occupied an important place in the education systems of the OECO islands as compared to other levels of education. In cases like St. Lucia, the absence of viable education policies to guide this level of education results in a high percentage of young children not accessing early childhood education, consequently not receiving the necessary stimulation to prepare for formal education.In 2013, in an effort to respond to the demands of the population for greater investment in early childhood education, the Ministry of Education in St. Lucia, in collaboration with the Early Childhood Department, launched a programme committing themselves to improving the quality of pre-elementary education in the country.However, what are the limits of this commitment if it is not reflected in the Education Act? On the other hand, St. Kitts seems to have effectively organised the education of their young children, which enables them to boast of tremendous success. However, as far as it applies to all countries in a more global context, the thrust is on making education accessible to all.One of the objectives of the World Bank towards alleviating poverty in the world, is ensuring education for all before the year 2015. It entails making primary education compulsory. The English-speaking islands of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, having accomplished this objective long before the promulgation by the World Bank, decided to concentrate on secondary education during the last decade.Regardless of the positive or the negative consequences, they pronounce that this objective has been accomplished. In light of this, they have focused on pre-elementary education, but how do they project into the future? A survey carried out in St. Lucia in 2013, as a preliminary stage of this research, revealed a preelementary programme without structure, generally governed by local entrepreneurs. Added to this, the creolisation of these countries plays an important role in the education of the young. In fact, a child is nurtured in a particular cultural context through which he learns to express himself. All these considerations are necessary in this thrust towards education for all. Simultaneously, the French Antilles, members of the European Union and recent associate members of the Organisation of Caribbean States (OECO), are subject to a dual challenge: the European educational standards and the eagerness to take into consideration the cultural and linguistic specificities in a Caribbean context. In effect, the integration of Martinique in the OECO gives an opportunity to compare pre-elementary education policies in order to evaluate the possibilities of working on common ground
La educación de primera infancia nunca ha ocupado un lugar importante en los sistemas de educación de las islas de la OECO comparados a otros niveles de educación. En casos como el de St. Lucia, la ausencia de políticas educacionales para guiar este nivel de educación resulta en un alto porcentaje de jóvenes sin acceso a la educación de primaria infancia, y por consiguiente sin la motivación necesaria para ingresarse en la educación formal. En 2013, tratando de dar respuesta a las demandas de la población por una inversión mayor en la educación de primaria infancia, el Ministerio de Educación en St. Lucia, en colaboración con el Departamento de Primera Infancia, lanzó un programa comprometiéndose al mejoramiento de la calidad de la enseñanza de primera infancia en el país.Sin embargo, ¿cuáles son los límites de este compromiso si no se refleja en la Ley de Educación? Por otro lado, parece que St. Kitts ha tenido una organización efectiva de la educación de sus jóvenes, lo cual los permite jactarse de mucho éxito. Sin embargo, en cuanto a la aplicación a otros países en un contexto global, el empuje es de hacer que la educación sea accesible a todo el mundo.Uno de los objetivos del Banco Mundial hacia la reducción de la pobreza en el mundo, es asegurar la educación para todos antes del año 2015. Impone un carácter obligatorio a la educación de primera infancia. Las islas de habla inglesa de la OECO, habiendo realizado este objetivo mucho antes de la declaración por el Banco Mundial, decidieron concentrar en la educación secundaria durante la última década. A pesar de las consecuencias positivas o negativas, declaran que se ha cumplido este objetivo. En luz de esto, han concentrado en la educación pre-elemental, pero ¿cómo se proyectan hacia el futuro? Una encuesta llevada a cabo en St. Lucia en 2013, como fase preliminar de esta investigación, reveló un programa de educación pre-elemental sin estructura, generalmente controlado por empresarios locales.Agregado a esto, la criollización de estos países juega papel importante en la educación de la juventud. De hecho, un niño se cría en un entorno cultural determinado mediante el cual aprende a expresarse. Todas estas consideraciones son necesarias en este empujón hacia la educación para todos. Al mismo tiempo, las Antillas Francesas, miembros de la Unión Europea y recientes miembros asociados de la OECO, están sujetos a un desafío doble: las normas educacionales europeas y la avidez de tomar en cuenta las especificidades lingüísticas en un contexto caribeño. En efecto, la integración de Martinica a la OECO proporciona la oportunidad de comparar las políticas de la educación de primera infancia para evaluar las posibilidades de colaborar en un terreno común

Actuellement, le cinéma mexicain compte un grand nombre de réalisateurs, de scénaristes et de producteurs de films qui font partie du nouveau groupe qui a généré le nouveau cinéma mexicain, notamment Catalina Aguilar Mastretta, Claudia Saint-Luce, María Novaro, Lucía Carreras et Amat Escalante, réalisateurs des films Las Horas Contigo (2015), Los Insólitos Peces Gato (2013), Las Buenas Hierbas (2010), Nos Vemos, Papá (2011) et Sangre (2005), films constituant le corpus principal et secondaire de la thèse. Ces films ont été choisis en raison de l'existence de liens étroits dans les structures socio-économiques et dans les superstructures idéologiques des sujets transindividuels présentés dans ceux-ci, dans lesquels il est possible d'observer la représentation de la Mort faisant partie du discours narratif et en même temps le fil de ce projet.Différentes analyses sociocritiques, afin de montrer les discours actuels dans le cinéma mexicain contemporain, particulièrement le discours sur la Mort, que fait partie d’un processus culturel complexe de la culture populaire mexicaine. La Mort unit tous les êtres humains, malgré les différences religieuses, politiques, économiques et sociales
Mexican cinema currently has a large number of directors, screenwriters and film producers who form part of a group that has generated the New Mexican Cinema. Among these are Catalina Aguilar Mastretta, Claudia Saint-Luce, María Novaro, Lucía Carreras and Amat Escalante, directors of the films Las Horas Contigo (2015), Los Insólitos Peces Gato (2013), Las Buenas Hierbas (2010), Nos Vemos, Papá (2011) and Sangre (2005), works which constitute the primary and secondary corpora of the thesis. These films were selected due to the existence of a close connection between the socioeconomic structures and ideological superstructures of the transindividual subjects presented in them, in which it is possible to observe the representation of death being part of the narrative discourse, and at the same time the guiding thread of this project. Conduct different sociocritical analyses in order to demonstrate current discourses in contemporary Mexican cinema, especially that of death, which are part of a complex cultural process such as that of Mexican popular culture. Death unites all as human beings, despite religious, political, economic or social differences

Les travaux et recherches nécessaires à l'élaboration de ce mémoire ont été réalisés dans le cadre d'un vaste projet de recherche traitant de la problématique de l'approvisionnement alimentaire dans le Tiers-Monde; "Stratégies spontanées et stratégies planifiées en milieu rural dans le Tiers-Monde: Analyse du cas de Sainte-Lucie dans les Antilles anglophones". La réalisation de cette recherche a été rendue possible grâce à de généreuses subventions accordées par le Conseil de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Canada et l'organisme FCAC (Formation de chercheurs et d'action concertée) du ministère de l'éducation du Gouvernement du Québec. Le projet dont il est ici question fait partie d'une étude comparative qui implique la Martinique, Sainte-Lucie et la Jamaïque et qui a comme objectif principal de démontrer le rôle primordial que le petit paysannat est susceptible de jouer dans une perspective de plus grande suffisance alimentaire. Par une série d'enquête sur le terrain nous cherchions à mieux cerner la perception de certains éléments du milieu agricole chez les petits producteurs afin d'interpréter avec plus de justesse certains comportements qu'ils adoptent face à un environnement hostile. Les enquêtes permettaient également d'obtenir une vision de la perception de l'émigration, des questions ayant été ajoutées à cette fin. Cependant, comme la recherche a été conçue initialement pour étudier une population exclusivement agricole, il ne m'était pas possible d'interpréter les résultats pour l'ensemble du milieu rural. Aussi, afin d'obtenir l'opinion d'individus représentatifs de tous les milieux j'ai effectué un retour sur un des terrains d'enquête préalablement visité en 1981. Cette deuxième cueillette d'information complémentaire e pu être réalisée grâce, d'une part à des fonds du projet de recherche mentionné auparavant et d'autre part à l'octroi d'une bourse de recherche accordée par l'organisme FCAC.

L’importance du rôle des petites agricultures dans les processus de sécurité alimentaire et de souveraineté alimentaire est de plus en plus reconnue. A Sainte-Lucie comme en Martinique, un certain nombre d’acteurs s’engagent officiellement pour une agriculture diversifiée s’appuyant sur les préceptes du développement durable. C’est en tenant compte de ce contexte qu’en partie l’idée de réaliser une étude sur la petite agriculture de Sainte-Lucie et de la Martinique a germé. Aussi, le présent travail se veut-il avant tout une contribution au diagnostic de la petite agriculture face à la modernisation des systèmes agricoles intensifs dans chacune de ces deux îles. Il s’agit de mettre à l’évidence les richesses et les insuffisances de cette petite agriculture, mais aussi les atouts et les contraintes de l’environnement. En grande partie elle prend appui sur le jardin créole, système agricole considéré par bien d’acteurs comme un fondement culturel et une base culturale. Dans chacune des deux îles, beaucoup de petits agriculteurs font de la biodiversité une composante primordiale de la gestion de leurs systèmes agricoles. Les enjeux visés ici portent sur la contribution d’une gestion optimale de cette biodiversité à la promotion des agrosystèmes paysans durables à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles. Dès lors, tout dépend des méthodes d’accompagnement des agriculteurs à mettre en œuvre. Va-t-on poursuivre avec des approches descendantes basées sur la logique de transfert ? Si non, le moment n’est-il pas venu de réunir les conditions pouvant permettre la mise en œuvre des véritables démarches de co-construction ?
The important role of small farmers in the process in food security and of food sovereignty is increasingly recognized. In St. Lucia as in Martinique, a number of actors officially committed to a diverse agriculture based on the precepts of sustainable development. It is in the light on this context that partially, the idea of a study on small holder St Lucia and Martinique germinated. Also, the present work is first and foremost a contribution to the diagnosis of small-scale agriculture to modernization of the intensive agricultural systems in each of these two islands. It is put clearly the richness and the inadequacies of this small scale-agriculture, but also the advantages and constraints of the environment. In large part it builds on the creole garden, agricultural system considered by many actors as a cultural foundation and a base of farming practices. In each of the two islands, many small farmers make biodiversity an essential component of management of their farm systems. The stakes referred here relate to the optimal management contribution of biodiversity to promote sustainable peasant agro-ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, everything depends on farmer coaching methods to set up. Will we continue with down approaches based on logic of transfer ? Otherwise, isn’t time to create the conditions that could allow the development of real co-construction steps ?

Cette recherche a pour objectif de dévoiler le sens des pratiques, des stratégies et des enjeux sociaux d'un groupe socio-professionnel. L'établissement d'un lien entre les dispositifs techniques, les formes d'organisation sociale et les systèmes de représentation, a été appréhendé par la prise en compte d'un temps court, mis en évidence par trois générations de pêcheurs. Le concept de génération retenu se réfère à la notion d'+ ideal-type. Le sens des transformations identitaires des pêcheurs et de leurs trajectoires, serait resté incompréhensible s'il n'avait été rapporté à une dynamique de société. C'est pourquoi, il fallait rechercher dans le temps long, de la période esclavagiste jusqu'à la prise en compte de l'état de la société Sainte-Lucienne contemporaine, le regard porté sur ce groupe par la société, révélateur des positions qui lui étaient assignées. Cette démarche a ainsi permis de rendre compte d'évolutions structurales plus larges qui se rapportent directement à la société Sainte-Lucienne : le passage d'une société indifférenciée à une societe différenciée. Cet état societal s'est repercuté sur les identités associées au métier de pêcheurs et, d'un groupe socialement indifferencié a émergé une profession. Ce travail a réservé une large part à l'analyse diachronique des techniques et des pratiques de pêche, ainsi qu'à celle des representations élaborées à propos de la nature et d'autrui (entre autres, l'étude des rêves et des pratiques de sorcellerie)
This research aims to reveal the meaning of practices, strategies end social goals of a socio-professional group. In order to establish a link between technical skills, forms of social organisation and the representation system used within this group, a focus was done on a short time approach consisting in a diachronic study of three fishermen generations. The concept of generation refers to the notion of +ideal-type ;. A wide perspective settled in a long time approach (from the period of slavery to the contemporary Saint-Lucian society) considering the internal dynamic of this society allowed us to understand simultaneously the sense of the changing identities and the transformations of the careers within the group of fishermen. This method underlined global structural modifications which are directly linked to the saint-lucian society : the switch from an undifferentiated society to a differentiated one. This modified identities associated with this profession. A profession emerged from a former socially undifferentiated group. This study left a large part to a diachronic analysis of techniques and fishing skills, as well as to the representations related to nature and the others (analysis of dreams and sorcery pratices)

« Pratiques et représentations sociales des langues en contexte scolaire plurilingue. Étude comparée de la Dominique et de Sainte-Lucie » est le résultat d’une recherche sociolinguistique avec une visée didactique et pédagogique. Cette étude analyse la situation linguistique de ces régions telles qu’elles nous sont apparues à l’issue de trois années d’enquête de terrain auprès des acteurs scolaires. Notre observation s’est appuyée sur des enregistrements audiovisuels de classes de français langue étrangère, des questionnaires, des entretiens semi-directifs adressés aux élèves, aux enseignants, aux parents d’élèves et aux représentants institutionnels. Elle intervient à un moment significatif de débats animés autour de la question des statuts scolaires de l’anglais, du créole et du français. Notre travail propose de fournir des pistes de réflexion pour l’élaboration d’une politique éducative plurilingue rationnelle et adaptée à ces pays en développement
« Social language practices and attitudes in multilingual school context. Compared study of Dominica and Saint-Lucia » is the result of a sociolinguistic research with didactic and pedagogical perspectives. This study analyses the linguistic situation of these regions such as they appeared to us at the end of three years of surveys conducted with school actors. Our analysis, by means of audiovisual recordings of classes of French as a foreign language, questionnaires, semi-structured interviews addressed to pupils, teachers, parents and institutional representatives, takes place at a significant time when the status of English, Creole and French is the subject of much debate. This study aims to provide some guidelines for the development of a rational multilingual educational policy, suitable for these developing countries

Tanto o Pavilhão Brasileiro da Exposição de Saint Louis, ocorrido em 1904, de autoria do engenheiro Francisco Marcelino de Souza Aguiar, como o da Feira de Nova York, de 1939, dos arquitetos Lucio Costa e Oscar Niemeyer, carregavam a missão arquitetônica de representar a identidade do país. Manifestaram-se distintos em suas arquiteturas pela formação de seus autores e pelo lugar e época em que foram construídos. Esses edifícios revelam dimensões da vida nacional em ressonância com as relações políticas, comerciais e culturais tecidas para a sua realização. O conjunto de circunstâncias sobre as quais essas arquiteturas se fundamentam contraria suas aparentes oposições e lhes confere sentidos complementares. Uma construção diplomática que transpôs percalços políticos, conciliando-os para um projeto de modernização e superação do país frente aos passados recentes de cada um dos períodos. Esse trabalho diplomático estreitou relações da jovem República do Brasil com os EUA, paradigma de nação nova que reunia as condições materiais e tecnológicas para a construção dos dois pavilhões. Tomar esses dois casos como exemplares permite compreender os aspectos de diálogo entre tradições europeias e suas emulações americanas. Caminhos complementares da arquitetura e da diplomacia revelam as vontades correntes de modernização e da busca do estabelecimento de maioridade do país, assim como a intenção de sua inclusão como agente no \"Jogo de Nações\" que se abriu no século 20.
Both the Brazilian Pavilion at the 1904 Saint Louis Word\'s Fair, authored by engineer Francisco Marcelino de Souza Aguiar, and the one at the New York Fair in 1939, by the architects Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, laded the architectural mission of representing the country\'s identity. They were distinct in their architectures due to the training of their authors and the place and time they were built. These buildings show the dimensions of national life to be in resonance with the political, commercial and cultural relations woven for their implementation. The set of circumstances these architectures are based on contradicts the apparent oppositions and gives them complementary directions. A diplomatic construction that has transposed political mishaps by conciliating them around a project to modernize the country as to the recent pasts of each of the periods. This diplomatic performance straitened the relations of the young Republic of Brazil with the United States, paradigm of a new nation that matched both the material conditions and the technology for the construction of the two pavilions. Taking these two cases as exemplary allows us to understand the aspects of the dialogue between the European traditions and their American emulations. The complementary paths of both architecture and diplomacy reveal the wish for modernisation and the search for the establishment of the country\'s majority, as well as the intention of its inclusion as a player in the \"Game of Nations\" which opened up in the 20 century

La Carai͏̈be insulaire anglophone, particulièrement la Dominique et Sainte-Lucie, moulée dans la colonisation de plantation qui a organisé une société au fonctionnement externe, est confrontée à la mondialisation et au développement. Or, la mondialisation uniformise le sous-développement et piétine l'identité de ces " îles nations ", inédites par leur histoire. Souvent, les organisations internationales imposent, loin des réalités et des choix des populations, des politiques commerciales et financières qui génèrent misère et révoltes. La Carai͏̈be a expérimenté la régionalisation avec l'OECS, le CARICOM. Aujourd'hui, face à l'ALENA, elle lance l'AEC et compte sur l'U. E, le Commonwealth et la Francophonie. Elle devrait privilégier le développement endogène pour maîtriser sa transformation, appliquer une stratégie de " dépériphérisations ", d'ajustements " internalisés " et de valorisation du patrimoine, socioéconomique et culturel pour concilier identité, mondialisation et développement
The English-speaking Caribbean particularly Saint-Lucia and Dominica, shaped by the colonial system of plantation that organized an external running society has to cope with globalization and development. Whereas globalization standardizes under-development and tramples the identities of these "islands States" with their unique histories. International organisations often determine trade and financial markets policies away from peoples' choices, which generate misery and revolts. The Caribbean experimented regionalization with OECS, CARICOM, and CSA. Today, it has to take into account NAFTA, to rely upon the E. U, the Commonwealth, and the Francophonie as well. It has to favour an endogenous development to control its change, apply a strategy of breaking away periphicies ", of " internalized " adjustments, socioeconomic and cultural legacy to reconcile identity with globalization and development

Dans un contexte international, où l'étude des dynamiques urbaines des petits espaces insulaires tropicaux ne font souvent l'objet que d'études partielles et non actualisées, cette thèse consacrée à l'analyse comparée de quatre villes des Petites Antilles, tout en tentant de pallier cette lacune de connaissance, porte un regard rénové sur cette thématique. Par le biais d'une étude systémique dans laquelle nous accordons une large place à la subjectivité des citadins, nous mettons à jour de nouvelles dynamiques urbaines à partir du début des années 1980. Roseau et Castries qui s'apparentent à de gros bourgs évoluent peu, tandis que Fort-de-France et Pointe-à-Pitre poursuivent leur expansion devenant ainsi des agglomérations polycentriques au fonctionnement complexe. Par ailleurs, par delà le poid inégal des contraintes physiques et économiques, nous montrons que des facteurs politiques, culturels ou idéologiques influent de plus en plus, non seulement sur la typologie de la croissance des villes, mais déterminent aussi la résilience de celle-ci face aux vicissitudes de son évolution
Internationally available studies about small tropical islands' urban areas dynamics reveal to be partial and insufficiently actualized. This thesis dedicated to a comparative analysis of four cities of the Lesser Antilles brings an updated vision of this field. Through a systemic approach widely taking into consideration the subjectivity of city-dwellers we reveal new urban dynamics emerging from the 1980'5. Roseau and Castries that can be categorized as large market towns have a Iimited growth whereas Fort-de-France and Pointe-à-Pitre ar constantly expanding into polycentric cities characterized by complex dynamics. Ln addition wewill show that, beyond the unequal impact of physical and economic constraints, cultural or ideological factors have a growing influence on the typology of town development and determine behaviors of resilience as response to imbalance generated by thi process

Bonaventure et la lumière : la question semble au premier abord et pour la plupart des médiévistes résolue. Pourtant, la genèse de sa définition de la lumière (II Sent., d. XIII) – notamment la manière dont les idées de Robert Grosseteste lui parviennent – reste encore à déterminer. L’idée d’un usage métaphorique et analogique de la lumière et de sa dimension épistémique permet de mieux évaluer la théorie de la connaissance comme lumière, c’est-à-dire son amplitude réelle souvent réduite à l’illumination divine de l’homme tant intellectuelle que morale. Cette connaissance de la lumière permettant de considérer la connaissance comme lumière par le truchement de la métaphore et de l’analogie donc toute une épistémologie par la lumière se vérifie dans la cosmologie et dans la théorie de la beauté du frère mineur où la lumière joue bien un rôle principiel et paradigmatique. Enfin, que toutes ces implications philosophiques et théologiques de la lumière soient récapitulées dans le Christ compris selon les Écritures, comme splendor, sol iustitiae, lux mundi, compréhension nettement inspirée de la lecture du quatrième évangile et du Livre de la Sagesse par Bonaventure, bachelier biblique, demande encore à être élucidé. C’est en cherchant tant du côté des études à la Faculté des arts de Paris de 1235-1243 que du côté des écrits de Bonaventure, bachelier biblique puis sententiaire, que la question de la lumière dans son œuvre peut être interprétée. Nous proposons donc dans cet ouvrage d’ouvrir quelques pistes de compréhension de la via lucis bonaventurienne
Bonaventure and light: the issue seems at first and for most medievalists resolved.Yet the establishment of the genesis of his definition of light (II Sent., d. XIII) — and in particular the way in which Robert Grosseteste's ideas reach him — is still to be determined. The idea of a metaphorical and analogical use of light and its epistemic dimension makes it possible to evaluate better the theory of knowledge as light, that is, its actual amplitude, often reduced to the divine enlightenment of Man, both intellectual and moral. This knowledge of light, which makes it possible to consider knowledge as light through metaphor and analogy, and thus a whole epistemology by light, is verified in the cosmology and in the theory of beauty of the Friar Minor in which light plays indeed a principle-like and paradigmatic role. Finally, that all these philosophical and theological implications of light are recapitulated in Christ understood according to the Scriptures as splendor, sol iustitiae, lux mundi, an understanding clearly inspired by the reading of the fourth Gospel and the Book of Wisdom by Bonaventure, bachelor of the Bible, still needs to be elucidated. It is by seeking as much on the side of studies at the Faculty of Arts of Paris from 1235 to 1243 that on the writings of Bonaventure, as baccalaureus biblicus and then baccalaureus sententiarus, that the question of light in his work can be interpreted. We therefore propose in this book to open some avenues of understanding of the bonaventurian via lucis

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2009
Bibliografia: f. 97-112
Nesta pesquisa investigou-se como as tecnologias de informação e comunicação poderiam ser utilizadas para facilitar as práticas pedagógicas voltadas à educação ambiental (EA). Os pressupostos teóricos sobre meio ambiente e educação ambiental adotados são
In this research it was investigated how the information and communication technologies can be used to facilitate the teaching practices aimed to environmental education. The theories about environment and environmental education are based in researches o

Nell’ottobre del 1921 a Milano nacque la Scuola Superiore di Arte Cristiana Beato Angelico. Responsabili dell’iniziativa: don Giuseppe Polvara, l’architetto Angelo Banfi, il pittore Vanni Rossi, affiancati dallo scultore Franco Lombardi, dai sacerdoti Adriano e Domenico Bernareggi, dall’ingegner Giovanni Dedè, dal professor Giovanni Mamone e dall’avvocato Carlo Antonio Vianello. Gli allievi del primo anno scolastico furono nove, due dei quali (gli architetti don Giacomo Bettoli e Fortunato De Angeli) destinati a restare per lunghi anni nella Scuola come docenti: così avvenne anche col pittore Ernesto Bergagna, iscrittosi l’anno seguente. A partire da quell’avvenimento il contesto italiano dell’arte sacra poté contare su un elemento di indiscutibile novità, destinato nel giro di pochi anni a una rapida, diffusa e pervicace affermazione nella Penisola. La fondazione della Scuola Beato Angelico mise un punto fermo nell’annoso dibattito sul generale declino dell’arte sacra che andava in scena da lungo tempo in Italia così come nei principali Paesi europei. La formula ideata da don Polvara metteva a sistema le proprie esperienze personali, artistiche e professionali con la conoscenza del contesto internazionale, di alcuni modelli esemplari e il confronto con gruppi e singole figure (artisti, critici, uomini di Chiesa) animate dal comune desiderio di contribuire alla rinascita dell’arte sacra. A cento anni dalla sua nascita – e a settanta dalla scomparsa del suo fondatore – la Scuola Beato Angelico (coi laboratori di Architettura, Cesello, Ricamo, Pittura e Restauro) prosegue tuttora nel compito di servire la Chiesa attraverso la realizzazione di arredi e paramenti sacri contraddistinti da una particolare cura dell’aspetto artistico e liturgico, oggetto di ripetute attestazioni di merito e riconoscimenti in ambito ecclesiastico. Ciò che invece finora manca all’appello è un organico tentativo di ricostruzione delle vicende storiche che hanno segnato la genesi e gli sviluppi di questa singolare realtà artistica e religiosa. Scopo di questa tesi è quindi la restituzione di un profilo il più possibile dettagliato e ragionato della storia della Scuola Beato Angelico, tale da riportare questa vicenda al centro di una situazione storica e di un contesto culturale complesso, attraverso una prospettiva di lavoro originale condotta sul filo delle puntualizzazioni e delle riscoperte. Stante il carattere “pionieristico” di questa ricerca, la vastità dei materiali e delle fonti a disposizione e la conseguente necessità di assegnare un taglio cronologico riconoscibile al lavoro si è optato per circoscrivere l’indagine ai decenni compresi tra il 1921 e il 1950, ovvero tra la fondazione della Beato Angelico e la scomparsa di Giuseppe Polvara. Come si vedrà, il termine iniziale viene in un certo senso anticipato dall’esigenza di tratteggiare al meglio gli antefatti e il contesto da cui trae origine la Scuola (tra la fine del XIX e i primi decenni del XX secolo). L’anno assunto a conclusione della ricerca, invece, è parso una scelta quasi obbligata, coincidente col primo avvicendamento alla direzione della Beato Angelico oltre che dalla volontà di escludere dal discorso quanto andò avviandosi negli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta, ossia una nuova e diversa stagione nel campo dell’arte sacra (destinata, tra l’altro, a passare attraverso lo snodo rappresentato dal Concilio Vaticano II e dall’azione di S. Paolo VI), peraltro assai indagata dagli studi storico-artistici. Ciò che ha reso possibile la stesura di questa tesi è il fatto che essa si appoggi, in buona parte, su materiali archivistici inediti o, quantomeno, mai esaminati prima d’ora in modo strutturato. L’accesso ai materiali d’archivio più storicizzati e la loro consultazione (grazie alla disponibilità dimostrata dalla direzione della Scuola Beato Angelico) hanno condizionato in modo determinante la trattazione degli argomenti, la ricostruzione dei quali , in alcuni casi, è sostenuta esclusivamente dai documenti rinvenuti. La nascita della Scuola Beato Angelico non fu un accadimento isolato nel panorama della produzione artistica europea del tempo né un episodio estraneo a quanto, contemporaneamente, si andava dibattendo nel mondo ecclesiastico. La Scuola di Polvara nacque in un’epoca contrassegnata da grande fermento ecclesiale: si pensi agli Ateliers d’Art Sacré fondati da Maurice Denis e George Desvallières a Parigi nel 1919, solo due anni prima della Scuola milanese, i cui aderenti – tutti laici – professavano una religiosità intensa e devota. Ma, soprattutto, il modello determinante e più conosciuto da Polvara fu la Scuola di Beuron (Beuroner Kunstschule), nata nell’omonima abazia benedettina tedesca nell’ultimo quarto del XIX secolo a opera di padre Desiderius Lenz e sul cui esempio ben presto sorsero atelier specializzati nella produzione di arte sacra (arredi e paramenti a uso liturgico) in molte comunità benedettine dell’Europa centrale. L’affinità di Polvara con la spiritualità benedettina è un elemento-chiave della Scuola da lui fondata: dalla regola dell’ora et labora derivò infatti il concetto (analogo) di “preghiera rappresentata” (orando labora). L’organizzazione stessa della Scuola, impostata come in un’ideale bottega medievale dove maestri, apprendisti e allievi collaborano e convivono, riprende lo stile di vita monastico dei cenobi benedettini. Proprio al fine di conservare il più possibile il carattere della bottega medievale, il numero degli allievi ammessi alla Scuola non fu mai troppo elevato, così da mantenere un adeguato ed efficace rapporto numerico tra i discepoli e i maestri. Ancora, da Beuron la Beato Angelico trasse la particolare e inconfondibile forma grafica della lettera “e”, riconoscibile nelle numerose e lunghe epigrafi presenti in tante sue opere. Ultimo elemento in comune tra la Scuola milanese e quella tedesca – ma che si può imputare alla più generale fascinazione per l’epoca medievale – è l’unità di intenti che deve animare tutte le maestranze impegnate a creare un’opera collettiva e anonima ad maiorem Dei gloriam, dove il contributo del singolo autore rimane volutamente nascosto in favore del nome della Scuola. Ciò che differenzia, tuttora, la Scuola da analoghi centri di produzione di arte sacra è il fatto che essa poggi le fondamenta su una congregazione religiosa, la Famiglia Beato Angelico, un’idea a lungo coltivata da Polvara e approvata ufficialmente dall’autorità diocesana fra gli anni Trenta e Quaranta. Dalla comune vocazione alla creazione artistica sacra (“missione sacerdotale” dell’artista) discendono la pratica della vita comunitaria, la partecipazione ai sacramenti e ai diversi momenti quotidiani di preghiera da parte di maestri sacerdoti, confratelli e consorelle artisti, apprendisti, allievi e allieve. L’indirizzo spirituale tracciato dal fondatore per la sua Famiglia agisce ancora oggi a garanzia di una strenua fedeltà nella continuità di un progetto artistico e liturgico unico, messo in pratica da una comunità di uomini e donne legate fra loro dai canonici voti di povertà, castità e obbedienza ma soprattutto da un comune e più alto intento. Appunto per assicurare una prospettiva di sopravvivenza e futuro sviluppo della sua creatura, Polvara ebbe sempre chiara la necessità di mantenere unito l’aspetto della formazione (e quindi la didattica nei confronti degli allievi, adolescenti e giovani) con quello della produzione (spettante all’opera di collaborazione fra maestri, apprendisti e allievi). Dal punto di vista operativo le discipline artistiche, praticate nei vari laboratori in cui si articola la Scuola, concorrono, senza alcuna eccezione e nella citata forma anonima e collettiva, a creare un prodotto artistico organico e unitario, una “opera d’arte totale” che deve rispondere all’indirizzo dato dal maestro architetto (lo stesso Polvara), cui spettano devozione, rispetto e obbedienza. Alla progettazione architettonica viene dunque assegnata grande importanza e ciò comporta che le opere meglio rappresentative della Scuola Beato Angelico siano quegli edifici sacri interamente realizzati con l’intervento dei suoi laboratori per tutte o quasi le decorazioni, gli arredi, le suppellettili e i paramenti (come le chiese milanesi di S. Maria Beltrade, S. Vito al Giambellino, SS. MM. Nabore e Felice, o la chiesa di S. Eusebio ad Agrate Brianza e la cappella dell’Istituto religioso delle figlie di S. Eusebio a Vercelli). Quanto ai linguaggi espressivi impiegati dalla Scuola (il cosiddetto “stile”) si evidenziano la preferenza per il moderno razionalismo architettonico – un tema di stringente attualità, cui Polvara non mancò di dare il suo personale contributo teorico e pratico – e quella per il divisionismo in pittura, debitrice dell’antica ammirazione per l’opera di Gaetano Previati. Dall’interazione di queste due forme si origina un riconoscibile linguaggio, moderno e spirituale al tempo stesso, verificabile negli edifici come nelle singole opere, frutto di una profonda sensibilità che combina il ponderato recupero di alcune forme del passato (ad esempio l’iconografia paleocristiana reimpiegata nei motivi decorativi dei paramenti o nella foggia di alcuni manufatti, dal calice al tabernacolo, alla pianeta-casula) con lo slancio per uno stile moderno e funzionale adeguato ai tempi ma rispettoso della tradizione.
In October 1921, the Beato Angelico Higher School of Christian Art was born in Milan. Responsible for the initiative: Don Giuseppe Polvara, the architect Angelo Banfi, the painter Vanni Rossi, flanked by the sculptor Franco Lombardi, by the priests Adriano and Domenico Bernareggi, by the engineer Giovanni Dedè, by professor Giovanni Mamone and by the lawyer Carlo Antonio Vianello . There were nine pupils in the first school year, two of whom (the architects Don Giacomo Bettoli and Fortunato De Angeli) destined to remain in the School for many years as teachers: this also happened with the painter Ernesto Bergagna, who enrolled the following year. Starting from that event, the Italian context of sacred art was able to count on an element of indisputable novelty, destined within a few years to a rapid, widespread and stubborn affirmation in the Peninsula. The foundation of the Beato Angelico School put a stop to the age-old debate on the general decline of sacred art that had been staged for a long time in Italy as well as in major European countries. The formula conceived by Don Polvara put his personal, artistic and professional experiences into a system with the knowledge of the international context, some exemplary models and the comparison with groups and individual figures (artists, critics, men of the Church) animated by the common desire to contribute to the rebirth of sacred art. One hundred years after its birth - and seventy after the death of its founder - the Beato Angelico School (with the workshops of Architecture, Cesello, Embroidery, Painting and Restoration) still continues in the task of serving the Church through the creation of distinctive sacred furnishings and vestments. from a particular care of the artistic and liturgical aspect, object of repeated attestations of merit and acknowledgments in the ecclesiastical sphere. What is missing from the appeal so far is an organic attempt to reconstruct the historical events that marked the genesis and developments of this singular artistic and religious reality. The purpose of this thesis is therefore the return of a profile as detailed and reasoned as possible of the history of the Beato Angelico School, such as to bring this story back to the center of a historical situation and a complex cultural context, through an original work perspective conducted on thread of clarifications and rediscoveries. Given the "pioneering" nature of this research, the vastness of the materials and sources available and the consequent need to assign a recognizable chronological cut to the work, it was decided to limit the survey to the decades between 1921 and 1950, or between the foundation of Beato Angelico and the death of Giuseppe Polvara. As will be seen, the initial term is in a certain sense anticipated by the need to better outline the background and context from which the School originates (between the end of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century). The year assumed at the end of the research, on the other hand, seemed an almost obligatory choice, coinciding with the first change in the direction of Beato Angelico as well as the desire to exclude from the discussion what started in the 1950s and 1960s, that is a new and different season in the field of sacred art (destined, among other things, to pass through the junction represented by the Second Vatican Council and by the action of St. Paul VI), which is however much investigated by historical-artistic studies. What made the drafting of this thesis possible is the fact that it relies, in large part, on unpublished archival materials or, at least, never examined before in a structured way. Access to the most historicized archive materials and their consultation (thanks to the availability shown by the direction of the Beato Angelico School) have decisively conditioned the discussion of the topics, the reconstruction of which, in some cases, is supported exclusively by documents found. The birth of the Beato Angelico School was not an isolated event in the panorama of European artistic production of the time nor an episode unrelated to what was being debated in the ecclesiastical world at the same time. The Polvara School was born in an era marked by great ecclesial ferment: think of the Ateliers d'Art Sacré founded by Maurice Denis and George Desvallières in Paris in 1919, only two years before the Milanese School, whose adherents - all lay people - they professed an intense and devoted religiosity. But, above all, the decisive and best known model by Polvara was the Beuron School (Beuroner Kunstschule), born in the homonymous German Benedictine abbey in the last quarter of the nineteenth century by father Desiderius Lenz and on whose example workshops specialized in the production of sacred art (furnishings and vestments for liturgical use) in many Benedictine communities in central Europe. Polvara's affinity with Benedictine spirituality is a key element of the School he founded: in fact, the (analogous) concept of "represented prayer" (orando labora) derived from the rule of the ora et labora. The very organization of the School, set up as in an ideal medieval workshop where teachers, apprentices and pupils collaborate and coexist, takes up the monastic lifestyle of the Benedictine monasteries. Precisely in order to preserve the character of the medieval workshop as much as possible, the number of students admitted to the School was never too high, so as to maintain an adequate and effective numerical ratio between disciples and masters. Again, from Beuron Fra Angelico drew the particular and unmistakable graphic form of the letter "e", recognizable in the numerous and long epigraphs present in many of his works. The last element in common between the Milanese and the German schools - but which can be attributed to the more general fascination for the medieval era - is the unity of purpose that must animate all the workers involved in creating a collective and anonymous work ad maiorem. Dei gloriam, where the contribution of the single author remains deliberately hidden in favor of the name of the School. What still differentiates the School from similar centers of production of sacred art is the fact that it rests its foundations on a religious congregation, the Beato Angelico Family, an idea long cultivated by Polvara and officially approved by the diocesan authority between the thirties and forties. From the common vocation to sacred artistic creation (the artist's "priestly mission") descend the practice of community life, the participation in the sacraments and the various daily moments of prayer by master priests, brothers and sisters artists, apprentices, pupils and pupils . The spiritual direction traced by the founder for his family still acts today as a guarantee of a strenuous fidelity in the continuity of a unique artistic and liturgical project, put into practice by a community of men and women linked together by the canonical vows of poverty, chastity. and obedience but above all from a common and higher intent. Precisely to ensure a prospect of survival and future development of his creature, Polvara always had a clear need to keep the training aspect (and therefore the teaching for students, adolescents and young people) united with that of production (due to the work of collaboration between teachers, apprentices and students). From an operational point of view, the artistic disciplines, practiced in the various laboratories in which the School is divided, contribute, without any exception and in the aforementioned anonymous and collective form, to create an organic and unitary artistic product, a "total work of art" which must respond to the address given by the master architect (Polvara himself), to whom devotion, respect and obedience are due. The architectural design is therefore assigned great importance and this means that the best representative works of the Beato Angelico School are those sacred buildings entirely made with the intervention of its laboratories for all or almost all the decorations, furnishings, furnishings and Milanese churches of S. Maria Beltrade, S. Vito al Giambellino, S. MM. Nabore and Felice, or the church of S. Eusebio in Agrate Brianza and the chapel of the religious institute of the daughters of S. Eusebio in Vercelli). As for the expressive languages used by the School (the so-called "style"), the preference for modern architectural rationalism is highlighted - a topic of stringent topicality, to which Polvara did not fail to give his personal theoretical and practical contribution - and that for Divisionism in painting, indebted to the ancient admiration for the work of Gaetano Previati. The interaction of these two forms gives rise to a recognizable language, modern and spiritual at the same time, verifiable in the buildings as in the individual works, the result of a profound sensitivity that combines the thoughtful recovery of some forms of the past (for example early Christian iconography reused in the decorative motifs of the vestments or in the shape of some artifacts, from the chalice to the tabernacle, to the chasuble-chasuble) with the impetus for a modern and functional style appropriate to the times but respectful of tradition.

A vegetation survey, on the plant community level of organization, was conducted on the Mfabeni swamp on the eastern shores of Lake St Lucia. The survey included both the sedge/grass swamp and the swamp forest. Mfabeni swamp is a peatland with peat up to 10m in depth. Except for limited studies in Lesotho and KwaZulu-Natal, this is a first vegetation survey on the plant community level of peatland vegetation in southern Africa. Total floristic composition and habitat information were recorded in 214 sample plots, fully referenced by GPS for GIS mapping. The data were captured in the TURBOVEG data base for vegetation data, classified using the TWINSPAN numerical classification algorithm and phytosociological tables were compiled using the MEGATAB computerized table management program. Fourteen plant communities were identified, characterized by diagnostic and dominant species, described, and the localities noted by GIS. The data were also processed by the PCOrd numerical ordination program and the axes of the resulting ordination diagrams were related to environmental conditions. This gave an indication of the environmental factors controlling the existence and distribution patterns of the different plant communities. An ordination was run on the habitat data collected to further illustrate the relationship between the plant communities and environmental variables. It seems that water depth, seasonality of the water depth and certain water chemical properties, such as pH conductivity and dissolved oxygen content of the water play an important role in determining floristic composition and therefore plant community type in the Mfabeni swamp.
Dissertation (MSc(Botany))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Plant Science
unrestricted

The intent of this research was to identify the effectiveness of a destination brand as determined by international tourists visiting the destination. The Caribbean can be viewed as a homogeneous region to many individuals seeking sun, sand, and sea; therefore, product differentiation is essential. Destination branding represents and distinguishes a country among competing nations. This concurrent mixed methods study set forth to investigate the effectiveness of the Saint Lucia destination brand. The following objectives underlie this research: i) to explore how the current destination brand was chosen, ii) to evaluate tourists’ perceptions and images of the destination, iii) to explore the relationship between tourists’ perceptions and destination choice, and iv) to evaluate the extent to which the destination brand influenced destination choice. The research findings indicate a lack of awareness concerning the new destination brand. A lack of brand communication and insufficient exposure has been detrimental to the overall success of the destination brand. A conceptual model for the development process of a destination brand was suggested to enhance destination brand effectiveness. The six essential stages include market research, destination image, targeting and positioning, brand identity, communication of the brand, and continuous monitoring and evaluation throughout. It is recommended to engage in monitoring and improvement initiatives of the brand to better gauge its effectiveness; to enhance exposure of the brand through effective niche marketing initiatives that showcase the diversity and unique attributes of Saint Lucia; and finally, to work towards transforming the destination brand into a national brand.

The St Lucia estuarine lake system in South Africa is part of a UN- ESCO World Heritage site and a Ramsar wetland of international importance. Like many estuarine systems worldwide St Lucia has experienced signi cant anthropogenic impacts over the past century including catchment land use changes, water diversions/abstractions and inlet manipulation. In addition, the system has recently su ered losses in species diversity and abundance following unprecedented hy- persaline conditions and desiccation. Questions regarding its sustain- ability have motivated a reevaluation of management decisions made in the past and of options for the future. To understand the func- tioning of the system, it is necessary to analyse it holistically in terms of the physical processes and their interaction with the biology. This study focusses on aspects of the biophysical interactions in the estu- arine complex, and aims to provide new knowledge to underpin the development of improved models for predicting the response of the system to anthropogenic interventions. A model for the water and salt budgets was used to investigate what if scenarios in terms of past anthropogenic interventions, in particular the e ects of diverting the Mfolozi River from St Lucia. Furthermore, the risks of hypersalinity and desiccation were assessed for each sce- nario. Integrating these modeled scenarios with observed biological responses to physicochemical changes suggested that large long-term changes in the ecological structure can be expected in the di erent management scenarios. To validate this, the ecosystem response to changing environmental responses was quantitatively assessed using ecological network analysis. Long-term simulations show that the separation of the Mfolozi and St Lucia mouths had a signi cant impact on the functioning of the St Lucia system. The Mfolozi plays a pivotal role in maintaining a more stable mouth state regime and provides a vital source of freshwater during dry conditions. The con guration of the Mfolozi/St Lucia inlet plays a key role in the physico-chemical environment of the system and in uences the system's susceptibility to desiccation and hypersaline conditions. Ecosystem indices revealed that the water level, salinity and mouth state have a signi cant impact on species abundance and diversity as well as the ecological structure and functioning of the system. In addition, ecosystem indices show that the system recovers rapidly during favourable conditions. The arti cial separation of the St Lucia and Mfolozi inlets underpins the most signi cant impacts on the water and salt budget of the lake and its reversal is key to the sustainability of the system.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Wind induced turbidity within shallow lakes can greatly affect the biological functioning of a system in either a positive or negative manner. This research aims to understand and model the physical processes that cause sediment re-suspension. Lake St Lucia on the east coast of South Africa, a UNESCO World heritage site was used as a case study. Lake St. Lucia is a shallow water system which commonly experiences high levels of turbidity. Coupled with the naturally shallow depth of the lake, it is currently drought stricken, resulting in abnormally low water levels. A simple model has been developed which accounts for sediment re-suspension due to wind-driven waves and their associated bed shear stresses. The wave heights within a shallow lake such as St Lucia are controlled either by the fetch (for a large water depth), or the water depth (for a large fetch). When the wind is strong enough, the wind-driven turbulent mixing causes the water column to become fully mixed. When the wave-driven boundary layer becomes turbulent, sediment, being entrained within the water column increases significantly. The model also accounts for the effects of temporal consolidation on the re-suspension of sediments by setting a time scale for the erosion processes. It was found that the median of the monthly turbidity levels over the past ten years exceeded the average turbidity levels over the past 92 years. In all cases it was shown that mouth linkage with the uMfolozi resulted in lower turbidity levels than without any linkage due to the higher average water levels. The model was then developed to predict the spatial variation in turbidity within the Southern Lake. This was achieved through the use of existing bathymetric data for the Lake. This spatial model was then used to show how the turbidity varied for different wind and water depth conditions. Two conditions were considered, a NE and SW wind blowing at 8m/s for water levels of 0 EMSL and -0.5 EMSL. The spatial model showed that a decrease in water level increases the turbidity within the lake significantly. The wind directions appeared to yield similar results of sediment re-suspension. It was also shown that the high turbidity values were situated in the shallow depths even though the wave heights were small in comparison to those in deeper water.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Increasing turbidities due to land use changes and poor catchment management can cause negative impacts on estuaries worldwide. High turbidity has an impact on the biological functioning of estuaries which are amongst our most productive ecosystems. This study focuses on the St Lucia estuary on the east coast of South Africa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Ramsar wetland of international importance. Increased turbidity due to suspended inorganic sediments has been identified as an important threat to the sustainability of biodiversity in the St Lucia system. In order to determine the influence of increased cohesive sediment loads on the estuarine system it is necessary to understand how flocculation affects the fate and transport of cohesive sediment. Flocculation describes the processes of aggregate formation and breakup. Suspended sediment concentration, salinity and turbulent shear rates have been identified as key drivers of estuarine flocculation. This study investigates flocculation by measuring how the floc size distribution and settling velocities of flocs vary with the key drivers. A laboratory technique was developed where flocculation was simulated in an agitated beaker. Digital imaging techniques were used to measure changes in the size of flocs within the beaker and floc settling velocities in a still settling column. Results show reduced aggregation and floc size with increases in turbulent shear. Floc settling velocities were observed to increase with floc size while the effective density was observed to decrease. The study is concluded by investigating potential applications for the results obtained.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
國際人力資源發展研究所
101
Business is essential for the development and wellbeing of society. However, the frequency with which corporate scandals occur serves as a driving force behind an ongoing debate about the conduct of businesses. This study therefore analyzed the effects of gender, age, household income, status and religiosity on attitudes toward business ethics and also, the effect of these factors on the business philosophies as contained in the attitudes towards business ethics questionnaire (ATBEQ). A quantitative approach research method was in the form of a questionnaire. The sample groups for this study were business students and employees in the private sector. The data was analyzed separately for both sample groups. The results showed that for students, gender had a significant impact on ethical attitudes, and for employees, household income and interpersonal religiosity. The results also showed that males were less ethical than females, and employees were more ethical than students. Social Darwinism was the most popular business philosophy as it was subscribed to by both sample groups and all factors except age had a significant impact on at least one business philosophy. Age was the only factor with no significant impact on attitudes towards business ethics or on the business philosophies. This study provides information on the ethical attitudes that currently exist in the business environment and also will provide insight into future business ethical attitudes. The results also provide useful information for policy makers, managers and academia and may shed some light for both Corporate Human Resource Strategy and the formal education system. It will also add to the existing literature on business ethics and more specifically to literature on ethics in the Caribbean region.

Pine plantations have been established on secondary grassland on the dune systems of the Eastern Shores of Lake St Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa for the past 40 years. These plantations have been progressively felled for the past six years, and will continue to be felled until the year 2011, by which time they will be eliminated. Space-for-time substitution was used to determine the direction of both woody and herbaceous vegetation succession and to predict possible future management implications for the Eastern Shores. Soil samples were taken from undisturbed grassland, grassland with trees, dune forest, pine plantations, and clearfelled areas at various successional stages. To determine the effects of the pine plantations on the soils of the area, soils were subjected to particle size analysis, and determination of pH, organic carbon, phosphorus, exchangeable bases, iron and aluminium. Minimal modification of the sandy soils by the pine plantations was found to have occurred. That which did occur was shown to be short-term, and to be ameliorated by the establishment of an indigenous woody understorey, resembling pioneer dune forest. Soil under plantations was shown to have a lower pH and cation exchange capacity than under opposite indigenous vegetation but no other direct effects were observed. The direction of succession was determined by the nature of the indigenous vegetation adjacent to the plantation. Pine plantations were shown to facilitate succession towards dune forest by the exclusion of fire, provision of perches and refugia for forest-dwelling animals, and creation of a forest environment for the establishment of trees. However, the extent of re-establishment of indigenous dune forest under pine plantations was shown to be directly related to the nature of the adjacent indigenous vegetation, be it grassland, grassland with trees or dune forest.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
104
The purpose of this business plan is to perform a feasibility analysis of establishing a language school, Academy for Chinese Language (ACL) in a developing country, Saint Lucia. The ACL expects to captivate the interest of students, professionals and regular clients by offering a broad range of Chinese courses. The ACL intends to capture a strong market share .The need for learning mandarin is unquestionable. Knowing Chinese and another language such as English may give one a competitive edge for an important position in a firm. It may open windows of opportunities for an exciting career, be able to communicate better with peers and do business on a global scale. The incentives for learning Chinese is not always money driven. Moreover, it enhances academic progress in other subject areas, cognitive learning skills, aids in cross cultural understanding and global awareness and provides a deeper understanding of different communities and societies.

碩士
臺北醫學大學
醫務管理學研究所
100
BACKGROUND: Embedded in the mission statement of the ministry of health in Saint Lucia is the provision of holistic health and services to the entire population. In pursuit of this mission, healthcare is delivered at public facilities throughout the country. The ultimate goal of any healthcare provider is the satisfaction of the patient; greater outcomes and a cadre of personnel who can deliver that outcome are necessary. The demand on healthcare institutions to move towards accreditation and providing quality patient care is increasing, therefore, adequate and continuous training are necessary to achieve this ultimate goal. Training of healthcare professionals is only provided at one local institution, primarily to nurses. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the training needs of health professionals and its influencing factors, set up a framework for policy development of training, customize training to meet local needs and to rejuvenate the need for professional development of healthcare personnel within local authorities. METHODS: The study utilized a self-completed close-ended structured questionnaire with a core set of 30 questions. The target groups were healthcare professionals employed in public healthcare facilities in Saint Lucia. RESULTS: There was a 70.5% response rate of which 79.1 % were female. The majority of respondents (43.1%) were between ages 29 to 39 years. 56.1% of respondents were nurses followed by physicians 15.8%. As anticipated, a majority (56.5%) of respondents were from the main hospital, Victoria Hospital. The need for continuing professional education was rated the highest priority followed by research audit activities, which implies the healthcare professionals believe that these tasks and activities are important to their further development. Generally, they also believe that organizational changes can improve their performance on various tasks. The evidence suggests that an overwhelming majority of participants indicated a desire for training in communication skills, clinical tasks and research methods. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that the needs assessment of healthcare professionals in Saint Lucia was especially timely, with the pending commissioning of the new national hospital and reopening of the renovated St. Jude Hospital. It is recommended that authorities charged with the responsibility for providing ongoing/continuous training for the various disciplines, plan and execute programmes to meet the needs of the people they represent.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
漁業科學研究所
107
Abstract: From 2011, an influx of free-floating seaweed has severely affected the Caribbean region. Sargassum fluitans and S. natans were identified as the two species responsible for the influx. These two species were found to naturally coexist. Currently, the only use for them is as fertilizer; however, this approach may be insufficient to effectively utilize the large amount of seaweeds. It was found that seaweeds possess a variety of phytochemicals exhibiting many bioactive properties including antioxidant, insecticidal, mosquito larvicidal, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate potential biological activities of Sargassum fluitans and S. natans, and isolate and identify the bioactive compounds responsible for such activities. The two species were separated and underwent methanolic extraction to obtain crude extracts, which were partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water layers. All four layers were then subjected to tests for insecticidal activity, larvicidal activity, antimicrobial activity, and DPPH scavenging activity. Preliminary results showed that 24 hours post treatment, S. natans and S. fluitans extracts exhibited slight larvicidal properties, and no significant insecticidal and antimicrobial activities were observed. DPPH scavenging assay showed that the n-hexane and ethyl acetate layers of both species possessed antioxidant properties at the concentration of 1000 ppm. Both n-hexane and ethyl acetate layers were further separated, and the collected fractions were combined according to DPPH antioxidant activity assay. Results showed that S. fluitans’ fractions had higher antioxidant activity than those of S. natans with the most bioactive fractions having scavenging activities of 49.2 ± 2.3%, 58.4 ± 1.7% and 76.5 ±6.4% at a concentration of 500 ppm. Bioactive compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were isolated and identified. Seven compounds were purified by HPLC, and further identified to be kjellmanianone (1), palmitic acid (2), methyl palmitate (3), dodecanoic acid (4), palmitoleic acid (5), lauroleic acid (6), and ethyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (7) based on spectroscopic analysis. From HPLC analysis, the carotenoid fucoxanthin (8) was identified by comparison with the authentic standards. Upon further analysis it was seen that ethyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (7) possessed antioxidant activity with free radical scavenging activity (%) of 37.1 ± 0.2% at 1000 ppm.