Journal articles: 'Salamandra salamandra'

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Böning, Philipp, Stefan Lötters, Benedetta Barzaghi, Marvin Bock, Bobby Bok, Lucio Bonato, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, et al. "Alpine salamanders at risk? The current status of an emerging fungal pathogen." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 17, 2024): e0298591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298591.

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Amphibians globally suffer from emerging infectious diseases like chytridiomycosis caused by the continuously spreading chytrid fungi. One is Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) and its disease ‒ the ‘salamander plague’ ‒ which is lethal to several caudate taxa. Recently introduced into Western Europe, long distance dispersal of Bsal, likely through human mediation, has been reported. Herein we study if Alpine salamanders (Salamandra atra and S. lanzai) are yet affected by the salamander plague in the wild. Members of the genus Salamandra are highly susceptible to Bsal leading to the lethal disease. Moreover, ecological modelling has shown that the Alps and Dinarides, where Alpine salamanders occur, are generally suitable for Bsal. We analysed skin swabs of 818 individuals of Alpine salamanders and syntopic amphibians at 40 sites between 2017 to 2022. Further, we compiled those with published data from 319 individuals from 13 sites concluding that Bsal infections were not detected. Our results suggest that the salamander plague so far is absent from the geographic ranges of Alpine salamanders. That means that there is still a chance to timely implement surveillance strategies. Among others, we recommend prevention measures, citizen science approaches, and ex situ conservation breeding of endemic salamandrid lineages.

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Degani, Gad. "Plasma proteins and morphology of Salamandra salamandra in Israel." Amphibia-Reptilia 7, no. 2 (1986): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853886x00334.

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AbstractDifferences between three isolated populations of Salamandra salamandra were examined in this study. It is based on 369 adult specimens which were measured for length and weight. The yellow markings and the quantitative relationship between the black and the yellow areas were compared. Plasma proteins were determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Salamanders from a moist habitat (Tel Dan) are much smaller than salamanders from semi-arid habitats (Mt. Meron and Mt. Carmel). The colour pattern typical of the Lebanese S. s. infraimmaculata was found in all the Israeli populations, whereas colour patterns typical of the European S. s. salamandra were not found in them. The plasma proteins of the Israeli salamanders are very similar to those of the Lebanon (Gasser, 1975) and differ greatly from those of the European S. s. salamandra. These results indicate that the Israeli salamander populations should be arranged taxonomically with S. s. infraimmaculata.

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Sabino-Pinto, Joana, Molly Bletz, Ralf Hendrix, R. G. Bina Perl, An Martel, Frank Pasmans, Stefan Lötters, et al. "First detection of the emerging fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Germany." Amphibia-Reptilia 36, no. 4 (2015): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003008.

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The emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis is one of the major factors triggering global amphibian declines. A recently discovered species of chytrid fungus,Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans(Bsal), likely originated in East Asia, has led to massive declines in populations of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) after its apparent introduction to the Netherlands and Belgium. Here, we report the first detection of this pathogen in Germany where it caused mass mortality of fire salamanders in a captive collection. Salamanders from this collection showed an almost 100% prevalence of infection withBsal. SupposedBsal-induced mortality occurred in multipleSalamandraspecies (S. salamandra,S. algira,S. corsica, andS. infraimmaculata), whileBsalinfection was confirmed in nine subspecies ofS. salamandraand inS. algira. Our study indicates that this pathogen can potentially infect all fire salamander species and subspecies. IfBsalspreads from captive collections to wild populations, then a similar devastating effect associated with high mortality should be expected.

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Plácido, Alexandra, João Bueno, Eder A. Barbosa, Daniel C. Moreira, Jhones do Nascimento Dias, Wanessa Felix Cabral, Patrícia Albuquerque, et al. "The Antioxidant Peptide Salamandrin-I: First Bioactive Peptide Identified from Skin Secretion of Salamandra Genus (Salamandra salamandra)." Biomolecules 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10040512.

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Amphibian skin is a multifunctional organ that plays key roles in defense, breathing, and water balance. In this study, skin secretion samples of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) were separated using RP-HPLC and de novo sequenced using MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Next, we used an in silico platform to screen antioxidant molecules in the framework of density functional theory. One of the identified peptides, salamandrin-I, [M + H]+ = 1406.6 Da, was selected for solid-phase synthesis; it showed free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. Salamandrin-I did not show antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. In vitro assays using human microglia and red blood cells showed that salamandrin-I has no cytotoxicity up to the concentration of 100 µM. In addition, in vivo toxicity tests on Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in no mortality at 20 and 40 mg/kg. Antioxidant peptides derived from natural sources are increasingly attracting interest. Among several applications, these peptides, such as salamandrin-I, can be used as templates in the design of novel antioxidant molecules that may contribute to devising strategies for more effective control of neurological disease.

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Steinfartz, Sebastian, and Barbara A. Caspers. "Preference for the other sex: Olfactory sex recognition in terrestrial fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)." Amphibia-Reptilia 32, no. 4 (2011): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853811x603265.

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AbstractFinding a potential mate, that is an individual of the opposite sex, is a fundamental step for sexual reproduction in animal species. Signals involved in the context of mate attraction are mediated by acoustic, visual, and/or chemical signals. For amphibians in general, and especially for many newt and salamander species, chemical cues are known to play important roles in inter- and intraspecific communication. We therefore investigated the use of olfactory cues for sex recognition in terrestrial fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) that belong to the group of true salamanders within the Salamandridae. Specifically, we performed odor preference tests with adult salamanders of both sexes and tested whether substrate-borne chemical cues provide sex-specific signals. We found an overall preference for chemical cues of the opposite sex, i.e. males and females differed significantly in their preference for a specific sex. Females spent significantly more time in the compartment with the chemical cues of a male, whereas males did not show a significant preference, but in general more males preferred the compartment with the chemical cues of a female. Our results suggest that fire salamanders are capable to discriminate the sex of conspecific individuals based on pure chemical cues. We discuss our results in the light of the presence of dorsal glands in the males' cloaca of true salamander species, from which pheromones can be directly released onto the substrate.

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Manenti, Raoul, Enrico Lunghi, Benedetta Barzaghi, Andrea Melotto, Mattia Falaschi, and Gentile Francesco Ficetola. "Do Salamanders Limit the Abundance of Groundwater Invertebrates in Subterranean Habitats?" Diversity 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040161.

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Several species of surface salamanders exploit underground environments; in Europe, one of the most common is the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). In this study, we investigated if fire salamander larvae occurring in groundwater habitats can affect the abundance of some cave-adapted species. We analyzed the data of abundance of three target taxa (genera Niphargus (Amphipoda; Niphargidae), Monolistra (Isopoda; Sphaeromatidae) and Dendrocoelum (Tricladida; Dedrocoelidae)) collected in 386 surveys performed on 117 sites (pools and distinct subterranean stream sectors), within 17 natural and 24 artificial subterranean habitats, between 2012 and 2019. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship between target taxa abundance, fire salamander larvae occurrence, and environmental features. The presence of salamander larvae negatively affected the abundance of all the target taxa. Monolistra abundance was positively related with the distance from the cave entrance of the sites and by their surface. Our study revealed that surface salamanders may have a negative effect on the abundance of cave-adapted animals, and highlited the importance of further investigations on the diet and on the top-down effects of salamanders on the subterranean communities.

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Preißler, Kathleen, Alexander Dennis Watzal, Miguel Vences, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "Detection of elusive fire salamander larvae (Salamandra salamandra) in streams via environmental DNA." Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 1 (2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-18000007.

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Abstract In the face of the global biodiversity crisis, the monitoring of species richness and diversity is experiencing an increased demand entailing a raise in cost and time investment. The analysis of species-specific DNA fragments in environmental samples (eDNA) such as from water or soil, facilitate the molecular detection of species without the specific sampling of individuals. The invasive chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is infecting natural fire salamander populations (Salamandra salamandra) and causes chytridiomycosis resulting in infrequent regional extinctions of populations across Central Europe. With regard to the expanding distribution of Bsal over the last years, cost-effective monitoring of fire salamanders is important for the conservation of this species. Based on a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, we developed a new protocol to detect S. salamandra larvae in streams via eDNA, using species-specific primers of the mitochondrial control region (D-loop). We tested the efficiency of qPCR primer sets for six combinations of DNA extraction kits coupled with subsequent PCR inhibitor removal kits for obtaining qPCR-detectable S. salamandra eDNA from water filters, that were taken both from natural streams and artificial water tanks in the laboratory as positive controls. We found that the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit in combination with the DNeasy PowerClean CleanUp Kit performed best for detecting salamander larvae from natural streams. Our experimental protocol paves the way for resource-saving approaches to monitor S. salamandra larvae, but also confirms the limits to this eDNA approach in that it requires optimized laboratory protocols.

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Reilly, S. "The ontogeny of aquatic feeding behavior in Salamandra salamandra: stereotypy and isometry in feeding kinematics." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.3.701.

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To examine the extent to which aquatic prey-capture behavior in salamanders is stereotyped and how feeding kinematics scales with size, the ontogenetic variability of aquatic feeding behavior was examined in eight Salamandra salamandra. Feeding kinematics (seven duration and angular displacement variables), kinematic variance and capture performance were quantified and compared in the first several feedings after birth with a series of feedings 8 weeks later, just prior to metamorphosis. Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant ontogenetic differences in the kinematic variables, and individual differences were found in only two variables (maximum gape angle and gape cycle time). A comparison of the relative kinematic variance within individuals revealed no significant differences in variance during ontogeny. In addition, capture success rate did not change. The strike is significantly faster than that of other salamanders. These results indicate that the initial prey-capture behavior remains unchanged throughout larval ontogeny. Thus, aquatic strike behavior in S. salamandra is developmentally fixed (innate) and does not appear to be influenced by learning or improvement in 'skill', supporting the hypothesis that aquatic salamander feeding is a highly stereotyped, unmodulated behavior. In addition, the lack of kinematic change through ontogeny indicates that feeding kinematics do not scale with body size, contrary to predictions that movements should be slower in larger animals.

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Šunje, Emina, Raoul Van Damme, Dušan Jelić, Maria Mueller, Rifat Škrijelj, and Véronique Helfer. "Morphometric characteristics of Alpine salamanders: a support for subspecies validation and conservation?" Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 1 (2019): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181051.

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Abstract The subspecies concept is not only useful to assess the evolutionary history of species and therefore describe their evolutionary potential, but it also has corollaries for defining conservation units and their management. Within Alpine salamanders, the subspecies status of Salamandra atra prenjensis, isolated in the Dinarides from its nominal subspecies Salamandra atra atra that occurs in the Alps, has been under debate. To remediate this fuzzy taxonomy, the present study investigates 14 morphological traits of Alpine salamanders originating from Austria and from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Multivariate analyses support a geographical structuring of morphological variation and the differentiation between the Dinaric (B&H) and Alpine (Austrian) populations. Within populations, a different correlation pattern among traits is registered, reflecting the distinct genetic architecture of multivariate phenotypes. This morphometric study supports recent molecular evidences of a strong differentiation between the Dinaric and Alpine populations and pleads in favour of the separate subspecies status, although a wider sampling of other populations and the inclusion of additional characters would be necessary to reinforce this conclusion. The recognition of Salamandra atra prenjensis as a distinct subspecies would highly contribute to the better conservation of this emblematic salamander.

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Najbar, A., Z. Kiełbowicz, J. Szymczak, and M. Ogielska. "Ultrasonography: a method used for pregnancy imaging of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra)." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2016-0090.

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Abstract Ultrasound imaging has more frequently been used in veterinary medicine of amphibians and reptiles. In this study, we have verified the usefulness of ultrasound imaging in pregnancy determination of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra. We have also undertaken to estimate the number of larvae and their developmental stage directly in the oviducts. Three gravid females from Lower Silesia (southern Poland) were examined. Due to the small size of the scanned animals, and the particular arrangement of embryos in the oviducts and ultrasound beams dispersal, the method proved to be inaccurate. Therefore, the minimum number of well-visualized larvae was determined. The maximum number of larvae was established on the basis of the visible fragments of embryos. After birth, we found that the number of larvae born was included in the „min-max” range in only one case. In the remaining two salamanders the number of larvae was higher than estimated in 3 to 7 individuals. The results showed that ultrasound imaging allows the minimum number of larvae in salamander; oviducts to be specified. However, total length measurements were possible only for single and clearly visible embryos.

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Bylak, Aneta. "The effects of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha fario) on habitat selection by larval Fire Salamanders (Salamandra salamandra): a predator-avoidance strategy." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 3 (March 2018): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0064.

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Predatory fish can have a major impact on aquatic amphibian assemblages. Knowledge regarding the influence of habitat heterogeneity on predator–prey dynamics is extensive, but not much is published on how the habitat structure influences the co-occurrence of brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758 morpha fario) and Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)). I examined the microhabitat distribution of larval salamanders relative to the presence of brown trout and stream morphology, hypothesizing that larval salamanders will increase their habitat use in the presence of trout to avoid predation. Fish and salamanders were sampled with an electroshocker in 62 instream habitat patches. In the stream zone populated by brown trout, larval salamanders avoided high-quality habitats such as pools, whereas they strongly preferred them in the fishless zone (their densities were ∼10 times lower in pools than in riffles). Brown trout mainly occupied deeper pools. The co-occurrence of larval Fire Salamanders with trout suggests the presence of an effective predator-avoidance strategy. The predator-avoidance response and habitat-use pattern decreased interspecific overlap, leading to the use of different instream spaces. Heterogeneous habitats enable habitat partitioning between larval salamanders and brown trout, which means that the natural characteristics of streams promote coexistence between fish and amphibians.

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Rebelo, Rui, and Maria Helena Leclair. "Site Tenacity in the Terrestrial Salamandrid Salamandra salamandra." Journal of Herpetology 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0440:stitts]2.0.co;2.

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Lunghi, Enrico, Claudia Corti, Marta Biaggini, Yahui Zhao, and Fabio Cianferoni. "The Trophic Niche of Two Sympatric Species of Salamanders (Plethodontidae and Salamandridae) from Italy." Animals 12, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172221.

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The trophic niche of a species is one of the fundamental traits of species biology. The ideal trophic niche of a species is realized in the absence of interspecific competition, targeting the most profitable and easy-to-handle food resources. However, when a competitor is present, species adopt different strategies to reduce competition and promote coexistence. In this study, we assessed the potential mechanisms that allow the coexistence of two generalist salamanders: the Italian cave salamander (Speleomantes italicus) and the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We surveyed, in April 2021, a forested area of Emilia-Romagna (Italy) during rainy nights. Analyzing the stomach contents of the captured individuals, we obtained information on the trophic niche of these two sympatric populations. Comparing our results with those of previous studies, we found that the two species did not modify their trophic niche, but that alternative mechanisms allowed their coexistence. Specifically, different prey preferences and predator metabolisms were likely the major factors allowing reduced competition between these two generalist predators.

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Lizana, Miguel, Roberto Martín-Sánchez, Rafael Márquez, Juana Ciudad, Antonio López, and Alberto Orfao. "Determination of cellular DNA content of Iberian salamanders by flow cytometry." Amphibia-Reptilia 21, no. 4 (2000): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853800300059304.

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AbstractThe DNA content per diploid nucleus (2 C-value) was determined for the eight species of Iberian salamanders by flow cytometry. All species showed high values, which are characteristic of Caudata. The species with the lowest value was Pleurodeles waltl (48.25 pg DNA/cell) and Salamandra salamandra had the highest values (70.55 pg DNA/cell). There were no statistical differences between sexes in any of the eight species and DNA content was not directly related with phylogeny. The values obtained are often higher than previously published estimates obtained with older and potentially less accurate methodologies. We discuss the possible relationship between cellular DNA content and reproductive biology. Se determinó el contenido en ADN por núcleo diploide (valor 2-C) por citometría de flujo de ocho especies de salamandras ibéricas. Todas las especies mostraron altos valores, lo que es característico de Caudata. La especie con el menor valor fue Pleurodeles waltl (48,25 pg ADN/célula) mientras Salamandra salamandra tuvo las valores más altos (70,55 pg ADN/célula). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre sexos en ninguna de las 8 especies y el contenido en ADN no se relacionó directamente con la filogenia. Los valores obtenidos son, a menudo, más altos que los publicados previamente con técnicas más antigüas, y potencialmente menos precisas. Discutimos las posibles relaciones entre el contenido en ADN celular y la biología reproductiva de cada especie.

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Veith, M., and G. Erpelding. "Presence of Pomphorhynchus laevis in Salamandra salamandra." Journal of Helminthology 69, no. 3 (September 1995): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00014267.

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AbstractInfection of Salamandra salamandra larvae (Amphibia: Urodela) with the fish acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis was detected in a fish-free mountain brook. Gammarus fossarum was found to be the intermediate host. The parasites were probably inadvertently introduced through fish breeding practices. Evidence was obtained that Pomphorhynchus laevis persists, at least for several months, in postmetamorphic fire salamanders.

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Caspers, Barbara A., E. Tobias Krause, Isabelle Hermanski, Christopher Wiesbrock, Friedrich-Wilhelm Kastrup, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "Developmental costs of yellow colouration in fire salamanders and experiments to test the efficiency of yellow as a warning colouration." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10006.

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Abstract Warning colouration reduces predation risk by signalling or mimicking the unpleasantness of prey and therefore increases survival. We tested in two experiments the evolutionary costs and benefits of the yellow colour pattern in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra), which display a yellow/black colour pattern usually associated with toxic alkaloids. Our first experiment aimed to test whether the development of colouration is condition dependent and thus related to developmental costs, i.e. influenced by resource availability during the developmental process. Therefore, we reared fire salamander larvae under different nutritional conditions and compared the relative amount of yellow they developed after metamorphosis. Fire salamander larvae reared under limited food conditions had a lower proportion of yellow following metamorphosis than control larvae reared under superior food conditions. In a second experiment we tested whether the proportion of yellow has an impact on the risk of being attacked using artificial models. We tested, in salamander-free and salamander-occupied natural habitats, whether artificial clay models with different proportions of yellow and black receive different attack rates from potential predators (birds, mammals, insects). In clay models the proportion of yellow and the site had a significant effect on predation risk. Models with larger amounts of yellow had fewer bite marks from predators such as carabid beetles and birds, but only in sympatry with salamanders. In conclusion, the early expression of conspicuous colouration seems to be condition dependent and therefore potentially costly. Furthermore, the yellow colouration of fire salamanders act as a signal that potentially reduces their risk of being attacked by predators. Thus, the yellow colouration of fire salamanders seems to represent an adaptive trait that reduces the risk of predation, which can be expressed in higher quantity by individuals of a certain condition.

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Schulte, Ulrich, Daniel Küsters, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "A PIT tag based analysis of annual movement patterns of adult fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) in a Middle European habitat." Amphibia-Reptilia 28, no. 4 (2007): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853807782152543.

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Abstract We studied patterns of annual movement of individual adult fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) during the years 2001 and 2002 in Western Germany in a typical middle European habitat for this species. We tested whether salamanders inhabit small home ranges and move little during the activity period as predicted for a species that shows strong site fidelity to a limited area. Initially, 98 individuals were collected in their natural habitat and marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. Of those individuals 88 were released at the collection site for recapture during the activity periods of the years 2001 and 2002. Ten marked individuals were kept in captivity to test for the tolerance of PIT tags. We did not find any negative impact of PIT tags on marked individuals of S. salamandra, neither under captive nor natural conditions. Forty-seven of the marked individuals (corresponding to 53% of the 88 released ones) were recaptured at least once and 28 individuals (corresponding to 32%) were recaptured multiple times. The return rate of males (78%) was higher than for females (43%). Mean home range size (and standard deviation) was estimated to 494 ± 282 m2 for 4 individuals as the minimum convex polygon based on 5 to 6 recapture events for each individual per year and to 1295 ± 853 m2 for 3 individuals with 8 records over two years. Minimum distances moved inferred from individual recaptures increased during the activity period of both years with time, indicating that individuals have more of a tendency to disperse than to stay within a limited area. Our data suggest therefore that S. salamandra adults display site fidelity, but use a much larger area than hitherto documented for this and other terrestrial salamander species.

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Bon, Margot, Carla Bardua, Anjali Goswami, and Anne-Claire Fabre. "Cranial integration in the fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra (Caudata: Salamandridae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa020.

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Abstract Phenotypic integration and modularity are concepts that represent the pattern of connectivity of morphological structures within an organism. Integration describes the coordinated variation of traits, and analyses of these relationships among traits often reveals the presence of modules, sets of traits that are highly integrated but relatively independent of other traits. Phenotypic integration and modularity have been studied at both the evolutionary and static level across a variety of clades, although most studies thus far are focused on amniotes, and especially mammals. Using a high-dimensional geometric morphometric approach, we investigated the pattern of cranial integration and modularity of the Italian fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra giglioli). We recovered a highly modular pattern, but this pattern did not support either entirely developmental or functional hypotheses of cranial organisation, possibly reflecting complex interactions amongst multiple influencing factors. We found that size had no significant effect on cranial shape, and that morphological variance of individual modules had no significant relationship with degree of within-module integration. The pattern of cranial integration in the fire salamander is similar to that previously recovered for caecilians, with highly integrated jaw suspensorium and occipital regions, suggesting possible conservation of patterns across lissamphibians.

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Najbar, Anna, Agnieszka Konowalik, Konrad Halupka, Bartłomiej Najbar, and Maria Ogielska. "Body size and life history traits of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra from Poland." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191135.

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Abstract The fire salamander Salamandra salamandra is a widespread taxon in Europe, exhibiting great intraspecific diversity in phenotype and life history traits across its geographical distribution. Here, we studied body size, sexual dimorphism, age, growth rate and condition of fire salamanders from the north-eastern margin of its range. In total, 2,102 individuals from 23 populations representing the Polish parts of the Sudetes and the Carpathian Mountains were sampled between 2004 and 2016. Body traits and age showed significant differences between the western (the Sudetes) and eastern (the Carpathians) groups of populations. Salamanders from the Carpathians tended to be longer, heavier and older. Female-biased sexual size dimorphism was found only in the Carpathians. Body condition at the beginning of the season was poor, then increased to reach a peak in early June, and deteriorated toward the end of the season. Age estimated by skeletochronology on phalangeal bones ranged from 2 to 16 years in both females and males, with the highest share of 7- to 9-year-old individuals. Age of juveniles ranged from 1 to 5 years in the Sudetes and from 1 to 4 years in the Carpathians. Growth curves (fitted using von Bertalanffy’s model) were asymptotic throughout the individual lifespans, but exhibited differences between sexes and mountain ranges. Altitude did not explain differences in characteristics of populations living in the two mountain ranges, but these differences most probably resulted from habitat quality (better in the Carpathians) and adverse human impact (higher in the Sudetes).

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Dondero, Lorenzo, Giorgia Allaria, Giacomo Rosa, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, Roberto Cogoni, Elena Grasselli, and Sebastiano Salvidio. "Threats of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) to Italian wild salamander populations." Acta Herpetologica 18, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/a_h-13279.

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The salamander killing fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), recently introduced from Asia, is threatening salamander populations in different parts of Europe. In fact, this pathogen is rapidly spreading in Central Europe and has been also introduced into NE Spain. Of special concern are those regions with an exceptionally high salamander diversity such as Italy, where 19 salamander species are present most of which are strictly endemic. In this study, we update the information on the presence of Bsal in Italian wild salamanders, by adding samples from two presumptive outbreak sites, one on the island of Sardinia and one on continental Italy (Liguria). In addition, we reviewed the potential susceptibility of all the Italian salamander species on the basis of laboratory experimental infection trials, or from the tested susceptibility of the phylogenetically nearest species, according to the literature. Overall, 15 skin swabs from three species (Speleomantes sarrabusensis, Speleomantes strinatii and Salamandra salamandra) collected in the two presumptive Bsal outbreak sites were analysed by quantitative molecular methods, but none gave positive results. The majority of Italian salamander species and almost all of the endemic ones showed a high susceptibility to Bsal infection. Therefore, even if the presence of Bsal in Italian salamander populations has not been proven yet, the entire salamander fauna is highly threatened and preventive management actions should be taken. The need for strict biosecurity protocols on the international trade of captive or wild amphibians and for the implementation of preventive measures during field activities to limit the introduction and spread of the Bsal pathogen is again stressed.

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Pichlmüller, Florian, Christina Straub, and Véronique Helfer. "Skin swabbing of amphibian larvae yields sufficient DNA for efficient sequencing and reliable microsatellite genotyping." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 4 (2013): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002909.

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Skin swabbing, a minimally invasive DNA sampling method recently developed on adult amphibians, was tested on larvae of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra). The quality and quantity of the sampled DNA was evaluated by (i) measuring DNA concentration in DNA extracts, (ii) sequencing part of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene (692 bp) and (iii) genotyping eight polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. The multiple-tubes approach was used for calculating allelic dropout (ADO) and false allele (FA) rates to evaluate the reliability of the genotypes. DNA extracts from tissue samples of road-killed individuals were included in the study as positive controls. Our results showed that skin swabs of fire salamander larvae can provide DNA in sufficient quantity and quality, as sequencing was successful and no allelic dropouts or false alleles were detected. This method, tested for the first time on amphibian larvae, has proven to be an efficient and reliable alternative to the controversial tail fin clipping procedure.

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Michaels, Christopher. "Clinical and naturalistic substrates differ in bacterial communities and in their effects on skin microbiota in captive fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 151, Spring 2020 (April 1, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb151.1016.

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The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra and its relatives) is of increasing priority for ex situ conservation due to the spread of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe. In captivity, the species may be maintained on a clinical paper-based or a naturalistic substrate, either of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, the impact of these two substrates on bacterial microbiotas within an enclosure and on the salamanders themselves is unknown. To investigate this, we maintained captive fire salamanders on either paper towels or a naturalistic substrate and quantified the culturable microbiotas of both substrates across the one-week lifespan of a paper towel and of the salamanders themselves over a six-month period. We found significant differences in the bacterial communities associated with the two substrates. Over a week-long period, there were major fluctuations in the community composition and abundance on paper towels while on the naturalistic substrate bacterial communities were relatively stable. The skin microbiota of salamanders were indistinguishable at the beginning of the study but after six months differed significantly between the two treatments, although the bacterial morphotypes present remained relatively similar compared with changes between substrates. These data show that husbandry protocols may have a strong influence on the culturable bacterial communities to which captive amphibians are exposed. Nevertheless, the animals were apparently able to maintain their own microbiota to a considerable degree. These findings should be borne in mind when determining husbandry protocols. Given the relative benefits of both types of enclosure, it is possible that a hybrid approach could be used whereby a small amount of naturalistic substrate is provided in a container within an otherwise clinical enclosure, to act as a bacterial reservoir.

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Baumgartner, N., A. Waringer, and J. Waringer. "Hydraulic microdistribution patterns of larval fire salamanders ( Salamandra salamandra salamandra ) in the Weidlingbach near Vienna, Austria." Freshwater Biology 41, no. 1 (February 1999): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00378.x.

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Veith, Michael, Mark Baubkus, Simone Kugel, Caren Kulpa, Tanja Reifenrath, Malwina Schafft, and Norman Wagner. "Drift compensation in larval European fire salamanders, Salamandra salamandra (Amphibia: Urodela)?" Hydrobiologia 828, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3820-8.

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Beninde, Joscha, Florian Keltsch, Michael Veith, Axel Hochkirch, and Norman Wagner. "Connectivity of Alpine newt populations (Ichthyosaura alpestris) exacerbates the risk of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans outbreaks in European fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)." Conservation Genetics 22, no. 4 (June 5, 2021): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01377-8.

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AbstractThe pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) was introduced from Asia to Europe, most likely via the pet trade. It is currently causing a severe local decline in populations of the European fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra). Laboratory tests confirmed that all infected individuals succumbed to the disease within two weeks. Furthermore, mass mortality events in the wild were observed in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. Some newt species, including the Alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris), can also become infected with Bsal. However, they seem to be ‘tolerant’ and can often survive the disease, but maintain an infectious load, which they could spread among connected populations. It is, therefore, hypothesized that this species functions as a vector of the disease and threatens syntopic populations of susceptible species such as the European fire salamander. To assess the risk of Alpine newts as vectors for Bsal, we sampled 233 individuals from 50 sites in 2017 and performed a genetic population connectivity analysis using microsatellites. The results showed that populations of Alpine newts are not spatially structured, suggesting high gene flow across the study area. Tests for Bsal of all Alpine newts and 150 individuals of two other newt species confirmed five infected individuals. Infected newts can thus function as reservoirs and vectors of Bsal and spread it through dispersal. As a result, the risk of European fire salamander declines in this region is further exacerbated by the connectivity of syntopic Alpine newt populations.

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Di Gregorio, Milos, Raoul Manenti, and Danilo Borgatti. "First record of a male-male aggressive interaction in the golden Alpine salamander Salamandra atra aurorae (Caudata, Salamandridae)." Herpetozoa 36 (April 20, 2023): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.36.e99985.

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The golden Alpine salamander Salamandra atra aurorae Trevisan, 1982 is an endemic subspecies found in Sette Comuni and Vezzena plateau in Veneto, Italy. We describe an aggressive interaction between two males which fought for four minutes, trying to go on top of each other and rubbing their chin on the antagonist’s head. This is the first documented case of aggressive behaviour in Salamandra atra aurorae.

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Balicka, Agnieszka A., Mária Lapšanská, Marcel Uhrin, Mária Figurová, Alexandra Trbolová, and Monika Balogová. "Abnormalities in European Fire Salamanders (Salamandra salamandra, Salamandridae, Amphibia) observed in Their Wintering Roosts." Russian Journal of Herpetology 27, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2020-27-4-235-239.

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Extreme sensitivity and relatively rapid reaction to environmental changes makes amphibians suitable bioindicators of environmental health. Chemical contaminants, developmental disruptors, ultraviolet radiation, parasitic and viral infections, intrinsic developmental constraints are common factors causing malformations of individuals. In the period October 2017 – February 2018 we investigated fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) wintering in underground roosts in Slovakia, Europe. Individuals were measured (SVL, snout-vent length; TBL, total body length), weighed and underwent ophthalmic examination, including tonometry. From 80 individuals, three salamanders with malformations were observed. The deformities recorded were a skin deformity in the lumbar region of one individual, unilateral microphthalmia and syndactyly of the right forelimb. Two of these deformities were detected during one inspection of the artificial gallery. In this paper we also mention incidence of deformities during our several years of research on fire salamanders in Slovakia.

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Marques, Adam J. D., Vanessa A. Mata, and Guillermo Velo-Antón. "COI Metabarcoding Provides Insights into the Highly Diverse Diet of a Generalist Salamander, Salamandra salamandra (Caudata: Salamandridae)." Diversity 14, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14020089.

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DNA metabarcoding has proven to be an accessible, cost-effective, and non-invasive tool for dietary analysis of predators in situ. Although DNA metabarcoding provides numerous benefits in characterizing diet—such as detecting prey animals that are difficult to visually identify—this method has seen limited application in amphibian species. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding to characterize the diet of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) (Linnaeus, 1758) in three distinct regions across the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. To test the efficiency of COI-based metabarcoding in determining salamanders’ diet diversity, we compared our COI-based results with results from traditional diet studies from neighboring and distant populations, as well as with recent findings obtained in a DNA metabarcoding study using 18S. Two COI primers were used in combination to investigate the potential impact of primer bias in prey detection. Our COI metabarcoding approach increased taxonomic resolution and supported a generalist diet in S. salamandra. Between primers, there were no significant differences in the diversity and richness of prey detected. We observed differences in the prevalence of prey identified between sampling regions both in our study and in other studies of S. salamandra diet. This COI metabarcoding study provides recommendations and resources for subsequent research using DNA metabarcoding to study amphibian diets.

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Ziane, Mustapha. "First Mention of Cannibalism in Salamandra Algira (Caudata, Salamandridae) Larvae in Algeria with Some Ecological Notes." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 6, no. 6 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000533.

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Animal cannibalism is a practice well known to scientists, it consists of partially or entirely eating a living individual of the same species by necessity or by instinct. Although originally thought to be abnormal behavior, it has now been recorded in over 1300 species across a diverse group of taxa, ranging from protists and invertebrates to humans. This type of behavior exists in amphibians in different forms and it is observed in 12 families of toads, 7 families of salamanders and 1 family of gymnophionas (Lissamphibians) and this phenomenon is known in natural populations of Salamandridae larvae. The only representative of this family and genus Salamandra in North Africa is Salamandra algira with five subspecies, of which only one is reported for Algeria (Salamandra algira algira) and cannibalism among Salamandra algira larvae has been described for Morocco at Jbel Tazzeka in the Middle Atlas where gigantism has also been observed in certain larvae whose size can vary from 25 to 74 mm. In this study we report for the first time the practice of cannibalism in Algeria in S.A. algira and we also observed gigantism in some larvae. Regarding salamanders, there is still a lot to do because their distribution and ecology are not well known.

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Vlad, Sabina Elena, Dan Cogălniceanu, Raluca Ioana Băncilă, and Florina Stănescu. "A case of color aberration in a fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) larva." Herpetozoa 33 (December 21, 2020): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.33.e60163.

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Color aberrations in salamanders are caused by defective chromatophores or by disrupted synthesis of the pigments, and have been previously reported in Europe. In this paper we report the first case of leucism in a fire salamander larva from a cave-dwelling population in Romania. The leucistic larva was larger and heavier compared to the other larvae from the same breeding habitat.

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Knepper, Janosch, Tim Lüddecke, Kathleen Preißler, Miguel Vences, and Stefan Schulz. "Isolation and Identification of Alkaloids from Poisons of Fire Salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)." Journal of Natural Products 82, no. 5 (May 10, 2019): 1319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00065.

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Konowalik, Agnieszka, Anna Najbar, Wiesław Babik, Sebastian Steinfartz, and Maria Ogielska. "Genetic structure of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra in the Polish Sudetes." Amphibia-Reptilia 37, no. 4 (2016): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003071.

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We analysed genetic variation within and differentiation between nineteen populations of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra inhabiting the north-eastern margin of the species range in the Sudetes Mountains (south-western Poland). The results were compared with those obtained recently for the Polish part of the Carpathians. Variation of 10 nuclear microsatellite loci was analysed in 744 individuals to estimate genetic structure, gene flow, isolation and to test for a geographic gradient of genetic variation. Mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) of 252 specimens from all localities was used to identify the origin of populations currently inhabiting its north-eastern range. We found little genetic differentiation among populations in the Sudetes indicating substantial recent or ongoing gene flow. The exceptions were one isolated peripheral population located outside the continuous distribution range which displayed extremely reduced genetic variation probably due to a combination of long term isolation and low population size, and one population located at the eastern margin of the Polish Sudetes. Populations inhabiting the Sudetes and the Carpathians formed two separate clusters based on microsatellite loci. In accordance with available phylogeographic information, single mitochondrial haplotype (type IIb) fixed in all populations indicates their origin from a single refugium and may suggest colonization from the Balkan Peninsula. The analysis of geographic gradient in variation showed its decline in the westerly direction suggesting colonization of Poland from the east, however, alternative scenarios of postglacial colonization could not be rejected with the available data.

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Brizzi, Rossana, and Carlo Calloni. "Male cloacal region of the spotted salamander,Salamandra salamandra gigliolii(Amphibia, Salamandridae)." Bolletino di zoologia 59, no. 4 (January 1992): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250009209386697.

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Bani, Luciano, Giulia Pisa, Massimiliano Luppi, Giulia Spilotros, Elena Fabbri, Ettore Randi, and Valerio Orioli. "Ecological connectivity assessment in a strongly structured fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra ) population." Ecology and Evolution 5, no. 16 (July 27, 2015): 3472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1617.

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ARNOLD, STEVAN J. "The Comparative Ethology of Courtship in Salamandrid Salamanders. 1. Salamandra and Chioglossa." Ethology 74, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00926.x.

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Cogliati, Paola, Benedetta Barzaghi, Andrea Melotto, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, and Raoul Manenti. "How Trophic Conditions Affect Development of Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra) Larvae: Two Extreme Cases." Diversity 14, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060487.

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Reduced trophic resources can pose relevant constraints to the development of freshwater animals with complex life cycles. For amphibians, food deprived environments, such as high-altitude ponds and springs and groundwaters are frequently used for breeding. The aim of this study is to outline trophic conditions leading to extreme cases of delayed larval development and increased size at metamorphosis of a European widespread amphibian, the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We collected 150 fire salamander larvae, split them in two groups, one with high and one with low trophic resource availability. We then observed the effects of nutritional conditions on larval development recording time to metamorphosis and average day growth. Moreover, in the field, we surveyed larvae growth and size at metamorphosis in two artificial subterranean sites with low prey availability. Trophic conditions strongly affected larval development and under low food treatment time to metamorphosis reached up to 416 days. In the subterranean environments we observed a similar pattern, with larvae requiring more than one year to attain metamorphosis but reaching unexpected large sizes. Environmental trophic conditions experienced during early stages can induce strong delay in metamorphosis of the fire salamander; this plasticity makes fire salamander larvae optimal models for comparative studies and cross-environment experiments.

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Schmidt, Benedikt R., Benedikt R. Schmidt, Gabriela Gschwend, Benedikt R. Schmidt, Gabriela Gschwend, Jörg A. Bachmann, Benedikt R. Schmidt, Gabriela Gschwend, Jörg A. Bachmann, and Philip Dermond. "Use of removal sampling to estimate abundance of larval salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) in streams." Amphibia-Reptilia 36, no. 1 (2015): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002981.

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In an era of ongoing biodiversity loss, there is a need for reliable methods that can be used to estimate population size and trends. Removal sampling can be used to estimate the abundance of a single population or of multiple spatially distinct populations of animals. Because multiple removal passes are made during a single visit to a population, it may be very efficient in terms of logistics. Here, we use removal sampling and hierarchical models to estimate the abundance of salamander (Salamandra salamandra) larvae in 15 first- and second-order streams. Detection was positively affected by sampling day, suggesting that observers improved their ability to detect salamander larvae. Abundance was positively affected by the number of pools in the streams. Overall, the removal sampling method performed well despite small sample size. Removal sampling may be a useful method for monitoring amphibians.

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Limongi, Laura, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, Giuseppe Romeo, and Raoul Manenti. "Environmental factors determining growth of salamander larvae: A field study." Current Zoology 61, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.3.421.

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Abstract Larval growth and survival of organisms are strongly influenced by abiotic and biotic factors, as demonstrated by experimental studies performed under controlled laboratory or semi-natural conditions. Even if they have many advantages, experiments cannot cover the full complexity of natural conditions and field studies are needed for a better understanding of how environmental variation determines growth and development rate. Fire salamander Salamandra salamandra females give birth to larvae in a variety of habitats, both epigean and subterranean. In caves, salamander larvae successfully grow and metamorphose, but their growth is more than three times longer than in epigean streams and factors determining these differences require investigation. We performed a field study to understand the factors related to the growth of fire salamander larvae in different environmental conditions, evaluating the relationship between environmental features and larval growth and differences between caves and epigean spring habitats. Both caves and epigean larvae successfully grew. Capture-mark-recapture allowed to individually track individuals along their whole development, and measure their performance. Growth rate was significantly affected by environmental variables: larvae grew faster in environments with abundant invertebrates and few conspecifics. Taking into account the effect of environmental variables, larval growth was significantly lower in caves. Food availability plays a different effect in the two environments. Larval growth was positively related to the availability of invertebrates in epigean sites only. The development rate of hypogeous populations of salamanders is slower because of multiple parameters, but biotic factors play a much stronger role than the abiotic ones.

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Veith, Michael. "The fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra L., in central Europe: subspecies distribution and intergradation." Amphibia-Reptilia 13, no. 4 (1992): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853892x00012.

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AbstractAllozyme electrophoresis of 14 loci provided information on the distribution of the two central European subspecies of the fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra salamandra (dotted taxon) and S.s.terrestris (striped taxon), along an east-west-transect in Germany. 2183 larvae from 48 populations situated in 14 mountain ranges were studies. A broad (about 140 km wide) zone of intergradition between the two forms is described, ranging from the Hunsrück Mountains in the west to the Spessart in the east. Within this hybrid zone the populations are panmictic. Focussing on the Rhenish Slate Mountains, the western border of the hybrid zone is described in detail. A comparison between allozyme data and morphognostical data (drawn from literature) on the dorsal pattern indicates a discordance between the two data sets. Consequently, the dorsal pattern is ruled out as an indicator for the detection of hybrid populations.

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Velo-Antón, G., K. R. Zamudio, and A. Cordero-Rivera. "Genetic drift and rapid evolution of viviparity in insular fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)." Heredity 108, no. 4 (November 16, 2011): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2011.91.

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Balogová, Monika, Emma Nelson, Marcel Uhrin, Mária Figurová, Valent Ledecký, and Bartłomiej Zyśk. "No Sexual Dimorphism Detected in Digit Ratios of the Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra)." Anatomical Record 298, no. 10 (August 10, 2015): 1786–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23197.

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Ibáñez, Alejandro, Barbara A. Caspers, Pilar López, José Martín, and E. Tobias Krause. "Is the reaction to chemical cues of predators affected by age or experience in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)?" Amphibia-Reptilia 35, no. 2 (2014): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002941.

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Predation is one of the strongest forces driving natural selection. Predator success reduces future prey fitness to zero. Thus, recognition and avoidance of a potential predator is an essential fitness-relevant skill for prey. Being well equipped in the predator-prey arms race is highly adaptive. In this context we tested whether age and/or potential experience of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) affected their behaviour towards the chemical signature of a potential predator. We evaluated the space use of salamanders in a test arena with a shelter containing chemical cues from a predator (i.e., a rat) and a clean shelter. Our results demonstrate that naïve subadult fire salamanders do show a significant behavioural reaction towards rat odour. However, they do not avoid the chemical cues of the potential predator, but instead have a significant preference for the shelter with rat faeces. In contrast to this, both the naïve adult and wild-caught adult fire salamanders showed neither a preference nor an avoidance of rat scent. These results could suggest a role of age in odour-based predator recognition in salamanders. Similarly, predator recognition through chemical cues could be more important early in life when the young fire salamanders are more vulnerable to predatory attacks and less important in other life stages when salamanders are less subjected to predation. In conclusion, future studies considering wild-caught subadults should disentangle the importance of previous experience for predator chemical recognition.

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Reinhardt, Timm, Sebastian Steinfartz, and Markus Weitere. "Inter-annual weather variability can drive the outcome of predator prey match in ponds." Amphibia-Reptilia 36, no. 2 (2015): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002982.

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The matching of life-history-events to the availability of prey is essential for the growth and development of predators. Mismatches can constrain individuals to complete life-cycle steps in time and in ephemeral habitats it can lead to mortality unless compensation mechanisms exist. Here we measured the performance of a population of European fire-salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) and their prey in ephemeral ponds. We analysed how short time inter-annual variability of yearly rainfall and temperature (two consecutive years, 2011 and 2012) affects matching of predator and prey and how two different weather scenarios influenced the predator’s population structure. A single species (larvae of the mosquito Aedes vexans) dominates the prey community here, which occurs in high quantities only in the beginning of the season. When the occurrence of prey and predator matched during a period of sufficiently high temperatures (as in 2011), initial growth of the salamander larvae was high and population size development homogeneous. At low temperatures during matching of predatory and prey (as in 2012), the initial growth was low but the salamander larvae developed into two distinctly different sizes. Further, some individuals in the large cohort became cannibalistic and initial size differences increased. As a result, the latest (smallest) cohort disappeared completely. Temperature measurements and estimation of maximal growth rates revealed that temperature differences alone could explain the different early development between years. Our data show that weather conditions (rainfall; temperature during early growth phase) strongly determined the performance of salamander larvae in ponds. Our data also add to the match-mismatch concept that abiotic growth conditions (here: low temperature) could prevent efficient conversion of prey- into predator-biomass despite high prey availability.

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Hernandez, Axel, and Daniel Escoriza. "A new subspecies of African fire salamander Salamandra algira (Urodela, Salamandridae) from the Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco." ZooKeys 893 (December 2, 2019): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.46649.

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A new subspecies within the Salamandra algira species complex from north-western Africa is described. Previous molecular analysis showed that the populations of S. algira splendens from north-western Morocco consisted of two well supported clades: clade 1 distributed in the Rif Mountains, from Chefchaouen (type locality) to Al Hoceima, and clade 2, located southern from clade 1 being isolated in the northern and central Middle Atlas Mountains. Clade 2 is herein described as a distinct subspecies: Salamandra algira atlanticassp. nov. based on morphological data, allopatric range and molecular divergence. This new subspecies shows an uncorrected pairwise distance of 0.0265 from clade 1 based on cytochrome b DNA sequences. Salamandra algira atlanticassp. nov. is a slender and large sized salamander with a highly variable colouration pattern. It can be distinguished from S. algira splendens by the greater proportion of coral red in the background colouration, being the only known subspecies of S. algira in which coral red can exceed the proportion of black. Variable number (0–5) of yellow to golden yellow dorsal blotches, but usually in lower numbers than the nominotypical subspecies. Salamandra algira atlanticassp. nov. inhabits subhumid to humid forests and karstic systems at mid to high elevations. We briefly discuss the phylogenetic and taxonomic issues among the genus Salamandra which encompasses more valid species than currently recognised.

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Ponce Rosales, Leonardo Daniel, Oswaldo Hernández-Gallegos, Omar Rangel-Torres, and Jessica Jaso-Martínez. "LÍMITE ALTITUDINAL DE LA SALAMANDRA Isthmura bellii (GREY, 1850) EN MÉXICO." Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 5, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fc.25942158e.2022.1.364.

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El Tlaconete rojo (Isthmura bellii) es una de las salamandras neotropicales de mayor tamaño con amplia distribución y cuenta con el récord del intervalo de elevación más grande que cualquier otra salamandra. En el presente trabajo registramos una elevación que supera lo reportado

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Schmidt, Benedikt R., Michael Schaub, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "Apparent survival of the salamander Salamandra salamandra is low because of high migratory activity." Frontiers in Zoology 4, no. 1 (2007): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-4-19.

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Manenti, Raoul, Fiorenza De Bernardi, and Gentile Francesco Ficetola. "Water, stream morphology and landscape: complex habitat determinants for the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra." Amphibia-Reptilia 30, no. 1 (2009): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853809787392766.

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AbstractUnderstanding the relationship between environmental features and species distribution is a key step for successful habitat conservation. In semiaquatic amphibians, the features of both breeding sites and the surrounding upland habitat can play important roles. We evaluated the relative role of (1) stream morphology, (2) biotic features of water, and (3) composition of landscape surrounding wetlands, for the distribution of the fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra. We determined the presence of larvae in 132 localities, and we used an information-theoretic approach to build species distribution models. We then used variance partitioning to evaluate the relative importance of environmental variables. A model including both stream and landscape features explained a large proportion of variation. Larvae were associated to heterogeneous and shallow streams, with scarce periphyton, rich macrobenthos communities characteristic of oligotrophic water, and surrounded by woodlands. Variance partitioning showed that stream morphology was the parameter with the largest independent effect, but most of variation was explained by the combined effect of multiple variables, suggesting a strong interplay among biotic and abiotic features in determining species distribution. The complementation between multiple elements, such as wetlands and landscape features, can be the key of a correct understanding of distribution of semi-aquatic amphibians.

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Plasa, L. "Heimfindeverhalten bei Salamandra salamandra (L.)." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 51, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00676.x.

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Băncilă, Raluca Ioana, Florina Stănescu, Rodica Plăiaşu, Ioana Nae, Diana Székely, Sabina E. Vlad, and Dan Cogălniceanu. "Food and light availability induce plastic responses in fire salamander larvae from contrasting environments." PeerJ 11 (October 4, 2023): e16046. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16046.

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Phenotypic plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism facilitating the colonisation and adaptation to novel environments, such as caves. However, phenotypic plasticity in subterranean environments remains largely unexplored. Here, we test for plasticity in growth and development of fire salamander larvae (Salamandra salamandra) from subterranean and surface habitats, in response to contrasting food availability and light conditions. We hypothesized that: (i) low food availability and absence of light decrease larval growth and delay metamorphosis, (ii) light conditions mediate the effects of food availability on growth and time to metamorphosis, and (iii) larval response to contrasting light and food conditions is shaped by the habitat of origin. Our study showed that reduced food availability significantly delayed metamorphosis and slowed total length and body mass growth rates, while exposure to constant darkness slowed body mass growth rate. However, larvae slowed growth rates and increased time to metamorphosis without compromising size at metamorphosis. The effect of food availability on growth and time to metamorphosis did not change under different light conditions. Fire salamanders from subterranean and surface habitats responded differently only in relation to contrasting food availability conditions. Specifically, larvae from the surface habitat grew faster in high food conditions, while growth in larvae from the subterranean habitat was not influenced by food availability. Initial size also appeared to be an influential factor, since larger and heavier larvae grew slower, metamorphosed faster, and the size advantage was maintained in newly-metamorphosed juveniles. Overall, the results of our experiment suggest that plasticity and local adaptation favor the exploitation of aquatic subterranean habitats for breeding by fire salamanders, allowing successful development even under food shortage and day-length constraints, without compromising metamorphic size. Our findings have implications for conservation because they confirm that phenotypic plasticity plays a critical role in allowing fire salamanders to overcome altered environmental conditions.

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PEDERZOLI, AURORA, and CINZIA RESTANI. "Cultures of Skin Fragments of Salamandra salamandra salamandra (L.) Larvae." Pigment Cell Research 11, no. 2 (April 1998): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1998.tb00718.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salamandra salamandra'

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