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1
GARDAZI, SYED MUDASSER FIDA, MUHAMMAD ASIM IQBAL, and HAFIZ MUHAMMAD USMAN NAWAZ. "Price Reduction in Vienna Sales Convention and Compatibility Check in Sale of Goods Act of Pakistan." International Review of Management and Business Research 10, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/10-1(2021)-32.
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Price reduction is one of the civil law remedies incorporated in the Vienna sales convention. On the other hand, Pakistan is neither the signatory of the convention nor its national sales law posses this remedy. Therefore a research is highly required to fill this vacuum and find out a solution for international buyer who is involved in trade with parties in Pakistan. Thus the study aims to investigate the suitability of price reduction in compatibility with existing legal regime. The study reveals the raison d'être in contract making via relative analysis of the existence of price reduction as an assurance for performance and certainty. The results depict that adding price reduction as remedy will be a good legal cover to the buyer's claims and a better response to the business practices in Pakistan. Especially, where the buyer is facing difficulties to prove his loss he may simply opt to reduce the price. Hence, study recommends that introducing the 'price reduction' as a remedy in the local legal system will enhance the confidence of a commercial buyer from the international community. Keywords: Sale of Goods, CISG, Price Reduction, Remedy.
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Michalski, Krzysztof. "Product analysis using value stream mapping." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2019-0047.
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Abstract The sales market requires both the highest quality of offered goods and satisfactory prices for the buyer. In addition to the reliability of the important aspects are also the time of order fulfillment, reliability, readiness to act around the clock, and service of sold goods after their sale. In the production and confection of conveyor belts, the priority is a customer who, having strictly defined product requirements, also has individually focused goals. To meet these aspects, you need to look after the product both during its production and after. The products of this industry are specific, so that they can be used, after sales service is often required to be installed at the customer and possible actions to maintain their good condition during operation. The article analyzes selected production processes of transmission belts to identify disturbances. The analysis uses the value stream mapping method. Then, improvement methods were proposed.
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Barnard, Jacolien. "The Influence of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 on the Common Law Warranty Against Eviction: A Comparative Overview." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 5 (June 1, 2017): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i5a2527.
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The implementation of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA) has great implications for the South African common law of sale. In this contribution the influence of the CPA on the seller’s common law duty to warrant the buyer against eviction is investigated. Upon evaluation of the relevant provisions of the CPA, the legal position in the United Kingdom – specifically the provisions of the Sales of Goods Act of 1979 – is investigated.
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Golda, N., O. Burlitska, and O. Krause. "Investigation and formation of the sales mechanism." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 68, no. 1 (2021): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.01.166.
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The features of the mechanism of using the tools of the marketing complex in the sales process are investigated in this paper. It is proved that in market economy, the given concept of «4P» does not completely reveal the essence of marketing activities and should be supplemented by several components. This approach promotes the use of three more components that form appropriate standards for service enterprises. The concept of «sale», which is considered as oral exchange between the buyer and the seller, during which the seller makes the presentation of the goods for the purpose of concluding transaction is considered and supplemented. It is analyzed that the interpretation of the sales process only as a sphere of personal communication between seller and buyer does not take into account the preparation and organization of sales, physical movement of goods to the point of sale, but only establishes and maintains contacts with consumers. In this case, sales act as one of the tools of communication with the consumer and is aimed to find a buyer, convince him to buy the product and provide necessary sales. It is proved that it is the communication component of the sales process that distinguishes it from other concepts – sales and distribution and expands the scope, focusing on the end result and taking care of meeting the needs of consumers. Communication in this case plays the role of the tool by which the sales process is performed. In addition, it is also one of the sources for collecting information about the target consumer and formation of the company’s image, which aims to increase the number of loyal customers. It is proved that the purpose of formation of sales complex at the enterprise is the delivery of finished goods to the consumer and its effective realization for balance establishment between market demand and goods offer. The effectiveness of sales in this case is that the cost of relevant marketing activities of the enterprise must be recouped and give a direct and indirect effects, presented in the form of meeting consumer needs and increasing their loyalty to the company and its products, or in the form of profit growth per hryvnia of sales budget.
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Whittington, Nicholas. "Reconsidering Domestic Sale of Goods Remedies in Light of the CISG." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v37i3.5576.
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This article suggests that New Zealand should overhaul the remedies available for breach of sale of goods contracts. It argues that the Sale of Goods Act 1908 should be repealed and the principles and provisions of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG) should be adopted in its place. This would have the effect of eliminating the unnecessary distinction currently made between domestic and international sale of goods, and finally ridding the law of the condition-warranty distinction which has become out of date and leads to uncertainty and injustice. It is argued that the provisions of the CISG better respond to the transportation and communication costs and distances involved in international sales, considerations which are not insignificant in trade within New Zealand and, consequently, justify a similar approach domestically.
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Wijaya, Monica Anita, Sopian Aji, and Fandhilah Fandhilah. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Penjualan Bahan Baku Gypsum dan Baja Berbasis Web." Indonesian Journal on Software Engineering (IJSE) 4, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/ijse.v4i2.5975.
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Abstract - CV Gypsum Griya Indah is a market leader distributor company in the industry of gypsum and mild steel raw materials. The sales system at this company is still manually felt to be less effective in attracting customers. By implementing information systems at Griya Indah CV Gypsum which is engaged in sales and wants to expand its marketing area through an E-commerce website. Aside from being a means of promotion, E-commerce websites can simplify the process of ordering and purchasing goods. E-commerce websites do not only act as information media but can also expand sales areas to reach all of Indonesia and internationally. For consumers, websites simplify the process of purchasing goods needed. In this study the method used is the waterfall method which describes a systematic and sequential approach to software development, starting with the specification of user needs and then continuing through several stages as follows planning, modeling, construction, and the delivery of the system to customers / users, then end with complete software support generated. By using webset as a media.
Keywords: E-commerce Website, Gypsum Raw Material, Light Steel
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Nguru, Aristide Kahindo. "THE ATTITUDE OF OHADA LAW COUNTRIES TOWARDS THE CISG." Journal of Law, Society and Development 3, no. 1 (September 12, 2016): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/1090.
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Disparities in national laws are likely to result in uncertainty which, in turn, creates obstacles to international commerce. It is acknowledged that strong investment flows cannot be achieved without a secure legal and commercial environment. Mindful of such a need, states decided to harmonise sales law internationally. To this end, in 1980 they adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods known as the Vienna Sales Convention or the CISG. The CISG has led a number of countries, including the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) law states, to modernise their local sales law. However, only three of 17 countries that constitute the OHADA community have ratified the CISG. OHADA law countries give the impression of favouring a more regional approach to the unification of sales law rather than the CISG’s global approach by implementing a local Commercial Uniform Act. Their indifference towards the CISG is not without consequences for commerce in the OHADA region. This article seeks to demonstrate that the lack of ratification of a universal convention, as for example the CISG, poses a danger to commercial dealings. It also intends to show that the CISG is not hostile to regional uniform sales laws of the OHADA Commercial Uniform Act type. It concludes that OHADA countries do not need to be afraid of their acceptance of the CISG and recommends that it be ratified.
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Nutting, P. Bradley. "Selling Elegant Glassware During the Great Depression: A. H. Heisey & Company and the New Deal." Business History Review 77, no. 3 (2003): 447–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500039209.
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The sale of luxury goods during the 1930s represents an incongruous aspect of American business that has been largely ignored by historians. This essay focuses on the efforts of one manufacturer of high-quality, elegant glassware, A. H. Heisey & Company of Newark, Ohio, to survive the Great Depression. Heisey created successful new sales strategies and product designs to meet the changing tastes of its customers. Although difficult to gauge with precision, Heisey's business also benefited from the overlapping influence of several New Deal measures: the Beer–Wine Revenue Act, the National Recovery Act, and the National Housing Act. Paradoxically, Heisey was most hampered by President Roosevelt's adoption of fiscal restraint in 1937, a policy that the company's Republican executives strongly advocated.
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Alsowaidi, Saif S. "Consumer Cooperatives in Qatar: Their Development and Effects." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 3, no. 2 (January 1990): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9000300204.
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There are ten consumer cooperatives in Qatar, and they do not differ in any substantial way from any ordinary grocery stores. However, the profit-sharing scheme is an element which differentiates cooperatives from such stores. Since 1976 until the present, the role of the government is noticeable. The government provides financial and moral support to cooperatives. In spite of this, membership is very limited in numbers, and the return to members is low relative to that earned by members of boards of management who contribute very little to the cooperatives. With respect to their relations with the private sector, cooperatives have reduced the sales of the privately-owned shops, and, at the same time depend on wholesales for their supplies of goods. The effects of cooperatives in the Qatari society may be summed up as an introduction of an alternative to the privately-owned shops, although their contribution to the national output is unimportant. This is a valid argument despite of their relative large sales and assets, because they act as retailers, and not producers of goods or services.
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Nuzula, Khurin Fijria, and Irham Zaki. "Tinjauan Implementasi Fatwa DSN NO.25/DSN-MUI/III/2002 Pada Pelaksanaan Penjualan Barang Gadai Yang Tidak Ditebus Di Bank JATIM Syariah." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 3, no. 5 (January 20, 2017): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol3iss20165pp418-429.
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The purpose of this research is to assess the compliance of the selling procedures for unredeemed pawn goods (Marhun) in accordance to the National Sharia Council’s Fatwa No:25/DSN-MUI/III/2002 in Bank Jatim Syariah. The selling of unredeemed pawn goods (marhun) is analyzed from 4 aspects : (1) Maturity, (2) the execution of sale, (3) the result of the sale and (4) the excess or deficit from the result of the sale. This research adopts a qualitative approach with a case study methodology. The result of this research suggests that there is incompliance to the National Sharia Council’s Fatwa No:25/DSN-MUI/III/2002 in the act of selling unredeemed pawn goods (marhun) by Bank Jatim Syariah, however this incompliance does not indicate any breach to the sharia rulings on sales and purchase.
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Giliker, Paula. "The Consumer Rights Act 2015 – a bastion of European consumer rights?" Legal Studies 37, no. 1 (March 2017): 78–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12139.
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The Consumer Rights Act 2015 seeks to consolidate in one place key consumer rights covering contracts for goods, services and digital content, and the law relating to unfair terms in consumer contracts. These are areas where there has been considerable activity at both a national and an EU level. In particular, the Consumer Sales Directive 99/44/EC, the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 93/13/EEC and the Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EU have all made significant changes to Member State law, promoting the idea of the ‘informed consumer’, able to assert his or her rights in entering consumer contracts. This paper will examine the extent to which the Act promotes the objectives of these Directives and the implications of the result of the June 2016 referendum that the UK should leave the EU. Does the Consumer Rights Act 2015 represent a valuable consolidation of EU and UK consumer policy, or are EU rights being absorbed into a distinctive national framework of consumer rights?
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Satrio, Danang, Siti Yunitarini, and Nila Rizqiani. "Application of green marketing mix of beauty products on sales through purchase decisions as intervening variable." Asian Management and Business Review 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ambr.vol1.iss2.art1.
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Public awareness in Indonesia in responding to global warming has increased significantly. Increased public awareness plays an important role in providing challenges and opportunities for companies that provide goods or services to create products that are in accordance with their wishes. The challenge is to guarantee that the goods or services provided are safe for consumers and friendly and do not damage the environment. The concept of green marketing mix refers to the satisfaction of customer needs, wants, and desires in relation to the maintenance and preservation of the environment. Discussions on environmental issues in developed countries have been initiated and developed since the 1990s. Green marketing is a marketing concept used by companies to achieve the main goal of making a profit. Green marketing in the process is an act of integrating broad activities, which include product modifications, changes to the production process, changes to packaging, to changes to advertising. Based on this phenomenon, this study aims to find out how much influence the application of the green marketing mix has on sales.
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Herawan, Chandra, Udi Pramiudi, and Edison Edison. "Penerapan Metode Economic Order Quantity Dalam Mewujudkan Efisiensi Biaya Persediaan STUDI KASUS PADA PT. SETIAJAYA MOBILINDO BOGOR." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Kesatuan 1, no. 3 (December 5, 2013): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jiakes.v1i3.245.
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Inventories are important in making sales for the company to meet consumer demand, so asexpected to be able fill up market needs and utilize existing opportunities to earn income. Ownedstock company must supply the optimum value, so as to meet every demand with minimum cost.then the company can use the method of economic order quantity (EOQ) calculation of theoptimum amount of inventory. By using the EOQ method is the cost incurred for the procurementof supplies to be more minimal. The purpose of this study was to determine how theimplementation of the EOQ method and inventory costs that occurred in the company, as well as tofind out how the role of the EOQ method in the company stock cost efficiently. Research on theauthor is in the PT. Setiajaya Mobilindo Bogor. PT. Setiajaya Mobilindo Bogor is a companywhich engaged in sales, service and spareparts. The results obtained by the method of economicorder quantity (EOQ) ordering the company to find out how economical for each inventory itemand find out the frequency of bookings for a period and when ordering goods to be redone, so thedemand for goods can be satisfied in the maximum. Thus the economic order quantity (EOQ)method important to act in efficient of suppy cost in that company.
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Setiawan, Made Rony, A. A. Sagung Laksmi Dewi, and Ni Made Sukaryati Karma. "Sanksi Pidana terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penggelapan dalam Situs Jual Beli Online." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.1.1.2198.124-129.
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Nowadays in the world of electronic transactions many deviant acts are found, and are not based on existing legal norms, which mostly occur in the online trading system. Online sales and purchases are sometimes only based on trust, which means that the perpetrators of trade are sometimes unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the legal arrangements regarding the actions that have been carried out by business actors to consumers and criminal sanctions imposed on perpetrators of embezzlement in online trading sites. This study uses a normative method because there are still vague norms, based on the opinions of legal scholars and the Law. Prohibition of business actors in marketing activities is regulated in Article 9 paragraph 1 of the Consumer Protection Act prohibiting business actors from offering, promoting, advertising goods and / or services incorrectly or as if the goods have fulfilled and have discounted prices, special prices , certain quality standards, certain styles or modes, certain characteristics, certain history or uses, the goods are in good or new condition, the goods and services have been obtained or have a sponsor, approval, certain equipment, certain benefits. Crimes of embezzlement are based on the provisions of article 372 KUHP, which means that someone who has someone's belongings with the intention of violating the law is an embezzlement.
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Hejbudzki, Michał. "The Importance of the Directive 2011/83/EU for the Transposition of the Directive 1999/44/EC into the Polish Law in the Field of the Seller‘s Liability for Physical Defects of Goods." International and Comparative Law Review 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2018-0033.
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Summary The Author examines the importance of the Directive 2011/83/EU for the transposition of the Directive 1999/44/EC into Polish law in the field of seller‘s liability for physical defects in the item sold. These considerations were prompted by the Act on Consumer Rights of 30 May 2014 including the amended provisions on liability under warranty which entered into force in Poland on 25 December 2014. The aim of the considerations included in this article is to identify new limits of liability for the quality of goods, which were determined by revised provisions of the Civil Code resulting from the aforementioned Act and to show the significance of the implementation of the Directive 2011/83/EU into the Polish law for this process. The matter of the analysis was subjected to both the subjective limitations, i.e. it was reduced only to seller-consumer legal relationships, and to the objective limitations, i.e. related only to liability under warranty for physical defects resulting from sales contracts.
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Bugaychuk, V., О. Opalov, І. Grabchuk, and К. Razumna. "Bioeconomic advantages of developing enterprises operating in dairy products industry." Scientific Horizons 93, no. 8 (2020): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-93-8-72-78.
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Currently, there is a global trend to produce a variety of products, goods and energy using renewable organic raw materials based on the widespread application of biotechnology. That is, the bioeconomy creates bioeconomic advantages in the interaction between the economy, environment, technology and society due to the fact that it uses scientific and technological innovations that act as drivers. For PJSC Zhytomyr Butter Plant such measures are priority areas in production, organizational and technical activities. In particular, the new line “Straightline SL1100 F2 from Tetra Pak” will make it possible to reduce the production cost of 1 ton of ice cream and improve its quality. According to the enterprise’s estimates, in 2020 the sales turnover will be 51,840.0 thousand items; the unit cost will be UAH 30. As a result, the revenue will be UAH 1,554.0 thousand. Over the years, sales turnover and price will increase, so sales revenue will also increase and will amount to UAH 1,631.2 in 2021, UAH 1,675.6 in 2022, UAH 1,703.3 in 2023. The amount of profit will grow annually in the range from 6.4 % to 9.0 %. Thus, the enterprise can create bioeconomic advantages through high quality products, lower production costs, and most importantly, through the development of key competencies that create unique value for consumers.
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Coetzee, Juana. "A Pluralist Approach to the Law of International Sales." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (April 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1355.
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International trade can support economic development and social upliftment. However, people are often discouraged from contracting internationally due to differences in legal systems which act as a non-tariff barrier to trade. This article focuses on the private law framework regulating international contracts of sale. During the twentieth century, the problem of diverse laws was primarily addressed by global uniform law such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). However, uniform law is rarely complete and has to be supplemented by national law, trade usage or party agreement. Because of gaps that exist in the CISG the Swiss government made a proposal for a new global contract law. But is this a feasible solution to the fragmentary state of international trade law? In Europe, signs of reluctance are setting in towards further harmonisation efforts. The Proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) was recently withdrawn, and now Britain has voted to leave the European Union; rumour having it that more countries might follow. The current private law framework for international sales contracts consists of a hybrid system where international, national, state and non-state law function side by side. This article submits that universalism is not per se the most efficient approach to the regulation of international sales law and that economic forces require a more varied approach for business-to-business transactions. The biggest challenge, however, would be to manage global legal pluralism. It is concluded that contractual parties, the courts and arbitral tribunals can effectively manage pluralism on a case-by-case basis.
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Gudima, M. M. "Transfer of ownership on the basis of a sales agreement: some legal nuances." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.23.
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The publication is devoted to the analysis of some legal nuances of the transfer of ownership under a sales contract. First, the article describes the general characteristics of contracts aimed at the transfer of ownership and determines the place of a sales contract in their system. It is further established that the moment of transfer of ownership on the basis of a sales contract is not always tied to the time of the contract conclusion.
Some special norms on the transfer of ownership, which are contained in the general provisions on purchase and sale, are analyzed and their limitations and superficiality are revealed. The absence of special legal regulation stipulated an appeal to the General Part of the Civil Code of Ukraine, where the general rule enshrines the practice of recognizing the moment of acquisition of ownership at the time of transfer for all contracts. Therefore, the paper further analyzes the requirement that the seller’s obligation to transfer the thing is considered fulfilled, which raised doubts about the success of the legislator to give such importance to the transfer while investing only one-sided meaning. Since the position is expressed and substantiated that the transfer of ownership cannot occur at the time of transfer of the goods by the seller, but in case of non-acceptance by the buyer. An important argument in favor of the latter thesis is the legislator’s diverge of the provisions on the transfer of ownership and the transfer of the risk of accidental destruction or accidental damage to goods in certain rules, correctly assuming the possibility of mismatch of the above moments.
The publication emphasizes that even taking into account the moment of acceptance of the goods by the buyer when determining the moment of transfer of ownership is not always able to solve practical problems that may arise during the transfer of ownership under a sales contract, therefore, a conclusion is formulated on the need to revise the general legislative approach to determining the moment of transfer of ownership and its binding not to a unilateral act (transfer of the thing), but to the moment of action by the other party to the contract aimed at its goal achieving. Given that a sales contract is paid, it is determined that the moment of transfer of ownership should be considered the moment of receipt of counter-satisfaction by the counterparty under the contract (the buyer’s payment of the price for the purchased thing).
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Mahdavi, Mehdi, Belem Barbosa, Zaíla Oliveira, and Valentina Chkoniya. "Scents of celebrities: Endorsers’ impact on buyers’ online perfume purchase." Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2019-0022.
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Abstract Literature has highlighted the challenges of selling experience (vs. search) products online. In addition, the role of celebrity endorsers in purchase intention and attitudes towards brands has been emphasized by scholars. This article argues that celebrities provide cues on products’ sensorial characteristics that have been so far disregarded by extant literature. By choosing perfume as a complex experience product, twenty-seven participants from three countries were interviewed in order to find how endorsers could assist e-shoppers to identify fragrant characteristics in the absence of the real scent. The results of the qualitative content analysis reveal that endorsers’ personality traits and lifestyle could act as predictor of the type of scent. Scent categorization based on such traits are presented. This article provides valuable contributions to both researchers and practitioners interested in online sales of experience goods. Limitations and avenues for future search are also provided.
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Kobak, James B. "Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 1 (January 2005): 1850032. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1050.
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The exhaustion doctrine in intellectual property law generally limits the rights of a patent, copyright or trademark owner (“IP Owner”) to control the disposition of an article after the article has been sold by or under the authority of the IP Owner. In theory the doctrine enables the IP Owner to receive fair reward for surrendering its right to withhold a product from the market but thereafter permits free disposition and movement of chattels, preventing IP rights from unduly disrupting distribution systems.Under a strict territorial application of the doctrine, a sale in country A under a country A patent (or copyright or trademark) would exhaust the IP Owner’s rights only in Country A, and the IP Owner could rely on its separate patents in other countries to enjoin sales, seek damages or possibly even require customs officials to halt infringing imports at the border. This principle would hold even though the IP rights in all the countries are essentially the same. A strict territorial exhaustion doctrine is arguably consistent with the nature of IP rights, which are granted by each individual nation as an act of sovereignty and are strictly territorial in effect; while its impact will vary with other trade conditions (relative exchange rates, for example) and across different categories of goods, a strict territorial approach can serve as a barrier to free movement of goods and cause IP rights to act as private trade barriers.Opposed to the territorial principle is the historically more widely applied principle of international exhaustion. Under this version of the doctrine a sale by or under the authority of an IP Owner anywhere exhausts its right under all counterpart IP anywhere in the world. This doctrine has always seemed difficult to reconcile with the underlying systems of national IP rights but avoids the practical problems and trade barriers of a territorial principle.Court decisions in the last few years in three major trading areas -- the EU, Japan and the US – have rejected a strict international application of the exhaustion doctrine for some forms of IP, with the result that sales of some products by an IP Owner outside Country or trading region A do not necessarily prevent the owner from using Country A IP rights to prevent imports or sales there. This is an issue which the major international trade treaties leave to individual signatories’ local law. Subject to possible limits imposed by competition laws in what will probably be relatively rare cases, IP Owners in these three major trading areas may, with greater or lesser effort, now restrict parallel trade and discriminate in sale of some goods between markets with different levels of pricing.These recent decisions, while suggesting some degree of convergence among the three trading areas, do not necessarily correlate closely with the notion suggested by Guzman* (in connection with competition laws) that such legal regimes should be supported by net exporting nations, not net importers. It is possible that as the implications of these decisions become clearer and their possible effects more evident, they will eventually lead to further consideration and possibly further international trade negotiations on the subject of parallel imports.
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Shatalow, Nicholas. "Policy Forum: The GST/HST Obligations of Non-Resident E-Commerce Firms—Jurisprudence and Policy." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 68, no. 4 (January 2021): 1035–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2020.68.4.pf.shatalow.
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E-commerce presents a broad range of challenges for policy makers. In the tax context, it has the potential to obscure the relationship between a firm and the appropriate taxing jurisdiction. This article explores the goods and services tax (GST)/harmonized sales tax (HST) obligations of non-resident e-commerce firms with no physical presence in Canada—specifically, whether those firms may be required to register for, collect, and remit GST/HST in respect of their activities in the Canadian market. Recent developments in the common law (albeit in a non-tax context) indicate that non-resident e-commerce firms with no physical presence in Canada may be found to be carrying on business in Canada. Since carrying on business in Canada is a key element in determining a person's GST/HST obligations, it is likely that non-resident e-commerce firms that are found to meet the requirement will be subject to such obligations in respect of taxable supplies made digitally in the Canadian market. That said, there is at present a great deal of uncertainty about the specific factors to be used in determining whether the activities of a non-resident e-commerce firm are sufficient to meet the carrying-on-business threshold. The author of this article recommends that Parliament should address this uncertainty by amending the Excise Tax Act to deem non-resident e-commerce firms to be carrying on business in Canada if they exceed specific de minimis sales thresholds.
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Efrianti, Efrianti, and Nurul Ilmi Idrus. "Preloved Shopping." Emik 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46918/emik.v3i1.578.
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Online shopping has become part of public shopping activities, through social media such as Facebook, Instagram, etc., with various shopping convenience. Since the rise of online businesses, Instagram is one of the most popular shopping media, both for new and preloved goods. While a number of existing literatures concentrate on online shopping with various new items, little if any deals with preloved shopping with specific items, focusing on its management. This article fills this gap.
This study was conducted on social media Instagram on preloved goods seller accounts through which preloved goods are sold. The informants in this study were female sellers and buyers of preloved goods, as they are the dominant preloved sellers and buyers, particularly cosmetics and fashion. There were 11 women participated in this study, they are varied based on age (between 19 and 25 years), occupation (six female students, a celebgram, entrepreneur, influencer, and barista respectively), and status (six buyers and five owners who at the same time act as administration staff (admin).
The study indicates that cosmetics and fashions are two types of preloved item which are popularly sold and bought in Instagram. Although used goods are very diverse, the term preloved is used limitedly, and used products such as cosmetics and fashion are included as preloved items. Among other preloved items in Instagram, cosmetics (such as make up and skin care) and fashion (such as bags, shoes, assesories, clothes) are the most popular items. Reduced price (“harga miring”), brand (merek), and trying out (coba-coba) are three main reasons why women buy preloved cosmetics; while brand (merek), style (model), reduced price (“harga miring”), and quality are four main reasons why preloved fashion are bought. In addition, brands and "reduced prices" are two reasons that intersect between preloved cosmetics and fashion, and quality is always related to price, as it is with brands, which show that some factors are interrelated to one another. However, each type of goods has its own unique reasons why it is bought. For preloved cosmetics sellers, selling preloved goods is to make cosmetics available for use before the expired date. As for preloved fashion sellers, the fashion goods are sold because they are rarely used or are not use at all. Both cosmetics and fashions sellers have common reason to sell preloved items, that is to make money from used goods instead of being left useless. There are two types of preloved account in Instagram. They are special account and private account. Special account is divided into two, namely celebgram and non-celebgram accounts. Celebgram account consists of self-managed accounts, managed in groups, and managed by administrative staff (admin). Non-celebgram account consists of individual account and group account. In addition, private account is an inseparable account between a personal account and preloved sales account. Most accounts are managed by its owners who are at the same time act as administration staff, except one type of celebgram account. Group account manages their account by division of labour system. In promoting existing items, they use a variety of strategies, ranging from using other’s accounts which have many followers, packaged promotion, discounting, to using celebgram services.
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Dharma Saputra, Komang Edy. "Tata Cara Penyitaan Dan Pelelangan Serta Perlindungan Barang Milik Wajib Pajak." Jurnal Ilmiah Raad Kertha 2, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jirk.v2i2.160.
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Development of taxation should be increased, if not fostered community members resulted inthe taxpayer less responsible and less participate in bearing the burden of the state and in maintainingthe continuity of the national development program. To further enhance the role of the taxpayer inreceipt of state sector of taxes necessary to have a law reform national tax, with the aim of furtherconfirm the independence of the nation to finance national development with the road more on the bestof our ability through increased state revenue through taxation, simplifying the tax system that includesthe type tax, tax calculation of tax payment and tax records, fix the taxation apparatus both concerningthe work procedures, work discipline and mental tax officials, tax burden more fair and reasonable, sothat on the one hand to encourage taxpayers consciousness paying taxes and on the other hand shallThe new tax increases. Law - Tax Law has encountered several improvements and is currently in useAct 16 of 2009 which is to amend Law No. 6 of 1983. Law No.36 of 2008 is an amendment to Law No.7 of 1983 on Income Tax, and Law 42 of 2009 is the change in the Act 8 of 1983 on Value Added Taxand the Goods and Services Sales Tax on luxury goods. In practice, if done auction, items auctionedprice could be lower than the normal price. This could result in losses for taxpayers because the nutrientobject sold at below market prices. Moreover, a thing that is impossible to do by the taxpayer is toreclaim the goods that have been auctioned off, because it belongs to the auction winner based on theminutes of the auction. For that we need a legal protection for the taxpayer / undertaking Taxes on theimplementation of the seizure and auction. Taxpayer / Tax Insurers have the right remedy for the implementation of seizure and auction in question.
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Desrochers, Camille, Pierre-Majorique Léger, Marc Fredette, Seyedmohammadmahdi Mirhoseini, and Sylvain Sénécal. "The arithmetic complexity of online grocery shopping: the moderating role of product pictures." Industrial Management & Data Systems 119, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 1206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-04-2018-0151.
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Purpose Online grocery shopping possesses characteristics that can make it more difficult than regular online shopping. There are numerous buying decisions to make each shopping session, there are large ranges of product types to choose from and there is varied arithmetical complexity. The purpose of this paper is to examine how such characteristics influence the attitude of consumers toward online grocery shopping websites. Design/methodology/approach The authors hypothesized that the product type (search or experience product), the task arithmetic complexity, and the attention and cognitive load associated with browsing through product pictures have an effect on the attitude of online shoppers toward these websites. To test the hypotheses, 31 subjects participated in a within-subject laboratory experiment. Findings The results suggest that visual attention to product pictures has a positive effect on the attitude of online shoppers toward a website when they are shopping for experience goods, but that it has a negative effect on their attitude toward a website when the task arithmetic complexity is greater. They also suggest that the cognitive load associated with browsing through product pictures has a negative effect on the attitude of online shoppers toward a website when they are shopping for experience goods, and that greater cognitive load variation has a positive effect on their attitude toward a website when arithmetic task complexity is greater. Practical implications When designing online grocery websites, providing clear single unit quantities with pictures corresponding to the sales unit could help establish a clear baseline on which consumers can work out their quantity requirements. For decisions involving experience goods, product pictures may act as an important complementary information source and may even be more diagnostic than text description. Originality/value Results reinforce the relevance of enriching the study of self-reported measures of the user experience on e-commerce sites with automatic measures.
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Alves, Fábio Rodrigues, and Dulce Whitaker. "Reflexões sobre consumo consciente à luz do binômio cultura e ideologia / Reflections on conscious consumption in the light of the binomial culture and ideology." Profanações 5, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24302/prof.v5i2.1267.
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O eixo em torno do qual gira esta pesquisa, é um argumento que pode contrariar o senso comum e mesmo parte do senso científico. A pesquisa, desenvolvido a partir de conceitos marxistas, parte do desígnio de que a produção, impulsionada pelo modo de produção capitalista, e não o consumo, é a responsável pela devastação ambiental. Nesse diapasão, acreditamos que não se deve responsabilizar apenas o consumidor pelos problemas ambientais hodiernos, haja vista que empresários capitalistas se abrigam sob um véu eco-ideológico, lastreado no modo de produção capitalista. Ademais, o consumidor, como elo de uma cadeia inflexível de produção e reprodução, apenas cumpre seu papel e realiza o ato do consumo. Nesse desiderato, a produção cria as mercadorias que se tornarão necessidades para os consumidores, devidamente agraciadas com o seu próprio fetiche. Ainda, visando à divulgação e/ou impulsionamento das vendas das mercadorias produzidas, os empresários contratam os mais criativos publicitários, e por meio daquele sagrado equipamento de comunicação, a televisão, as propagandas televisivas, mesclam cultura e ideologia, e tornam o consumo um ato cultuado na sociedade capitalista.AbstractThe axis around which turns this research, is an argument that might contradict common sense and even part of the scientific sense. The research, developed from Marxist concepts of the design of the production, driven by the capitalist mode of production, not consumption, is responsible for environmental devastation. In this vein, we believe that we should not just blame the consumer by modern environmental problems, given that capitalist entrepreneurs take shelter under an eco-ideological veil, backed the capitalist mode of production. Moreover, the consumer, as a link in an inflexible chain of production and reproduction, only fulfills its role and performs the act of consumption. In this goal, the production creates goods that will become needs for consumers, duly honored with his own fetish. Still, in order to disclose and / or boosting sales of goods produced, entrepreneurs hire the best advertising creative, and through that sacred communication equipment, television, television advertisements, mix culture and ideology, and make the consumer an act worshiped in capitalist society.
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Koźmiński, Krzysztof. "Ograniczenie handlu w niedziele – przewidywanie skutków regulacji czy wróżenie z fusów?" Studia Iuridica 78 (May 29, 2019): 212–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2162.
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This article is devoted to the issue of new Polish regulations introducing the principle of prohibiting trade on Sundays. As is clear from the justification of the Act, the argument for the provisions on the prohibition of trade on Sunday is first of all concern for employees’ rights and family relations, striving to guarantee time for the families of employees. The Act also provides for numerous exceptions to the principle of prohibiting trading on Sundays (including the possibility of selling at gas stations, railway stations, airports, hospitals, and also permits trade in flowers, souvenirs and religious goods). In addition, it will be acceptable to provide other services such as catering (Sundays restaurants and bars open on Sundays), cultural (the opportunity to visit the museum, cinema, theater) and sports (sports fields, gyms, swimming pools, ice rinks, sports halls also open on Sundays). The legislator declares that he cares about on the transfer of activities outside shopping centers, and new solutions will not cause losses on the part of entrepreneurs and lower tax revenues. On the other hand, as shown in the analysis and analogous experiences of other European countries quoted in the article (eg in Hungary, after the introduction of a trade ban on Sunday, sales increased because consumers bought more products “on stock”), experts ‒ regardless of the methodology used ‒ are not able to predict precise socio-economic effects of the proposed regulations. This is because the recipients of new regulations are taking steps to comply with the new law (among others, Polish entrepreneurs have introduced major changes in their activities to avoid economic losses after the entry into force of the Act on the prohibition of Sunday trading), and consumers behave often irrationally, which also makes it difficult to accurately estimate the consequences of new solutions.
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D, Mathiyalagan. "Anti Microbial Fabrics Manufacturing using the BenzalKonium Chloride in Antimicrobial Fabric Finishing." International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 1 (December 25, 2014): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23942576/ijpbe-v1i1p104.
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The antibacterial fabrics manufacturing is challenging task in textile industries. The fabric is a good living place for the bacteria and it act as a medium between the human and bacteria. The textile industries are concentrates more on antibacterial fabrics manufacturing because it will increase the quality of fabrics and also increase the product sales. This paper proposes the benzalkoniumchloride based antibacterial fabric manufacturing in textile industries. This kind of antimicrobial agents provides a better protection against the bacteria as long time. And also it does not spoil the quality of fabrics like shrinking and tearing.
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Halpern-Shavim, Zvi. "Policy Forum: Carrying On About Carrying On Business: A Response to "The GST/HST Obligations of Non-Resident E-Commerce Firms"." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 68, no. 4 (January 2021): 1053–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2020.68.4.pf.halpern-shavim.
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Non-resident suppliers of digital products and services are not required to collect and remit goods and services tax (GST)/harmonized sales tax (HST) if they are not "carrying on business" in Canada. The term "carrying on business" in Canada is not defined in the legislation. Leaving aside policy arguments in favour of, or against, requiring such non-resident suppliers without a physical presence in Canada to register, the author of this article considers whether the current legal framework should be reinterpreted to require such suppliers to become registered for GST/HST on the basis of a purely digital presence. He addresses these issues by considering the textual, contextual, and purposive meaning of the term "carrying on business" (and its permutations) in the Excise Tax Act (Canada) (ETA). He concludes that while developments in other areas of law, such as conflict-of-laws jurisprudence, may expand the common-law meaning of "carrying on business" in a jurisdiction to include having a purely digital presence, the interpretive framework particular for tax statutes in Canada, and the specific use of the term in the ETA itself, lead to the conclusion that a specific change in law would be the more appropriate way to impose registration and collection obligations on such non-resident suppliers.
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Mishra, Ganesh Prasad, and Lata Kusum Mishra. "Attributes and Characteristics that Stimulate Innovation Leader's Creativity." International Journal of Management Excellence 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v10i1.946.
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Today organizations face a scarcity of innovation leaders. Innovation leaders are successful because of the attributes and characteristics they possess. Characteristics and attributes of three innovation leaders -Thomas A. Edison, Steve Jobs and Mark Zuckerberg has been highlighted in this project. These innovation leaders are termed as highly creative and innovative. The author conducted a review of many international publications related to innovation leader. Some of the attributes of an innovation leader that were found in the research are - possessing strong leadership, must be visionary, must act as change agent so that employees are able to change their process and system for the betterment, must be a good sales person to sell ideas to the people, must be a good listener to understand others requirements, must be a logical thinker to make decisions, must be a good team-builder, must be even-keeled demeanour to act in an unbiased manner, must be passionate about new ideas and concept, and must be optimistic. It has also been found and widely acknowledged that innovation leaders play a critical role in organization's success.
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DeNora, Tia, and Sophie Belcher. "‘When You're Trying Something on You Picture Yourself in a Place Where They are Playing This Kind of Music’ — Musically Sponsored Agency in the British Clothing Retail Sector." Sociological Review 48, no. 1 (February 2000): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.00204.
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Despite the philosophical tradition from Plato onward, sociologists have not yet explored in full music's role as an active ingredient in social formation. This project has been left to environmental psychologists and market researchers who are more interested in ‘what’ music can cause than in exploring its mechanisms of operation and the implications of these mechanisms for the constitution of social agency. This paper draws upon ethnographic research in and around High Street retail outlets to examine music's role in shaping consumer agency – in-store conduct, purchase behaviour subjectivity, identity. Exploring music in this way illuminates the interface of material culture, social action and subjectivity. Music is used by retailers to signal target clientele and brand image and to structure the temporal dimensions of the retail to environment over the day, week and year. It is also used to structure in-store conduct. It is more important in relation to younger shoppers and to ‘browsers’. Some stores rely upon unacknowledged skill of sales assistants, who often act as ambassador users of store products, to make and implement local music policies. Music provides contextualization cues that may structure in-store subjectivity and clients' orientations to themselves as consumers and to goods on display. The heightened degree of aesthetic reflexivity exhibited by younger shoppers may be part of a transformation of the processes in and through which agency is produced and reproduced, one that is linked to an ascendancy of commercial control over agency's constitution.
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Tambunan, Santonius. "MEKANISME DAN KEABSAHAN TRANSAKSI JUAL BELI E-COMMERCEMENURUT KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PERDATA." Badamai Law Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.32801/damai.v1i1.257.
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The title ofthis studyis themechanismand thevalidity of thetransactione-commerce in terms ofArticle1320Indonesian Civil Law. The research method usedin this studyis the kind ofnormativeresearchthatexaminesthe norms, principles and legaldoctrinesrelating tothe issues raised. Thetype ofresearchthat researchers usein this studyare the type ofresearch on thelevel ofhorizontalsyncisthe norminterms of theInformation and Electronic Transaction Act withthe provisionsof Article1320Indonesian Civil Law.Offer and acceptance are the stages of pre online buying and selling contracts in e-commerce. In this process the good faith of the parties shall take precedence in the transaction. The momentum of the sales contract e-commerce can not be separated from the pre-contract stage. Although the mechanism is different transactions, but in general the contract e-commerce trading has occurred since the purchaser or consumer to send a message of acceptance of the products on offer to the seller (merchant). This suggests that the momentum of buying and selling contracts e-commerce more closely at the theory of acceptance (ontvangstheorie).Subjective terms in the transaction e-commerce are consent of the individuals who are bound thereby and capacity to conclude an agreement. While the objective terms are a specific subject and an admissible cause. Information and Electronic Transaction Act is a lexspecialis provisions of Article1320Indonesian Civil Law. However, in this Act only regulates consent of the individuals who are bound thereby and a specific subject, while capacity to conclude an agreement and an admissible cause has not been accommodated. Therefore, capacity to conclude an agreement and an admissible cause, can refer to the Civil Code as its lexgeneralis. Keywords: E-commerce, Sale and PurchaseTransaction, Mechanism, Validity
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CARMODY, DANA. "THE T. EATON COMPANY LIMITED: A CASE ANALYSIS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 10, no. 03 (September 2002): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495802000104.
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The T Eaton company, considered the world's first department store, was named after its founder Timothy Eaton. In 1869, it as a small dry goods business in Toronto. By 1907, at the death of its founder, it was a giant retail store, with a branch in Winnipeg, alongside a country-wide mail-order business. Innovative practices established during his time included sales for cash only and satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. Eaton's successors extended the Eaton empire across Canada, continuing the tradition of quality goods, prices, customer service and also fair labour practices. It became a Canadian institution. Eaton's filed for protection from its creditors in February 1997 and once again in August 1999 (see Appendix 1 for a chronology of events) under the federal Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act and the Ontario Business Corporations Act (Closings). The restructuring that followed the first bankruptcy was only partially successful. However, it had a significantly positive impact on Eaton's operations, and seemed to turn things around. Were it not for bad economic news and misfortune in mid-to-late 1998 (CNW 3 and CNW 5), the plan might have worked. Store-closings, employee terminations, and a huge liquidation sale followed the second bankruptcy declared in August 1999, as did the suspension of the trading of Eaton's stock (Chron). Sears Canada Inc. agreed to purchase 16 of the Eaton's stores in September 1999 (Sears 1; Material 1). These will open by the fall of 2000 (Material 2; Sears 1). A compromise was made with Eaton's creditors (including the employees) to give them approximately $0.50 on the dollar (Olijnyk 1). A compromise was also arrived at with Eaton's shareholders whereby the latter would be given participation units in exchange for their common shares (on a one-for-one trade) (Amended; Trachuk). These participation units are to be used in a contingent and conditional settlement based upon the possible utilization of tax credits by Sears acquired as a result of Eaton's $390 million in losses since 1996 (Receivership; Amended; Trachuk). These settlement monies might or might not be realized by the former shareholders (Amended; Trachuk). Today, Eaton's is no more. In its place are many great memories by a former generation of Canadians who used to go to the Eaton's stores to buy big things that were always of high quality. "Agnes Lunn, who was visiting [Edmonton, Calgary,] from Dartmouth, N.S., said she will miss the chain because of its trustworthiness. "If you bought something from Eaton's, you knew it was worth having, you knew it would be quality," she said (Auction)." Perhaps having six of the Eaton's stores open up this fall with the Eaton's name on them will rekindle a loyalty in a new generation of Canadians?
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Singh, Shweta, and Sumit Singh. "Accounting for risk in the traditional RFM approach." Management Research Review 39, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-11-2015-0272.
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Purpose – The Purpose of this study is to provide an alternative way to create customer valuation metric while accounting for customer riskiness. Customer relationship management (CRM) emphasizes the importance of measuring customer value. Analytics has paved the way for innovation by providing companies valuable insights into the behavior of customers. Earlier models used to measure customer value do not take into account the types and level of risk posed by customers, such as probability of churn, regularity of purchases, etc. The authors put forth a new and innovative approach to measuring customer value while, at the same time, adjusting for customer riskiness. Design/methodology/approach – Using a non-parametric approach used in the operations research area, the authors create a risk-adjusted regency, frequency, monetary value (RARFM) score for each customer. These scores are used to segment the customers into two groups – customers with high and low RARFM scores. The authors then identify the underlying demographics and behavioral characteristics that separate the two groups. Findings – Findings of this paper indicate that customers who perform the best on the RARFM metric tend to be more experienced, and are more likely to exhibit behavioral tendencies that help them perform well in their jobs, such as purchasing promotional goods that act as sales aid and enhance their performance. Originality/value – The paper is innovative in its approach in terms of creating a new metric for calculating customer value. Few papers have proposed ways to handle and adjust for customer riskiness. Here, the authors propose three kinds of customer risk. Current paper provides a twist to traditional RFM analysis by creating a RARFM score for each customer, and provides a scientific way of assigning weights to RFM.
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Kaban, Audrey Alviona Ribuna, and Sri Yani Kusumastuti. "Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pernjualan Mobil Sedan di Indonesia dan Memprediksi Penerimaan Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah (PPnBM) Kendaraan Mobil Periode 2013-2017." Jurnal Ekonomi KIAT 30, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/kiat.2019.vol30(1).3880.
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This study aims to examine the effect of previously sales, price of the goods, and price of subtitute goods to sales of sedan car. Independent variables used in this study previously sales, price of the goods, and price of subtitute goods, and prediction of sales tax on luxury goods. Shile the dependent variable in thisstudy was measured using sales of sedan cars the measured of the car unit is succesfully sold every year during in the period 2013-2017. The population in this study amounted to 24 sedan’s companies list on Combined Motor Vehicle Industry (GAIKINDO) during 2013 until 2017. Determination of the sample using purpossive sampling method and obtained a sample of 5 sedan’s companies based on certain criteria. The analysis tool used in the panel and the selected model is fixed effect model. The result show that previous sales has positively effect on the sales of sedan car, price of the goods has positive effect on the sales of sedan car. Meanwhile price of subtitute goods has negative effect on the sales of sedan car.
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Anand, Adarsh, Mohini Agarwal, Deepti Aggrawal, and Ompal Singh. "Innovation diffusion modeling considering the time lag between awareness and eventual adoption." Journal of Advances in Management Research 15, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jamr-11-2016-0093.
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Purpose Today, a firm’s major concern is to know the way in which an innovation is adopted in the marketplace. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the two-stage nature of diffusion process in which the time lag between people being informed and their act of making final purchase is considered. Design/methodology/approach The paper discusses an approach based on the time lag for modeling awareness and adoption process as two separate and yet connected processes. Varying forms of time lag (constant, deterministic or random) have been considered while modeling the required framework. Furthermore, an equivalence approach has been shown between the present framework and the two well-known and established approaches of infinite queuing theory and hazard rate function. Findings The results are verified on sales data of two different consumer durables and it show good prediction capability of proposed models in capturing the real-life scenario. Further, the equivalence approach helps us to quantify such scenarios which were difficult to be modeled with any one particular approach. Further, the possibility of capturing different market scenarios by studying various distribution functions has been identified. Research limitations/implications The proposed methodology is based on a two-stage adoption process. The same can be extended to a multi-stage adoption process as in today’s competitive environment. “Motivation” is one such factor that is highly important which can be considered in some later studies. In future, the authors wish to study the multi-stage adoption process considering the different forms of time lag function. Practical implications The equivalence approach discussed in the paper can help to cater the possibility of capturing different market scenarios by studying various distribution functions. Originality/value The proposed approach helps to cater the time lag between awareness and adoption process and develop different mean value functions to account for the manner in which sales are happening under different circumstances. The proposed methodical approach can also help decision makers in managing their available resources in a prudent manner.
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RADUŁA, Michał. "The interpretation of the notion of public interest in Polish public competition law according to the judgement of the Court of Competition and Consumer Protection of February 4, 2015 (XVII AmA 163/11)." Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics 5, no. 2 (January 7, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/ceejme.622.
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Aim: The notion of a public interest in administrative law science and in the administration science occupies the central position in the notion chart. Consequently, it is also the main notion of public protection of competition. The legislator has not decided to present a definition of "the public interest" in the Competition and Consumer Protection Law Act. As a result, interpretation of the concept is largely dependent on the judicature. The aim of the paper is to analyse the notion of a public interest and its interpretation both in science and in practice of law application. Design / Research methods: The author's conclusions are based on analysing the pubic interest interpretation made by representatives of the doctrine and the judicature. Conclusions / findings: In consequence, the author is of very good opinion on how the notion of a public interest in the public protection of competition evolves, adapting to the current social and market condition and to the development of the competition law science. Originality / value of the article: Originality of the topic comes from the legal analysis of the controversial presentation of a correctly operating competition on the medicinal product sales market, unprecedented in the judicature, as a mechanism allowing patients to obtain health services in line with the current status of medical knowledge.
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Abadi, Mohsen Hodssein, and Alireza Azadi Kalkoshki. "Delivery of Goods on International Sales." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 4 (August 30, 2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n4p100.
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Commitment to delivery of goods that are addressed in the materials 30 to 44 of the International Sale convention is a fundamental obligation of the seller that Article 30 stipulates that the seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention. According to this article we can be divided sale person in three categories: Transfer the property of the goods, Delivery of the Goods, Handing over of Documents.Two other obligations that are not expressly stated in this article and during other material during the Convention (Articles 35 and 41) are mentioned and they should also be added to the vendor obligations are included: " Conformity of the Goods and the product immunity from claims of third parties which the following discussion will be addressed and finally transfer Of Risk which in many cases is to give the product will be a close relationship.
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Parakhonyak, Alexei, and Nick Vikander. "Optimal Sales Schemes for Network Goods." Management Science 65, no. 2 (February 2019): 819–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2972.
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Wu, Zhu Li. "Analysis on Differential Equation of Decision Model Based on Matlab Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 3301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.3301.
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This paper introduces Runge-Kutta method into the game decision model of advertising differential equation, and establishes the two-order Runge-Kutta and the four-order Runge-Kutta differential equation models to study the impact of new fashion product on the sales and the impact of supply chain on the overall performance. In order to verify the validity and reliability of the model, this paper uses the MATLAB software to design the algorithm of advertising promotion differential equation model, and gets the accounting system of three types of advertising sales, and uses this system to statistics the sales. From the results we can see, the popular goods and seasonal goods have the largest effect on the new development fashion goods sales in three types of advertising, so it should increase the advertising delivery in popular goods and seasonal goods to ensure the sales of new fashionable goods.
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Moore, Henry. "UNCONVENTIONAL “SALES”." Cambridge Law Journal 75, no. 3 (November 2016): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197316000738.
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IN business, it is desirable to have certain law that makes good commercial sense, and helpful to know what fundamental concepts like “a contract of sale of goods” actually mean. The Supreme Court in PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC and another v OW Bunker Malta Ltd. and another (“The Res Cogitans”) [2016] UKSC 22 grappled with precisely this question.
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Razaqi, Rahmat Shofan, and Arico Ayani Suparto. "SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN MENGGUNAKAN VISUAL BASIC 2010 DI TOKO FITRI KECAMATAN BANYUPUTIH TAHUN 2017/2018." Jurnal IKA PGSD (Ikatan Alumni PGSD) UNARS 7, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pgsdunars.v7i1.407.
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Sales and Purchase Goods Information System is a system that provides information services in the form of sales and purchase transaction data of
goods and goods stock. The existence of this information system is important. In this case, Toko Fitri is used as a place of research, because the information system of sales and purchases of goods in the place has not been well managed so that errors often occur in making existing reports, such as sales transaction data processing, data processing of purchase transactions, processing inventory. The purpose of this study is to provide convenience during the data processing of goods, facilitate the processing of data on sales and purchase transactions, minimize errors in recording purchase data and sales data. The Sales System is built in the scope of the Fitri Store only, not for others. This research was conducted using field survey methods and interviews. From the explanation and the results of the discussion above, it can be concluded that this Sales Information System was designed Using Visual Basic 2010 Programming Language can be used as a tool to help and facilitate service personnel in processing data in the Fitri Store
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Ogbo, Ann I., Chinelo C. Ugwu, Charles O. Ugbam, and Benjamin I. Chukwu. "Participative management: Concept and application in consumer goods companies." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 4 (2016): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rcgv6i4c1art12.
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This paper attempts to ascertain the impact of participative management on workflows, its influence on sales output and how well the concept is practised by consumer goods companies in Nigeria. Study adopted the survey design; questionnaires were used to collect necessary data from sales personnel across 10 states in South-Ssouth and South East Nigeria. Respondents rated the concept and application of participative management as it affects their work environment and sales output of the company. Statistical results of the study showed that 92.08% of the respondents believe that there are benefits derivable from participative management and that these benefits improve both sales output and workflow. 48% believe that participative management is practised in firms. Hypotheses tested using the chi-square test statistic revealed that: Consumer goods companies benefit from practising participative management, Participative management has effect on sales output of consumer goods companies, and the concept of participative management is not fully practised by consumer goods companies in Nigeria. These findings indicate that participative management principles need to be inculcated fully in the running of sales organisations so as to increase sales volume and ultimately boost the profit of consumer goods companies
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Pujianto, Samsul Bahri Siagian. "ANALISI SISTEM PENJUALAN ANALISI SISTEM PENJUALAN PEMASARAN PRODUK PADA PT.PANASONIC GOBEL INDONESIA CABANG MEDAN." JURNAL FASILKOM 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jf.v11i1.2429.
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Panasonic Gobel Indonesia is a company that is active in the sale and marketing of electronic goods for the needs of the public and business. The company cannot be separated from the sales process. Selling is an activity or a business selling products, which is an activity aimed at finding buyers, influencing, and prioritizing buyers so that purchases can match the desired goods. However, the authors here limit the discussion to only focus on the sale (marketing) of goods between dealers and companies both in terms of product input. Therefore, the author aims to analyze the sales process and marketing of goods at PT. Panasonic Gobel Indonesia. When analyzing and collecting data on sales of goods was made, a case was discovered in PT. Panasonic Gobel Indonesia Medan Branch is still experiencing problems in terms of sales of goods, and also errors in inputting product data which result in having to apply repetitive processes for inputting product sales data, and also too many process codes that must be understood by employees in inputting data. Therefore, the authors decided to analyze the product sales application system through a flowchart that can make it easier for employees to do their jobs. That way a product sales application system flow is created which is implemented in the form of a flowchart. With the flow chart so that human errors can be minimized to facilitate employees in sales performance at PT. Panasonic Gobel Indonesia Medan Branch.
Keywords: analysis, system, sales flow chart, SAP
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KAPUSTINA, LARISA, and ALEXANDRA ZHURAVLEVA. "MARKETING CONCEPT FOR DURABLE GOODS SALES MANAGEMENT." International Journal of Management Cases 13, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5848/apbj.2011.00057.
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Luo, Xiao-Rong. "On the Concept of Culture Goods Sales." Physics Procedia 24 (2012): 2322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02.344.
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Pruzhansky, Vitaly. "Luxury goods, vertical restraints and internet sales." European Journal of Law and Economics 38, no. 2 (May 29, 2012): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-012-9335-2.
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Higuchi, Yuki, Koumei Suzuki, and Kazuhiro Takeyasu. "Utilization of Genetic Algorithm in Allocating Goods to Shop Shelves Under an Application to Cup Noodles." International Journal of Business Administration 10, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v10n3p104.
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How to allocate goods in shop shelves makes great influence to sales amount. Searching best fit allocation of goods to shelves is a kind of combinatorial problem. This becomes a problem of integer programming and utilizing genetic algorithm may be an effective method. Reviewing past researches, there are few researches made on this. Formerly, we have presented papers concerning optimization in allocating goods to shop shelves utilizing genetic algorithm. In those papers, the problem that goods were not allowed to allocate in multiple shelves and the problem that goods were allowed to allocate in multiple shelves were pursued. In this paper, we examine the problem that does not allow goods to be allocated in multiple shelves and introduce the concept of sales profits and sales probabilities. Expansion of shelf is executed. Optimization in allocating goods to shop shelves is investigated. An application to the convenience store with POS sales data of cup noodles is executed. Utilizing genetic algorithm, optimum solution is pursued and verified by a numerical example. Comparison with other past papers was executed. Various patterns of problems must be examined hereafter.
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Ramakrishnan, K. "Long-term Post-merger Performance of Firms in India." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, no. 2 (April 2008): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080204.
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Mergers are important corporate strategy actions that, among other things, aid the firm in external growth and provide it competitive advantage. This area has spawned a vast amount of literature over the past half a century, especially in the developed economies of the world. India too has been seeing a growth in the number of mergers over the past one-and-a-half decades since economic liberalization and financial reforms were introduced in 1991. Studies on the post-merger long-term performance of firms in both the developed and the developing markets have not been able to come to a definite and convincing conclusion about whether mergers have helped or hindered firm performance. Our literature review shows that mergers do not appear to be resulting in favourable financial performance of firms in the long-term in the markets where they are a fairly recent phenomenon. The economic liberalization and reforms initiated in 1991 in India have served to trigger corporate restructuring through M&As. The removal of industrial licensing, lifting of monopoly provisions under the MRTP Act, easing of foreign investment, encouraging the import of raw materials, capital goods, and technology have increased the competition in Indian industry. Firms are free to fix their capacity, technology, location, etc., to enhance their efficiency. The amendment of the MRTPA has made it possible for group companies to consolidate through mergers eliminating duplication of resources and bringing down costs. M&A has now become a viable strategy for growth in India. Immediately after liberalization, Indian industry added capacity since it expected a rapidly expanding market due to the perceived latent demands of the vast middle class. But the lower income groups could not participate in the consumer goods market. The economy began to slow down from 1996. This squeezed the profit margins of local firms that now had excess capacities. Industry saw a spate of restructuring in the form of shedding non-core activities in favour of core competencies and expansion through M&As, in a bid for survival. According to market reformers, growth is the result of efficient utilization of resources on the supply side. In a free market economy, utilization becomes more efficient due to competition. It is thus hypothesized that -- Mergers in India have resulted in improved long-term post-merger firm operating performance through enhanced efficiency. Statistically analysed cash flow accounting measures were used to study whether firm performance improved in the long-term post-merger. This research, on a sample of 87 domestic mergers, validates the hypothesis: Efficiency appears to have improved post-merger lending synergistic benefits to the merged entities. Synergistic benefits appear to have accrued due to the transformation of the hitherto uncompetitive, fragmented nature of Indian firms before merger, into consolidated and operationally more viable business units. This improved operating cash flow return is on account of improvements in the post-merger operating margins of the firms, though not of the efficient utilization of the assets to generate higher sales.
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Hendel, Igal, Alessandro Lizzeri, and Nikita Roketskiy. "Nonlinear Pricing of Storable Goods." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.6.3.1.
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This paper develops a model of nonlinear pricing of storable goods. We show that storability imposes novel constraints on a monopolist's ability to extract surplus. We then show that the attempt to relax these constraints can generate cyclical patterns in pricing and sales, even when consumers are homogeneous. Thus, the model provides a novel explanation for sales that does not rely on discriminating heterogeneous consumers. Enriching the model to allow for buyer heterogeneity in storage technology delivers the prediction that larger bundles are more likely to be on sale. (JEL D11, D42, L12)
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Sonalitha, Eltha. "SISTEM PENENTUAN DISKON PADA SWALAYAN BERBASIS JUMLAH PENJUALAN DAN STOK BARANG MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY CONTROL." MATICS 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/mat.v7i1.2876.
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<p><em>Abstract-</em>Competition supermarkets scattered everywhere with close proximity constraints have stock of goods in the supermarket is not immediately sold out even to reach the thresholds are exceeded. Sales management must be done to regulate the stock of goods in order to stock a lot of goods can be sold in advance. It is necessary to accelerate the inventory round. Monitoring and observation turnover should be done to determine the most salable goods and sought after by prospective customers with a high level of sales.In order to support the circulation of goods is required appropriate marketing strategies in the form of one of them by giving discounts on goods that are at risk of piling. The main target of this discounting is the amount of inventory that much and goods sales level slightly. The amount of stock that much should be given discounts in the hope that more rapid goods sold, thereby reducing the stock of goods that much. While the level of sales that little item must also be given a discount that much anyway so that goods are not up to the expiry date.This discount can not be separated determination of subjectivity manager self-service based on his experience as a sales management. Merging these two elements in determining the needs of this discount will rise to a complex calculation, to the researchers using fuzzy control methods to overcome them.</p> <p>The main objective of this research is to develop a system that can suppress the determination of prices of the losses suffered as a result of delays in circulation of goods. Research will implement determination system based discount rate of sales and inventory with fuzzy control in supermarkets.</p> <em>Keywords</em>: Supermaket, Discounts, Fuzzy, Control