Journal articles on the topic 'Salem (N.C.)'

Anthracnose of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, is widespread in the United States. In addition to loss of forage due to death of stems, the pathogen causes crown rot, reducing stand life and winter survival (2), making it one of the most serious diseases of alfalfa. Three physiological races have been described (2). Race 1 is reported to be the dominant race that is present wherever alfalfa is grown, while race 2 was reported in a limited area in the Mid-Atlantic states, and race 4 was found in Ohio (1). Conspicuous, straw-colored dead stems with a “shepherd's crook” wilt and large, sunken, diamond-shaped lesions with a dark border were observed in experimental plots and breeding nurseries of experimental lines in Clinton and West Salem, WI, in August 2011 and in West Salem, WI, in mid-August 2012. Acervuli with black setae and orange spore masses were observed in lesions placed in moist chambers for 2 days at room temperature with ambient room lighting. Conidia were germinated on 1% water agar and then single hyphae were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. DNA was extracted from pure cultures of strains DA-1 (Clinton, WI) and FGI-3 (West Salem, WI), the rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified with primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′), the products sequenced directly, and the sequences compared to the ITS region of known race 1 and race 2 strains of C. trifolii. The sequences from DA-1 and FGI-3 were identical to the ITS sequence of C. trifolii 2sp2 (race 1; KF444778) and C. trifolii SB-2 (race 2; KF444779), but distinct from the ITS sequence of C. destructivum (JQ005764) and C. dematium (JX567507), which can cause anthracnose on alfalfa (1). Conidia from DA-1 and FGI-3 were harvested from 7-day-old cultures grown on PDA plates, diluted to 2 × 106 conidia/ml, and sprayed to runoff on 10-day-old growth chamber grown plants of three differential cultivars: Saranac (susceptible to races 1 and 2), Arc (resistant to race 1, susceptible to race 2), and Saranac AR (resistant to races 1 and 2). Plants were maintained at 100% relative humidity for 48 h and then grown in a growth chamber at 24°C with a 16-h photoperiod. Symptoms were rated at 14 days after inoculation. In the three repetitions of the experiment using 75 plants of each cultivar in each experiment, less than 10% of the Saranac and Arc plants survived, while survival of Saranac AR was 31 to 44%. The approximate expected survival of differential cultivars inoculated with race 1 is 1% for Saranac, 65 to 70% for Arc, and 45% for Saranac AR (2). Aggressiveness of race 2 strains on Saranac AR is variable, ranging from 12 to 68% plant survival (3). The susceptibility of Arc when inoculated with DA-1 and FGI-3 is consistent with the reaction to race 2 strains, indicating that both strains are race 2. The isolation of race 2 strains in major alfalfa growing regions in Wisconsin indicates that this physiological race is currently more widespread than previously observed. Although most modern alfalfa cultivars have resistance to race 1, few cultivars with resistance to race 2 are available. The occurrence of C. trifolii race 2 in the Midwest United States should be considered in alfalfa breeding programs when developing multi-pest resistant alfalfa cultivars. References: (1) J. J. Ariss and L. H. Rhodes. Plant Dis. 91:1362, 2007. (2) N. R. O'Neill. Plant Dis. 80:450, 1996. (3) N. R. O'Neill et al. Phytopathology 79:750, 1989.

In this paper, Co(salen) [salen = N, N?-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine] complex was studied as oxygen activators for the catalytic oxidation of a lignin model polymer using water as the solvent, with molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidants. The effect of Co(salen) on oxidation was tested by spectroscopic methods (FTIR, 13C-NMR and GC-MS). The reactions catalysed by Co(salen) included C?-alcohol oxidation, C?-C? side chain cleavage, demethoxylation, aromatic ring cleavage, and ?-O-4 cleavage. In addition to the mechanistic information obtained, the effect of Co(salen) suggests that Co(salen) can be important for the catalytic oxidation, as they affect the oxidation of lignin model polymer. The reaction performed in the presence of Co(salen) was more efficient than without it. The formation of aldehyde in the catalytic oxidation, as shown by GC-MS, could be identified as the mechanism of oxidative cleavage of the ?-O-4 bonds.

With the aim of understanding the insertion of higher education into a new context of organization of society and State, which is managed according to the New Public Management, this work presents a comparative historical study of the organization of French and Brazilian higher education. It is concluded that the French adherence to the New Public Management is based on the knowledge economy, while the Brazilian one is based on State size reduction along the lines of the Washington Consensus; in addition, higher education institutions in both countries are organized to participate in competitions: in France, the international competition promoted by rankings, and in Brazil, the market competition.ResumoCom o objetivo de compreender a inserção do ensino superior dentro de um novo contexto de organização da sociedade e do Estado, gerido pela Nova Gestão Pública, o trabalho apresenta um estudo histórico comparativo da organização do ensino superior brasileiro e o francês. Conclui-se que a adesão francesa à Nova Gestão Pública tem como norte a economia do conhecimento, e a brasileira, a redução do Estado nos moldes do Consenso de Washington; e que as instituições de ensino superior nos dois países são organizadas para participarem de concorrências: na França, a internacional promovida pelos ranqueamentos, no Brasil, a mercantil.Palavras-chave: Ensino superior brasileiro, Ensino superior francês, Nova gestão pública, Universidade.Keywords: Brazilian higher education, French higher education, New public management, University.ReferencesAEBISCHER, S. Réinventer l'école, réinventer l'administration. Une loi pédagogique et managériale au prisme de ses producteurs. Politix, n. 98, n.2 p. 57-83 2012/2.AERES. Repères historiques. Agence d’évaluation de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur. Disponível em: <www.aeres-evaluation.fr/Agence/Presentation/Reperes-historiques>. Acesso em: 17 nov. 2016.AMARAL, N. C. 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Bimetallic metal and nitrogen-containing carbon (M/N/C) catalysts were prepared by pyrolysis of a mixture of carbon support and π-expanded Fe(salen) and Cu(salen) precursors. The bimetallic catalyst promotes efficient four-electron reduction of dioxygen.

Novel binuclear Zn(ii) complexes (1–2) derived from bis-chelating salen type ligands (H2L1 and H2L2) possessing N,N-diethylamine moieties on the periphery of the molecules have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized by satisfactory elemental analyses and spectral (FT-IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR, UV-vis, fluorescence and ESI-MS) studies.

The reaction of allylchlorosilanes (AllSiCl3, AllSiPhCl2) with the tetradentate salen-like ligand 1, o-HO-p-MeO-C6H3-C(Ph)=N-(CH2)2-N=C(Ph)-C6H3-p-OMe-o-OH, yields pentacoordinate silicon complexes of an allyl-substituted ligand system (o-O-p-MeO-C6H3-C(Ph)=N-(CH2)2- N-C(Ph,All)-C6H3-p-OMe-o-O)SiR (2a: R = Ph, 3: R = Cl). The allyl shift step involved in the formation of 2a and 3 probably occurs via an intermediate hexacoordinate silicon complex. This reaction is diastereoselective. The missing diastereomer of 2 (2b) was prepared using an alternative synthesis route, which starts from the trimethylsilyl derivative of ligand 1 o-Me3SiO-p-MeO-C6H3-C(Ph)=N- (CH2)2-N=C(Ph)-C6H3-p-OMe-o-OSiMe3. The diastereomers of 2 obtained from modified reaction pathways give rise to suggestions about the mechanism of formation of these complexes. Further functionalization of the allyl-substituted ligand system of 3 was carried out by hydrosilylation with HSiCl3 to yield complex 4 (o-O-p-MeO-C6H3-C(Ph)=N-(CH2)2-N-C(Ph)[(CH2)3-SiCl3]- C6H3-p-OMe-o-O)SiCl.

Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. (= Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.; Japanese knotweed, JKW) is an invasive perennial forb in the Polygonaceae. It has been identified as a target for biological control in many parts of the world, including the United States. Several potted JKW plants in an outdoor study at the Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem (44.93° N, 122.99° W) developed leaf spots. Samples collected on August 20, 2007, were sent to the FDWSRU for identification of the disease. The necrotic leaf spots were brown and large, 1 to 3 cm in diameter, and in some cases occupying 30% of the leaf area. Both hemispherical and discoid conidiomata with gloeoid spore masses (3) developed in necrotic areas of all leaves placed in moist chambers. Discoid conidiomata had dark, pedicellate bases subtending a fimbriate disc on which pale brown to brown gloeoid conidial masses were produced. Hemispherical conidiomata were black, circular, sessile, and somewhat flattened, within which similar, gloeoid conidial masses were produced. Conidia from each type of conidioma were unicellular, cylindrical to fusiform, hyaline, and 4.5 to 7.2 × 0.9 to 1.8 μm (mean 5.7 × 1.33). Artificial inoculation of 15 plants was made on two occasions with a suspension of 106 conidia per ml, followed by two 16-hr dew periods at 25°C that were separated by an 8-hr “day;” a similar set of 15 non-inoculated plants served as controls each time. Symptoms similar to those in the original sample developed within 2 months after inoculation. The fungus was easily reisolated, and conidia from each type of conidioma produced similar growth on artificial media and similar disease after inoculation. The characteristics of conidial size and distinctly different conidiomata are diagnostic of Pilidium concavum (Desm.) Höhn (3,4). A sequence of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region DNA, extracted using a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN), was found identical to that of P. concavum from Rosa sp. (BPI 1107275; GenBank Accession No. AY487094), using BLAST. This isolate, FDWSRU 07-116, has been deposited in the US National Fungus Collection (BPI 883546) and at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS 132725). Sequence data have been deposited in GenBank (JQ790789). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. concavum causing disease on a member of the Polygonaceae in North America (1), a disease clearly different from a Japanese Mycosphaerella sp. under consideration for biological control of JKW in the United Kingdom (2). References: (1) D. F. Farr, and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 15, 2012. (2) D. Kurose et al. MycoSci. 50:179, 2009. (3) M. E. Palm, Mycologia 83:787, 1991. (4) A. Y. Rossman, et al. Mycol. Progr. 3:275, 2004.

In total, 13 ligands R-salen (N,N’-bis(5-R-salicylidene)ethylenediamine (where R = MeO, Me, OH, H, Cl, Br, NO2) and R-salphen (N,N’-bis(5-R-salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine (where R = MeO, Me, OH, H, Cl, Br) and their 13 nickel complexes NiRsalen and NiRsalphen were synthesized and characterized using IR (infrared) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), UV-vis (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystal diffraction. Previous studies have shown that all complexes have presented a square planar geometry in a solid state and as a solution (DMSO). In electrochemical studies, it was observed that in N/N aliphatic bridge complexes, the NiII underwent two redox reactions, which were quasi-reversible process, and the half-wave potential followed a trend depending on the ligand substituent in the 5,5’-R position. The electron-donor substituent—as -OH, and -CH3 decreased the E1/2 potential—favored the reductor ability of nickel. The crystals of the complexes NiMesalen, NiMeOsalen, NiMeOsalphen, and Nisalphen were obtained. It was shown that the crystal packaging corresponded to monoclinic systems in the first three cases, as well as the triclinic for Nisalphen. The Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the packaging was favored by H∙∙∙H and C∙∙∙H/H∙∙∙C interactions, and C-H∙∙∙O hydrogen bridges when the substituent was -MeO and π-stacking was added to an aromatic bridge. Replacing the N/N bridge with an aromatic ring decreased distortion in square-planar geometry where the angles O-Ni-N formed a perfect square-planar.

In the title compound, [Al(C16H14N2O2)(C3H7O)]·0.5CH2Cl2, the salen complex is monomeric and the dichlormethane solvent molecule lies on a crystallographic twofold axis. The central Al atom is fivefold coordinated and possesses a square-based pyramidal environment. The Al—OAlk(ipropyl) bond [1.7404 (14) Å] is much shorter than the Al—OAr(salen) bond lengths [1.7974 (15) and 1.8094 (14) Å]. The isopropyloxo group forms an intramolecular C—H...N hydrogen bond. In the crystal, the complex molecules are linked by weak C—H...O interactions.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an Mn-containing enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide (O2•−) into O2and H2O2. To develop a small, non-protein Mn-containing SOD mimic, an [Mn(salen)Cl] complex was synthesized from MnCl2.4H2O and H2salen. The product yielded 75-90% reddish dark brown crystals indicative of the presence of manganese(III) metal ions. An elemental analysis showed that the compound contained: C = 48.36%; H = 4.34%; and N = 7.13%. Infrared spectra of this compound showed peaks at: υ(OH)=3426 (medium), υ(C=N)=1634 (very high), υ(CO)=1292 (high). An ESI-MS analysis (m/z) showed the presence of ionic species from the complex including (salen)(H+) = 269.0 and [Mn(salen)]+= 320.9. Conductivity measurements revealed that the compound is neutral with a molar conductivity of 0.17 mS. Its magnetic moment of 5.2 BM was obtained from a magnetic susceptibility balance measurement, showing that the compound is paramagnetic. The SOD activity of this compound was given by IC50= 2.5 ± 0.3 µM in a non-enzymatic riboflavin photoreductionin vitrotest.

Syntheses and structures of two novel “doubledecker” silicon complexes [R-Si(o-O-p-OMe-C6H3- C(Ph)=N-(CH2)2-N=C(Ph)-C6H3-p-OMe-o-O)-CH2-]2 (R = Ph, p-tBu-C6H4-O) with the silicon atoms hexacoordinated by two salen-type tetradentate 〈ONNO〉-chelating ligands are described. Hydrogen bonding between the halves of the bridged complexes as well as with chloroform solvate molecules determines the conformation. Compared with analogous mononuclear silicon complexes these ”doubledeckers” show bathochromically shifted Vis-absorption.

Two independent molecules of the title solvated complex, [V(C16H14N2O2)O]·CH3OH, also known as [N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine]oxidovanadium(IV) or vanadyl salen, crystallize in the asymmetric unit. Each disordered methanol solvent molecule [occupancy ratios 0.678 (4):0.322 (4) and 0.750 (5):0.250 (5)] is linked to a [N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine]oxidovanadium(IV) molecule by an O—H...O hydrogen bond and to others by C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The resulting extended structure consists of a bilayer of molecules parallel to theabplane. Despite the fact that solvates are common in complexes derived from substituted analogues of theN,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine ligand, the title solvate is the first one of [N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine]oxidovanadium(IV) to be structurally characterized. The two vanadyl species have very similar internal geometries, which are best characterized as distorted square-based pyramidal with the vanadium atom displaced from the N2O2basal plane by 0.5966 (9) Å in the direction of the doubly-bonded oxide ligand.

To identify the effects of halogen bonding in the architecture of Schiff base complex supramolecular networks, we introduced halogenated Schiff-base 3-Br-5-Cl-salen as ligand and isolated a new salen-type manganese(III) complex [MnIII(Cl)(H2O)(3-Br-5-Cl-salen)] (1) where 3-Br-5-Cl-salen = N,N’-bis(3-bromo-5-chlorosalicylidene)-1,2-diamine. The complex was investigated in the solid-state for halogen bonds (XBs) by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations were carried out to rationalize the formation mechanism of different types of XBs in the complex. The analysis result of electronic structure of the halogen bonds indicated that the chlorine atom coordinated to the Mn(III) center possesses the most negative potential and acts as anionic XB acceptor (electron donor) to the adjacent substituted halogens on the ligand, meanwhile the intermolecular Mn-Cl···X-C halogen bonding plays a significant role in directing the packing arrangement of adjacent molecules and linking the 2D layers into a 3D network. In order to verify the above results and acquire detailed information, the title complex was further analyzed by using the Hirshfeld surface analyses.

La investigación –cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional y transversal– pretendió conocer si las dimensiones del liderazgo directivo –transformacional, transaccional y laissez-faire– predicen significativamente el desempeño docente, de acuerdo con la percepción de 105 docentes de un grupo de nueve colegios privados salvadoreños, quienes respondieron (a) el Cuestionario Multifactorial (MQL), de 45 ítems, y (b) el Cuestionario de Autoevaluación Docente, para medir la variable desempeño docente, de 20 ítems. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión múltiple. De las tres dimensiones del liderazgo del director, el liderazgo transaccional mostró una correlación positiva con el desempeño docente. La predicción es significativa para todas las dimensiones del desempeño docente, excepto emocionalidad. Los docentes que laboran en colegios cuyos directores están en función por más de siete años mostraron un desempeño significativamente mejor en las dimensiones de capacidad pedagógica y emocionalidad. A la vez, demostraron una percepción del liderazgo transformacional más baja en términos de motivación por inspiración. Referencias Aguilar Ludeña, E. H. (2018). Liderazgo directivo y el desempeño docente en la institución educativa 1278, La Molina (Tesis de maestría). Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Perú. Alonso Ayala, O., Ávila Sánchez, M. y Sánchez López, M. (2016). Desempeño del profesional de enfermería en la atención a los pacientes con afecciones traumatológicas y ortopédicas. Revista Cubana de Tecnología de la Salud, 7(4), 30-35. Alzate Sánchez, A. y López Cortés, M. C. (2014). 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The reactivity of the shortened salen-type ligands H3salmp, H2salmen and H2sal(p-X)ben with variable para-substituent on the central aromatic ring (X = tBu, Me, H, F, Cl, CF3, NO2) towards the trivalent metal ions manganese(III) and iron(III) is presented. The selective formation of the dinuclear complexes [M2(μ-salmp)2], M = Mn (1a), Fe (2a), [M2(μ-salmen)2(μ-OR)2)], R = Et, Me, H and M = Mn (3a–c) or Fe (4a–c), and (M2(μ-sal[p-X]ben)2(μ-OMe)2), X = tBu, Me, H, F, Cl, CF3, NO2 and M = Mn (5a–g) or Fe (6a–g), could be identified by reaction of the Schiff bases with metal salts and the base NEt3, and their characterization through elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction of 2a·2AcOEt, 2a·2CH3CN and 3c·2DMF was performed. In the case of iron(III) and H3salmp, when using NaOH as a base instead of NEt3, the dinuclear complexes [Fe2(μ-salmp)(μ-OR)(salim)2], R = Me, H (2b,c) could be isolated and spectroscopically characterized, including the crystal structure of 2b·1.5H2O, which showed that rupture of one salmp3− to two coordinated salim− ligands and release of one salH molecule occurred. The same hydrolytic tendency could be identified with sal(p-X)ben ligands in the case of iron(III) also by using NEt3 or upon standing in solution, while manganese(III) did not promote such a C–N bond breakage. Cyclic voltammetry studies were performed for 3b, 4b, 5a and 6a, revealing that the iron(III) complexes can be irreversibly reduced to the mixed-valence FeIIFeIII and FeII2 dinuclear species, while the manganese(III) derivatives can be reversibly oxidized to either the mixed-valence MnIIIMnIV or to the MnIV2 dinuclear species. The super-exchange interaction between the metal centers, mediated by the bridging ligands, resulted in being antiferromagnetic (AFM) for the selected dinuclear compounds 3b, 4b, 5a, 5e,5f, 6a and 6e. The coupling constants J (–2JŜ1·Ŝ2 formalism) had values around −13 cm−1 for manganese(III) compounds, among the largest AFM coupling constants reported so far for dinuclear MnIII2 derivatives, while values between −3 and −10 cm−1 were obtained for iron(III) compounds.

Seven spot ladybird beetle, (Coccinella septempunctata) is a widely distributed natural enemy of soft-bodied insect pests especially aphids worldwide. Both the adult and larvae of this coccinellid beetle are voracious feeders and serve as a commercially available biological control agent around the globe. Different techniques are adopted to enhance the mass rearing and storage of this natural enemy by taking advantage of its natural ability to withstand under extremely low temperatures and entering diapause under unfavorable low temperature conditions. The key objective of this study was to develop a cost effective technique for enhancing the storage life and predatory potential of the larvae of C. septempunctata through cold storage in conjunction with the use of nuclear techniques, gamma radiations. Results showed that the host eating potential of larvae was enhanced as the cold storage duration was increased. Gamma irradiation further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. Different irradiation doses also affected the development time of C. septempuntata larvae significantly. Without cold storage, the lower radiation doses (10 and 25 GY) prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae. Furthermore, the higher dose of radiation (50GY) increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. This study first time paves the way to use radiation in conjunction with cold storage as an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programs.Key wordGamma irradiations; cold storage, Coccinella septempunctata larvae; predatory potential; integrated pest management programme.INTRODUCTIONNuclear techniques such as gamma radiations have a vast application in different programmes of biological control including continuous supply of sterilized host and improved rearing techniques (Greany and Carpenter, 2000; Cai et al., 2017). Similarly irradiation can be used for sentinel-host eggs and larvae for monitoring survival and distribution of parasitoids (Jordão-paranhos et al., 2003; Hendrichs et al., 2009; Tunçbilek et al., 2009; Zapater et al., 2009; Van Lenteren, 2012). Also, at the production level, such technique may facilitate the management of host rearing, improve quality and expedite transport of product (Fatima et al., 2009; Hamed et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Gamma irradiations can also be used to stop insect’s development to enhance host suitability for their use in different mass rearing programs (Celmer-Warda, 2004; Hendrichs et al., 2009; Seth et al., 2009). Development and survival of all insects have a direct connection with temperatures which in turn affect the physical, functional and behavioral adaptations (Ramløy, 2000). Many insects living in moderate regions can survive at low temperature by process of diapause. A temperature between 0 to 10oC may cause some insects to become sluggish and they only become active when the temperature is suitable. Such insects show greater adaptations to flexible temperature regimes for better survival. Many studies have reported this concept of cold-hardiness in insects in general (Bale, 2002; Danks, 2006) and specifically in coccinellid beetles over past years (Watanabe, 2002; Koch et al., 2004; Pervez and Omkar, 2006; Labrie et al., 2008; Berkvens et al., 2010). Using this cold hardiness phenomenon, many coccinellids have been studied for the effect of cold storage such as Coccinella undecimpunctata (Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky, 2000), Coleomegilla maculata (Gagné and Coderre, 2001) and Harmonia axyridis (Watanabe, 2002). This natural phenomenon, therefore, can be a helpful tool in developing low temperature stockpiling for improving mass-rearing procedures (Mousapour et al., 2014). It may provide a significant output in terms of providing natural enemies as and when required during pest infestation peaks (Venkatesan et al., 2000). Use of irradiation in conjunction with cold storage proves to be an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programme. A study reported that the pupate of house fly, Musca domestica irradiated at dose of 500 Gy and can stored up to 2 months at 6°C for future use for a parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius rearing (Zapater et al., 2009). Similarly, when irradiated at 20 GY, parasitic wasps Cotesia flavipes were stored safely up to two months without deterioration of their parasitic potential (Fatima et al., 2009). Similarly, bio-control program of sugarcane shoot borer Chilo infescatellus proved successful through the use of irradiation combined with cold storage of its egg and larval parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis and C. flavipes (Fatima et al., 2009). Less mobile life stages such as larvae are of significance in any IPM strategy because they remain on target site for more time period as compared to adults. Therefore, use of predatory larvae is very promising in different biological control approaches because of their immediate attack on pests and more resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions than delicate egg stage. In addition, with their augmentation into fields, larval stage shows their presence for longer time than adult stage and their feeding potential is also satisfactory as that of adults. For the best utilization of these predators in the field and maximum impact of 3rd and 4th larval instars on prey, we should encourage late 2nd second instar larvae of predatory beetles in the fields as these instars have more feeding capacity due to increased size and ability to handle larger preys.In spite of higher significance, there is little information available about the effect of cold storage on the survival of larval instars of different ladybird beetles and its effect on their predatory potential. Very few studies report the use of cold storage for non-diapausing larval stage like for Semiadalia undecimnotata and only one study reported the short-term storage (up to two weeks) of 2nd and 3rd instar coccinellid, C. maculate, without any loss in feeding voracity of larvae after storage (Gagné and Coderre, 2001). The survival of 3rd and 4th larval instars of C. undecimpunctata for 7 days after storage at 5oC was reported in a study but the survival rate declined after 15-60 days of storage (Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky, 2000). As C. septempunctata is considered one of the voracious predators (Afroz, 2001; Jandial and Malik, 2006; Bilashini and Singh, 2009; Xia et al., 2018) and diapause is a prominent feature of this beetle and it may undergo facultative diapause under suitable laboratory conditions (Suleman, 2015). No information is available to date about the combined effect of cold storage and irradiation on the larval instars of this species.OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to devise a cost effective technique for the cold storage and its effect on the subsequent predatory potential of the seven spotted ladybird beetle larvae in conjunction with the use of gamma radiations. Hypothesis of the study was that an optimum length of low temperature treatment for storage purpose would not affect the predation capacity of C. septempunctata larvae and their developmental parameters including survival and pupation will remain unaffected. Furthermore, use of gamma irradiation will have some additional effects on survival and feeding capacity of irradiated C. septempunctata larvae. Such techniques can be utilized in different biocontrol programs where short term storage is required. So these larvae can be successfully imparted in different IPM programs against sucking complex of insect pests as a component of biological control strategyMATERIALS AND METHODSPlant materials: Collection and rearing of C. septempunctata: Adult C. septempunctata were collected from the wheat crop (in NIAB vicinity and farm area) in the month of March during late winter and early in spring season 2016-2017. They were kept in plastic jars and were fed with brassica aphids. Under controlled laboratory conditions (25+2oC, 16h: 8h L:D and 65+5% R.H.), eggs of C. septempuctata were obtained and after hatching, larvae were also given brassica aphids as dietary source. Larvae of second instar were selected for this experiment (as the first instar is generally very weak and vulnerable to mortality under low temperatures). As the larvae approached second instar, they were separated for the experimentation. Irradiation of larvae at different doses: Irradiation of larvae was carried out by the irradiation source 137CS at Radiation laboratory, and the larvae were then brought back to the IPM laboratory, Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) Faisalabad. Radiation doses of 10 GY (Grey), 25 GY and 50 GY were used to treat the second instar larvae. There were three replicates for each treatment and five larvae per replicate were used. Control treatment was left un-irradiated.Cold storage of irradiated larvae: In present work, second instar C. septempunctata larvae were studied for storage at low temperature of 8oC. The larvae were kept at 8oC for 0, I and II weeks where week 0 depicts no cold treatment and this set of larvae was left under laboratory conditions for feeding and to complete their development. For larvae that were kept under cold storage for one week at 8°C, the term week I was devised. Similarly, week II denotes the larvae that remained under cold conditions (8°C) for two continuous weeks. Larvae were removed from cold storage in their respective week i.e., after week I and week II and were left under laboratory conditions to complete their development by feeding on aphids. Data collection: For recording the predatory potential of C. septempunctata larvae, 100 aphids were provided per larva per replicate on a daily basis until pupation as this number was more than their feeding capacity to make sure that they were not starved (personal observation). Observations were recorded for survival rate, developmental time and feeding potential. Data analysis: Data were statistically analysed by Statistical Software SPSS (Version 16.0). The data were subjected to normality check through the One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Non normal data were transformed to normal data which were then used for all parametric variance tests. One-way and two-way analyses of variance were used. For comparison between variables, LSD test at α 0.05 was applied.RESULTSFeeding potential of irradiated larvae after removal from cold storage: Results showed an increase in the feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae with increased cold storage duration. The feeding potential was significantly higher for the larvae that spent maximum length of time (week II) under cold storage conditions followed by week I and week 0. Gamma irradiations further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. When larvae were irradiated at 10 GY, the eating capacity of larvae increased significantly with the duration of cold storage. Similarly, larvae that were irradiated at 25 GY, showed increase in feeding potential on aphids as the time period of cold storage increased. The feeding potential of larvae that were irradiated at 50 GY, was again significantly increased with increase of cold storage duration. When different radiation doses were compared to week 0 of storage, there was a significant difference in feeding potential and larvae irradiated at 50 GY consumed the maximum numbers of aphids when no cold storage was done followed by larvae irradiated at 10 and 25 GY. With the other treatment, where larvae were kept under cold storage for one week (week I) the larvae irradiated at 50GY again showed the highest feeding potential. The feeding potential of irradiated larvae was again significantly higher than the un-irradiated larvae that were kept for two weeks (week II) under cold storage (table 1).Two-way ANOVA was performed to check the interaction between the different radiation doses and different lengths of storage durations for feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae on aphids. The feeding potential of larvae irradiated at different doses and subjected to variable durations of cold storage were significantly different for both the radiation doses and cold storage intervals. Furthermore, the interaction between the radiation doses and storage duration was also significant meaning that the larvae irradiated at different doses with different length of cold storage were having significant variations in feeding levels (table 2).Developmental time of irradiated larvae after removal from cold storage: Significant difference was found in the development time of the larvae of C. septempunctata when irradiated at different doses at week 0 (without cold storage). The larvae irradiated at 10 GY took the maximum time for development and with the increase in irradiation dosage, from 25 to 50 GY, the time of development was shortened. The larvae irradiated at 50 GY had the same development time as the un-irradiated ones. When, the irradiated larvae were subjected to cold storage of one week duration (week I), their development time after removal from storage condition varied significantly. The larvae irradiated at 25 GY took the maximum time for development followed by larvae irradiated at 50 GY and 10 GY. There was an indication that the development time was extended for irradiated larvae as compared to un-irradiated larvae.Results also depicted a significant difference in the time taken by irradiated larvae to complete their development after taken out from cold storage of two weeks duration (week II). As the storage time of irradiated larvae increased, the development time was prolonged. Results showed that the larvae that were irradiated at 25 and 50 GY, took the maximum time to complete their development. With the prolonged duration of cold storage up to two weeks (week II), this difference of development time was less evident at lower doses (10 GY). The larvae irradiated at 10 GY showed a significant difference in their developmental duration after being taken out of cold storage conditions of the week 0, I and II. There was no difference in the developmental duration of larvae that were un-irradiated and subjected to different regimes of storage. Un-irradiated larvae were least affected by the duration of storage. With the increase in the storage time, a decrease in the developmental time was recorded. Larvae that were irradiated at 10 GY, took the maximum period to complete their development when no cold storage was done (week 0) followed by week I and II of cold storage. When the larvae irradiated at 25 GY were compared for their development time, there was again significant difference for week 0, I and II of storage duration. Maximum time was taken by the larvae for their complete development when removed from cold storage after one week (week I). With the increase in storage duration the time taken by larvae to complete their development after removal from cold storage reduced.When the larvae were removed after different lengths of cold storage duration i.e., week 0, week I and week II, there was a significant difference in the developmental time afterwards. Results have shown that the higher dose of radiation, increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. The larvae irradiated at 50 GY took the longest time to complete their development after removal from cold storage (week I and week II) as compared the larvae that were not kept under cold storage conditions (week 0) (table 3).Interaction between the different radiation doses and different lengths of storage durations for development time of larvae were checked by two-way ANOVA. The development time of larvae irradiated at different doses and subjected to variable durations of cold storage were significantly different for both the doses and cold storage intervals. Furthermore, the interaction between the radiation doses and storage duration was also significant meaning that the larvae irradiated at different doses with different length of cold storage were having significant variations in development times (table 4). DISCUSSIONThe present research work indicates the possibility of keeping the larval instars of C. septempunctata under cold storage conditions of 8oC for a short duration of around 14 days without affecting its further development and feeding potential. Furthermore, irradiation can enhance the feeding potential and increase the development time of larval instars. This in turn could be a useful technique in mass rearing and field release programmes for biological control through larval instars. Usually temperature range of 8-10oC is an optimal selection of low temperature for storage as reported earlier for eggs two spotted ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata and the eggs of C. septempunctata (Hamalainen and Markkula, 1977), Trichogramma species (Jalali and Singh, 1992) and fairyfly, Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptra; Mymaridae) (Leopold and Chen, 2007). However, a study reported more than 80% survival rate for the coccinellid beetle, Harmonia axyridis for up to 150 days at moderately low temperature of 3-6oC (Ruan et al., 2012). So there is great flexibility in coccinellid adults and larvae for tolerating low temperature conditions. After removal from cold storage, larvae showed better feeding potential with consumption of more aphids when compared to normal larvae that were not placed under low temperature conditions. This indicates that when the adult or immature insect stages are subjected to low temperature environment, they tend to reduce their metabolic activity for keeping them alive on the reserves of their body fats and sustain themselves for a substantial length of time under such cold environment. Hereafter, the larval instars that were in cold storage were behaving as if starved for a certain length of time and showed more hunger. This behavior of improved or higher feeding potential of stored larvae has been reported previously (Chapman, 1998). Hence, the feeding potential of C. septempunctata larvae significantly increased after cold storage. Gagné and Coderre (2001) reported higher predatory efficacy in larvae of C. maculata when stored at the same temperature as in the present study i.e., 8oC. Similarly, Ruan et al. (2012) showed that the multicolored Asian ladybug, H. axyridis, when stored under cold conditions, had more eating capacity towards aphids Aphis craccivora Koch than the individuals that were not stored. Such studies indicate that the higher feeding potential in insects after being subjected to low temperature environmental conditions could be due to the maintenance of their metabolism rate to a certain level while utilizing their energy reserves to the maximum extent (Watanabe, 2002).The individuals coming out from cold storage are therefore capable of consuming more pray as they were in a condition of starvation and they have to regain their energy loss through enhanced consumption. Furthermore, the starvation in C. septempunctata has previously been reported to affect their feeding potential (Suleman et al., 2017). In the present study, the larval development was delayed after returning to normal laboratory conditions. Cold storage affects the life cycle of many insects other than coccinellids. The cold storage of green bug aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptra; Braconidae) mummies increased the life cycle 3-4 times. Nevertheless, in current study the development process of stored larvae resumed quickly after taking them out and larvae completed their development up to adult stage. Similar kinds of results were reported for resumption of larval development after removal from cold storage conditions. Such studies only report satisfactory survival rates and development for a short duration of cold storage but as the length of storage is increased, it could become harmful to certain insects. Gagné and Coderre (2001) reported that cold storage for longer period (three weeks) proved fatal for almost 40% of larvae of C. maculata. Furthermore, in the same study, the feeding potential of C. maculata larvae was also affected beyond two weeks of cold storage due to the loss of mobility after a long storage period. Many studies have reported that longer durations of low temperature conditions can either damage the metabolic pathways of body cells or may increase the levels of toxins within the bodies of insects. Also, low temperature exposure for longer duration may cause specific interruptions in the insect body especially neuro-hormones responsible for insect development, which could be dangerous or even life threatening.Chen et al. (2004) also reported that the biological qualities of parasitized Bemisia tabaci pupae on population quality of Encarsia formosa were affected negatively with increase in cold storage duration. Similarly, the egg hatchability of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephen was lost completely beyond 18 days of cold storage (Sohail et al., 2019). However, in the present study the cold storage was done for maximum two weeks and it is to be regarded as a short term storage hence the survival rate was satisfactory. Longer periods of cold storage for larvae are not considered safe due to their vulnerable state as compared to adults which are hardier. Also 2nd instar larvae used in the present study for cold storage for being bigger in size and physical stronger than 1st instar. Abdel‐Salam and Abdel‐Baky (2000) reported that in C. undecimpunctata the cold storage of 3rd and 4th larval instars was higher and considered safer than early larval instars. The same study showed sharp decline in survival rate after two weeks and there was no survival beyond 30-60 days of cold storage. The present study showed that short term storage of the larvae of C. septempunctata could be done without any loss of their feeding potential or development so the quality of predator remained unaffected. Similar kind of work for many other insects had been reported previously where cold storage technique proved useful without deteriorating the fitness of stored insects. For example, the flight ability of reared codling moth Cydia pomonella Linnaeus remained unaffected after removal from cold storage (Matveev et al., 2017). Moreover, a sturdy reported that pupae of a parasitoid wasp Trichogramma nerudai (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) could be safely put in cold storage for above than 50 days (Tezze and Botto, 2004). Similarly, a technique of cold storage of non-diapausing eggs of black fly Simulium ornaturm Meigen was developed at 1oC. Another study reported safe storage of a predatory bug insidious flower bug Orius insidiosus for more than 10 days at 8°C (Bueno et al., 2014).In present study without cold storage, the lower doses of 10 and 25 GY prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae and higher doses of irradiations in conjunction with cold storage again significantly prolonged the developmental time of larvae when returned to the laboratory conditions. Salem et al. (2014) also reported that Gamma irradiations significantly increased the duration of developmental stages (larvae and pupae) in cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). In another study, where endoparasitic wasps Glyptapanteles liparidis were evaluated with irradiated and non-irradiated gypsy moth Lymantria dispar larvae for oviposition, it was found that non-irradiated larvae had a shorter time to reach the adult stage as compared to irradiated larvae (Novotny et al., 2003). Both for higher doses with cold storage and lower doses without cold storage extended the larval duration of C. septempunctata. In another study when the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor was irradiated at the dose of 10 GY, it resulted in prolonged longevity (Genchev et al., 2008). In the same study, when another parasitoid Ventruria canescens was irradiated at lower doses of 4GY and 3 GY, it resulted in increased emergence from the host larvae, while gamma irradiations at the dose of 1 GY and 2 GY significantly stimulated the rate of parasitism (Genchev et al., 2008). The current study also indicated higher rates of predation in the form of increased feeding potential of larvae as a result of irradiations at lower doses.CONCLUSIONThe outcome of the current study shows that storage of 2nd instar C. septempunctata at low temperature of 8oC for a short duration of about 14 days is completely safe and could have broader application in different biocontrol programs. Such flexibility in storage duration can also assist in different mass rearing techniques and commercial uses. The combination of gamma radiation with low temperature cold storage could be a useful tool in developing different biological pest management programs against sucking insect pests. Incidence of periodic occurrence of both the target insect pests with their predatory ladybird beetles in synchrony is an important aspect that could be further strengthened by cold storage techniques. Therefore, short or long term bulk cold storage of useful commercial biocontrol agents and then reactivating them at appropriate time of pest infestation is a simple but an advantageous method in mass rearing programs. Increased feeding capacity of stored larvae is another edge and hence such larvae may prove more beneficial as compared to unstored larvae. Both cold storage and improved feeding of the C. septempuctata larvae can be utilized for implementation of IPM for many sucking insect pests of various crops, fruits and vegetables. Due to some constraints this study could not be continued beyond two weeks but for future directions, higher doses and longer duration periods could further elaborate the understanding and better application of such useful techniques in future IPM programmes on a wider scale. Also, some other predatory coccinellid beetle species can be tested with similar doses and cold storage treatments to see how effective this technique is on other species as well.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the Sugarcane Research and Development Board for providing a research grant (No. SRDB/P/4/16) to carry out this research work. 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Use of irradiated musca domestica pupae to optimize mass rearing and commercial shipment of the parasitoid spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Biocontrol science technology, 19(sup1): 261-270.

Design and synthesis of supramolecular hybrids with low dimensionality is currently an attractive research topic. The reaction of Schiff base metal complex with isopolymolybdate leads to the isolation of a new isopolymolybdate based supramolecular hybrid, [Mn(salen)(H2O)2]2[Mo8O26]Na2·2H2O (1) (salen = N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine). The supramolecular hybrid was characterized by single crystal X-ray structure analyses, elemental analyses and X-ray crystallography. Crystal data for 1: triclinic, P-1, a=10.0206(8)Å, b = 11.7416(10)Å, c= 13.1494(13)Å, V = 1382.8(2)Å3, Z= 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0353 and wRref(F2) = 0.1009. Structural analyses reveal that 1 represents the first example of [Mo8O26]4- chains formed POM-Schiff-base hybrid. Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots are used for decoding intermolecular interactions in 1. Additionally, magnetic property of 1 indicates that there is an antiferromagnetic coupling between the metal centers in the complex.

In the title compound, [Ti2(C16H14N2O2)2O2]·2CHCl3, the TiIVatom in the centrosymmetric complex has a distorted octahedral N2O4coordination environment and is linkedviatwo μ2-oxido bridges into a dinuclear centrosymmetric complex, with a Ti...Ti separation of 2.7794 (8) Å. In the salen (N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylimine)) ligand, the two salicylimine units make a dihedral angle of 45.31 (5)°. The complex molecules are stacked parallel to [100], forming channels in which the solvent chloroform molecules are located. C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions between the complex molecules and the solvent molecules consolidate the crystal packing.

Abstract Thoroughbred horse sales prices rely heavily on animal conformation and ancestral race performance, as well as the current economic landscape. However, little information exists on the relationship between physiological parameters and sales price. We aimed to test the hypothesis that weanling sales price would positively correlate with skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters in racing-bred Thoroughbreds. Gluteus medius muscle samples were collected from racing-bred Thoroughbred weanlings (n = 19; mean ± SD; 5.7 ± 0.3 mo) and evaluated for mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS) and function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; COX) by colorimetry, and oxidative and electron transport system capacities by high resolution respirometry. Horses were sold at the 2018 and 2019 Keeneland November Breeding Stock Sales at 8.5 ± 0.7 mo of age. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Statistics in SAS (v9.4). Weanling sales price was positively correlated with intrinsic mitochondrial function (COX activity per unit CS; r = 0.6269, P = 0.004) and coupling efficiency with substrates for complex I+II (r = 0.4424, P = 0.05). A trend for a negative correlation was observed between weanling sales price and CS activity (r = -0.4179, P = 0.07), while a trend for a positive correlation between sales price and intrinsic oxidative phosphorylation capacity with complex I substrates (r = 0.3974, P = 0.09) was observed. In this cohort of weanling Thoroughbreds, mitochondrial parameters measured at 6 mo of age correlated with sales price at 8 mo of age. Implications of these relationships as they relate to race performance should be further investigated.

The reaction of polyoxovanadate and metal-Schiff base complex resulted in the formation of a new organic-inorganic hybrid compounds with the formula Na2[Mn (Salen)(H2O)2]4[V10O28]·9H2O (1) (salen=N,N’-ethylene-bis (salicylideneiminate). Compound 1 have been structurally characterized by IR, UV-vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data for 1: Triclinic, P-1, a=14.1123(3)Å, b=13.9397(7) Å, c=14.2564(5)Å, α=65.4160(9)°, β=81.3920(6)°, γ=89.5740(7) °. Structural analyses revealed that compound 1 represent a rare example of isopolyoxovanadate based metal-Schiff-base complexes, moreover, this is the first POM based metal Schiff-base complex isolated in aqueous solution medium, which may also propose a green chemical way to the synthesis of POM based hybrid. Compare with isopolyoxovanadate precusor Na6 [V10O28], compound 1 exhibit higher antimicrobial activities against human cancer cell, the phenomenon can be explained by the synergetic effect between POM and Schiff-base complex.

The study aimed to determine the production costs, revenue, earning, farming efisiency in terms of financial aspects. The farm efficiency can be obtained although R/C ratio, and BEP price during 6 production period of 30 plasma according to 3 scale enterprises. Birds stratum divided into stratum I (3.000–12.000 birds, n= 16), stratum II (12.001-21.000, n= 11), stratum III (21.001-30.000 birds, n= 3). The results indicated that the highest profit was strata III period 2 (Rp2,217.00/kg of live weight), the production cost was Rp14,700.00/kg of live weight (influenced by feed factor 75.7% and DOC 22.3%) and the revenue was Rp17,580.00 (consisted of affected by 98.8% broiler sales and bonus 0,57%) to produce 1 kilogram of live weight of broiler. In strata III period 2 the most efficient based on BEP price reached Rp15,252.00/kg broiler live weight and aspect R/C ratio was 1.17.

The title compounds, C23H21ClN2O2, differ from each other only by the position of the Cl atom on the corresponding benzene ring:metarelative to the centralsp3C atom for (I) andparafor (II). In (I), the hydroxyphenyl rings are almost parallel, the dihedral angle between the mean planes being 9.2 (2)°, but in (II), the relative position of the ring is different, characterized by a dihedral angle of 48.5 (1)°. Compound (I) features intramolecular O—H...N and intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds, while in (II), intramolecular O—H...N, C—H...N hydrogen bonds and weak intermolecular C—H...π interactions are observed. Compound (I) was refined as an inversion twin.

A synthetic procedure is described for the preparation of the tetradentate N2O2 ligands H2[H4]L1=6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-diaza-3,3-dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-5-methyl- phenyl)heptane, H2[H2]L1 = 6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-diaza-3,3-dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-5-methylphenyl)-1-heptene, and H2L1 = 6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-diaza-3,3-dimethyl-1-(2- hydroxy-3-t-butyl-5-methylphenyl)-1,5-heptadiene, which are asymmetric derivatives of the ligands tetrahydrosalen, dihydrosalen, and salen. Complexes Ni[H4]L1, Ni[H2]L1, NiL1, CoL1, Ni[H4]L2 (([H4]L2)2- = anion of H2[H4]L2 = N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-5-methylbenzyl)- trans-(S,S)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane), and NiL2 were prepared, characterized (VIS and IR ab­sorption, magnetic moment) and subjected to spectrophotometric titration with pyridine, to determine the equilibrium constants for adduct formation. Single crystal X-ray structure analy­ses were carried out for Ni[H2]L1 (monoclinic, P21/n; a = 8.926(4), b = 29.324(7), c = 8.411(4) Å; β = 95.3(1)°; Z = 4), CoL1 (monoclinic, C2/c; a = 25.389(2), b = 18.139(2), c = 10.179(1) Å; β = 112.227(6); Z = 8), and Ni[H4]L2·acetone (tetragonal, P41212; a = 13.928(3), c = 33.698(5) Å; Z = 8). In all of the three complexes, the N2O2-metal coordination core is square-planar. The skeleton of the tetradentate ligand is more or less twisted. The planar cobalt(II) complex CoL1 is a low spin d7 system with μexp = 2.02 BM at 298 K, whereas the planar complexes NiL1, Ni[H2]L1 and Ni[H4]L2 are diamagnetic (μexp = 0.28-0.64 BM). The blue solvate Ni[H4]L1- 3EtOH · H2O is paramagnetic (μexp = 3.04 BM), which points to octahedral coordination. In aerated acetone solution, the tetrahydrosalen-type complex Ni[H4]L1 activates dioxygen and one C-N bond is oxidatively dehydrogenated. The VIS spectrum of the dihydrosalen-type complex formed is virtually identical with that of the aldimine complex Ni[H2]L1. In the pres­ence of dioxygen, Co[H4]L1 and Co[H2]L1 are readily oxidized to CoL1 in acetone solution.

In the pentanuclear title complex, [SmZn2(C22H18N2O4)2(NCS)2(C3H7NO)2][Zn2(C22H18N2O4)(NCS)3]·C3H7NO·0.32H2O, namely bis{μ2-6,6′-dimethoxy-2,2′-[phenylene-1,2-diylbis(nitrilomethanylylidene)]diphenolato}-1κ4 O,N,N′,O′:2κ3 O,O′,O 6;2κ3 O,O′,O 6:3κ4 O,N,N′,O′-bis(dimethylformamide-2κO)dithiocyanato-1κN,3κN-2-samarium(III)-1,3-dizinc(II) {μ2-6,6′-dimethoxy-2,2′-[phenylene-1,2-diylbis(nitrilomethanylylidene)]diphenolato-1κ4 O,N,N′,O′:2κ2 O,O′}trithiocyanato-1κN;2κ2 N,N-dizinc(II) dimethylformamide monosolvate 1.32-hydrate, a dinuclear unit and a trinuclear unit co-exist. One of the ZnII centers in the dinuclear unit as well as the two ZnII centers in the trinuclear unit are located in the inner N2O2 cavity of the ligand and are coordinated to the nitrogen atom of one thiocyanate moiety, giving rise to a square-pyramidal geometry. The second ZnII center in the dinuclear unit is coordinated to the two phenolate oxygen atoms of the ligand and to two thiocyanate groups via the nitrogen atom in a tetrahedral geometry. The SmIII ion is eight-coordinated by four phenolate O atoms from the two ligand molecules, two methoxy O atoms from the two ligand molecules and two O atoms from the DFM solvent molecule. In the dinuclear unit, the two methoxy oxygen atoms remain uncoordinated while in the trinuclear unit, for each ligand one methoxy oxygen is coordinated and the other one remains uncoordinated. In the crystal, the trinuclear cationic units and dinuclear anionic units are assembled into infinite layers. These layers are held together via electrostatic interactions, forming a three-dimensional structure. In the dinuclear unit, the C and S atoms of one of the thiocyanate groups are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.680 (4)(4):0.320 (4) ratio.

The lecture summarized our recent work in the fields of (i) catalytic asymmetric epoxidation and cyclopropanation, (ii) C–C coupling reactions, and (iii) dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). The first section describes the use of chiral Ru-porphyrins as catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation and cyclopropanation of nonfunctionalized olefins, and of peptides and alkaloid-based phase-transfer catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of enones. The second section highlights the application of the DIANANE-salen ligands (DIANANE: endo,endo-2,5-diamino-norbornane) to the asymmetric Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi coupling of aldehydes with allylic and vinylic electrophiles, and of N-tosyl proline amides for asymmetric aldol additions. In the final section, bifunctional urea-based organocatalysts for the DKR of azlactones to provide enantiomerically enriched amino acid esters are presented.

Em 28 de junho de 1954, C. N. Yang e R. Mills apresentam um artigo ao peri´odico Physical Review, uma contribui¸c˜ao estruturante para a F´ısica das Intera¸c˜oes Fundamentais. Paralelamente, R. Shaw, estudante de doutorado de A. Salam, desenvolve o mesmo assunto em sua tese. Trata-se da primeira formula¸c˜ao de uma teoria de campos para mediadores vetoriais em auto-intera¸c˜ao, diferente do que se tinha at´e ent˜ao com a Eletrodinˆamica Quˆantica (QED). No presente ano, comemora-se os 60 anos desse feito importante para a f´ısica contemporˆanea e que consolida uma forma de fazer f´ısica que se estende a v´arias outras teorias modernas, como a Teoria Eletrofraca, o Modelo Padr˜ao da F´ısica de Part´ıculas, inclusive abrangendo teorias que envolvem a gravita¸c˜ao e que descrevem f´ısica al´em do Modelo Padr˜ao. Nossa inten¸c˜ao nesse trabalho ´e produzir um texto de divulga¸c˜ao, particularmente voltado para os cursos de Forma¸c˜ao de Professores e, ao mesmo tempo, contribuir para a discuss˜ao dos caminhos de uma f´ısica escolar mais pr´oxima de quest˜oes contemporˆaneas. Nesse texto, pretendemos fazer uma incurs˜ao aos antecedentes do trabalho de Yang-Mills-Shaw (YMS) e que influenciaram os autores: apresentar uma pequena discuss˜ao sobre a QED e a constitui¸c˜ao de seu paradigma, no que for relevante `a discuss˜ao espec´ıfica do trabalho de Yang-Mills-Shaw; Introduzir o problema da intera¸c˜ao nuclear forte, que era inicialmente o problema de YMS; e a retomada por Salam da proposta da teoria de YMS para as intera¸c˜oes fracas. Tudo isso, sempre focando nos princ´ıpios f´ısicos e matem´aticos importantes contidos em seu bojo, e que possa ser utilizado em cursos de forma¸c˜ao de professores.

The reaction cavities of the nitro groups in the title compounds, trans-{2,2′-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenolato-κ4 O,N,N′,O′}(nitro-κN)(pyridine-κN)cobalt(III), [Co(C16H14N2O2)(NO2)(C5H5N)], (I), and trans-{2,2′-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenolato-κ4 O,N,N′,O′}(4-methylpyridine-κN)(nitro-κN)cobalt(III), [Co(C16H14N2O2)(NO2)(C6H7N)], (II), have been investigated to reveal that the intermolecular CMe—H...O(nitro) contacts in (II) are unfeasible for the nitro–nitrito photochemical linkage isomerization process. In (I), there are two independent complexes showing similar conformations, and the central five-membered chelate ring of the tetradentate salen ligand adopts the same absolute configuration. This is the result of pseudo-spontaneous resolution, since the configuration of the five-membered chelate ring may frequently be reversed in solution. In the crystals of (I) and (II), the molecules are linked into three-dimensional networks by C—H...O hydrogen bonds.

Rice husk ash (RHA) was used to prepare sodium silicate, which in turn was functionalized with 3-(chloropropyl)triethoxysilane employing the sol-gel technique to form RHACCl. Chloro group in RHACCl was replaced with iodo group forming RHACI. Ethylenediamine was immobilized on RHACI in order to prepare it for the reaction with salicylaldehyde to form a silica derivative-salen. FT-IR analysis indicated the presence of secondary amine and –NH and C=N absorption bands. XRD analysis revealed the occurrence of the broad diffused peak with maximum intensity at 22–23° (2θ). BET measurements showed also that the surface area of the prepared compound is 274.55 m2/g. Elemental analysis proved the existence of nitrogen in the structure of the prepared compound. The silica derivative-salen showed high potential for extraction and removal of heavy contaminating metal ions Ni(II), Cu(II), and Co(II) from aqueous solutions. The kinetic study demonstrates that the adsorption of the metal ions follows the pseudo-second order.

A convenient and efficient chiral CuFe2O4@SiO2-Mn(III) Ch.salen nanocatalyst has been developed for the C-N cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides/ phenylboronic acid with N-heterocyclic compounds in water and/or DMSO under mild conditions. The catalyst could be applied for the N-arylation of a variety of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides and phenylboronic acid under mild conditions. Moderate to good yields were achieved for all substrates. The structure of catalyst was characterized using various techniques including FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, TEM and TGA. The catalyst can be simply recovered and reused for several times without significant loss of activity.

The (salen)Co(III) complex 1 tethering four quaternary ammonium salts, which is a highly active catalyst in CO2/epoxide copolymerizations, shows high activity for propylene oxide/phthalic anhydride (PO/PA) copolymerizations and PO/CO2/PA terpolymerizations. In the PO/PA copolymerizations, full conversion of PA was achieved within 5 h, and strictly alternating copolymers of poly(1,2-propylene phthalate)s were afforded without any formation of ether linkages. In the PO/CO2/PA terpolymerizations, full conversion of PA was also achieved within 4 h. The resulting polymers were gradient poly(1,2-propylene carbonate-co-phthalate)s because of the drift in the PA concentration during the terpolymerization. Both polymerizations showed immortal polymerization character; therefore, the molecular weights were determined by the activity (g/mol-1) and the number of chain-growing sites per 1 [anions in 1 (5) + water (present as impurity) + ethanol (deliberately fed)], and the molecular weight distributions were narrow (M w/M n, 1.05–1.5). Because of the extremely high activity of 1, high-molecular-weight polymers were generated (M n up to 170,000 and 350,000 for the PO/PA copolymerization and PO/CO2/PA terpolymerization, respectively). The terpolymers bearing a substantial number of PA units (f PA, 0.23) showed a higher glass-transition temperature (48 °C) than the CO2/PO alternating copolymer (40 °C).

Information Technology is a part of strategic part for enterprise strategic planning. Information Technology can help the enterprise to determine its strategic planning. Through data from the past, thecompany can learn something and help to decide some strategic issue. A Multistore Company in Yogyakarta has more than five stores. The problem raises to generate real-time sales reporting. Sales manager and owner do not have access to real-time sales condition. To ease management analyzing and reporting sales condition, dimension model of the sales data needs to be built. This dimension model will help to make executive report from some dimensions mentioned in data warehouse. Sales data will pass through some processes: Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) in order to prepare the data warehouse. This process is preprocessing data before dimensional model is built. In this research multi-dimensional modelling by taking data from 3 stores ranging from 1 February 2014 to 31 January 2015. By implementing sales executive dashboard, it helps to monitor and analyze sales condition. Dashboard shows graphic which ease user, especially sales manager and owner to learn current and updated sales condition based on dimensions: time, outlet / store, and product. Report gives detail information and multidimensionalhelps to analyze data from different perspective. Index Terms—Dashboard, Multi Dimentional Model, ETL, Executive Reporting REFERENCES[1] W. Eckerson, Performance Dashboard: Measuring,Monitoring, and Managing Your Business, New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, 2011. [2] O. Romero and A. Abello, "A Survey of MultidimensionalModelling Methodologies," International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1-23, 2009. [3] R. Kimball and J. Caserta, The Data Warehouse ETL Toolkit:Practical Techniques for Extracting, Cleaning, Conforming, and Delivering Data, Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2004. [4] G. Dhillon and J. Backhouse, "Information System Security Management in the New Millenium," Communications of the ACM, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 125-128, 2000. [5] C. Ballard, D. M. Farrell, A. Gupta, C. Mazuela and S. Vohnik, Dimensional Modelling: In a Business Intelligence Environment, IBM Redbooks, 2006. [6] E. Fernández-Medina, J. Trujillo and M. Piattini, "Modeldriven multidimensional modeling of secure datawarehouses," European Journal of Information Systems, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 374-389, 2007. [7] E. Johnson and J. Jones, Building ETL Processes for Business Intelligence Solutions Built on Microsoft SQL Server, CA ERwin, 2007. [8] J. Mylopoulos, L. Liu and M. T. Owen, "Database Design," inEnsyclopedia of Database System, United States, Springer,2009, pp. 708 - 710. [9] K. R. Gadda and S. Dey, "Business Intelligence for PublicSector Banks in India: A Case study. Design, Development,and Deployment," Journal of Finance, Accounting and Management, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 37-58, 2014. [10] D. J. Power, "DSS Resources," 6 June 2007. [Online]. Available: http://dssresources.com/. [Accessed 29 May 2017]. [11] D. Hedgebeth, "Data-driven decision making for the enterprise: an overview of business intelligence applications," The Journal of Information and Knowledge Management System, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 414-420, 2007. [12] S. Williams and N. Williams, The Profit Impact of Business Intelligence, San Fransisco: Elsevier, 2007. [13] Imelda, "Business Intelligence," in Majalah Ilmiah Unikom, Bandung, UNIKOM, 2013, pp. 111-112.

The aim of this research was to measure the effect of yellow corn substitution with banana peel meal as a beta-carotene and antioxidant source in the chicken diet on cholesterol, vitamin A and fatty acid profiles of egg yolk Arab chicken. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant differences between the treatments were analyzed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Eighty pullet of Arabic chickens (19 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four treatment diets with four replications for 6 weeks of fed trials. Dietary treatments consisted of R0 (0%) banana peel meal (TP) : 50% yellow corn (JK) and 3 levels of yellow corn and banana peel. The composition of yellow corn and banana peel meal used R1 (20 % TP ; 30% JK), R2 (30% TP : 20% JG) and R3 (40% TP :10% JG). The variables observed were production performance, cholesterol, vitamin A and fatty acid profile of the egg yolk. The results showed that egg yolk cholesterol levels were not significantly different compared to the control. Substitution of yellow corn with banana peel meal had increased vitamin A level up to 49% compared to the control. There was no difference in fatty acid profiles in all treatments observed. It is concluded that banana peel meal can be used to substitute 40 % of yellow corn in the chicken diet and tend to increased vitamin A of egg yolk. Key words: Arabic chicken, banana peel meal, cholesterol, fatty acid, yolk DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abel FAS, Adeyemi OA, Oluwole OB, Oladunmoye OO, Ayo-Ajasa OY, Anuoluwatelemi JO. 2015. Effect of treated banana peel meal on the feed efficiency, digestibility and cost effectiveness of broiler chicken diet. Journal of Veterinery Science & Animal Husbandry. 3 (1): 1-6 Abou-Arab AA, Abu-Salem FM. 2017. Nutritional and anti-Nutritional composition of banana peels as influenced by microwave drying methods. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation. 11(12): 845-852 Amrullah, IK. 2004. Nutrisi Ayam Petelur. Cetakan ke-3. Bogor (ID): Lembaga Satu Gunungbudi. Anhwange BA, Ugye TJ, Nyiaatagher TD. 2009. Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environment, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 8 (6):437-442 Antruejo A, Azcona JO, Garcia PT, Gallinger C, Rosmini M, Ayerza R, Coates W, Perez CD. 2011. Omega-3 enriched egg production: The effect of α-linolenic ῳ-3 fatty acid sources on laying hen performance and yolk lipid content and fatty acid composition. British Poultry Science. 52(6): 750-760 Aryani T, Mu’awanah IAU, Wydiantara AB. 2018. Karakteristik fisik, kandungan gizi tepung kulit pisang dan perbandingannya terhadap syarat mutu tepung terigu. Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi. 2(2): 45-50 Arora A, Choudhary D, Agarwal G, Singh VP. 2008. Composition variation in β-carotene content, carbohydrate and antioxidant enzymes in selected banana cultivar. International journal of Food Science and Technology. 43: 1913-1921 Blandon JC, Hamady GAA, Abdel-Moneim A. 2015. The effect of partial replacement of yellow corn by banana peels with and without enzymes on broiler’s performance and blood parameters. Journal of Animal and Poultry Science. 4(1): 10-19 Diana, FM. 2013. Omega 6. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 7(1): 26-31 Diarra SS. 2018. Peel meals as a feed ingredient in poultry diets. Chemical composition, dietary recommendation and prospect. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 102: 1284-1295 Chueh CC, Lin LJ, Lin WC, Huang SH, Jan MS, Chang SC, Chung WS, Lee TT. 2019. Antioxidant capacity of banana peels and its modulation of Nrf2-ARE associated gene expression in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 18 (1): 1394-1403 Haryanto, A, Miharja K, Wijayani N. 2016. Effect of banana meal on the feed conversion ratio and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science. 15 (1) : 27-34 Has, H, Napirah A, Dewi L. 2017. Efektivitas substitusi kulit pisang dengan dedak padi dalam ransum ayam kampung. Makasar (ID): Seminar Nasional Peternakan. Universitas Hasanudin. Indra GK, Achmanu, Nurgiatiningsih A. 2013. Performans produksi ayam Arab (Gallus turcicus) berdasarkan warna bulu. Jurnal Ternak Tropika. 14 (1): 8-14 Konieczka M, Czauderna S, Smulikowsk S. 2017. The enrichment of chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acid by dietary fish oil or its mixture with rapeseed or flaxseed-effect of feeding duration dietary fish oil, flaxseed, and repeseed and n-3 enriched broiler meat. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 223 : 42-52 McDowell, L.R. 2000. Vitamine in Animal and Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition. Iowa (US): State University Press, Iowa. Mulyadi Y. 2013. Penggunaan pakan fungsional terhadap performan produksi dan kualitas telur ayam arab. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak. 13 (2): 27-33 [NRC] National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. Washington. D. C. (US) : National Academy Press, Nuraini, Sabrina, Latif SA. 2008. Performa ayam dan kualitas telur yang menggunakan ransum mengandung onggok fermentasi dengan Neurospora crassa. Media Peternakan. 31:195-202. Pereira A, Maraschin M. 2015. Banana (Musa spp) from peel to pulp: ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health. Jurnal Ethnopharmacology. 160:149–163 Piliang WG, Djojosoebagio S. 2006. Fisiologi Nutrisi. Volume I. Edisi ke-2. Bogor (ID): IPB Press Rehaul-Godbert, S, Guyot N, Nys Y. 2019. The Golden Egg: Nutritional value, bioactivities, and emerging benefits for human health. Nutrients. 11: 1-26 (www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrient) Sartika RAD. 2008. 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The aim of this research was to measure the effect of yellow corn substitution with banana peel meal as a beta-carotene and antioxidant source in the chicken diet on cholesterol, vitamin A and fatty acid profiles of egg yolk Arab chicken. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant differences between the treatments were analyzed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Eighty pullet of Arabic chickens (19 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four treatment diets with four replications for 6 weeks of fed trials. Dietary treatments consisted of R0 (0%) banana peel meal (TP) : 50% yellow corn (JK) and 3 levels of yellow corn and banana peel. The composition of yellow corn and banana peel meal used R1 (20 % TP ; 30% JK), R2 (30% TP : 20% JG) and R3 (40% TP :10% JG). The variables observed were production performance, cholesterol, vitamin A and fatty acid profile of the egg yolk. The results showed that egg yolk cholesterol levels were not significantly different compared to the control. Substitution of yellow corn with banana peel meal had increased vitamin A level up to 49% compared to the control. There was no difference in fatty acid profiles in all treatments observed. It is concluded that banana peel meal can be used to substitute 40 % of yellow corn in the chicken diet and tend to increased vitamin A of egg yolk. Key words: Arabic chicken, banana peel meal, cholesterol, fatty acid, yolk DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abel FAS, Adeyemi OA, Oluwole OB, Oladunmoye OO, Ayo-Ajasa OY, Anuoluwatelemi JO. 2015. Effect of treated banana peel meal on the feed efficiency, digestibility and cost effectiveness of broiler chicken diet. Journal of Veterinery Science & Animal Husbandry. 3 (1): 1-6 Abou-Arab AA, Abu-Salem FM. 2017. Nutritional and anti-Nutritional composition of banana peels as influenced by microwave drying methods. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation. 11(12): 845-852 Amrullah, IK. 2004. Nutrisi Ayam Petelur. Cetakan ke-3. Bogor (ID): Lembaga Satu Gunungbudi. Anhwange BA, Ugye TJ, Nyiaatagher TD. 2009. Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environment, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 8 (6):437-442 Antruejo A, Azcona JO, Garcia PT, Gallinger C, Rosmini M, Ayerza R, Coates W, Perez CD. 2011. Omega-3 enriched egg production: The effect of α-linolenic ῳ-3 fatty acid sources on laying hen performance and yolk lipid content and fatty acid composition. British Poultry Science. 52(6): 750-760 Aryani T, Mu’awanah IAU, Wydiantara AB. 2018. Karakteristik fisik, kandungan gizi tepung kulit pisang dan perbandingannya terhadap syarat mutu tepung terigu. Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi. 2(2): 45-50 Arora A, Choudhary D, Agarwal G, Singh VP. 2008. Composition variation in β-carotene content, carbohydrate and antioxidant enzymes in selected banana cultivar. International journal of Food Science and Technology. 43: 1913-1921 Blandon JC, Hamady GAA, Abdel-Moneim A. 2015. The effect of partial replacement of yellow corn by banana peels with and without enzymes on broiler’s performance and blood parameters. Journal of Animal and Poultry Science. 4(1): 10-19 Diana, FM. 2013. Omega 6. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 7(1): 26-31 Diarra SS. 2018. Peel meals as a feed ingredient in poultry diets. Chemical composition, dietary recommendation and prospect. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 102: 1284-1295 Chueh CC, Lin LJ, Lin WC, Huang SH, Jan MS, Chang SC, Chung WS, Lee TT. 2019. Antioxidant capacity of banana peels and its modulation of Nrf2-ARE associated gene expression in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 18 (1): 1394-1403 Haryanto, A, Miharja K, Wijayani N. 2016. Effect of banana meal on the feed conversion ratio and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science. 15 (1) : 27-34 Has, H, Napirah A, Dewi L. 2017. Efektivitas substitusi kulit pisang dengan dedak padi dalam ransum ayam kampung. Makasar (ID): Seminar Nasional Peternakan. Universitas Hasanudin. Indra GK, Achmanu, Nurgiatiningsih A. 2013. Performans produksi ayam Arab (Gallus turcicus) berdasarkan warna bulu. Jurnal Ternak Tropika. 14 (1): 8-14 Konieczka M, Czauderna S, Smulikowsk S. 2017. The enrichment of chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acid by dietary fish oil or its mixture with rapeseed or flaxseed-effect of feeding duration dietary fish oil, flaxseed, and repeseed and n-3 enriched broiler meat. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 223 : 42-52 McDowell, L.R. 2000. Vitamine in Animal and Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition. Iowa (US): State University Press, Iowa. Mulyadi Y. 2013. Penggunaan pakan fungsional terhadap performan produksi dan kualitas telur ayam arab. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak. 13 (2): 27-33 [NRC] National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. Washington. D. C. (US) : National Academy Press, Nuraini, Sabrina, Latif SA. 2008. Performa ayam dan kualitas telur yang menggunakan ransum mengandung onggok fermentasi dengan Neurospora crassa. Media Peternakan. 31:195-202. Pereira A, Maraschin M. 2015. Banana (Musa spp) from peel to pulp: ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health. Jurnal Ethnopharmacology. 160:149–163 Piliang WG, Djojosoebagio S. 2006. Fisiologi Nutrisi. Volume I. Edisi ke-2. Bogor (ID): IPB Press Rehaul-Godbert, S, Guyot N, Nys Y. 2019. The Golden Egg: Nutritional value, bioactivities, and emerging benefits for human health. Nutrients. 11: 1-26 (www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrient) Sartika RAD. 2008. Pengaruh asam lemak jenuh, tidak jenuh dan asam lemak trans terhadap kesehatan. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2(4): 154-160 Siregar HA, Rahmadi HY, Wening S, Suprianto E. 2018. Komposisi asam lemak dan karoten kelapa sawit Elaeis oleifera, interspesifik hibrida, dan Pseudo-backcross pertama di Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. 26 (2): 91-101 Suci DM, Fitria Z, Mutia R. 2017. Meat fatty acid and cholesterol content of native Indonesian Muscovy Duck Fed with rice bran in tradisional farm. Animal Production. 19 (1):37-45 Sutama, INS. 2008. Daun pepaya dalam ransum menurunkan kolesterol pada serum dan telur ayam. Jurnal Veteriner. 9: 152-156. Wiradimadja R, Burhanuddin H, & Saefulhadjar D. 2010. Peningkatan kadar vitamin A pada telur ayam melalui penggunaan daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) dalam Ransum. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak. 10 (2): 90-94

Yang, J. Y., Huffman, E. C., Drury, C. F., Yang, X. M. and De Jong, R. 2011. Estimating the impact of manure nitrogen losses on total nitrogen application on agricultural land in Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 107–122. About 1 million tonnes (1 Tg=1012 g) of livestock manure N are applied to farmland in Canada each year. Comprehensive information on manure N production and losses from manure during on-farm storage, handling and field application is scarce, especially at a regional scale. However, manure N losses during storage and land application are of considerable concern with respect to nitrogen use efficiency and environmental pollution of air, soil and water. In this paper, manure N production, manure N losses during storage and land application and manure N mineralization from organic manure and the resultant manure N available for annual crops were estimated using the Census of Agriculture database, Farm Environmental Management Survey data and manure N loss factors obtained from the literature. A database of fertilizer N application rates for field crops was developed at the regional scale based on recommendations provided in agronomic extension bulletins and fertilizer N sales. Fertilizer N and available manure N (i.e., total manure N produced minus N losses plus N mineralized from manure applied in previous years) were allocated to each of 24 crops at the regional scale from 1981 to 2006. The amount of manure N produced in Canada increased by 18.7% from 0.928 Tg in 1981 to 1.102 Tg in 2006. We estimated that 35.6% of the manure N produced was immediately available to crops, 25.6% was lost during storage and land application and 38.8% was carried over to the next year as organic N. The amount of fertilizer N applied to crops increased dramatically from 0.928 Tg in 1981 to a peak level of 1.68 Tg in 2000. There were significant changes in manure N production and application to farmland both on a regional and a temporal basis.

The reaction of organic molecules mediated by a metal center (template synthesis) can result in a final connectivity that may differ from the one obtained in the absence of the metal. The condensation of carbonyl fragments with primary amines form C=N iminic bonds, the so-called Schiff bases, which can act as ligands for the templating metal center by means of the lone pair on the nitrogen atom. This review focuses on the template methods for the reaction between a carbonyl compound (mainly salicylaldehyde) and a primary aliphatic diamine able to prevent the double condensation on both amine groups and obtain tridentate N2O ligands. These adducts, still having one free amino group, can further react, yielding tetradentate salen-type Schiff base ligands. A screening over the transition metals able to show such a template effect will be presented, with particular attention to copper(II), together with their peculiar reactivity and the available crystal structure of the metal complexes and related coordination geometries.

Abstract A key factor for motivating intending buyers of raw materials is vendor responsiveness. Therefore, to meet demand, a pre-approved level of stocks is often maintained. In contrast, the decision to keep an uncontrolled amount of stock could be counter-productive with cost components associated with holding often ignored unintentionally. In this study, the objective is to develop a spare parts inventory model that incorporates ignored holding costs with a storage constraint for a motorcycle assembly plant (MAP). The inventory policy, structure of holding costs, and spare parts sales reports were consulted for relevant data. The spare parts were categorized and selected using ABC analysis. A spare parts inventory model, which considers ignored holding cost, was formulated. The model was executed using Lingo optimisation software release 18.0.56 to determine the pair of the order quantity (Ɋ) and reorder point (Ɍ). 177 spare part items were identified using ABC analysis. The parts categorisation revealed that 21, 31, 125 part items belong to categories A, B, and C with 81, 15 and 4% of annual sales value, respectively. From category A, nine items contributed significantly to overall sales. The demand pattern for these items was probabilistic based on their coefficient of variation. The pair (Ɋ, Ɍ) for items N, Z, AY, K, AM, J, P, AL and AZ are (174,688), (71,147), (78,150), (86,163), (18,15), (88,170), (128,118), (33,43) and (87,152), respectively. These pairs yielded a total inventory cost of ₦2,177,363 when compared to the current total inventory investment of ₦6,800,000 resulting in a 67.9% cost reduction. A model to manage spare parts inventory with relevant holding cost components was developed for MAP to ensure the availability of items, maximize usage of storage space, and minimize total inventory cost.

The complex compound of [Mn(salen)OAc] can serve as mSOD and its activity has been determined non-enzymatically in vitro through riboflavin photoreduction. The complex was synthesized from Mn(OAc)2.4H2O and H2salen. Based on the elemental analysis, the C=56.69%; H=4.21%; and N=7.52% content are corresponding to the chemical formula of MnC18H17N2O4. The functional groups and ionic species in the complex have been analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and ESI-MS. SOD activity was determined by mixing complex at various concentrations with riboflavin and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), then the mixture was lighted with 20 Watt tungsten lamp for 15 minutes in a closed box. Then the reduced NBT absorptions were measured at λ 560 nm. The difference of absorbance between standard and sample solutions (without and with riboflavin, respectively) was multiplied by 100% to obtain %inhibition of each various sample concentration against NBT. SOD activity was obtained from IC50 data defined as a 50% inhibition of the plot curve of % inhibition to the concentration of the complex. The result obtained for this compound is IC50 = 2.7 ± 0.05 µM as well as enzymatic method. Therefore, this method can be used to determine the SOD activity by giving more stability and accuracy of IC50 value.

En este estudio se han sintetizado dos nuevos compuestos de coordinación de cobalto con pirazinamida: Co-PZA (1) y Co-PZA (2), a partir de dos sales precursoras de cobalto y el fármaco pirazinamida. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido elucidar la estructura química de cada complejo sintetizado mediante el uso de las técnicas de caracterización conocidas, así como evaluar y comparar su actividad biológica respecto al fármaco libre pirazinamida. Con respecto a la caracterización, se usaron las técnicas de análisis elemental de C, H y N, espectroscopía de absorción atómica de cobalto, análisis termogravimétrico, susceptibilidad magnética, espectroscopía de UV-Visible, infrarrojo y Raman. La actividad biológica fue evaluada determinando la concentración mínima inhibitoria en cultivos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. La fórmulas moleculares propuestas a partir de los resultados de la caracterización fueron: [Co(PZA)2Cl2] para el complejo Co-PZA (1) y [Co(PZA)2(NO3)2].H2O para el complejo Co-PZA (2). Los dos complejos presentaron mayor capacidad antimicrobiana que pirazinamida.

A salen-type Schiff base Zn(II) complex included in human serum albumin (HSA) protein was examined by UV-Vis, circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence (PL) spectra. The formation of the composite material was also estimated by a GOLD program of ligand–protein docking simulation. A composite cast film of HSA and Zn(II) complex was prepared, and the effects of the docking of the metal complex on the degradation of protein molecules by mid-infrared free electron laser (IR-FEL) were investigated. The optimum wavelengths of IR-FEL irradiation to be used were based on experimental FT-IR spectra and vibrational analysis. Using TD-DFT results with 6-31G(d,p) and B3LYP, the IR spectrum of Zn(II) complex could be reasonably assigned. The respective wavelengths were 1652 cm−1 (HSA amide I), 1537 cm−1 (HSA amide II), and 1622 cm−1 (Zn(II) complex C=N). Degradation of HSA based on FT-IR microscope (IRM) analysis and protein secondary structure analysis program (IR-SSE) revealed that the composite material was degraded more than pure HSA or Zn(II) complex; the inclusion of Zn(II) complex enhanced destabilization of folding of HSA.

In the rapid development of industry, the process of buying and selling has been convenient to do. Recently, consumers who need to buy some goods could easily look for it in online store. Furthermore, seller who perceive that either want to sell their stuff which could not be used anymore or seek additional income may sell their stuff through this online store. The benefit that makes this process much easier is the transaction could exist even though seller and buyer do not interact face-to-face. However as this process is too easy, it poses a shortage that may causes a trickery. In the implementation, buyer will purchase goods in online store web site without aware of the seller. Therefore, it is important to make an e-commerce app where every seller has clear identity. The makings of this app aim to enhance security in sales and purchase transaction since SMA N 3 Semarang alumni only who could be a seller so that buyer will feel secure in doing transaction. This app also could be a platform to collect some information about the alumni because there is detail information that can facilitate in holding an alumni reunion. This app uses C# language programming, ASP.NET, Visual Studio and SQL Server database. The result of this app will be implemented for SMA N 3 Semarang.

Abstract Strehlow, H. V., Schultz, N., Zimmermann, C., and Hammer, C. 2012. Cod catches taken by the German recreational fishery in the western Baltic Sea, 2005–2010: implications for stock assessment and management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1769–1780. Next to the commercial fishery, the recreational fishery plays an important role in the removal of biomass from fish stocks. In this study, we present estimates of German recreational cod (Gadus morhua) catches in the western Baltic Sea between 2005 and 2010. Fishing effort was estimated using a stratified mail survey and annual sales of fishing licences. Catch per unit effort was estimated by stratified random sampling of access points and interviews about completed trips. Length distributions of cod catches were acquired by sampling recreational cod catches from charter boats and data from community fishing events. Estimates of the total cod biomass removed by the recreational fishery fluctuated between 2159 t in 2009 and 4127 t in 2005. Annual recreational fishery cod harvests accounted for a significant share of the total landings, with a yearly variation from 34 to 70% of the German commercial cod landings from the western Baltic Sea. The majority of recreational fishery cod catches were taken from private boats and charter vessels. Because of the amount and specifically the variability of the recreational catches, they are important for the assessment and management of the resource and, therefore, need to be surveyed annually.

The article explores the relationship of the person with the hole through both literal and metaphorical situations. On the one hand, it points up the body in seclusion and suspended in a time interval, as in the case of the accident at the mine in San José (Chile) or works by artists like J. Wall, G. Schneider or R. Ondák. In this way, opposed feelings evoke the experiences of waiting and/or punishment, which are explanatory of a confined body or a hole. Literature, cinema and art deal with these events from multiple aspects, which become existential allegories about the individual. On the other hand, the act of digging gains prominence as a symbol of work, but also of the absurd. Recalling the ambivalence that may suggest a person making a hole, this article carries out a drift through works by artists of different generations and contexts, such as C. Burden, M. Heizer, F. Miralles, Geliti, S. Sierra, F. Alÿs, M. Salum, X. Ristol or N. Güell. A series of clearly performative or conceptual works, where the act of digging, drilling, burying or unburying become common practices that show the diversity of meanings and intentions.