Academic literature on the topic 'Salem (N.C.)'

Anthracnose of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, is widespread in the United States. In addition to loss of forage due to death of stems, the pathogen causes crown rot, reducing stand life and winter survival (2), making it one of the most serious diseases of alfalfa. Three physiological races have been described (2). Race 1 is reported to be the dominant race that is present wherever alfalfa is grown, while race 2 was reported in a limited area in the Mid-Atlantic states, and race 4 was found in Ohio (1). Conspicuous, straw-colored dead stems with a “shepherd's crook” wilt and large, sunken, diamond-shaped lesions with a dark border were observed in experimental plots and breeding nurseries of experimental lines in Clinton and West Salem, WI, in August 2011 and in West Salem, WI, in mid-August 2012. Acervuli with black setae and orange spore masses were observed in lesions placed in moist chambers for 2 days at room temperature with ambient room lighting. Conidia were germinated on 1% water agar and then single hyphae were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. DNA was extracted from pure cultures of strains DA-1 (Clinton, WI) and FGI-3 (West Salem, WI), the rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified with primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′), the products sequenced directly, and the sequences compared to the ITS region of known race 1 and race 2 strains of C. trifolii. The sequences from DA-1 and FGI-3 were identical to the ITS sequence of C. trifolii 2sp2 (race 1; KF444778) and C. trifolii SB-2 (race 2; KF444779), but distinct from the ITS sequence of C. destructivum (JQ005764) and C. dematium (JX567507), which can cause anthracnose on alfalfa (1). Conidia from DA-1 and FGI-3 were harvested from 7-day-old cultures grown on PDA plates, diluted to 2 × 106 conidia/ml, and sprayed to runoff on 10-day-old growth chamber grown plants of three differential cultivars: Saranac (susceptible to races 1 and 2), Arc (resistant to race 1, susceptible to race 2), and Saranac AR (resistant to races 1 and 2). Plants were maintained at 100% relative humidity for 48 h and then grown in a growth chamber at 24°C with a 16-h photoperiod. Symptoms were rated at 14 days after inoculation. In the three repetitions of the experiment using 75 plants of each cultivar in each experiment, less than 10% of the Saranac and Arc plants survived, while survival of Saranac AR was 31 to 44%. The approximate expected survival of differential cultivars inoculated with race 1 is 1% for Saranac, 65 to 70% for Arc, and 45% for Saranac AR (2). Aggressiveness of race 2 strains on Saranac AR is variable, ranging from 12 to 68% plant survival (3). The susceptibility of Arc when inoculated with DA-1 and FGI-3 is consistent with the reaction to race 2 strains, indicating that both strains are race 2. The isolation of race 2 strains in major alfalfa growing regions in Wisconsin indicates that this physiological race is currently more widespread than previously observed. Although most modern alfalfa cultivars have resistance to race 1, few cultivars with resistance to race 2 are available. The occurrence of C. trifolii race 2 in the Midwest United States should be considered in alfalfa breeding programs when developing multi-pest resistant alfalfa cultivars. References: (1) J. J. Ariss and L. H. Rhodes. Plant Dis. 91:1362, 2007. (2) N. R. O'Neill. Plant Dis. 80:450, 1996. (3) N. R. O'Neill et al. Phytopathology 79:750, 1989.

In this paper, Co(salen) [salen = N, N?-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine] complex was studied as oxygen activators for the catalytic oxidation of a lignin model polymer using water as the solvent, with molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidants. The effect of Co(salen) on oxidation was tested by spectroscopic methods (FTIR, 13C-NMR and GC-MS). The reactions catalysed by Co(salen) included C?-alcohol oxidation, C?-C? side chain cleavage, demethoxylation, aromatic ring cleavage, and ?-O-4 cleavage. In addition to the mechanistic information obtained, the effect of Co(salen) suggests that Co(salen) can be important for the catalytic oxidation, as they affect the oxidation of lignin model polymer. The reaction performed in the presence of Co(salen) was more efficient than without it. The formation of aldehyde in the catalytic oxidation, as shown by GC-MS, could be identified as the mechanism of oxidative cleavage of the ?-O-4 bonds.

With the aim of understanding the insertion of higher education into a new context of organization of society and State, which is managed according to the New Public Management, this work presents a comparative historical study of the organization of French and Brazilian higher education. It is concluded that the French adherence to the New Public Management is based on the knowledge economy, while the Brazilian one is based on State size reduction along the lines of the Washington Consensus; in addition, higher education institutions in both countries are organized to participate in competitions: in France, the international competition promoted by rankings, and in Brazil, the market competition.ResumoCom o objetivo de compreender a inserção do ensino superior dentro de um novo contexto de organização da sociedade e do Estado, gerido pela Nova Gestão Pública, o trabalho apresenta um estudo histórico comparativo da organização do ensino superior brasileiro e o francês. Conclui-se que a adesão francesa à Nova Gestão Pública tem como norte a economia do conhecimento, e a brasileira, a redução do Estado nos moldes do Consenso de Washington; e que as instituições de ensino superior nos dois países são organizadas para participarem de concorrências: na França, a internacional promovida pelos ranqueamentos, no Brasil, a mercantil.Palavras-chave: Ensino superior brasileiro, Ensino superior francês, Nova gestão pública, Universidade.Keywords: Brazilian higher education, French higher education, New public management, University.ReferencesAEBISCHER, S. Réinventer l'école, réinventer l'administration. Une loi pédagogique et managériale au prisme de ses producteurs. Politix, n. 98, n.2 p. 57-83 2012/2.AERES. Repères historiques. Agence d’évaluation de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur. Disponível em: <www.aeres-evaluation.fr/Agence/Presentation/Reperes-historiques>. Acesso em: 17 nov. 2016.AMARAL, N. C. 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Bimetallic metal and nitrogen-containing carbon (M/N/C) catalysts were prepared by pyrolysis of a mixture of carbon support and π-expanded Fe(salen) and Cu(salen) precursors. The bimetallic catalyst promotes efficient four-electron reduction of dioxygen.

Novel binuclear Zn(ii) complexes (1–2) derived from bis-chelating salen type ligands (H2L1 and H2L2) possessing N,N-diethylamine moieties on the periphery of the molecules have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized by satisfactory elemental analyses and spectral (FT-IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR, UV-vis, fluorescence and ESI-MS) studies.

The reaction of allylchlorosilanes (AllSiCl3, AllSiPhCl2) with the tetradentate salen-like ligand 1, o-HO-p-MeO-C6H3-C(Ph)=N-(CH2)2-N=C(Ph)-C6H3-p-OMe-o-OH, yields pentacoordinate silicon complexes of an allyl-substituted ligand system (o-O-p-MeO-C6H3-C(Ph)=N-(CH2)2- N-C(Ph,All)-C6H3-p-OMe-o-O)SiR (2a: R = Ph, 3: R = Cl). The allyl shift step involved in the formation of 2a and 3 probably occurs via an intermediate hexacoordinate silicon complex. This reaction is diastereoselective. The missing diastereomer of 2 (2b) was prepared using an alternative synthesis route, which starts from the trimethylsilyl derivative of ligand 1 o-Me3SiO-p-MeO-C6H3-C(Ph)=N- (CH2)2-N=C(Ph)-C6H3-p-OMe-o-OSiMe3. The diastereomers of 2 obtained from modified reaction pathways give rise to suggestions about the mechanism of formation of these complexes. Further functionalization of the allyl-substituted ligand system of 3 was carried out by hydrosilylation with HSiCl3 to yield complex 4 (o-O-p-MeO-C6H3-C(Ph)=N-(CH2)2-N-C(Ph)[(CH2)3-SiCl3]- C6H3-p-OMe-o-O)SiCl.

Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. (= Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.; Japanese knotweed, JKW) is an invasive perennial forb in the Polygonaceae. It has been identified as a target for biological control in many parts of the world, including the United States. Several potted JKW plants in an outdoor study at the Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem (44.93° N, 122.99° W) developed leaf spots. Samples collected on August 20, 2007, were sent to the FDWSRU for identification of the disease. The necrotic leaf spots were brown and large, 1 to 3 cm in diameter, and in some cases occupying 30% of the leaf area. Both hemispherical and discoid conidiomata with gloeoid spore masses (3) developed in necrotic areas of all leaves placed in moist chambers. Discoid conidiomata had dark, pedicellate bases subtending a fimbriate disc on which pale brown to brown gloeoid conidial masses were produced. Hemispherical conidiomata were black, circular, sessile, and somewhat flattened, within which similar, gloeoid conidial masses were produced. Conidia from each type of conidioma were unicellular, cylindrical to fusiform, hyaline, and 4.5 to 7.2 × 0.9 to 1.8 μm (mean 5.7 × 1.33). Artificial inoculation of 15 plants was made on two occasions with a suspension of 106 conidia per ml, followed by two 16-hr dew periods at 25°C that were separated by an 8-hr “day;” a similar set of 15 non-inoculated plants served as controls each time. Symptoms similar to those in the original sample developed within 2 months after inoculation. The fungus was easily reisolated, and conidia from each type of conidioma produced similar growth on artificial media and similar disease after inoculation. The characteristics of conidial size and distinctly different conidiomata are diagnostic of Pilidium concavum (Desm.) Höhn (3,4). A sequence of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region DNA, extracted using a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN), was found identical to that of P. concavum from Rosa sp. (BPI 1107275; GenBank Accession No. AY487094), using BLAST. This isolate, FDWSRU 07-116, has been deposited in the US National Fungus Collection (BPI 883546) and at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS 132725). Sequence data have been deposited in GenBank (JQ790789). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. concavum causing disease on a member of the Polygonaceae in North America (1), a disease clearly different from a Japanese Mycosphaerella sp. under consideration for biological control of JKW in the United Kingdom (2). References: (1) D. F. Farr, and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 15, 2012. (2) D. Kurose et al. MycoSci. 50:179, 2009. (3) M. E. Palm, Mycologia 83:787, 1991. (4) A. Y. Rossman, et al. Mycol. Progr. 3:275, 2004.

In total, 13 ligands R-salen (N,N’-bis(5-R-salicylidene)ethylenediamine (where R = MeO, Me, OH, H, Cl, Br, NO2) and R-salphen (N,N’-bis(5-R-salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine (where R = MeO, Me, OH, H, Cl, Br) and their 13 nickel complexes NiRsalen and NiRsalphen were synthesized and characterized using IR (infrared) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), UV-vis (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystal diffraction. Previous studies have shown that all complexes have presented a square planar geometry in a solid state and as a solution (DMSO). In electrochemical studies, it was observed that in N/N aliphatic bridge complexes, the NiII underwent two redox reactions, which were quasi-reversible process, and the half-wave potential followed a trend depending on the ligand substituent in the 5,5’-R position. The electron-donor substituent—as -OH, and -CH3 decreased the E1/2 potential—favored the reductor ability of nickel. The crystals of the complexes NiMesalen, NiMeOsalen, NiMeOsalphen, and Nisalphen were obtained. It was shown that the crystal packaging corresponded to monoclinic systems in the first three cases, as well as the triclinic for Nisalphen. The Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the packaging was favored by H∙∙∙H and C∙∙∙H/H∙∙∙C interactions, and C-H∙∙∙O hydrogen bridges when the substituent was -MeO and π-stacking was added to an aromatic bridge. Replacing the N/N bridge with an aromatic ring decreased distortion in square-planar geometry where the angles O-Ni-N formed a perfect square-planar.

In the title compound, [Al(C16H14N2O2)(C3H7O)]·0.5CH2Cl2, the salen complex is monomeric and the dichlormethane solvent molecule lies on a crystallographic twofold axis. The central Al atom is fivefold coordinated and possesses a square-based pyramidal environment. The Al—OAlk(ipropyl) bond [1.7404 (14) Å] is much shorter than the Al—OAr(salen) bond lengths [1.7974 (15) and 1.8094 (14) Å]. The isopropyloxo group forms an intramolecular C—H...N hydrogen bond. In the crystal, the complex molecules are linked by weak C—H...O interactions.

Unsaturated half acid esters such as 1 are readily prepared by Stobbe condensation between dialkyl succinate and an aldehyde. Johannes G. de Vries of DSM and Floris P. J. T. Rutjes of Radboud University Nijmegen observed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 85) that these acids were excellent substrates for enantioselective hydrogenation. Kazuaki Kudo of the University of Tokyo designed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 2035) a resin bound peptide catalyst for the transfer reduction of unsaturated aldehydes such as 3 , using 4 as the net H2 donor. Note that 5 was produced with high enantiocontrol from 3 that was a ~ 2:1 mixture of geometric isomers. Motomu Kanai and Masakatsu Shibasaki of the University of Tokyo devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6072) a chiral Gd catalyst that mediated the conjugate cyanation of enones such as 6 with high ee. Eric N. Jacobsen of Harvard University prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1762) a dimeric Al salen catalyst that showed improved activity over the monomeric catalysts. Even congested imides such as 8 could be cyanated efficiently, delivering alkylated quaternary stereogenic centers. Takahiro Nishimura and Tamio Hayashi of Kyoto University optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1576) the Rh*-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of silyl acetylenes to enones such as 10, to give 12. Adriaan J. Minnaard and Ben L. Feringa of the University of Groningen devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 398) conditions for the enantioselective 1,6-conjugate addition of alkyl Grignard reagents to diene esters such as the inexpensive ethyl sorbate 14. The product 16 incorporated, in addition to the newly formed stereogenic center, a geometrically defined E alkene. William S. Bechara and André B. Charette of the Université de Montréal found (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 2315) that alkyl Grignard reagents could be induced to add with high enantioselectivity to pyridyl sulfones such as 17. In a different approach, Gregory C. Fu of MIT developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3302; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2756) conditions for the enantioselective alkenylation of racemic bromo esters such as 19, The latter reference is to the analogous enantioselective coupling of organozinc bromides with racemic allylic chlorides.

Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.