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Journal articles on the topic 'Salinisation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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De Pascale, Stefania, Francesco Orsini, Rosanna Caputo, Maria Antonella Palermo, Giancarlo Barbieri, and Albino Maggio. "Seasonal and multiannual effects of salinisation on tomato yield and fruit quality." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 8 (2012): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12152.

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The effects of short- and long-term salinisation were studied by comparing tomato growth on a soil exposed to one-season salinisation (short term) vs growth on a soil exposed to >20 years salinisation (long term). Remarkable differences were associated to substantial modifications of the soil physical-chemical characteristics in the root zone, including deteriorated structure, reduced infiltration properties and increased pH. Fresh yield, fruit number and fruit weight were similarly affected by short- and long-term salinisation. In contrast, the marketable yield was significantly lower in the long-term salinised soil – a response that was also associated to nutritional imbalance (mainly referred to P and K). As reported for plants growing under oxygen deprivation stress, the antioxidant capacity of the water soluble fraction of salinised tomato fruits was enhanced by short-term salinisation, also. Overall, long-term salinisation may cause physiological imbalances and yield reductions that cannot be solely attributed to hyperosmotic stress and ionic toxicity. Therefore, the ability of plants to cope with nutritional deficiency and withstand high pH and anoxia may be important traits that should be considered to improve plant tolerance to long-term salinised soils.

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Qin, Ziyuan, Tangzhe Nie, Ying Wang, Hexiang Zheng, Changfu Tong, Jun Wang, Rongyang Wang, and Hongfei Hou. "The Characteristics and Driving Factors of Soil Salinisation in the Irrigated Area on the Southern Bank of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia: A Assessment of the Donghaixin Irrigation District." Agriculture 15, no. 5 (March 6, 2025): 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15050566.

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Soil salinisation is a critical problem in northern China’s arid and semi-arid irrigated regions, posing a substantial impediment to the sustainable advancement of agriculture in these areas. This research utilises the Donghaixin Irrigation District, located on the southern bank of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia, as a case study. This study examines the spatial distribution and determinants of soil salinisation through macro-environmental variables and micro-ion composition, integrating regression models and groundwater ion characteristics to elucidate the patterns and causes of soil salinisation systematically. The findings demonstrate that soil salinisation in the study region displays notable spatial clustering, with surface water-irrigated regions exhibiting greater salinisation levels than groundwater-irrigated areas. More than 80% of the land exhibits moderate salinity, predominantly characterised by the ions Cl−, HCO3−, and SO42−. The hierarchy of ion concentration variation with escalating soil salinity is as follows: Na+ > K+ > SO42− > Cl− > Mg2+ > HCO3− + CO32− > Ca2+. The susceptibility of ions to soil salinisation is ordered as follows: Ca2+ > Na+ > HCO3− + CO32− > Mg2+ > K+ > Cl− > SO42−. In contrast to the ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the geographic weighted regression (GWR) model more effectively elucidates the geographical variability of salinity, evidenced by an adjusted R2 of 0.68, particularly in high-salinity regions, where it more precisely captures the trend of observed values. Ecological driving elements such as organic matter (OM), pH, groundwater depth (GD), total dissolved solids (TDS), digital elevation model (DEM), normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil moisture (SM), and potential evapotranspiration (PET) govern the distribution of salinisation. In contrast, anthropogenic activities affect the extent of salinisation variation. Piper’s trilinear diagram demonstrates that Na cations mainly characterise groundwater and soil water chemistry. In areas irrigated by surface water, the concentration of SO42− is substantially elevated and significantly affected by agricultural practises; conversely, in groundwater-irrigated regions, Cl− and HCO3− are more concentrated, primarily driven by evaporation and ion exchange mechanisms.

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Schulz, Claus-Jürgen. "Salinisation of running waters." Limnologica 41, no. 2 (May 2011): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2011.01.003.

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Hoey, D., M. Ahmed, and M. Littleboy. "Landscape Salinisation and Management: An Australian Perspective." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol7iss2pp53-60.

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Australian landscapes are facing an increasing salinisation threat. It is estimated that 2.5 million hectares are affected by land salinisation, and this area is expected to triple by 2050. Federal and State governments have jointly developed a policy framework to address this issue, with each state refining their own salinity management strategies within this framework. Scientific assessment and modelling underpin these salinity management strategies, though socio-economic considerations are also important. Landscape salinity assessment techniques used in the Australian context are outlined, and examples of salinity hazard and recharge mapping at the landscape scale described. Current developments in both recharge assessment, and groundwater flow modelling in Australia are described, and the use of these models in underpinning state salinity strategic planning discussed. The salinity management ‘toolkit’ is discussed. The progression from initially applying engineering solutions to deal with the symptoms of salinisation; to dealing with the causes of salinisation; to developing an integrated catchment management approach; to including a stronger emphasis on market-based economic measures; and the importance of over-arching Catchment Blueprints, is described in detail.The application of knowledge and experience gained through the management of Australian land salinisation to other countries is discussed in the context of the salinity problem in the Sultanate of Oman.

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Chabab, Elena, Michael Kühn, and Thomas Kempka. "Upwelling mechanisms of deep saline waters via Quaternary erosion windows considering varying hydrogeological boundary conditions." Advances in Geosciences 58 (November 14, 2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-47-2022.

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Abstract. Intrusion of deep saline waters into freshwater aquifers does not only endanger the regional drinking water supply, but also rivers and stagnant waters and their fauna are threatened by salinisation. The upwelling of highly mineralised saline waters in large parts of the North German Basin is favoured by the presence of Elsterian glacial erosion windows in the Lower Oligocene Rupelian Clay, the most important hydraulic confining unit in this region. Lower precipitation rates and decreasing groundwater levels as a consequence of global climate change, but also anthropogenic interventions, such as increasing extraction rates or the use of the deep geologic subsurface as a reservoir, decrease the pressure potential in the freshwater column and may possibly accelerate this primarily geogenic salinisation process in the coming years. Density-driven flow and transport modelling was performed in the scope of the present study to investigate the upwelling mechanisms of deep saline waters across Quaternary window sediments in the Rupelian. Simulation results show that the interactions between the groundwater recharge rate and anthropogenic interventions such as extraction rates of drinking water wells or the utilisation of the deep subsurface, have a significant influence on the groundwater pressure potential in the freshwater aquifer and associated saltwater upwelling. In all scenarios, salinisation is most severe in the sediments of the erosion windows. Hydraulically conductive faults also intensify salinisation if located nearside erosion windows or induce a more distributed or localised salinisation in aquifers with drinking water relevance in areas that do not intersect with erosion windows. A decline in groundwater recharge thereby significantly favours upward saltwater migration. The simulation scenarios further show that a decrease in groundwater recharge also results in freshwater salinisation occurring up to 10 years earlier, which underlines the need for waterworks to initiate effective countermeasures quickly and in time.

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Pauw, P., P. G. B. de Louw, and G. H. P. Oude Essink. "Groundwater salinisation in the Wadden Sea area of the Netherlands: quantifying the effects of climate change, sea-level rise and anthropogenic interferences." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 91, no. 3 (November 2012): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600000500.

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AbstractHydrogeological research in coastal areas has gained considerable attention over the last decades due to increasing stresses on fresh groundwater resources. Fundamental groundwater flow and solute transport analyses remain essential for a concise understanding of the governing processes that lead to salinisation of fresh groundwater resources. However, the challenge of modern research is the application and quantification of these processes in real world cases. In this context, deltaic areas are amongst the most difficult study areas as they often have a complex groundwater salinity distribution. The Wadden Sea area in the northern part of the Netherlands is an example of such an area.We quantified salt water intrusion and salinisation of groundwater flow systems in two representative case studies in the Wadden Sea area, using the density dependent groundwater flow and transport code M0CDENS3D. The results indicate that sea-level rise and autonomous processes will cause severe salinisation in the future, especially in the low polder areas close to the sea. In addition, we show that enhanced land subsidence due to salt exploitation accelerates this process. Salinisation can be mitigated to some extent by raising surface water levels in polders and by creating saline groundwater collection areas that maintain a low controlled water level.

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Tillner, Elena, Maria Langer, Thomas Kempka, and Michael Kühn. "Fault damage zone volume and initial salinity distribution determine intensity of shallow aquifer salinisation in subsurface storage." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 3 (March 8, 2016): 1049–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1049-2016.

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Abstract. Injection of fluids into deep saline aquifers causes a pore pressure increase in the storage formation, and thus displacement of resident brine. Via hydraulically conductive faults, brine may migrate upwards into shallower aquifers and lead to unwanted salinisation of potable groundwater resources. In the present study, we investigated different scenarios for a potential storage site in the Northeast German Basin using a three-dimensional (3-D) regional-scale model that includes four major fault zones. The focus was on assessing the impact of fault length and the effect of a secondary reservoir above the storage formation, as well as model boundary conditions and initial salinity distribution on the potential salinisation of shallow groundwater resources. We employed numerical simulations of brine injection as a representative fluid. Our simulation results demonstrate that the lateral model boundary settings and the effective fault damage zone volume have the greatest influence on pressure build-up and development within the reservoir, and thus intensity and duration of fluid flow through the faults. Higher vertical pressure gradients for short fault segments or a small effective fault damage zone volume result in the highest salinisation potential due to a larger vertical fault height affected by fluid displacement. Consequently, it has a strong impact on the degree of shallow aquifer salinisation, whether a gradient in salinity exists or the saltwater–freshwater interface lies below the fluid displacement depth in the faults. A small effective fault damage zone volume or low fault permeability further extend the duration of fluid flow, which can persist for several tens to hundreds of years, if the reservoir is laterally confined. Laterally open reservoir boundaries, large effective fault damage zone volumes and intermediate reservoirs significantly reduce vertical brine migration and the potential of freshwater salinisation because the origin depth of displaced brine is located only a few decametres below the shallow aquifer in maximum. The present study demonstrates that the existence of hydraulically conductive faults is not necessarily an exclusion criterion for potential injection sites, because salinisation of shallower aquifers strongly depends on initial salinity distribution, location of hydraulically conductive faults and their effective damage zone volumes as well as geological boundary conditions.

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Snezhko, V. L., D. M. Benin, and N. V. Gavrilovskaya. "Salinisation of Reclaimed Agricultural Land in the Altai Territory: Cluster Analysis." Timiryazev Biological Journal, no. 2 (March 21, 2023): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2949-4710-2023-2-107-117.

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The Altai Territory occupies a leading position among the constituent entities of the Siberian Federal District in terms of arable land, of which more than 80% are located in the zone of unstable moisture. Irrigation is the predominant form of agricultural hydraulic reclamation in the region. The area of irrigated land is about 69 thousand hectares, of which almost 10% of the area has varying degrees of salinity in the 0‑100 cm layer. Prolonged irrigation and non-compliance with irrigation technologies can lead to salinisation of land. In the Russian Federation, all irrigation systems havecommon rules for collecting data on soil condition, conducting soil salinity surveys and laboratory processing of field research material. The analysis of irrigated agricultural land by the degree of its salinisation was carried out according to the data of the land reclamation cadastre for the period from 1 January 2013 to 1 January 2022. A model of the dynamics of highly and very highly saline areas was built, statistical estimates of the quality of the model were checked, and the average annual rate of increase in the area of saline areas was determined. The most likely causes of salinisation in irrigated areas were analysed. These are high groundwater levels and groundwater salinity, and high salinity of water used for irrigation. An analysis of the most likely causes of salinisation in irrigated areas was carried out, including high groundwater levels and salinity, and high salinity of water used for irrigation. The dynamics of areas with different groundwater levels, different salinities of groundwater and irrigation water are given. Based on the data from the beginning of 2022, a cluster analysis of the regions of the Altai Territory was carried out according to the degree of salinisation of agricultural land. The quality of the clustering was checked.

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Wilkinson, Kate, Tessa Chamberlain, and Mike Grundy. "Investigation into salinisation in southwestern Queensland." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2004, no. 1 (December 2004): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2004ab159.

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Barnett, Steve. "The looming threat of aquifer salinisation." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2006, no. 1 (December 2006): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2006ab009.

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Jiang, Shan, Xuan Wu, Sichan Du, Qin Wang, and Dawei Han. "Are UK Rivers Getting Saltier and More Alkaline?" Water 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14182813.

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River salinisation and alkalinisation have become one of the major environmental problems threatening the safety of global freshwater resources. With the accelerated climate change and aggravating anthropogenic influences, it is important to identify the trends and causes of river salinisation and alkalinisation so that better mitigation measures could be taken. This study has focused on the UK rivers because there has been insufficient investigation on this topic. To understand the salinisation and alkalinisation trends and causes of rivers in the UK over the past 20 years from a vertical (analysis of each river) and horizontal (comparison of all rivers) perspective, this study uses the Theil-Sen regression and Mann-Kendall test to deal with the trends of conductivity (proxy on salinisation) and pH (proxy on alkalinisation), obtains outliers of conductivity and pH by boxplot, and calculates the Pearson’s and the Kendall’s Tau correlation coefficients (α = 0.05) between the water quality data and the potential factors (potential road salting, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), river discharge, agricultural and urban lands). The results show that the UK rivers are becoming more alkaline with a median pH increase of 0.05 to 0.40, but less salty with a median conductivity decrease of 0.06 to 0.11 mS/cm. And the changes in conductivity and pH have seasonality and regionality, which shows that there are usually greater changes in trends and medians of them in winter or through reaches with more anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, from a vertical perspective, the conductivity of more than 50% of rivers in this study is negatively correlated with NDVI and river discharge, and positively correlated with potential road salting, and the pH of that is positively correlated with agricultural lands. While from a horizontal perspective, NDVI and agricultural lands are positively correlated with pH, and potential road salting and urban lands are positively correlated with conductivity. Therefore, road salting, urbanisation, agricultural lands, river discharge and vegetation cover can be considered to affect river salinisation and alkalinisation in the UK.

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Armour, RJ, and MF Viljoen. "An economic case for drainage for sustainable irrigation: Case studies in the lower Vaal and Riet catchments." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 10, no. 4 (May 22, 2014): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v10i4.1060.

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Where evaporation exceeds precipitation salinisation is inevitable. This paper presents a multidisciplinary framework of the dynamic interactions between the hydrology, bio-physical and economics of irrigated agriculture in a semi arid area. Status quo drainage and cropping situations are compared to a scenario of increased drainage and leaching and subsequent higher value crops. Stochastically generated hydrology data fitted to a salinisation:yield production function is inputted in a crop enterprise budget (CEB) simulation model.Results show losses due to salinisation of up to R6 962/ha, which exceed the direct costs of installing drainage to control salinisation. Although feasible, farmers at this stage of degradation often do not have the financial ability to repay the loans. Where losses do not exceed the financial costs of drainage, soils are further degrading, higher value crops cannot be planted and potential benefits are lost to society, motivating a green box grant. A macro-economic analysis reveals that the potential benefits to society of drainage can repay the total cost of all necessary drainage in a short period of time.

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Akeroyd, M. D., G. R. Walker, and M. B. Kendall. "Response of Eucalyptus largiflorens to floodplain salinisation." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0431.

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An analysis of the stable isotopes from the tree rings of Eucalyptus largiflorens on the Chowilla Floodplain was undertaken. This chronology of tree water use responses was compared to the known hydrological changes that have occurred due to the effects of river regulation. The isotope chronology indicates that E. largiflorens has always oscillated between groundwater and rain-derived soil water and river regulation has apparently had little effect on tree water sources over time. This result is surprising, but no doubt reflects the complexity of floodplain processes and interactions between trees, water and the landscape.

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Cañedo-Argüelles, Miguel, Ben J. Kefford, Christophe Piscart, Narcís Prat, Ralf B. Schäfer, and Claus-Jürgen Schulz. "Salinisation of rivers: An urgent ecological issue." Environmental Pollution 173 (February 2013): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.011.

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González, Esther M. "Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 6562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076562.

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Florinsky, I. V., R. G. Eilers, and G. W. Lelyk. "Prediction of soil salinity risk by digital terrain modeling in the Canadian prairies." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-093.

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Soil salinisation is a typical problem for the Canadian prairies. At macro-topographic scale, build-up of salts occurs in depressions. However, this relationship is not displayed on existing small-scale maps of soil salinity. To improve these maps, one can use a concept of accumulation, transition and dissipation zones of the landsurface. The concept allows one to reveal depressions (topographically expressed accumulation zones) using digital models of horizontal and vertical curvatures, or accumulation and mean curvatures derived from a digital elevation model. We applied the concept of accumulation, transition and dissipation zones to improve an existing small-scale map of the salinity risk index for the prairies and adjacent areas. A comparison of the old and the improved maps demonstrated that once data on depressions have been taken into account, areas marked by salinity risk decreased significantly. We suggest that the method used may prevent an overestimation in predictions of soil cover degradation due to salinisation. The method used can also reveal saline areas linked with discharges of saline aquifers. This is because sites marked by high discharges of groundwater usually relate to sites of intensive fracturing of geological materials, which are closely associated with topographically expressed accumulation zones. Key words: Digital terrain models, topography, soil salinisation, mapping

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Beatty, Stephen J., David L. Morgan, Mahmoud Rashnavadi, and Alan J. Lymbery. "Salinity tolerances of endemic freshwater fishes of south-western Australia: implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 1 (2011): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10100.

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Secondary salinisation represents an important threat to terrestrial and aquatic habitats throughout the world. In south-western Australia, widespread salinisation of waterways has caused large range reductions in the highly endemic freshwater fish fauna. We hypothesised that differences in the distributions of three fish species within the salinised Blackwood River would be related to their salinity tolerances. Galaxias occidentalis was widespread throughout the catchment, whereas Nannoperca vittata was restricted to the main channel and freshwater tributaries of the lower catchment, and Nannatherina balstoni was restricted to those tributaries and a perennial section of the main channel that received a considerable amount of fresh groundwater. Acute salinity tolerances (Effect Concentrations) of G. occidentalis and N. vittata were similar (EC50 ∼14.6 g L–1), but significantly greater than that of N. balstoni (EC50 ∼8.2 g L–1). The greater geographical range of G. occidentalis, compared with N. vittata, may be a consequence of the dispersal capability of the former species, and the lower salinity tolerance of N. balstoni contributes to its highly restricted range. The findings demonstrate that secondary salinisation has greatly impacted these freshwater fishes, and fresh groundwater refuges, predicted to decrease due to reduced rainfall, appear crucial in maintaining remnant populations.

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Demba DIONE, Ibrahima, Abdou KA, Fatoumata HANE, Jean Alain GOUDIABY, Ngone DIOUF, Soda GUEYE, Abdoulaye FALL, et al. "INSULARITY, ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITIES AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN THE BLISS KASSA ISLANDS IN CASAMANCE (SENEGAL)." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 08 (August 31, 2024): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19237.

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The relationship between the environment and societies is a complex one in terms of the way in which human communities interact with the environment. This relationship is characteristic of the different uses made of the areas in which they live. A segmented approach is therefore needed to understand how these areas are changing, hence the choice in this research to focus on small island areas in the Ziguinchor region of southern Senegal. The article looks at three main challenges identified in this area, including waste production and management, sea encroachment and salinisation. A qualitative approach was adopted in order to gather peoples perceptions and experiences of spatial change over time in relation to natural and anthropogenic dynamics, the consequences of these changes and related adaptation strategies. The results of the semi-structured interviews and focus groups show: firstly, a change in lifestyles and an excessive accumulation of plastic waste that popular recycling practices are unable to contain secondly, a loss of freshwater resources with the accelerated salinisation of groundwater and surface water thirdly, a decline in socio-economic living spaces with the advance of the sea, which also contributes to salinisation. The findings show that the people of Bliss Kassa are increasingly vulnerable, while the public systems in place to deal with these issues remain embryonic and largely outstripped by the pace of change.

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Sene, François Ngor, Aïdara C. A. Lamine Fall, and Yancouba Sane. "Dégradation des Terres Agricoles par Salinisation dans la Vallée Fossile du Sine : Cas de la Commune de Niakhar (Région de Fatick)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 35 (December 31, 2024): 142. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n35p142.

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La salinisation des terres, phénomène mondial qui affecte particulièrement les zones sous influence fluviomarine, constitue une contrainte majeure pour l’agriculture. Cette étude vise à comprendre le processus de dégradation des terres agricoles par salinisation dans la vallée fossile du Sine, notamment dans la commune de Niakhar, région de Fatick. En combinant l’analyse de la conductivité électrique des sols, la cartographie basée sur des indices de télédétection (NDSI, SI, BI et ISN issus des images Landsat 7 et 8) et des enquêtes socioéconomiques, les résultats montrent que la salinisation est principalement provoquée par la remontée capillaire et l’intrusion des eaux salées du bras de mer du Sine Saloum. Entre 2000 et 2021, la superficie des terres salées a augmenté de 42,56 %, tandis que la végétation et les zones cultures ont respectivement diminué de 49,79 % et 2,39 %. La salinité des sols varie significativement selon les types de tannes (nus, herbacés et arbustifs). Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité de stratégies de gestion durable des terres pour limiter l’impact de la salinisation, préserver les écosystèmes agricoles et soutenir l’élaboration de politiques adaptées aux zones vulnérables. Land salinization, a global phenomenon particularly affecting areas under river-marine influence, poses a significant challenge to agriculture. This study examines the mechanisms of agricultural land degradation through salinization in the fossil valley of the Sine, specifically within the commune of Niakhar in the Fatick region. By integrating soil electrical conductivity analysis, mapping based on remote sensing indices (NDSI, SI, BI, and ISN derived from Landsat 7 and 8 imagery), and socioeconomic surveys, our results reveal that salinization is primarily caused by capillary rise and the intrusion of saline water from the Sine Saloum estuary. Between 2000 and 2021, saline land areas increased by 42,56%, while vegetation cover and cultivated areas decreased by 49,79% and 2,39%, respectively. Significant variability in soil salinity was observed across different types of tannes (bare, herbaceous, and shrubby). These results highlight the pressing need for sustainable land management strategies to mitigate salinization, safeguard agricultural ecosystems, and inform policy frameworks in vulnerable regions.

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Jana, Atashi, and Gouri Sankar Bhunia. "Vegetation Cover Analysis Based on NDVI in Moushuni Island, Sundarban, India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42883.

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Abstract: Moushuni island is one of the island of Indian Sundarban, but changes of vegetation cover is occurred due to natural and anthropogenic activity. The aim of this paper is to emphasis the changes of vegetation cover between 2000 and 2020 of Moushuni island. Vegetation indices like Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is used to identify the changes of vegetation cover from 2000 to 2020. Based on NDVI value, the study area is classified into four classes -Dense vegetation, Sparse Vegetation(vegetated), No vegetation and Water. Result shows an overall increase of dense vegetation cover (8.1%) in the island. The percent of vegetated area coverage is decreased during the study period. The major cause of decrease vegetation may be attributed to increase of rural settlement and salinisation. Keywords: Moushuni, NDVI, Dense vegetation, Vegetated, Salinisation.

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Kijne, J. W. "Salinisation in irrigated agriculture in Pakistan: mistaken predictions." Water Policy 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.045.

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This paper revisits data and information that was collected through field studies by the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) in Pakistan in the early 1990s. Analysis of available data led in 1996 to the publication of an IIMI research report (Kijne, 1996) whose main conclusion was that current cropping intensities and groundwater usage in Pakistan's irrigated agriculture were not sustainable. Ten years on there is no evidence that this prediction came true and the paper questions why those predictions were wrong. Based on more recent field data and information, the water and salt balances for one of the experimental sites are recalculated. Reasons for the mistaken predictions include: lack of understanding of farmers' reactions to signs of salinity in their fields, insufficient knowledge of the actual groundwater usage and underestimating the leaching fractions. The difficulty in accurately determining the actual leaching fraction from easily measurable field parameters affects the prediction of salt accumulation in the soil. The conclusion that current practices are all right is conditional on maintaining sufficient downward fluxes in the soil profile. The paper ends with some general reflections on predictions for the future.

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Grujić, Gordana, Jovica Vasin, and Milivoj Belić. "Soil salinisation in Vojvodina - the Republic of Serbia." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 50 (June 2021): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2021.03.015.

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Dehaan, R., and G. R. Taylor. "Image-derived spectral endmembers as indicators of salinisation." International Journal of Remote Sensing 24, no. 4 (January 2003): 775–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160110107635.

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Abdelhafid, Youcef, Miled Zohra Rechachi, and Amor Halitim. "Caractérisation géochimique des eaux d’irrigation de la palmeraie d’Oumache (oasis des Ziban, sud-est de l’Algérie)." Revue des sciences de l’eau 32, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059881ar.

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Résumé L’ancienne palmeraie d’Oumache située à l’aval de Zab el Gharbi (ouest de Ziban-Biskra, sud-est de l’Algérie) connait aujourd'hui un déclin dû essentiellement à l’insuffisance de l’eau d’irrigation et à la remontée des eaux trop chargées de la nappe phréatique. De plus, le milieu endoréique très évaporant a accéléré le phénomène de salinisation du sol. Ce travail traite de la caractérisation géochimique des eaux (forage et nappe) utilisées pour l’irrigation en vue d’une meilleure gestion de l’irrigation. Les résultats montrent que l’eau de forage présente un risque élevé de salinisation des sols. La salinité est de type neutre, sulfaté calcique et magnésique. En revanche, les eaux de la nappe sont impropres à l’irrigation avec des risques très élevés de salinisation et d’alcalinisation des sol. Elles évoluent vers une voie saline neutre du type chloruré et sulfaté sodique (57 % des échantillons) à sulfaté et chloruré sodique. La calcite et le gypse ont tendance à précipiter, alors que l’halite et thenardite sont dissous par évaporation. La nappe s’écoule depuis la zone d’alimentation vers la sebkha de Chemoura qui constitue la zone d’accumulation. Pour remédier au problème, il est préconisé de mettre en place un plan de gestion durable de l’eau et de la salinité, comprenant notamment la réhabilitation du système de drainage de cette palmeraie afin d’évacuer les eaux salées. Enfin, l’extension de l’oasis devra prendre en considération cet aspect de gestion préventive en optant pour l’oued Djedi comme autre exutoire naturel.

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Claros, Manuel Gonzalo, Amanda Bullones, Antonio Jesús Castro, Elena Lima-Cabello, María Ángeles Viruel, María Fernanda Suárez, Remedios Romero-Aranda, et al. "Multi-Omic Advances in Olive Tree (Olea europaea subsp. europaea L.) Under Salinity: Stepping Towards ‘Smart Oliviculture’." Biology 14, no. 3 (March 11, 2025): 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030287.

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Soil salinisation is threatening crop sustainability worldwide, mainly due to anthropogenic climate change. Molecular mechanisms developed to counteract salinity have been intensely studied in model plants. Nevertheless, the economically relevant olive tree (Olea europaea subsp. europaea L.), being highly exposed to soil salinisation, deserves a specific review to extract the recent genomic advances that support the known morphological and biochemical mechanisms that make it a relative salt-tolerant crop. A comprehensive list of 98 olive cultivars classified by salt tolerance is provided, together with the list of available olive tree genomes and genes known to be involved in salt response. Na+ and Cl– exclusion in leaves and retention in roots seem to be the most prominent adaptations, but cell wall thickening and antioxidant changes are also required for a tolerant response. Several post-translational modifications of proteins are emerging as key factors, together with microbiota amendments, making treatments with biostimulants and chemical compounds a promising approach to enable cultivation in already salinised soils. Low and high-throughput transcriptomics and metagenomics results obtained from salt-sensitive and -tolerant cultivars, and the future advantages of engineering specific metacaspases involved in programmed cell death and autophagy pathways to rapidly raise salt-tolerant cultivars or rootstocks are also discussed. The overview of bioinformatic tools focused on olive tree, combined with machine learning approaches for studying plant stress from a multi-omics perspective, indicates that the development of salt-tolerant cultivars or rootstocks adapted to soil salinisation is progressing. This could pave the way for ‘smart oliviculture’, promoting more productive and sustainable practices under salt stress.

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El Bastawesy, M., and R. Ramadan Ali. "The use of GIS and remote sensing for the assessment of waterlogging in the dryland irrigated catchments of Farafra Oasis in Egypt." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 5, 2011): 10535–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-10535-2011.

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Abstract. This paper investigates the interplay of the hydrogeological characteristics, soil properties and recent land reclamation projects on the distribution of waterlogging and salinisation within the Farafra Oasis. The multi-temporal remote sensing data and field observations show that new reclaimed areas have been recently cultivated in distant areas from the old agricultural land. These new cultivations have developed widespread water logging, seepage channels and soil salinisation. Analyses of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showed that both old and new agricultural areas are located within same closed drainage basin. The fluvial channels of these catchments, which were developed during wet climatic pluvial have largely been obliterated by the prevailing aridity and often buried under aeolian deposits. However, the new cultivations have been developed on the fingertips of these fluvial channels, while the old fields occupy the low level playas. The soil of the new cultivated areas are mainly lithic with a high calcium carbonate content, thus limiting the downward percolation of excess irrigation water and therefore develop perched water table and seepage through the paleo-channels. The automatically extract drainage networks from DEM are resembling fluvial patterns and coincide with the seepage channels slowly heading toward old cultivation. The inactive alluvial channels and landforms have to be considered when planning for new cultivation in dryland catchments to better control waterlogging and salinisation hazard. It is highly recommended that newly developed seepage-channels have to be detected and intercepted before reaching old agriculture areas. Therefore, the "dry-drainage" concept can be implemented as the seepage water can be conveyed into a nearby playas reserved for evaporation.

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Cunillera-Montcusí, David, Meryem Beklioğlu, Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, Erik Jeppesen, Robert Ptacnik, Cihelio A. Amorim, Shelley E. Arnott, et al. "Freshwater salinisation: a research agenda for a saltier world." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 37, no. 5 (May 2022): 440–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.12.005.

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Howlett, A., M. J. Roach, and J. E. Reid. "Geophysical Characteristics of Salinisation at Cape Portland, NE Tasmania." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2001, no. 1 (December 2001): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2001ab058.

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Howlett, A., M. J. Roach, and J. E. Reid. "Geophysical Characteristics of Salinisation at Cape Portland, NE Tasmania." Exploration Geophysics 32, no. 3-4 (September 2001): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg01214.

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Schofield, N. J., and J. K. Ruprecht. "Regional analysis of stream salinisation in southwest Western Australia." Journal of Hydrology 112, no. 1-2 (December 1989): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90178-9.

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Ghassemi, F., A. J. Jakeman, and H. A. Nix. "Human induced salinisation and the use of quantitative methods." Environment International 17, no. 6 (January 1991): 581–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(91)90170-u.

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Ruprecht, John, Tim Sparks, Ning Liu, Bernard Dell, and Richard Harper. "Using reforestation to reverse salinisation in a large watershed." Journal of Hydrology 577 (October 2019): 123976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123976.

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Feitz, Andrew J., and Sven Lundie. "Soil salinisation: a local life cycle assessment impact category." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 7, no. 4 (July 2002): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02978880.

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Kuzmenko, Eduard, Serhiy Bagriy, Ihor Chepurnyi, and Tetiana Chepurna. "Monitoring studies of the ecological and hydrogeochemical situation in the zone of influence of technogenic objects of the mining and industrial complex of the Kalush-Holyn Potash Deposit." Ecological Safety and Balanced Use of Resources 10, no. 4 (October 8, 2024): 83–85. https://doi.org/10.69628/esbur/2.2024.83.

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The assessment of groundwater and surface water conditions in areas of depleted salt deposits is a crucial component of monitoring studies due to the significant anthropogenic impact of objects such as tailings ponds, sludge accumulators, and the Dombrovskyi Quarry. The aim of the study was to establish, based on real experimental data from hydrogeochemical analyses of long-term groundwater monitoring via a network of hydrogeological observation wells, the areas of groundwater salinisation in the Kalush mining and industrial region, to assess the dynamics of chemical and physico-chemical indicators, and to identify threats to the region’s ecological situation. The research stages included the systematisation of monitoring data for 2021-2023, the creation of digital cartographic layers and attribute databases with quantitative data on groundwater chemical composition, geoinformation modelling, and the development of salinisation maps of the Kalush mining and industrial region and the dynamics of the aquifer salinisation. In 2023, hydrogeochemical studies were conducted in the Kalush mining and industrial region with the collection of 25 samples from observation wells, the Dombrovskyi Quarry, sludge accumulators, and the Limnytsia River. Water mineralisation and chemical composition were analysed. The study results showed the highest levels of mineralisation in the waters of sludge accumulator No. 3 and tailings pond No. 2, where mineralisation levels exceeded maximum allowable concentrations by 140 and 110 times, respectively. Chloride and sulphate contents in these objects also significantly exceeded permissible standards. A comparison of data for 2022 and 2023 revealed a significant increase in pollutant concentrations in several wells, confirming the continued negative impact of anthropogenic objects. Meanwhile, water quality in the Limnytsia River remained stable. The value of the study lies in evaluating the environmental condition of groundwater in the Kalush mining and industrial region based on the systematisation of hydrogeochemical monitoring data through observation wells using geoinformation modelling approaches

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Huynh, Thu. "Potential in enhancement of salinity tolerance to crops in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta using endophytes: A review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1340, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1340/1/012026.

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Abstract Mekong Delta is the most important agricultural area of Vietnam. In the backdrop of recent climate change, the salinisation in soil is threatening crop plants causing serious damages such as yield loss as well as inhibition of crop quality and productivity in the region. Under salinisation conditions, plant growth and development have to experience negative effects to adverse conditions. The high concentration of Na+ ions in plants hampers water and nutrient uptakes, inhibits pathway of photosynthesis, and changes physiological and molecular mechanisms causing intracellular osmotic and ionic stress. Hence, salinisation in the Mekong Delta area is among key challenges affecting national crop productivity and food security. This review describes the plant-endophyte interaction associated with saline tolerance and the performance of endophytes in plants under saline stress. Endophytes are within living healthy plants, play an important role in plant growth promotion and enhance the stress-tolerating ability in host plant without obvious negative effects. Halotolerant plants owning beneficially endophytic community are revealed as a microbial biotechnology tool to alleviate saline stress. Accordingly, endophytes within plants can overcome saline stress via multiple mechanisms such as accumulating and synthesizing organic osmolytes, activating the antioxidant defense system and phytohormonal profiles, stimulating the lipidic layer of Gram-negative bacteria and bacterial consortium interactions, regulating key transcripts for saline tolerance, and other unclear mechanisms. The symbiotic plant-endophyte interactions have been considered as a promising mechanism for saline tolerance in numerous recent studies. Therefore, unraveling the mechanisms of saline-tolerating ability using plant-endophyte interactions could provide valuable strategies to improve crop yields. The management of saline stress using endophytic strategies has been promised as a great approach to sustainable agriculture in the Mekong Delta area.

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Mouatassime Sabri, El, Ahmed Boukdir, Ismail Karaoui, Abdelkrim Arioua, Rachid Messlouhi, and Abdelkhalek El Amrani Idrissi. "Modelling soil salinity in Oued El Abid watershed, Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 37 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183704002.

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Soil salinisation is a phenomenon considered to be a real threat to natural resources in semi-arid climates. The phenomenon is controlled by soil (texture, depth, slope etc.), anthropogenic factors (drainage system, irrigation, crops types, etc.), and climate factors. This study was conducted in the watershed of Oued El Abid in the region of Beni Mellal-Khenifra, aimed at localising saline soil using remote sensing and a regression model. The spectral indices were extracted from Landsat imagery (30 m resolution). A linear correlation of electrical conductivity, which was calculated based on soil samples (ECs), and the values extracted based on spectral bands showed a high accuracy with an R2 (Root square) of 0.80. This study proposes a new spectral salinity index using Landsat bands B1 and B4. This hydro-chemical and statistical study, based on a yearlong survey, showed a moderate amount of salinity, which threatens dam water quality. The results present an improved ability to use remote sensing and regression model integration to detect soil salinity with high accuracy and low cost, and permit intervention at an early stage of salinisation.

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Wedderburn, Scotte D., Keith F. Walker, and Brenton P. Zampatti. "Salinity may cause fragmentation of hardyhead (Teleostei: Atherinidae) populations in the River Murray, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 3 (2008): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07205.

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Salinisation in lowland areas of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia, has had noticeable effects on fish. The endangered endemic Murray hardyhead Craterocephalus fluviatilis is distributed patchily and confined mainly to saline waters (0.4–20 g L–1), whereas the unspecked hardyhead C. stercusmuscarum fulvus has a more continuous distribution but is absent from high salinities (>10). Osmoregulation was compared in these two congeners and an estuarine atherinid, the small-mouth hardyhead Atherinosoma microstoma, over a wide salinity range (0.03–85). All three species are euryhaline, although the osmoregulatory ability of C. s. fulvus falters above ~35 salinity. In low salinity (<1), C. fluviatilis is a better osmoregulator than A. microstoma, but both species tolerate hypersaline conditions (85). These data imply a physiological reason for the predominance of C. fluviatilis in inland saline waters, but the reasons for its absence from freshwater habitats (<0.4) remain unclear. The findings have implications for other freshwater fish, especially populations of closely related species, subjected to the effects of salinisation or other stressors.

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Amzallag, G. Nissim. "Influence of Periodic Fluctuations in Root Environment on Adaptation to Salinity in Sorghum bicolor." Functional Plant Biology 24, no. 5 (1997): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp96018.

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In Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a 3-week exposure to 75 mM NaCl induced the ability to grow at 300 mm NaCl, a lethal concentration for non-pretreated plants. This property was defined as adaptation to salinity. The chemical composition of the root medium was periodically modified during the 3-week maturation of the adaptation response. Two daily 1-h interruptions of the salinisation treatment were sufficient to prevent the initiation of the adaptation process, while two daily 1-h modifications of the external NaCl concentration only disturbed its completion. Moreover, the effect of a short interruption in the salinisation treatment depended on the time of day it occurred. The rate of growth was not directly influenced by the water content or the amount of Na+ ions accumulated in the shoot; it appears to be a function of the mode of response of the plant to salinity. It is concluded that the nature of the plant response to salinity is controlled by the roots, which display a circadian fluctuation in sensitivity to the ionic and osmotic components of the soil environment.

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Andreeva, Nataliya. "Determination of Magnesium Salinity in Belozem Region, Bulgaria." Bulgarian Journal of Soil Science 5, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 11–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3865412.

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Salinisation is an important soil-forming process (primary or secondary), characterized by an excess of water-soluble salts and/or exchangeable sodium. The amount of exchangeable magnesium is also essential for the more detailed determination of the physico-chemical properties of saline soils. The determination of magnesium salinity is still a debatable issue, but there are already criteria in the literature for its estimation. The Belozem region is representative of Bulgaria for the processes of alkaline salinisation, but the presence and extent of magnesium salinity has not been determined. For this purpose, data from ten soil profiles and four criteria for determining magnesium salinity were used. In three of the profiles there is an increased content of exchangeable magnesium, which covers all four indicators of magnesium salinity, in three of the profiles the magnesium salinity is determined only in some horizons and in the other four cannot be clearly defined. The study also showed that the application of all four criteria is necessary in order to make a strong claim for the presence of magnesium salinity.

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Bak, Malgorzata, Dariusz Halabowski, Adrian Kryk, Iga Lewin, and Agnieszka Sowa. "Mining salinisation of rivers: its impact on diatom (Bacillariophyta) assemblages." Fottea 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/fot.2019.010.

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Khayrulina, Elena, Anna Bogush, Larisa Novoselova, and Natalya Mitrakova. "Properties of Alluvial Soils of Taiga Forest under Anthropogenic Salinisation." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030321.

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The environmental impact of deposit development can be indirect and can cause combined geochemical processes in ecosystems. These must be taken into consideration under environmental forecasting and environmental risk assessment. Soil degradation in the Taiga Forest is considered, within the area of Verkhnekamskoye potash deposit (Russia), as an example of such environmental transformation. Here, the mechanism and characteristics of the anthropogenic salinisation of alluvial soils under potash deposit development are newly described. It was found that there is a strong anthropogenic impact of the potash industry on valley soils where the contaminated Na-Cl groundwater discharges or is close to the surface. The valley soils are characterised by high salinity, and the sum of toxic salts in soils has reached 26%. Alluvial gley humic clay chloride saline soil (Gleyic Fluvisols (Salic, Loamic, Technic)) and secondary solonchak on alluvial humic clay soil sulphate-chloride gypsum-containing surface-gleyed (Chloridic Gleyic Fluvic Solonchak (Hypersalic, Loamic, Technic)) were formed in hydromorphic conditions. Morphological, physicochemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out. Under hydromorphic conditions, Chloridic Gleyic Fluvic Solonchak (Hypersalic, Loamic) was described to show a hydrotroillite layer and reddish-yellow iron-rich precipitates on its surface. The top soil horizon has the highest content of iron minerals (up to 84.9%) and Fe-bearing plant residues (up to 20%). Additionally, the spongy and gel-like organic materials, as well as the siliceous remains of diatoms, are enriched in Ca, Fe, Cl, K, Na, S and P. The lower soil horizon consists of black gel-like phases and hydrogen sulphide settings with a high content of plant residues. The insoluble part of the samples contains up to 84% hydrogoethite. The sources of iron in soils and bottom sediments include the iron-enriched Sheshma sediments speckled rocks, slurry material, halite wastes and soil minerals of alluvial gley soils.

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Wilkinson, Kate, Tessa Chamberlain, and Mike Grundy. "The role of geophysics in understanding salinisation in Southwestern Queensland." BUTSURI-TANSA(Geophysical Exploration) 58, no. 1 (2005): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3124/segj.58.78.

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Wilkinson, Kate, Tessa Chamberlain, and Mike Grundy. "The role of geophysics in understanding salinisation in Southwestern Queensland." Exploration Geophysics 36, no. 1 (March 2005): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg05078.

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Jacobson, Gerry. "Guest Editor’s Preface: Groundwater processes in land and water salinisation." Hydrogeology Journal 5, no. 1 (January 1997): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-997-0009-z.

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Mausbach, William E., and Andrew R. Dzialowski. "Salinisation reduces biodiversity in neighbouring freshwater patches in experimental metacommunities." Freshwater Biology 65, no. 3 (December 13, 2019): 592–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13457.

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Kašovská, Kamila, Łukasz Pierzchała, Edyta Sierka, and Barbara Stalmachová. "Impact of the Salinity Gradient on the Mollusc Fauna in Flooded Mine Subsidences (Karvina, Czech Republic)." Archives of Environmental Protection 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aep-2014-0007.

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Abstract This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in flooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg·l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fieldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg·l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identified as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically significant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity significantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.

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Jiang, Jinyuan, Huibin Yu, Beidou Xi, Fansheng Meng, Yuexi Zhou, and Hongliang Liu. "UV - visible spectroscopic properties of dissolved fulvic acids extracted from salined fluvo-aquic soils in the Hetao Irrigation District, China." Soil Research 49, no. 8 (2011): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11213.

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The elemental composition and the UV–visible spectroscopic properties of dissolved fulvic acids (FA) extracted from salined fluvo-aquic soils in the Hetao Irrigation District were examined to evaluate the humification degree of FA and salinisation processes of soils. Composite soil samples of different depths (0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80 cm) were collected from four native halophyte soils [communities Salicornia europaea (CSE), Suaeda glauca (CSG), Kalidium foliatum (CKF), Sophora alopecuroides (CSA)] and two furrow-irrigated fields [corn (CFD), wheat (WFD)] along a saline impact gradient. Seven humification indices (HIXs: C/N, SUVA, E2/E3, E2/E4, S275–295, S350–400, and S250–400), deduced from elemental analysis and UV–visible spectroscopy of FAs, were used to evaluate the humification degree. The humification degree of FA from the WFD soil was the highest, followed by CFD, CSA, CKF, CSG, and CSE. There were significant relationships between the seven HIXs (P < 0.05). The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) exhibited close correlations with the seven HIXs, and the humification degree increased with decreasing ESP. The HIX can not only indicate the humification degree of soil organic matter but also characterise the salinisation processes of soils.

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Bethune, Matthew. "Towards effective control of deep drainage under border-check irrigated pasture in the Murray-Darling Basin: a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 5 (2004): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03192.

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High watertables and land salinisation threaten the sustainability and prosperity of the irrigated dairy industry in the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia. High watertables and salinisation result from excessive deep drainage. Spatial and temporal trends in deep drainage data pertinent to the dairy industry in the Murray–Darling Basin are reviewed with a view towards reducing deep drainage. The reviewed data indicate that deep drainage under border-check irrigated pasture is generally greater than the leaching requirement and can be reduced without affecting pasture growth. Deep drainage through levee soils is likely to contribute significantly to regional groundwater. Consideration needs to be given to the appropriateness of using the border-check irrigation system on levee soils. Pressurised irrigation systems or land use change may be required to reduce deep drainage under these soils. The majority of deep drainage under floodplain soils occurs during winter and spring, when rainfall exceeds pasture water use. Developing a soil water deficit prior to winter will reduce deep drainage. This can be achieved by ending the irrigation season earlier. A later start to the irrigation season also offers potential to divert more winter rainfall into evapotranspiration rather than deep drainage.

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George, Richard, Jonathan Clarke, and Pauline English. "Modern and palaeogeographic trends in the salinisation of the Western Australian wheatbelt: a review." Soil Research 46, no. 8 (2008): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08066.

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The Western Australian wheatbelt contains vast areas of agricultural land underlayed by saline and deeply weathered regolith derived from Archaean rocks and recent sediments. The region has been geologically stable since the late Permian, although the Archaean basement sustained some movement during the break-up of Gondwanaland and the northward drift of Australia from Antarctica. During the Early Cretaceous, Eocene and more recently, the wheatbelt region’s weathered mantle has been successively eroded by rivers. The palaeovalleys have been infilled with terrestrial and marine sediments, and subjected to ongoing deep weathering. During the Pliocene and Quaternary the region experienced alternating arid and wetter climates. These cyclic episodes influenced regolith development, affected vegetation species and catchment water balances, and also promoted the accumulation of massive volumes of salt. In more recent times, these salt stores have interacted with vegetation, soils, surface water bodies, and groundwater systems and left a distinctive and pervasive legacy in the landscape. Salinisation was manifest in the wheatbelt from as long ago as 2.8 Ma, concentrating in valley floors as arid and wetter cycles prevailed and while the continent migrated northwards. Today, agricultural development has altered the water balance on 20 Mha of cleared farmland. As a result, salinity is spreading, further degrading 300 000 ha of variably saline landscape that existed before the arrival of Europeans, and affecting an additional 1.1 Mha of formerly arable land. Unchecked by reduced rainfall or human-induced changes to the water balance, salinity may expand even further, potentially affecting 1.7–3.4 Mha of the wheatbelt’s agricultural land and its unique natural resources. This paper reviews the palaeogeography and palaeoclimates of the region and its hydrogeology and examines the nature of its susceptibility to salinisation. It poses questions about the relationship between palaeo-salinity and contemporary salinity, seeking geomorphic evidence to indicate whether salinity is likely to expand beyond extant palaeo-salinity markers. Finally, it considers the likely timeframes involved in salinisation and whether clearing-induced salinity will follow patterns similar to those observed from past saline episodes in the region.

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Overton, I. C., I. D. Jolly, P. G. Slavich, M. M. Lewis, and G. R. Walker. "Modelling vegetation health from the interaction of saline groundwater and flooding on the Chowilla floodplain, South Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 2 (2006): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05020.

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The native riparian vegetation communities on the Chowilla floodplain in the lower River Murray in South Australia are suffering severe declines in health, particularly the Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (red gum) and Eucalyptus largiflorens F.Muell. (black box) communities. The primary cause of the decline is salinisation of the floodplain soils caused by increased rates of groundwater discharge and hence increased movement of salt up into the plant root zone. The salinity is driven by a lack of flooding and rising saline groundwater tables. Rises in the naturally saline groundwater levels are due to the effects of river regulation from Lock 6 and high inflows from regional groundwater levels increased by Lake Victoria to the east. River regulation has also led to reduced frequency and duration of the floods that leach salt from the plant root zone and supply fresh water for transpiration. The frequency of medium-sized floods occurring on Chowilla has been reduced by a factor of three since locking and water extractions were commenced in the 1920s to provide reliable water for urban and agricultural use. The soil salinisation on the floodplain was modelled by using a spatial and temporal model of salt accumulation from groundwater depth, groundwater salinity, soil type and flooding frequency. The derived soil water availability index (WINDS) is used to infer vegetation health and was calibrated against current extent of vegetation health as assessed from fieldwork and satellite image analysis. The modelling work has shown that there is a severe risk to the floodplain vegetation from current flow regimes. This paper estimates that 65% (5658 ha) of the 8600 ha of floodplain trees are affected by soil salinisation matching a field survey of vegetation health in 2003 (Department of Environment and Heritage 2005a), compared with 40% in 1993 (Taylor et al. 1996). Model results show that the best management option for Chowilla is lowering the groundwater down to 2 m below current levels, which predicts an improvement in the health of the floodplain tree species from 35 to 42%.

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