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Journal articles on the topic 'Sales promotion – United States'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Velástegui Andrade, Marco A., and Roger A. Hinson. "Making the Choice between Rewholesalers and Other Nursery Market Channels." HortScience 44, no. 2 (April 2009): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.2.372.

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Alternative market channels that include garden centers, landscapers, mass merchandisers, and rewholesalers have contributed to the growth of ornamental crops sales in the United States. Knowledge about growers' use of these channels is indispensable for the development of appropriate strategies to achieve goals. This study estimated the impacts of growers' business characteristics on market channel choice by firm size. The explanatory variables were evaluated separately but were grouped by regions of the United States, kind of plant, kind of contract sales, and promotion behavior. Growers' location had limited effect on channel choice when compared with growers in the south. Growers with a more diversified marketing strategy were associated with higher likelihood of using the mass merchandiser and garden center channels. Trade show attendance had a strong negative impact on choice to the mass merchandiser compared with the rewholesaler channel. Generally, there appeared to be differences in the groups of variables that were related to channel choice. By channel, plant groups were important in explaining the mass merchandiser and landscaper channels, and the contracts group affected the garden center choice. By size, the contracts variables impacted the mass merchandiser channel, plant groups variables impacted the garden center channel, and promotions variables impacted the landscaper channel.

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Nigam, Achint, Prem Prakash Dewani, and Abhishek Behl. "Exploring Deal of the Day: an e-commerce strategy." Benchmarking: An International Journal 27, no. 10 (August 6, 2020): 2807–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-03-2020-0129.

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PurposeThis paper examines differences in the discounts offered during Deal of the Day (DOD) promotion schemes by online retailers based on product category, festival season and the economic status of a country.Design/methodology/approachIn study 1, the authors conducted three focus group studies and 20 in-depth personal interviews (PIs) to explore consumers' perspectives on DOD. To validate the hypotheses based on the findings of study 1 and collected 515 data points from Amazon.com (313 data points from the United States) and Amazon.in (202 data points from India) in study two. The authors used multinomial linear regression to analyze the data.FindingsA significant difference in savings for buyers on the purchase of electronic product categories as compared to savings made by them on the purchase of non-electronic product categories during DOD promotional schemes. Electronic products get deeper discounts in the US during festival seasons as compared to non-festival seasons during DOD promotional schemes. In emerging economies discounts offered by e-commerce retailers during DOD offers on electronic items are lesser as compared to those offered during DOD offers made in developed economies like United States.Practical implicationsManagers should avoid offering the same products under DOD during the festive season and non-festive season at similar prices in emerging economies as during festivals customers expect more savings over and above the regular savings.Originality/valueDOD is offered every day irrespective of the other promotions on e-commerce platforms to boost sales. This study analyses any significant difference in saving for DOD offered during special sales days in emerging and developed economies.

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Murphy, Masako Nagasawa, Mickey C. Smith, and John P. Juergens. "The Synergic Impact of Promotion Intensity and Therapeutic Novelty on Market Performance of Prescription Drug Products." Journal of Drug Issues 22, no. 2 (April 1992): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200210.

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Multiple regression analysis was conducted to study the relationships among promotion intensity, product differentiation based on therapeutic novelty, and sales performance measured in relative market share. Especially, synergic effects of promotion intensity and therapeutic novelty on relative market share were examined. Selected as study drugs were new chemical entity drug products introduced in the United States from 1 January 1973 through 31 December 1982, which were classified into 47 different therapeutic classes. The data were obtained for the six-year period 1983 through 1988. The first multiple regression model was constructed in which relative market share was regressed on promotion and therapeutic novelty. The model explained 20.8% of the total variance. Both promotion and therapeutic novelty had significant, positive main effects on relative market share. The second model included the interaction term of promotion and therapeutic novelty, and explained 21.7% of the total variance. The interaction term was significantly positive, which suggested the synergism between promotion and therapeutic novelty.

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Bowen, Deborah J., Kathryn M. Battuello, and Monique Raats. "Marketing Genetic Tests: Empowerment or Snake Oil?" Health Education & Behavior 32, no. 5 (October 2005): 676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198105278825.

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Genetic tests are currently being offered to the general public with little oversight and regulation as to which tests are allowed to be sold clinically and little control over the marketing and promotion of sales and use. This article provides discussion and data to indicate that the general public holds high opinions of genetic testing and that current media outlets for public education on genetic testing are not adequate to increase accurate knowledge of genetics. The authors argue that more regulation is needed to control and correct this problem in the United States.

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Pucci, L. G., and M. Siegel. "Features of sales promotion in cigarette magazine advertisements, 1980-1993: an analysis of youth exposure in the United States." Tobacco Control 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.1.29.

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Kinnucan, Henry, and Olan D. Forker. "Allocation of Generic Advertising Funds Among Products: A Sales Maximization Approach." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 17, no. 1 (April 1988): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001653.

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With the passage of the Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983, dairy fanner investment in product research, nutrition education, advertising, and promotion in the United States increased from $60 million to $200 million annually. A key decision faced by boards managing these funds is how best to allocate available advertising funds among the various dairy products. In this paper an economic model is developed that shows the allocation of funds among products that would maximize sales in a given market. The model is applied to the New York City market with results suggesting that over the study period diverting funds from fluid milk to cheese advertising would have enhanced milk-equivalent sales in the market by as much as 1.17% or 8.21 million gallons annually. Alternatively, the model suggests that the same sales level could have been achieved with a different allocation of funds resulting in an estimated 14.6% savings in the amount spent advertising the two products.

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Fairlie, Robert W., Dean Karlan, and Jonathan Zinman. "Behind the GATE Experiment: Evidence on Effects of and Rationales for Subsidized Entrepreneurship Training." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 125–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20120337.

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Theories of market failures and targeting motivate the promotion of entrepreneurship training programs and generate testable predictions regarding heterogeneous treatment effects from such programs. Using a large randomized evaluation in the United States, we find no strong or lasting effects on those most likely to face credit or human capital constraints, or labor market discrimination. We do find a short-run effect on business ownership for those unemployed at baseline, but this dissipates at longer horizons. Treatment effects on the full sample are also short-term and limited in scope: we do not find effects on business sales, earnings, or employees. (JEL I26, J24, J68, L25, L26, M13)

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Kong, Amanda Y., Tara L. Queen, Shelley D. Golden, and Kurt M. Ribisl. "Neighborhood Disparities in the Availability, Advertising, Promotion, and Youth Appeal of Little Cigars and Cigarillos, United States, 2015." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 12 (January 9, 2020): 2170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa005.

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Abstract Introduction Between 2012 and 2016, sales of cigars increased by 29% in the United States. In small local studies, greater little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) availability and marketing has been documented in neighborhoods with a greater proportion of Hispanic or Latino and black residents, and near schools. This national study of cigarette retailers assesses whether LCC availability and marketing at the point of sale is associated with neighborhood racial, ethnic, income, and percent youth demographics. Methods In 2015, we collected LCC availability and marketing data through retailer audits of a nationally representative sample of 2128 cigarette retailers. Using 2011–2015 American Community Survey census tract estimates, we modeled associations of neighborhood demographics (in quartiles) with availability of LCC-flavored products, and presence of exterior advertisements, youth marketing, and promotions. Results Nearly 90% of retailers sold LCCs, 83.0% sold flavored LCCs, and 30.9% had youth marketing. Controlling for retailer type and other neighborhood characteristics, neighborhoods with the highest proportion of black residents had significantly higher odds of flavored LCC availability (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52, 3.30); exterior advertisements (AOR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.94, 4.16); price promotions (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.07–2.45), and youth appeal (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.08–2.08) compared to the lowest. Disparities in flavored LCC availability, exterior advertising, and youth appeal were also present for lower income neighborhoods. Conclusion Neighborhoods with a greater proportion of black or lower income residents have greater flavored LCCs availability and LCC marketing. Without stronger LCC regulation, residents of these neighborhoods may be at a greater risk of LCC use. Implications LCCs are harmful combustible tobacco products that are less regulated than cigarettes (eg, lower taxation, cheaper outlay due to small package sizes, availability of flavors), which makes them an affordable and appealing product to youth. This study documents greater availability, advertising, and marketing of LCCs in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of black or lower-income residents, potentially putting these populations at a greater risk of using or switching to these products in the face of increasing cigarette regulations. These findings underscore the need for local, state, and federal LCC regulatory action.

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Dubinsky, Alan J., and Abdalla Hanafy. "Executive Insights: The Super Sales Force—Politicians in the World Market." Journal of International Marketing 4, no. 3 (September 1996): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9600400306.

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Exporting has become a popular means for businesses to augment sales and profitability and for countries to improve their gross domestic product and balance of trade. As a complement to export selling, high-level government officials increasingly are providing export promotional assistance to their nations’ industries. Much of what is known about this “high-level government selling, “ however, is based on conventional wisdom and anecdotal evidence. This article reports the results of a study that examined non-U.S. politicians’ export selling efforts. Data were obtained from surveys of foreign embassy diplomats in the United States. Findings offer insights into what government officials are doing to stimulate sales of their countries’ exports.

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Mackey, Tim K., and Janani Kalyanam. "Detection of illicit online sales of fentanyls via Twitter." F1000Research 6 (November 2, 2017): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12914.1.

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A counterfeit fentanyl crisis is currently underway in the United States. Counterfeit versions of commonly abused prescription drugs laced with fentanyl are being manufactured, distributed, and sold globally, leading to an increase in overdose and death in countries like the United States and Canada. Despite concerns from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency regarding covert and overt sale of fentanyls online, no study has examined the role of the Internet and social media on fentanyl illegal marketing and direct-to-consumer access. In response, this study collected and analyzed five months of Twitter data (from June-November 2015) filtered for the keyword “fentanyl” using Amazon Web Services. We then analyzed 28,711 fentanyl-related tweets using text filtering and a machine learning approach called a Biterm Topic Model (BTM) to detect underlying latent patterns or “topics” present in the corpus of tweets. Using this approach we detected a subset of 771 tweets marketing the sale of fentanyls online and then filtered this down to nine unique tweets containing hyperlinks to external websites. Six hyperlinks were associated with online fentanyl classified ads, 2 with illicit online pharmacies, and 1 could not be classified due to traffic redirection. Importantly, the one illicit online pharmacy detected was still accessible and offered the sale of fentanyls and other controlled substances direct-to-consumers with no prescription required at the time of publication of this study. Overall, we detected a relatively small sample of Tweets promoting illegal online sale of fentanyls. However, the detection of even a few online sellers represents a public health danger and a direct violation of law that demands further study.

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Hao, Shengbin, Haili Zhang, and Michael Song. "Big Data, Big Data Analytics Capability, and Sustainable Innovation Performance." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 7145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247145.

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Literature suggests that big data is a new competitive advantage and that it enhance organizational performance. Yet, previous empirical research has provided conflicting results. Building on the resource-based view and the organizational inertia theory, we develop a model to investigate how big data and big data analytics capability affect innovation success. We show that there is a trade-off between big data and big data analytics capability and that optimal balance of big data depends upon levels of big data analytics capability. We conduct a four-year empirical research project to secure empirical data on 1109 data-driven innovation projects from the United States and China. This research is the first time reporting the empirical results. The study findings reveal several surprising results that challenge traditional views of the importance of big data in innovation. For U.S. innovation projects, big data has an inverted U-shaped relationship with sales growth. Big data analytics capability exerts a positive moderating effect, that is, the stronger this capability is, the greater the impact of big data on sales growth and gross margin. For Chinese innovation projects, when big data resource is low, promoting big data analytics capability increases sales growth and gross margin up to a certain point; developing big data analytics capability beyond that point may actually inhibit innovation performance. Our findings provide guidance to firms on making strategic decisions regarding resource allocations for big data and big data analytics capability.

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Langellier, Brent A., Jeremiah R. Garza, Michael L. Prelip, Deborah Glik, Ron Brookmeyer, and Alexander N. Ortega. "Corner Store Inventories, Purchases, and Strategies for Intervention." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v11i3.1537.

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Introduction: An increasingly popular strategy to improve the food retail environment and promote healthy eating in low-income and minority communities is the corner store conversion. This approach involves partnering with small ‘corner’ food stores to expand access to high-quality fruits, vegetables, and other healthy foods. Methods: We conducted a structured review of the literature to assess inventories and sales in corner stores, as well as to identify intervention strategies employed by corner store conversions. Results: Our review returned eight descriptive studies that discussed corner store inventories and sales, as well as ten intervention studies discussing six unique corner store conversion interventions in the United States, the Marshall Islands, and Canada. Common intervention strategies included: 1) partnering with an existing store, 2) stocking healthy foods, and 3) social marketing and nutrition education. We summarize each strategy and review the effectiveness of overall corner store conversions at changing peoples’ food purchasing, preparation, and consumption behaviors. Conclusions: Consumption of fresh, healthy, affordable foods could be improved by supporting existing retailers to expand their selection of healthy foods and promoting healthy eating at the neighborhood level. Additional corner store conversions should be conducted to determine the effectiveness and importance of specific intervention strategies.

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Snyder*, Richard, David Ingram, Blake Layton, Ken Hood, Mary Peet, Mary Donnell, Gene Giacomelli, Joe Kemble, Pat Harris, and Frank Killebrew. "Targeted Horticultural Education with the Greenhouse Tomato Short Course." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 843B—843. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.843b.

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The Mississippi (MS) Greenhouse Tomato Short Course has been held every March since 1989. The purpose of this 2-day, intensive training is to educate growers so they will be able to successfully grow greenhouse tomatoes as a viable horticultural business. With a mixture of experienced, novice, and prospective growers, it is just as important to provide current growers with research based, practical information, as to expose potential growers to the realities of the business, helping them make an informed decision before investing time and money. Beginning as a small program for a handful growers in the conference room at the Truck Crops Experiment Station, it has gradually grown in number and diversity of participants and invited speakers, depth of subject matter, and geographic origin of growers and speakers. The 2003 program had 142 participants from over 20 states and 4 countries, making it the largest such program in the United States. This is in keeping with the recent trend. The typical lineup of topics includes the basics of producing a commercial crop of hydroponic greenhouse tomatoes, the budget for establishing and operating a greenhouse business, marketing and promotion, pest and disease identification and management, and the grower's point of view. Other topics, varying year to year, include heating, cooling, and ventilation of greenhouses, record keeping, new technologies, biological control, diagnostics, and alternative crops. For 2004, the subject of organic production will be introduced. With targeted extension programming such as this Short Course, the greenhouse tomato industry in MS has grown from 15 growers in 1989 to 135 growers today, producing $6.5 million in annual gross sales. Complete information can be found at www.msstate.edu/dept/cmrec/ghsc.htm.

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Pramesti A.Md, Riza Indah, and Avina Utari A.Md. "Case Studies, Trade War Impacts Between USA And China : The Decline Of Cotton Carded Yarn 32/1 Selling Volume To China On Dan Liris Incorporation." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(91).

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This study aims to describe the prospect of the trend of export sales volume of 32/1 cotton carded yarn in PT Dan Liris. In 2018, the volume of exports of 32/1 cotton carded yarn to China dropped dramatically to zero orders. In addition, research on the decline in the sales volume of exports of 32/1 cotton carded yarn to China aims to find out deeply the flow of the company's external factors, namely trade war which caused a decline in the volume of export sales to China at PT Dan Liris. The method used in this study is a mixed method by providing an overview of the problems that occur in the PT Dan Liris company. The analytical tool in this study is the trend analysis technique by giving an overview of the trend in volume and the prospect of possible future export volumes of yarn products. The results of the analysis of the data obtained are the volume of export sales of PT Dan Liris yarn to China that are upside down or unstable. This study also succeeded in revealing that the existence of external factors in the trade war that occurred between the United States and China was very detrimental to the company in terms of income and continuity of production. Based on the results of the analysis of the data, the authors then conducted a SWOT analysis matrix as the company's alternative. The author suggests 12 new strategies that can be done by PT Dan Liris such as PT Dan Liris can take action by utilizing promotional services either online or offline, conducting research and analyzing the development of buyer countries related to economic issues on a regular basis, as well as the likely impact on the company. A survey of customer satisfaction and attention to employee welfare is also very important to maintain the integrity of the company. Keywords: Sales Volume, Trade War, Company Integrity.

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Blanchard*, Matthew G., and Erik Runkle. "Temperature Effects on Flower Induction of Two Phalaenopsis Orchid Hybrids." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 882D—882. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.882d.

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The commercial production of potted flowering orchids has increased tremendously in the past decade, and is now the second most valuable potted flowering crop in the United States. Phalaenopsis spp. comprise a large percentage (75% to 85%) of the potted orchid sales in the U.S. due to their long flower life and ease of scheduling to meet specific market dates. Constant air temperatures above ≈26 °C inhibit flowering of most Phalaenopsis hybrids, and a 25/20 °C day/night temperature regimen is used commercially to induce flowering. However, the relative promotion of flowering by constant versus fluctuating day/night cool temperatures (<25 °C) has not been well described. Phalaenopsis Miva Smartissimo × Canberra `450' and Brother Goldsmith `720' were grown at constant temperatures of 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, and 29 °C, and day/night temperatures of 20/14, 23/17, 26/14, 26/20, 29/23, and 29/17 °C;. Plants were grown in glass greenhouses with a constant photoperiod of 12 h, and shading was provided so that the maximum instantaneous irradiance was ≤150 μmol·m-2·s-1. After 6 weeks at the various temperature setpoints, ≥80% of plants of both cultivars had VI when grown at a constant 17, 20, or 23 °C, and at the 23/17 °C day/night regimen. None of the plants were reproductive within 6 weeks when grown at a constant 26 or 29 °C, or at the 26/14, 26/20, 29/17, or 29/23 °C day/night temperature setpoints. Therefore, temperature during the day and night both influence flowering of these two Phalaenopsis orchid hybrids.

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Lai, Yen-Chun, and Li-Chun Huang. "The Effect of Relationship Characteristics on Buying Fresh Flowers as Romantic Valentine’s Day Gifts." HortTechnology 23, no. 1 (February 2013): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.1.28.

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A high percentage of fresh flowers sold are consumed as gifts in many countries, such as Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. As gift consumption is so important for the sales of fresh flowers, consumer behavior in floral gift giving is investigated in this research. This study explored the consumer decision to purchase fresh flowers as a romantic gift for Valentine’s Day based on 1) relationship stage, 2) affection, and 3) satisfaction with the relationship. The statistical results, based on the data of 366 valid questionnaires collected from a self-administered questionnaire survey, showed that the relationship stage of “personality need fulfillment,” the affection of “passion,” and relationship satisfaction significantly influenced the consumer decision of whether to purchase fresh flowers as romantic Valentine’s Day gifts. Consumers were more likely to buy their intimate partners fresh flowers when they perceived their personality need, such as the need of being loved, was fulfilled in the relationship. When strongly passionate about that relationship, they tended to give fresh flowers in conjunction with other gifts. However, when consumers were more satisfied with their romantic relationships, they were less likely to buy their intimate partners fresh flowers. The study results have valuable implications for florists’ business alliances and advertising campaign development for promoting floral gifts efficiently.

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Mazloev, V. Z., and O. I. Khairullina. "Agricultural Exports of Russia and China: Aspects of Mutual Trade and Regulation." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 1 (January 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-1-8-15.

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International food trade is growing due to an increase in effective demand and an increase in population. In recent years, trade relations between China and Russia have been developing dynamically. Meanwhile, China has a more active trade policy and a well-developed institutional structure for export regulation. In 2019, a decrease in Russian exports is generally noted, however, there is a steady growth trend in the sale of food and agricultural raw materials. The volume of export of processed food and agricultural products increased by 1.5 times. The legal and regulatory framework for Russian agricultural exports has changed significantly over the past three years. The priority role is given to government regulation. The development of agricultural exports has set the task of expanding the geography of sales markets. The Chinese food market for our country is becoming an object of special attention; in 2019 alone, Russia increased the volume of supplies in value terms by 41%. Meanwhile, there is potential for further increasing food supplies. Russia has not yet become a key partner for China, giving way to Japan, the United States and Korea. Further improvement is required in terms of the institutional, financial and credit, information and analytical system for promoting agricultural exports with the active participation of the state.

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Kontoghiorghes, George J. "Differences between the European Union and United States of America in Drug Regulatory Affairs Affect Global Patient Safety Standards and Public Health Awareness: The Case of Deferasirox and Other Iron Chelating Drugs." Medicines 8, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines8070036.

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Regulatory policies on drugs have a major impact on patient safety and survival. Some pharmaceutical companies employ all possible methods to achieve maximum sales in relation to the monopoly of their patented drugs, leading sometimes to irregularities and illegal activities. Misinformation on the orphan drug deferasirox has reached the stage of criminal investigations and fines exceeding USD 100 million. Additional lawsuits of USD 3.5 billion for damages and civil fines were also filed by the FBI of the USA involving deferasirox and mycophenolic acid, which were later settled with an additional fine of USD 390 million. Furthermore, a USD 345 million fine was also settled for bribes and other illegal overseas operations including an EU country. However, no similar fines for illegal practises or regulatory control violations have been issued in the EU. Misconceptions and a lack of clear guidelines for the use of deferasirox in comparison to deferiprone and deferoxamine appear to reduce the effective treatment prospects and to increase the toxicity risks for thalassaemia and other iron loaded patients. Similar issues have been raised for the activities of other pharmaceutical companies promoting the use of new patented versus generic drugs. Treatments for different categories of patients using new patented drugs are mostly market driven with no clear safeguards or guidelines for risk/benefit assessment indications or for individualised effective and safe optimum therapies. There is a need for the establishment of an international organisation, which can monitor and assess the risk/benefit assessment and marketing of drugs in the EU and globally for the benefit of patients. The pivotal role of the regulatory drug authorities and the prescribing physicians for identifying individualised optimum therapies is essential for improving the survival and safety of millions of patients worldwide.

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Maalouf, Joyce, Jessica Barron, Janelle Gunn, Keming Yuan, Cria Perrine, and Mary Cogswell. "Iodized Salt Sales in the United States." Nutrients 7, no. 3 (March 10, 2015): 1691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7031691.

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BAYER, WALTRAUD. "III. Sales in Europe and the United States." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 43, no. 1-4 (2009): 213–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023909x00110.

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Ager, D. E. "Sales talk in Japan and the United States." System 15, no. 1 (January 1987): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0346-251x(87)90058-3.

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Spiller, Lisa D., Dae-Hee Kim, and Troy Aitken. "Sales Education in the United States: Perspectives on Curriculum and Teaching Practices." Journal of Marketing Education 42, no. 3 (May 31, 2019): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0273475319852756.

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Based on the industry need to hire qualified salespeople, a call to expand sales education at universities has been continuously echoed. This article provides an updated overview of the sales education landscape in the United States and offers insight into both the curriculum offerings and the practices of marketing educators who teach sales courses at colleges and universities with sales programs. This research assesses the current state of sales education by critically evaluating recently published sales education literature, reviewing university websites of the University Sales Center Alliance members located in the United States, surveying professors who are members of the Sales Educators Foundation and/or the University Sales Center Alliance, and examining sales course syllabi of sales faculty. This article describes the findings of these research investigations. Understanding the pedagogical choices, teaching practices and perspectives on curriculum of the educators of leading sales programs is valuable to those educators contemplating launching a sales program at their respective universities.

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Satcher, David, Chris Thrasher, and Erika Pluhar. "Promotion of Sexual Health in the United States." International Journal of Sexual Health 19, no. 3 (December 7, 2007): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j514v19n03_05.

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King, Brian A., Doris G. Gammon, Kristy L. Marynak, and Todd Rogers. "Electronic Cigarette Sales in the United States, 2013-2017." JAMA 320, no. 13 (October 2, 2018): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.10488.

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Aitken, Aaron. "The Future of U.S.-Taiwan Arms Sales." Agora: Political Science Undergraduate Journal 3, no. 1 (February 21, 2013): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/agora19032.

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The periodic sale of American arms to Taiwan has become one the United States’ thorniest diplomatic challenges. Not only has the issue forced the United States to carefully navigate between its long running commitments to Taiwan and its increasingly important relationship with China, it is an issue that could, if not carefully managed, lead to the outbreak of armed conflict between the two major regional powers. Given this danger, should the United States (1) cease arms sales, (2) increase arms sales, or (3) adopt a position somewhere in between? This essay will compare and contrast the merits of these three broad positions.

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Moore, Steven R. "Health Promotion with Geriatric Medications in the United States." Journal of the Royal Society of Health 109, no. 1 (February 1989): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642408910900111.

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Peinhardt, Clint, Alisha A. Kim, and Viveca Pavon-Harr. "Deforestation and the United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement." Global Environmental Politics 19, no. 1 (February 2019): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00498.

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Do environmental provisions in trade agreements make a difference? In part to coopt environmental criticisms, the United States has included environmental components to trade agreements since NAFTA side agreements in the mid-1990s. Environmental components are increasingly more integrated and more specific, as illustrated by the 2009 United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA). In exchange for increased market access to the United States, the Peruvian government agreed to reduce illegal logging and improve forest sector governance. Recent qualitative assessments of deforestation highlight difficulties in implementing the specific requirements of the PTPA’s Annex on Forest Sector Governance, but tests with Peruvian data on logging appear unreliable. We circumvent this difficulty by using satellite imagery of deforestation across Peruvian border regions and by engaging multiple methods to estimate the PTPA’s impact. All results suggest that deforestation has actually increased since the PTPA entered force, although no more than in other Amazonian countries. We conclude by emphasizing the limits of external imposition of environmental rules, which appear prone to failure unless domestic interests mobilize in their support.

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MEERNIK, JAMES. "United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy." Journal of Peace Research 33, no. 4 (November 1996): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343396033004002.

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Speers, Marjorie. "Encouraging trends in health promotion in the United States." Health Promotion International 11, no. 2 (1996): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/11.2.69.

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30

Harris, Jeffrey R., Peggy A. Hannon, Shirley A. A. Beresford, Laura A. Linnan, and Deborah L. McLellan. "Health Promotion in Smaller Workplaces in the United States." Annual Review of Public Health 35, no. 1 (March 18, 2014): 327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182416.

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31

Pérez-Escamilla, Rafael, and Donna J. Chapman. "Breastfeeding Protection, Promotion, and Support in the United States." Journal of Human Lactation 28, no. 2 (April 23, 2012): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334412436721.

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32

Marynak, Kristy L., Doris G. Gammon, Todd Rogers, Ellen M. Coats, Tushar Singh, and Brian A. King. "Sales of Nicotine-Containing Electronic Cigarette Products: United States, 2015." American Journal of Public Health 107, no. 5 (May 2017): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2017.303660.

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33

Jones, William E. "Stop OTC Sales of Animal Vaccines in the United States." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 14, no. 7 (July 1994): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81741-7.

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34

Johnson, Richard A. I. "United States Arms Transfer Decision-Making: Determinants of Sales versus Aid." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2015-0026.

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AbstractThis article examines the determinants of United States arms transfers by examining military aid separate from military sales. Separation of the two types of transfers is necessary due to the different benefits the United States receives from the transfers. Sales create direct economic benefits while aid is economically costly. The results show that some political, strategic, and economic factors have differing effects on the type of transfer and its size.

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Knuth, Melinda J., Hayk Khachatryan, Charles R. Hall, Marco A. Palma, Alan W. Hodges, Ariana P. Torres, and Robin G. Brumfield. "Trade Flows within the United States Nursery Industry in 2018." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.2.77.

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Abstract This study is a continuation of the series of summaries by the Green Industry Research Consortium examining the regional trade flows in the U.S. nursery industry. This detailed analysis of green industry regional trade flows in eight U.S. regions compares 2018 data with those of the 2008 and 2013 national survey estimates of origin and destination (OD) information to sales data. Specifically, we discuss: 1) regional annual sales reported by the green industry firms in 2018, 2) the percentage distribution of OD trade flows by regions and states, 3) differences in the percentage distribution of OD trade flows during the 5-year period by region (2013 to 2018), and 4) differences in the percentage distribution of OD trade flows during the 10-year period by region (2008 to 2018) for both intra-state (within home state) and inter-regional (between states) trade flows. The OD trade flow results were compared with those of 2008 and 2013. The results show considerable changes in intra-state and inter-regional trade flows from 2013 to 2018. From 2008 to 2018, only the Southcentral region increased in the proportion of sales within the region. Implications for relevant green industry stakeholders are discussed.

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Thilmany, Dawn D., Wendy J. Umberger, and Amanda R. Ziehl. "Strategic market planning for value-added natural beef products: A cluster analysis of Colorado consumers." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, no. 3 (September 2006): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2005143.

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In the past decade, sales of meat products labeled as natural (minimally processed) and produced without antibiotics and hormones have increased dramatically. In response to growing demand for meat products differentiated by various production attributes, many smaller-scale beef enterprises are considering direct marketing of their beef products to end-consumers as a viable approach to sustaining their family farming operations. This research uses survey data from Colorado consumers, and factor and cluster analysis to determine market segments for various (varied by production protocols and other meat attributes) natural beef products. Findings from the cluster analysis indicate that there are multiple segments of consumers who are likely to purchase natural beef, and that different segments are motivated by different factors. The most important factor explaining almost two-thirds of the differences among consumer responses relates to consumers' perceptions of the importance of meat attributes related to production practices (e.g. use of antibiotics, hormones and environmentally friendly grazing). Interestingly, the two consumer segments that are willing to pay a significantly higher premium for natural, local beef are motivated by different aspects of the meat and its intrinsic production attributes. One segment, representing 12.5% of consumers, ranked the importance of all production attributes significantly lower than the sample average. Consumers in this segment appear to be motivated by their perceptions of the extrinsic quality of natural beef products. The other segment, 13% of consumers, appears to be altruistic, ranking all production attributes such as ‘no antibiotics’, ‘no hormones’, and ‘humane treatment’, significantly higher than all of the other clusters. These results indicate the potential strength of production methods (and marketing of such quality differences) as product differentiation criteria. This paper illustrates the type of market research that may be useful for beef producers seeking value-added marketing opportunities, and portrays the types of consumers who are fueling the growth in natural meats in the United States. Such market analysis can facilitate producers' ability to effectively develop product concepts, labeling and promotional strategies targeted at the most receptive consumer segments, and illustrates that there is more than one type of consumer interested in purchasing products differentiated by sustainable production methods.

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Hariman, Jill Klara, Wilfried S. Manoppo, and Dantje Keles. "Pengaruh Promosi Terhadap Peningkatan Penjualan Pada PT. Daya Adicipta Wisesa." JURNAL ADMINISTRASI BISNIS 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35797/jab.9.2.2019.23899.37-45.

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This study aims to measure the level of significance of the effect of promotion on increasing sales along with the magnitude of its influence. This research is quantitative descriptive by interpreting the results of simple correlation and regression analysis to see the relationship between the measured variables. While the sample used was 50 people, taken from 15 employees and 35 selected customers. From the data analysis found the significance value between the two variables X to Y is equal to 0,000 <0,05, it can be seen that the effect of promotion on increasing sales at PT. Daya Adicipta Wisesa is very significant. And for the amount of influence from variable X to Y, it can also be seen from the constant value that is equal to 6.332. This means that if the influence of variable X does not change, then the value of sales is only 63.32%. Meanwhile, the coefficient value is 0.730, which means that if the promotion conditions increase by 1, then the effect on the increase in sales will also increase by 73%. From these results, the decision making on the hypothesis, namely H0 is rejected and accepts Ha which states that promotion has a significant influence on increasing sales at PT. Daya Adicipta Wisesa.

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Hinson, Roger A., Krishna P. Paudel, and Marco Velástegui. "Understanding Ornamental Plant Market Shares to Rewholesaler, Retailer, and Landscaper Channels." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 44, no. 2 (May 2012): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800000250.

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Market channel alternatives that include garden centers, landscapers, mass merchandisers, and rewholesalers have contributed to the growth of ornamental crops sales in the United States. The impact of growers' business characteristics on shares of sales to these channels by firm size was estimated using the two-limit Tobit model. Important explanatory variables were regions of the United States, sales of plant groups, kinds of contract sales, and channel diversity. There were important differences in behavior by grower size. Overall, the results indicate a stronger than expected role for the rewholesaler channel as a preferred channel for ornamental plant sales.

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Haydu, John J., Alan W. Hodges, Charles R. Hall, and John L. Cisar. "Sales, Value Added and Employment Impacts of the United States Sod Production Industry." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-25.2.55.

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Abstract A study using government secondary data in conjunction with primary data collected through a national survey was conducted to assess the importance of the sod production industry to the United States economy. Results indicate that the 2,124 sod farms contributed over $1.72B in gross output or sales impacts to the U.S. economy, $1.31B in value added, employed 13,454 people, and paid $28.6M in indirect business taxes. The top five producing states in terms of sales impacts include Florida ($344M), Texas ($183M), Alabama ($118M), Georgia ($116M) and Oklahoma ($84M), accounting for nearly 50% of total sales.

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Paarlberg, Philip L., John G. Lee, and Ann H. Seitzinger. "Measuring Welfare Effects of an FMD Outbreak in the United States." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 35, no. 1 (April 2003): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800005939.

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Questions have been raised regarding the economic costs of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the United States. This analysis examines how welfare changes are measured and argues that they must be decomposed by groups. Producers with animals quarantined and slaughtered because of FMD measure their welfare change using lost sales. Producers not quarantined measure their welfare change using producer surplus. The change in national sales revenue is accurate when the supply elasticity is low. Welfare changes for consumers also must be decomposed because the change in aggregate consumer surplus hides important shifts in welfare among groups of consumers.

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41

Hodges, Alan W., Hayk Khachatryan, Marco A. Palma, and Charles R. Hall. "Production and Marketing Practices and Trade Flows in the United States Green Industry in 2013." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-33.3.125.

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A national survey of 32,000 U.S. ornamental plant grower and dealer-retail firms was conducted to collect information on business practices and operating results for calendar year 2013. A total of 2,657 valid respondent firms reported annual sales of $3.957 billion, and employment of 38,657 fulltime, part-time, seasonal and foreign H2A workers. About 43 percent of sales were at retail to final consumers, and 57 percent through wholesale market channels, including landscape contractors, re-wholesalers, home centers, garden centers and mass merchandise stores. The top five specific plant categories reported were flowering annuals (bedding plants), deciduous shade and flowering trees, herbaceous perennials, deciduous shrubs, and vegetables/fruits/herbs. Container-grown plants were the predominant product form. Sales were reported for marketing practices such as advance contracting, brokerage, and transaction methods such as telephone or in-person sales. The internet was the largest advertising medium. International exports were a small share of total sales (<1%), while sales outside the production area for eight agroclimatic regions of the United States represented less than one percent to 36 percent of sales. Groundwater wells were the predominant source of irrigation water, and overhead sprinklers were the largest application method, followed by drip irrigation and hand watering. Factors perceived to be most important for the overall health of the green industry included market demand and weather uncertainty.

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42

Liber, Alex, Zachary Cahn, Aidan Larsen, and Jeffrey Drope. "Flavored E-Cigarette Sales in the United States Under Self-Regulation From January 2015 Through October 2019." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 6 (June 2020): 785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305667.

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Objectives. To describe the evolution of flavored e-cigarette sales since the expansion of the JUUL brand, and to describe the effect of JUUL’s November 2018 decision to self-regulate the flavors it sold in stores on flavored e-cigarette sales. Methods. We used Scantrack data on sales of e-cigarettes in the United States from January 2015 to October 2019 provided by The Nielsen Company. National sales values were aggregated monthly in 5 flavor categories (fruit, menthol/mint, sweet, tobacco, and other). Results. The expansion of JUUL sales coincided with an expansion in fruit-flavor sales through October 2018. Once JUUL withdrew fruit and sweet flavors from stores, menthol/mint came to dominate the e-cigarette market, but through 2019, a new surge in fruit-flavor sales by non-JUUL brands was observed. Conclusions. After a decline in sales following JUUL’s decision to withdraw some flavored products from stores, JUUL sales recovered within weeks and surpassed their previous maximum in those same channels, as consumption shifted to the menthol/mint and tobacco flavors that remained on shelves. Public Health Implications. These trends suggest shortcomings of self-regulation and highlight the utility of government regulation.

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43

Norström, Thor. "Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality in the United States, 1950–2002." Contemporary Drug Problems 34, no. 3 (September 2007): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090703400309.

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The aim of the study was to estimate the relationship between per capita alcohol consumption and male all-cause mortality in the United States (U.S.) for the period 1950–2002. Alcohol sales (in litres of 100% alcohol) were used as proxy for per capita consumption. The data were analyzed using the Box-Jenkins technique. Two models were estimated, one including only female mortality as a control, the other including in addition cigarette sales. The first model yielded a significant alcohol effect that implied a 2.8% (p < 0.001) increase in mortality given a 1-litre increase in consumption. This estimate coincides with those obtained for Canada, northern Europe and Russia in previous research but is stronger than estimates for southern Europe. When cigarette sales were included in the model, the alcohol effect was almost halved but still statistically significant. The results indicate that population drinking is of great importance for public health.

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44

Barsh, Russel Lawrence. "United Nations Seminar on Indigenous Peoples and States." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 3 (July 1989): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203326.

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A recent meeting of governmental and indigenous nongovernmental experts in Geneva paved the way for more direct indigenous participation in United Nations decision making, and challenged the international community to harness multilateral development assistance for the promotion of indigenous peoples’ rights.

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45

Clark, John R. "Changing Times for Eastern United States Blackberries." HortTechnology 15, no. 3 (January 2005): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0491.

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Eastern U.S. blackberries (Rubus subgenus Rubus) have advanced in recent years in production and quality of cultivar choices. Mainly a pick-your-own and local sales item of the early 1990s and before, the increased presence of blackberries in retail grocery stores in the last 10 years has broadened the market for this small fruit. Cultivars that can be shipped and have extended shelf life have been the cornerstone of this expansion. Also, off-season production in Mexico has provided fruit for retail marketing during most months of the year. Further advances in production, marketing, and consumption can be achieved with the continuation of improved cultivar development and expansion of production technology.

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Moran, J. S., H. R. Janes, T. A. Peterman, and K. M. Stone. "Increase in condom sales following AIDS education and publicity, United States." American Journal of Public Health 80, no. 5 (May 1990): 607–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.80.5.607.

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47

Herian, Mitchel Norman. "The Intergovernmental Politics of Internet Sales Taxation in the United States." Policy & Internet 4, no. 1 (January 10, 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1944-2866.1154.

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48

Kiessling, Nicolas K. "James Molloy and Sales of Recusant Books to the United States." Catholic Historical Review 102, no. 3 (2016): 545–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2016.0141.

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49

Rothberg, Joseph M. "Some Thoughts on Health Promotion in the United States Army." Military Medicine 154, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/154.9.457.

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Minat, V. N. "PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 12, no. 194 (December 2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2020-12-194-9-18.

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