Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Salish language'

way’, iskwíst (my name is) Sʔímlaʔxw. According to Syilx ways, personal introductions come before any other words. I am Syilx, and related to the Simlas and Richters from Vernon and Ashnola BC. I am an N’syilxcn (n’qilxwcn, Okanagan-Colville, Interior Salish) language learner and teacher. I live in Penticton BC, Canada. Five years ago I arrived in Syilx community to find a critically endangered language and accepted a personal role and responsibility to learn N’syilxcn and teach it to others, as my PhD research. I found allies in beginner intensives: our names are Prasát, C’ər̓tups, X̌wnámx̌wnam and Staʔqwálqs. We committed as a cohort to live in an immersion house in Chopaka BC for five months. We were supported by our Elder, Sʕamtíc’aʔ (Sarah Peterson), and a language activist from Paul Creek Language Association, Chris Parkin. During one long winter, in 420 intensive hours of study, we transformed from k’lp’xwínaʔ (beginning to hear, approximately beginner) to n’łəqwcin (clear voiced, approximately low-intermediate). I created three films in N’syilxcn, and placed them on YouTube to give primacy to our personal narratives, document our transformation, assess our learning and methods, and share our experience and motivation with language learners. My cohort followed second-language acquisition techniques and curriculum which I believe are replicable in other Indigenous languages. In the following pages I introduce N’syilxcn, my cohort, our language house, Paul Creek curriculum, our three films, our language assessment, and dreams and strategies to become n’tłłcin speakers (straightened speech, advanced). I share pedagogical concepts and methods that support adult Indigenous language acquisition, such as N’syilxcn phases of learning, teaching strategies, language assessment, domains of use, immersion, and the transformative power of hard work. I humbly share our experience and my recommendations for Indigenous language learners. One-thousand hours of intensive instruction, following second-language acquisition techniques and honouring our Indigenous contexts, will bring adults to mid-intermediate speech levels. As intermediate speakers, our role and responsibility will become clear: to create immersion workspheres, write advanced materials, teach, and raise children in the language.
Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan)
Graduate

way’, iskwíst (my name is) Sʔímlaʔxw. According to Syilx ways, personal introductions come before any other words. I am Syilx, and related to the Simlas and Richters from Vernon and Ashnola BC. I am an N’syilxcn (n’qilxwcn, Okanagan-Colville, Interior Salish) language learner and teacher. I live in Penticton BC, Canada. Five years ago I arrived in Syilx community to find a critically endangered language and accepted a personal role and responsibility to learn N’syilxcn and teach it to others, as my PhD research. I found allies in beginner intensives: our names are Prasát, C’ər̓tups, X̌wnámx̌wnam and Staʔqwálqs. We committed as a cohort to live in an immersion house in Chopaka BC for five months. We were supported by our Elder, Sʕamtíc’aʔ (Sarah Peterson), and a language activist from Paul Creek Language Association, Chris Parkin. During one long winter, in 420 intensive hours of study, we transformed from k’lp’xwínaʔ (beginning to hear, approximately beginner) to n’łəqwcin (clear voiced, approximately low-intermediate). I created three films in N’syilxcn, and placed them on YouTube to give primacy to our personal narratives, document our transformation, assess our learning and methods, and share our experience and motivation with language learners. My cohort followed second-language acquisition techniques and curriculum which I believe are replicable in other Indigenous languages. In the following pages I introduce N’syilxcn, my cohort, our language house, Paul Creek curriculum, our three films, our language assessment, and dreams and strategies to become n’tłłcin speakers (straightened speech, advanced). I share pedagogical concepts and methods that support adult Indigenous language acquisition, such as N’syilxcn phases of learning, teaching strategies, language assessment, domains of use, immersion, and the transformative power of hard work. I humbly share our experience and my recommendations for Indigenous language learners. One-thousand hours of intensive instruction, following second-language acquisition techniques and honouring our Indigenous contexts, will bring adults to mid-intermediate speech levels. As intermediate speakers, our role and responsibility will become clear: to create immersion workspheres, write advanced materials, teach, and raise children in the language.

This thesis investigates lexical and grammatical aspect in two unrelated languages, Sencoten(the Saanich dialect of Straits Salish) and Japanese. In particular, the main focus is on how various perfect readings are derived in the two languages, which show striking similarities in this respect. In Sencoten, a particle kwlh yields various readings depending on the situation aspect and viewpoint aspect of the predicate with which it occurs (Kiyota 2006b). These various readings include an inceptive reading, an on-going situation reading, and a completion reading. The Japanese aspectual marker -tei- also induces a range of different readings: a progressive reading, a resultant state reading, and a perfect reading (Ogihara 1998a, Nishiyama 2006, a.o.). To account for these various readings, I propose that both kwlh in Sencoten and -tei- in Japanese are perfect markers. However, the actual semantic function of each is different: kwlh in Sencoten introduces a perfect time span (Pancheva 2003), whereas -tei- in Japanese denotes an anteriority relation between an event time and a reference time (Reichenbach 1947, Klein 1992, 1994), where the event time can be the time interval of a sub-event of a larger event. -Tei- also has a pragmatic component (or presupposition), just as Portner (2003) claims for the English perfect. Aspectual properties of predicates also play a crucial role in yielding the range of different readings. Therefore, this thesis also proposes a new aspectual classification of predicates in Sencoten and Japanese, which departs from the common classification of predicates based on Indo-European languages. In Sencoten, various readings are derived by interaction between the semantics of verbal predicates (i.e. lexical aspect), the semantics of the grammatical aspect (perfective or imperfective), and the semantics (and possibly pragmatics) of the perfect. In Japanese, the range of interpretations is due to interaction between the semantics of verbal aspect, the function of an adverb, and the semantics and pragmatics of the perfect. In other words, the same factors enter into my analysis of both Sencoten and Japanese, though there is one striking difference between the two languages: the perfective/imperfective opposition is involved in Sencoten, but not in Japanese.

La presenza di consonanti nei punti d’articolazione velare, alveolare e bilabiale sembra rappresentare la base della costituzione di un sistema consonantico e viene descritta da diversi autori, secondo svariati approcci. Ciononostante sono presenti in letteratura, seppur in maniera piuttosto sporadica, riferimenti all’esistenza di lingue con una completa assenza di consonanti bilabiali, soprattutto da parte di autori dediti allo studio delle lingue native americane. Questo fa sì, pertanto, che la presenza di bilabiali non possa essere considerata un universale linguistico ma piuttosto una tendenza linguistica universale, che ammette , quindi, eccezioni. I riferimenti portati finora osservano il fenomeno da una prospettiva puramente sincronica, escludendo in tal modo, non soltanto le lingue estinte, ma anche quelle che hanno avuto un’assenza completa dei fonemi in questione in un momento lontano della propria storia, inserendoli successivamente nel proprio sistema consonantico. Sulla base di questo retroterra e di quanto emerso dal materiale consultato, la tesi si sviluppa principalmente sui tre seguenti punti. 1) La mappatura di tutte le lingue e famiglie linguistiche parlate o estinte, interessate in un qualsiasi momento della loro storia dal fenomeno, fornendo informazioni sulla distribuzione, genealogia e fonologia, con particolare attenzione, ovviamente, all’assenza di bilabiali. Questo primo obiettivo comprende anche una mappa digitale delle lingue, creata con l’utilizzo del software QGIS. 2) L’attribuzione di una completa assenza di bilabiali a quelle proto-lingue, la cui ricostruzione presentava punti oscuri proprio in merito a tali fonemi, nonché una mancanza di unanimità fra i diversi autori che le hanno studiate. Questo secondo obiettivo è stato perseguito principalmente attraverso studi tipologici. 3) Una descrizione delle caratteristiche della manifestazione del fenomeno secondo l’analisi delle diverse lingue e famiglie interessate e una ricerca della spiegazione delle cause che ne sono alla base.
The existence of consonants at the velar, alveolar and bilabial places of articulation seems to represent the basis of the structure of a consonant system, described by many authors according to various approaches. Nevertheless a few scattered references to languages without any bilabial sound can be found in literature, especially by authors dealing with American native languages. For this reason, the presence of bilabial consonants cannot be considered as a universal of language but rather a linguistic tendency, admitting, as such, some exceptions. The above mentioned references describe the phenomenon by a merely synchronic perspective, leaving thereby aside, not only extinct languages, but also those showing at a distant time in the past the lack of these sounds, which were later introduced in their consonant inventory. Based on this background and on the results brought out by the analysis of the reference material, this dissertation focuses mainly on the three following points. 1) A mapping of all languages and linguistic families involved, regardless whether they are living, extinct or characterized by this phenomenon at a distant time in the past, providing information about their distribution, their genealogy and their phonology, of course with particular emphasis on bilabial sounds. This first aim includes also a digital map of these languages, created by using the software QGIS. 2) Ascribing a complete lack of bilabial consonants to those proto-languages, whose reconstructions showed some loose ends with regard to these phonemes, as well as the lack of unanimity among the various authors dealing with them. This second objective was pursued primarily by means of typological studies. 3) A description of how the phenomenon occurs, based on the analysis of the different languages and linguistic families involved, along with a research on the explication of the possible reasons underlying it.

In less than a decade since the onset of the global economic crisis, more than 2 million people have left Spain in search of work and the possibility of a livable existence. Many of these economic exiles are young and highly qualified, leading some to classify this exodus as a brain drain. Lingering labor market instability and growing mistrust in Spain’s political system portend a challenging future for members of the so-called “lost generation,” both at home and abroad. Meanwhile, many questions remain about the lasting effects and repercussions of the crisis and massive departure of young Spaniards.

In response, the recession and ensuing surge in emigration have been popular themes of economic, demographic and sociological research in recent years; however, the cultural productions representative of this group remain relatively unstudied. The current investigation focuses on a selection of documentary films and fictional literature that portray the experiences of these highly qualified migrants. Through close analysis of these works, narrative patterns and trends appeared. These literary and audiovisual texts manifest the dialectical tensions of exile literature theorized by Sophia McClennen as well as the complex nostalgias of Svetlana Boym. They also reject and redefine the generational terms imposed upon them, express diasporic solidarity and call for political involvement and collective action. The rhetorical undercurrents at work in these constructions of individual and group identity suggest the emergence of an archetypal narrative of the new Spanish migrant. The cultural negotiations implicit in this narrative seem to confirm that sweeping but gradual societal changes are taking effect, even beyond Spain's borders.

The present study elaborates a poetics of cross-cultural writing. Its primary theoretical reference is the ‘cross-cultural poetics’ (poétique de la relation) of Edouard Glissant: a set of poetic tropes and narrative structural strategies that he identifies in the mixed cultural setting of the Caribbean, in Le Discours antillais. My thesis argues that if these poetic strategies are indeed a response to specific social, cultural and political situations, then if analogous situations were considered elsewhere, we might expect an analogous poetics to arise. Taking North Africa as an example context, and specifically the novels of the Algerians Kateb Yacine, Assia Djebar, Mohammed Dib, and the Sudanese Tayeb Salih, I argue that these writers’ complex poetic strategies engage with – indeed, help to articulate – analogous socio-political concerns arising in their homelands. The formal poetical analysis of these authors is based on several key thematic tropes and structural strategies that Glissant advocates in his cross-cultural poetics. My five chapters consider roots and origins, living landscapes, silence and screams, literary opacity, and structural polyphony. They also develop a new critical vocabulary to describe how Glissant’s poetical strategies might take form at a close textual level; my analysis reveals a complex, and reciprocal, relationship between poetic expression and socio-political context. Glissant’s work is therefore shown to be more broadly relevant, but the founding tenets of his theory are also interrogated and questioned; the comparison with a North African setting entails a (re)assessment of the underlying conceptions of Glissant’s poetics – of the implicit logic by which he connects poetic form to social, cultural and political factors. These factors, for Glissant, also display a clear overlap with the (post)colonial; in studying cross-culturality, the postcolonial, and the poetics engendered by their overlapping, my thesis presents a specific critical focus for the postcolonial literary field.

Rod Salix pripada porodici Salicaceae i obuhvata oko 450 vrsta širom sveta, od kojih u Republici Srbiji raste oko 18. Kora vrbe ispoljava antiinflamatorno, antireumatsko, analgetičko i antipiretičko delovanje sinergističkim efektom njenih glavnih aktivnih supstanci – glikozida salicina, fenolnih i flavonoidnih jedinjenja. Ciljevi ovog rada bili su ispitivanje uticaja klasične i savremenih metoda ekstrakcije na hemijski sastav i biološke aktivnosti ekstrakata različitih vrsta vrba, utvrđivanje razlika u sadržaju aktivnih komponenti i biološkom potencijalu između ekstrakata kore i ekstrakata lista iste vrste vrbe, kao i utvrđivanje razlika u sadržaju sekundarnih metabolita i antioksidantnoj aktivnosti kod ekstrakata različitih vrsta vrba. Ispitivanja su uključivala analizu 92 ekstrakta kore i lista osam predstavnika roda Salix, dobijenih različitim metodama (maceracija, ultrazvučna i mikrotalasna ekstrakcija) i pri različitim uslovima ekstrakcije (rastvarač, vreme, veličina čestica). Sadržaj ukupnih fenola i flavonoida, kao i antioksidativna aktivnost određeni su spektrofotometrijski. Hemijska karakterizacija ekstrakata vršena je primenom visokoefikasne tečne hromatografije (HPLC). Metodom in silico molekularnog dokinga ispitan je inhibitorni potencijal sastojaka ekstrakata prema enzimima ciklooksigenaze (COX-1 i COX-2) i acetilholinesterazi (AChE). Savremenim metodama ekstrakcije izolovan je veći broj pojedinačnih komponenata u najvećoj koncentraciji i dobijeni su ekstrakti sa jačim potencijalom neutralizacije hidroksilnih radikala. Klasična metoda maceracije 70% etanolom (v/v) bila je pogodnija za dobijanje ekstrakata sa jačim antioksidativnim potencijalom prema DPPH radikalu kod gotovo svih ispitivanih Salix vrsta. Kod većine Salix vrsta jači antioksidantni potencijal prema DPPH radikalu ispoljili su ekstrakti kore. Kod polovine ispitivanih vrsta ekstrakti lista su inhibisali hidroksilne radikale u većoj meri. Veći sadržaj pojedinačnih jedinjenja u ekstraktima kore ili lista zavisio je od same vrste vrbe. Najjaču antioksidantu aktivnost ispoljila je vrsta S. alba, dok je u pogledu hemijskog sastava najraznovrsnija vrsta bila S. fragilis. In silico analizom metodom molekularnog dokinga utvrđen je jak inhibitorni potencijal flavonoidnih jedinjenja kvercetina, naringenina i epikatehina, kao i hlorogenske kiseline među fenolnim kiselinama prema enzimima COX-1 i COX-2. Epikatehin, salicin i hlorogenska kiselina ispoljili su značajno inhibitorno delovanje na enzim AChE u doking studijama. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da pored kore i list vrbe ima veliki potencijal primene kao izvor značajnih fitokomponenata, kao i na mogućnost eksploatacije vrsta vrba koje nisu u komercijalnoj upotrebi kao lekovitih sirovina za izolovanje antioksidanasa i farmakološki aktivnih supstanci.
The genus Salix belongs to the family Salicaceae and comprises about 450 species worldwide, out of which 18 grow in the Republic of Serbia. Willow bark exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, analgesic and antipyretic effects through synergistic action of its main ingredients -glycosidesalicin, phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Aims of this paper were to analyse the impact of classical and modern extraction methods on chemical composition and biological activities of extracts of different willow species, determine the differences in the amount of active compounds and biological potential between bark and leaf extracts within the same willow species, as well as between extracts of various species. The analysis included 92 bark and leaf extracts of eight species from the genus Salix, obtained by different extraction methods (maceration, ulrasound and microwave assisted extraction) and conditions (solvent, time, particle size). Total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as antioxidant activity were determined spectrophotometrically. Chemical characterization was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of compounds isolated from the extracts was examined by in silico method of molecular docking. Greater number of individual components in highest concentration, as well as exracts with stronger hydroxyl radical scavenging potential were obtained by modern extraction methods. Classical method of maceration with 70% ethanol (v/v) was more suitable for obtaining extracts with higher DPPH radical scavenging activity in the vast majority of tested species. In half of the analysed species leaf extracts inhibited hydroxyl radicals more than bark. Higher amount of individual compounds in bark or leaf extracts depended on the species itself. S. alba exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, whereas S. fragilis had the most diverse chemical composition. Strong COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory potential of flavonoids quercetin, naringenin and epicatechin, as well as chlorogenic acid among phenolic acids was determined by in silico molecular docking analysis. Molecular docking studies also demonstrated the inhibitory activity of epicatechin, salicin and chlorogenic acid toward AChE. The obtained results indicate that not only bark, but willow leaf as well could be used as source of significant phytochemicals and also the possibility of exploitation of willow species that are not commercially used as medicinal raw material for isolation of antioxidants and pharmacologycally active substances.

Surfaktanti imaju značajnu primenu u farmaciji i medicini. Ove supstance se primenjuju u farmakoterapiji, koriste se za solubilizaciju hidrofobnih lekova, a pojedina ispitivanja pokazuju da mogu unaprediti bioraspoloživost određenih aktivnih supstanci. U poslednje vreme se sve više pažnje posvećuje ispitivanju smeša surfaktanata, pošto je utvrđeno da sistemi dva ili više surfaktanta često pokazuju poželjnija svojstva od pojedinačnih surfaktanata za aplikaciju u farmaciji i medicini. U ovoj disertaciji su ispitivani binarni sistemi osam anjona žučnih kiselina i dva nejonska surfaktanta (polisorbat 40 i polisorbat 80). Ciljevi su određivanje vrednosti kritičnih micelarnih koncentracija ispitivanih smeša surfaktanta, utvrđivanje međudejstva između različitih surfaktanta u njihovim mešovitim micelama, kao i ispitivanje uticaja stukture ispitivanih surfaktanata na fizičko-hemijske karakteristike mešovitih micela. Rezultati pokazuju da ispitivane smeše imaju znatno niže vrednosti kritičnih micelarnih koncentracija od anjona žučnih kiselina. Smeše anjona žučnih kiselina i polisorbata 40 imaju manje vrednosti eksperimentalnih kritičnih micelarnih koncentracija, od izračunatih, idealnih, vrednosti, što ukazuje na postojanje sinergističkih interakcija u mešovitim micelama. Smeše anjona žučnih kiselina i polisorbata 80 imaju uglavnom veće vrednosti kritičnih micelarnih koncentracija od idealnih vrednosti, što može biti posledica postojanja antagonističkih interakcija između gradivnih jedinica mešovitih micela. Vrednosti interakcija, koje dovode do neidealnog ponašanja sistema surfaktanata, su određene računanjem vrednosti interakcionog parametra, β_1,2, prema regular solution theory. Sistemi anjona žučnih kiselina i polisorbata 40 imaju negativne vrednosti interakcionog parametra, dok sistemi anjona žučnih kiselina i polisorbata 80 imaju uglavnom pozitivne vrednosti interakcionog parametra. Poređenjem fizičko-hemijskih parametara mešovitih micela je utvrđeno da postojanje privlačnih međudejstava između hidrofilnih delova različitih surfaktanata najverovatnije potiče od vodoničnih veza koje se formiraju između hidrofilnih grupa anjona žučnih kiselina i polioksietilenskih delova. Pozitivne vrednosti β_1,2 parametra su najverovatnije posledica sterno krute cis dvostruke veze oleinske kiseline u molekulu polisorbata 80, usled čega se lipofilni deo ovog nejonskog surfaktanta teže pakuje u jezgru mešovitih micela. Pretpostavlja se da zbog toga dolazi do formiranja dimera anjona žučnih kiselina u mešovitim micelama u kojima se javljaju odbojne interakcije između negativno naelektrisanih karboksilatnih grupa.
Surfactants have important application in pharmacy and medicine. These substances are applied in pharmacotherapy, they are used for hydrophobic drug solubilisation, and certain investigations indicate they can improve bioavailability of certain active substances. Lately, investigations of surfactant mixtures have gained a lot of attention, since it was found that systems of two or more surfactants often show more desirable properties than the individual surfactants, for application in pharmacy and medicine. In this dissertation, binary systems of eight bile acid anions and two nonionic surfactants (polysorbate 40 and polysorbate 80) were investigated. The aims were to determine values of critical micelle concentrations of investigated surfactant mixtures, interactions between different surfactants in their mixed micelles, and to investigate the influence of the structure of investigated surfactants on physico-chemical characteristics of mixed micelles. The results indicate that investigated mixtures have significantly lower values of critical micelle concentrations than bile acid anions. Mixtures of bile acid anions and polysorbate 40 have  lower values of experimentally obtained critical micelle concentrations than the calculated, ideal, values, indicating the existence of synergistic interactions in mixed micelles. Mixtures of bile acid anions and polysorbate 80 have mainly higher values of critical micelle concentrations than the ideal values, what could be due to the existence of antagonistic interactions between building units of mixed micelles. The values of the interactions, attributing to the nonideal behaviour of the surfactant systems were obtained by calculating the values of the interaction parameter, β1,2 , according to the regular solution theory. Systems of bile acid anions and polysorbate 40 have negative values of the interaction parameter, while systems of bile acid anions and polysorbate 80 have mainly positive values of interaction parameter. By comparing the physico-chemical parameters of mixed micelles, it was determined that existence of attractive interactions between hydrophilic parts of different surfactants most probably originates from the hydrogen bonds, which are formed between hydrophilic groups of bile acid anions and polyoxyethylene parts. Positive values of β1,2 parameter are most probably due to sterically rigid cis double bond of oleic acid in polysorbate 80 molecule, causing the lipophilic tail of this nonionic surfactant to pack less easily in the core of mixed micelles. It is hypothesised that this influences formation of dimers of bile acid anions in mixed micelles, where repulsive interactions emerge between negatively charged carboxylate groups.

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Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar o processo de produção, leitura e compreensão do texto Sala-de-aula. Para sua efetivação, acompanhamos, durante um ano letivo, uma turma de alunos de 2ª série do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica (CEFET-PR). Esse acompanhamento nos permitiu coletar dados para a organização do material documentário - relato de narrativas de vida dos participantes, registro das observações realizadas em sala de aula, diário de campo do pesquisador - o qual desencadeou o processo de reflexão. Desenvolvemos nossa reflexão tendo como suporte a teoria lingüística de Mikhail Bakhtin e as opções metodológicas - Estudo de caso, Paradigma indiciário e Pesquisa narrativa. Esse suporte teórico nos possibilitou reconhecer o Sala-de-aula como um texto polifônico, ou seja, no qual vozes se encontram, entrecruzam-se, chocam-se, demonstrando a relevância da interação dialógica que ocorre em cada aula. Para compreender o texto Sala-de-aula foi necessário ouvir estórias singulares, por serem elas reveladoras das ações atuais. A sala de aula é local de desvelamento de estórias, nele está presente o ser humano que é, por sua natureza social e histórica, ser narrativo. Sendo assim, todas as ações humanas são resultados de experiências partilhadas em nossos atos dialógicos. Essas ações, essas experiências não se efetivam sem a presença da linguagem. Ela esteve ali, a cada encontro, a cada contato humano, gesto ou olhar. Sendo o texto Sala-de-aula resultado de atos dialógicos, ou seja, atos entremeados de estórias, está recheado de linguagem, diríamos que é a linguagem a se materializar nessa produção. Esses atos dialógicos, todavia, representam apenas uma fração de uma corrente comunicativa, como se fora um elo, uma extensão de atos dialógicos anteriores...
This research aimed at investigating the creation process, reading and comprehension of the text Sala de Aula (Classroom). To accomplish this objective, a class of junior high school students ( 2 grade) at the Federal Center of Technological Education (CEFET-PR) was observed during one academic year. Data to organize documentary material was collected from : life accounts of the participants, records of the notes taken in the classroom and evidences obtained during fieldwork. The linguistic theory developed by Mikhail Bakhtin provided the theoretical underpinnings upon which this research was carried out as well as the following methodological procedures: case study, evidential paradigm and narrative research. Such theory enabled us to see the text Sala de aula as polyphonic, that is, a text where different voices meet, intersect, clash, demonstrating thus how important and relevant interaction between students in each class is. A deep insight into the text in question was obtained by hearing singular stories that shed a great deal of light upon students' current attitudes. It is in human's nature, from a social and historical point of view, to be given to narrating stories which explains the fact that the classroom is the place where stories are told. Therefore, all human actions are the result of experiences shared in our interactions by means of language that makes itself present in each encounter, contact, action and look. The fact that the text Sala de aula is the product of interactions interspersed with stories entitles us to say that language materializes in this creative process. Such interactions, however, reveal only a small fraction of a communicative process, as if it were a link, an extension of past interactions and, consequently ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Zahvaljujući amfifilnoj strukturi i mogućnosti građenja konjugata, žučne kiseline - endogeno sintetisani produkti katabolizma holesterola su prepoznate kao potencijalni nosači lekova i promoteri transporta kroz biološke membrane. Otkriće da aktivacijom specifičnih nuklearnih receptora regulišu ekspresiju gena uključenih u plejadu signalnih puteva uključenih u metabolizam, proliferaciju i diferencijaciju ćelija i onkogenezu, proširilo je ulogu žučnih kiselina u odnosu na inicijalno opisanu ulogu intestinalnih emulgatora. Žučne kiseline se danas ne smatraju samo pasivnim nosačima lekova i promoterima transporta kroz biološke membrane već i molekulima sa farmakodinamskom funkcijom, koji regulišu različite aspekte integrativnog ćelijskog metabolizma. Doksorubicin je jedan od najčešće korišćenih antineoplastičkih agenasa i sastavna je komponenta mnogih hemoterapijskih protokola u lečenju solidnih i hematoloških maligniteta. Međutim, hepatotoksični i kardiotoksični efekti značajno ograničavaju upotrebu ovog, inače veoma korisnog antitumorskog agensa. Pojava odložene dozno-zavisne kardiotoksičnosti predstavlja značajan zdravstveni problem onkoloških pacijenata sa uspešno lečenim malignitetom, naročito pacijenata lečenih u pedijatrijskom uzrastu. Budući da je razvoj novih lekova veoma dug i skup proces sa neizvesnim ishodom, poboljšanje farmakodinamskih i farmakokinetskih svojstava već postojećih antitumorskih agenasa sa dokazanom efikasnošću, uz smanjenje toksičnih efekata, predstavlja racionalan istraživački pristup u savremenoj medicini. Osnovni cilj ovog rada je ispitivanje uticaja žučnih kiselina ursodeoksiholne, henodeoksiholne i 12-okso-henodeoksiholne kiseline (12-monoketoholne kiseline) na citotoksičnu aktivnost doksorubicina prema MCF-7 ćelijskoj liniji humanog adenokarcinoma dojke i ispitivanje molekularnih mehanizama odgovornih za farmakodinamske efekte. Takođe su navedene žučne kiseline ispitane kao promoteri transporta koji utiči na prodor i kumulaciju doksorubicina u malignim ćelijama. U ovom radu je ispitan uticaj koadministracije navedenih žučnih kiselina sa doksorubicinom na odložene toksodinamske efekte (hepatotoksičnost i kardiotoksičnost) kod pacova, ali i efekti pretretmana žučnim kiselinama na koncentracije doksorubicina u krvi, bilijarnu ekskreciju leka kao i kumulaciju u jetri i miokardu eksperimentalnih životinja. Žučne kiseline su u netoksičnim koncentracijama potencirale in vitro citotoksične efekte doksorubicina na MCF-7 ćelijskoj liniji pri čemu je henodeoksiholna ispoljila sinergistički efekt, dok su ursodeoksiholna u 12-monoketoholna ispoljile aditivni citotoksični efekt sa doksorubicinom. Ispitivanjem molekularnih mehanizama citotoksičnih efekata utvrđeno je da su žučne kiseline u različitom stepenu potencirale apoptozu ćelija mitohondrijalnim putem uticajem na ekspresiju pro- i antiapoptotskih proteina na transkripcionom nivou i povećale stres endoplazmatskog retikuluma, ali i dovele do alteracija ekspresije gena koji kodiraju sintezu antioksidativnih enzima, transmembranskih efluks proteina i enzima uključenih u metaboličku inaktivaciju leka. Žučne kiseline u netoksičnim koncentracijama su takođe značajno povećale prodor i kumulaciju doksorubicina u MCF-7 ćelijskoj liniji. U in vivo sistemu, koadministracija žučnih kiselina nije rezultovala u poboljšanju odloženih toksodinamskih efekata visokih doza doksorubicina na biohemijskom i molekularnom nivou. Međutim, nakon pretretmana žučnim kiselinama, vrednosti koncetracija doksorubicina u serumu su bile povišene nakon pretretmana urso- i henodeoksiholnom kiselinom i snižene nakon pretretmana 12-monoketoholnom kiselinom uz povećanje bilijarne sekrecije doksorubicina. Pored promena u farmakokinetskom profilu doksorubicina, pretretman žučnim kiselinama je blago redukovao prodor i kumulaciju doksorubicina u hepatocite i kardiomiocite. Na osnovu rezultata ove studije može se zaključiti da primena ispitivanih žučnih kiselina sa doksorubicinom povećava prodor i poboljšava farmakodinamski profil doksorubicina in vitro, na ćelijskom modelu humanog adenokarcinoma dojke. Poboljšanje selektivnog preuzimanja i prodora doksorubicina u maligne ćelije koje nije praćeno povećanom kumulacijom u normalnim tkivima, kao i poboljšanje antitumorskog dejstva doksorubicina sa mogućim smanjenjem doze uz smanjenje pojave dozno-zavisnih neželjenih dejstava doksorubicina čini žučne kiseline molekulima kandidatima za dalja ispitivanja u cilju razvoja novih, poboljšanih antitumorskih terapijskih strategija.
Due to the amphiphilic structure and the significant conjugation potential, bile acids - endogenously synthesized products of cholesterol catabolism have been recognized as potential drug carriers and promoters of transport through biological membranes. The discovery that by activating specific nuclear receptors bile acids regulate the expression of genes involved in various signaling pathways including metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation as well as carcinogenesis, expanded initially ascribed role of intestinal emulsifiers to the various fields. Bile acids are now considered not to act only as passive carriers of drugs and promoters of transport through biological membranes, but also as the molecules with pharmacodynamic activity, regulating various aspects of integrative cellular metabolism. Doxorubicin is one of the most commonly prescribed antineoplastic agents as an integral component of many chemotherapy protocols in the treatment of both solid and hematologic malignancies. However, hepatotoxic and cardiotoxic effects significantly limit the use of this, otherwise, very useful anti-tumor agent. The development of dose-dependent cardiotoxic side effects represents particular health issue in successfully treated oncological patients, especially among survivors of pediatric malignancies. Since the development of new drugs is very long and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, improving the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the existing agents with proven efficacy, while reducing toxic side effects, represents a rational approach to research in modern medicine. The main objective of this work is to examine the role of bile acids: ursodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic and 12-oxo-chenodeoxycholic acid (12-monoketocholic acid) on the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin in the MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, and to get insight on molecular mechanisms responsible for underlying pharmacodynamic effects. The capacity of bile acids to promote the transport and accumulation of doxorubicin in malignant cells was also evaluated. In addition, the effect of co-administration of the bile acids with doxorubicin on delayed toxodynamic effects (hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity) in rats, as well as the effects of bile acid pretreatment on the doxorubicin serum concentration and pharmacokinetic profile, biliary excretion of the drug as well as accumulation in the liver and myocardial cells of experimental animals were examined. Bile acids applied in non-toxic concentrations potentiated in vitro cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin in MCF-7 cell line. Chenodeoxycholic acid exhibited a synergistic effect, whereas ursodeoxycholic and 12-monoketocholic acid exhibited an additive cytotoxic effect with doxorubicin. By examining the underlying molecular mechanisms of cytotoxic effects, bile acids have been found to potentiate apoptosis of cells by mitochondrial-dependent pathway by modifying the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins at the transcriptional level and to increase endoplasmic reticulum stress, but also have altered the expression of genes encoding the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, transmembrane efflux proteins and enzymes involved in metabolic inactivation of the drug. Non-toxic concentrations of bile acids also significantly increased the penetration and accumulation of doxorubicin in MCF-7 cell line. In the in vivo system, the co-administration of bile acid did not improved delayed toxodynamic effects of high dose of doxorubicin both at the biochemical and molecular levels. However, pretreatment with bile acids resulted in alterations of serum doxorubicin concentrations. Chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid elevated whereas 12-monoketocholic acid decreased serum doxorubicin concentrations. In addition to changing pharmacokinetic profile of doxorubicin on bile acid species-dependent manner, all bile acids have also increased excretion of drug by the biliary route, and slightly reduced penetration and accumulation of doxorubicin in hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes. Based on the results of this study, the administration of the examined bile acids with doxorubicin increases the penetration and improves the pharmacodynamic profile of doxorubicin in vitro on the cell model of human breast adenocarcinoma. The improvement of selective uptake and penetration of doxorubicin into malignant cells that is not accompanied by increased accumulation in normal tissues, as well as the improvement in the anti-tumor effects of doxorubicin with a possibility to reduce the dose and thereby the occurrence of dose-dependent undesirable effects of doxorubicin, render bile acids as the potential candidate molecules in developing novel antitumor therapeutic strategies.

Булимија је у великом броју случајева праћена учесталим повраћањем, које у дужем временском периоду може резултирати иреверзибилним губитком зубних ткива и хиперсензитивношћу, као и квантитативним и квалитативним променама нестимулисане и стимулисане пљувачке. Циљ истраживања је био да се утврди присуство, локализација и степен денталних ерозија употребом BЕWЕ (Basic Erosive Wear Examination) индексног система, као и утврђивање вредности индекса меких наслага и гингивалног индекса папиларног крварења код пацијената са булимијом праћеном повраћањем и здравих испитаника. Циљ лабораторијских испитивања је био да се утврди количина и pH вредност нестимулисане и стимулисане пљувачке, као и концентрације јона калцијума, фосфата, бикарбоната и урее код пацијената са булимијом праћеном повраћањем и здравих испитаника. У истраживању је учествовало 30 испитаника оболелих од булимије праћене повраћањем и 30 здравих испитаника, а коришћене су анкетне методе (упитник), клиничко и лабораторијско испитивање. Клинички преглед обухватио је ектраоралну и интраоралну инспекцију, уз бележење статуса зуба и примену BЕWЕ индекса, индекса меких наслага и индекса гингивалног крварења. Лабораторијске методе подразумевале су обраду узорковане пљувачке уз утврђивање количине пљувачке, pH вредности и концентрације електролита. На основу резултата спроведеног истраживања утврђено је да пацијенти оболели од булимије праћене повраћањем значајно чешће имају денталне ерозије у односу на контролне испитанике, да су еродоване лезије тежег степена у булимичној групи што је праћено интензивнијим болним сензацијама на надражај, као и да су оне значајно чешће локализоване на оралним површинама зуба у оболелој групи. Утврђено је и да булимични испитаници имају више вредности гингивалног индекса папиларног крварења у односу на контролну групу, док су анализе пљувачке указале да булимични испитаници имају значајно мању количину нестимулисане пљувачке, значајно ниже pH вредности у обе фракције пљувачке, више концентрације калцијума у нестимулисаној пљувачки, ниже концентрације фосфата у обе фракције, ниже концентрације бикарбоната у нестимулисаној фракцији и ниже вредности урее у обе фракције пљувачке.
Bulimija je u velikom broju slučajeva praćena učestalim povraćanjem, koje u dužem vremenskom periodu može rezultirati ireverzibilnim gubitkom zubnih tkiva i hipersenzitivnošću, kao i kvantitativnim i kvalitativnim promenama nestimulisane i stimulisane pljuvačke. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi prisustvo, lokalizacija i stepen dentalnih erozija upotrebom BEWE (Basic Erosive Wear Examination) indeksnog sistema, kao i utvrđivanje vrednosti indeksa mekih naslaga i gingivalnog indeksa papilarnog krvarenja kod pacijenata sa bulimijom praćenom povraćanjem i zdravih ispitanika. Cilj laboratorijskih ispitivanja je bio da se utvrdi količina i pH vrednost nestimulisane i stimulisane pljuvačke, kao i koncentracije jona kalcijuma, fosfata, bikarbonata i uree kod pacijenata sa bulimijom praćenom povraćanjem i zdravih ispitanika. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 30 ispitanika obolelih od bulimije praćene povraćanjem i 30 zdravih ispitanika, a korišćene su anketne metode (upitnik), kliničko i laboratorijsko ispitivanje. Klinički pregled obuhvatio je ektraoralnu i intraoralnu inspekciju, uz beleženje statusa zuba i primenu BEWE indeksa, indeksa mekih naslaga i indeksa gingivalnog krvarenja. Laboratorijske metode podrazumevale su obradu uzorkovane pljuvačke uz utvrđivanje količine pljuvačke, pH vrednosti i koncentracije elektrolita. Na osnovu rezultata sprovedenog istraživanja utvrđeno je da pacijenti oboleli od bulimije praćene povraćanjem značajno češće imaju dentalne erozije u odnosu na kontrolne ispitanike, da su erodovane lezije težeg stepena u bulimičnoj grupi što je praćeno intenzivnijim bolnim senzacijama na nadražaj, kao i da su one značajno češće lokalizovane na oralnim površinama zuba u oboleloj grupi. Utvrđeno je i da bulimični ispitanici imaju više vrednosti gingivalnog indeksa papilarnog krvarenja u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu, dok su analize pljuvačke ukazale da bulimični ispitanici imaju značajno manju količinu nestimulisane pljuvačke, značajno niže pH vrednosti u obe frakcije pljuvačke, više koncentracije kalcijuma u nestimulisanoj pljuvački, niže koncentracije fosfata u obe frakcije, niže koncentracije bikarbonata u nestimulisanoj frakciji i niže vrednosti uree u obe frakcije pljuvačke.
Bulimia is in many cases followed by frequent vomiting, which in long term can result in irreversible loss of dental tissue and hypersensitivity, as well as quantitative and qualitative changes of unstimulated and stimulated saliva. The aim of the research was to determine the presence, localization and degree of dental erosion using BEWE (Basic Erosive Wear Examination) index system, as well as to determine the values of soft debris index and papilla bleeding index in patients with purging bulimia and healthy subjects. The aim of laboratory research was to determine the amount and pH value of unstimulated and stimulated saliva, as well as the concentration of calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate and urea in patients with purging bulimia and healthy subjects. The study involved 30 bulimic patients and 30 healthy subjects. Used methods were survey (questionnaire), clinical and laboratory testing. The clinical examination included extraoral and intraoral inspection, assessment of dental status and application of BEWE index, soft debris index and papilla bleeding index. Laboratory methods involved the processing of sampled saliva and determination of saliva quantity, pH value and electrolyte concentrations. On the bases of conducted research, it has been found that purging bulimic patients have significantly more dental erosion than control subjects, that eroded lesions are more severe in the bulimic group, followed by more intense pain sensations on the stimulants, and that erosions are significantly more often located on oral surfaces of the teeth in the diseased group. It has been found that bulimic patients have higher values of papilla bleeding index then control subjects, while analyzes of saliva indicated that bulimic subjects had a significantly lower amount of unstimulated saliva, a significantly lower pH value in both salivary fractions, higher calcium levels in nonstimulated saliva, lower concentrations of phosphate in both fractions, lower bicarbonate concentrations in the unstimulated fraction and lower urea values in both salivary fractions.

Da bi se dobio sistem surfaktanata željenih osobina moguće je hemijski modifikovati već postojeće molekule površinski aktivnih supstanci, a druga mogućnost je konstrukcija binarnih smeša surfaktanata. U farmaceutskoj i prehrambenoj industriji uveliko se primenjuju binarne smeše površinski aktivnih molekula. Ukoliko je binarna mešovita micela termodinamički stabilnija od hipotetičke idealne binarne mešovite micele, onda je kritična micelarna koncentracija binarne smeše surfaktanata niža čak i od hidrofobnije gradivne jedinice mešovite micele, što znači da je za isti efekat površinske aktivnosti potrebna manja količina binarne smeše nego čistog surfaktanta. Različite gradivne jedinice binarne micele u micelarnoj pseudofazi mogu formirati specifične regije koje mogu vezivati lekove određenih strukturnih karakteristika. Pogodno je da jedna gradivna jedinica bude krute konformacije, npr. soli žučnih kiselina, dok je druga gradivna jedinica konformaciono pokretljiva (ugljovodonični nizovi iznad C10). Na taj način se povećava zapremina hidrofobne micelarne faze u odnosu na zapreminu hidrofobne micelarne faze monokomponentne micelle konformaciono krutog surfaktanta, što povećava solubilizacioni kapacitet mešovite micele u odnosu na monokomponentnu micelu krutog surfaktanta. Povećanjem dužine ugljovodoničnog niza konformaciono pokretnog surfaktanta povećava se stepen unutrašnje pokretljivosti u hidrofobnom domenu mešovite micele, što takođe povećava verovatnoću prihvatanja molekula gosta. Micelarni sistemi, kako monokomponentnih micela tako i binarnih mešovitih micela dodatno se mogu termodinamički stabilizovati povećanjem jonske jačine rastvora. Za hidrataciju katjona troše se molekuli vode iz sistema, što povećava efekat desolvatizacije hidrofobne površine surfaktanata, pa se zbog toga pospešuje samoasocijacija.
To obtain the surfactant system with the desired properties it is possible to chemically modify existing molecules of surface active agents. The other possibility is the construction of binary mixtures of surfactants. Binary mixtures of surface active molecules are widely used In the pharmaceutical and food industry. If the binary mixture micelle is more thermodynamically stable than the hypothetical ideal binary mixed micelle, then the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the binary mixture of surfactants is even lower than the CMC of the more hydrophobic building block of the binary mixture. That means that for the same effect of surface activity less the amount of the binary mixture than the pure surfactants is required. The different building blocks of binary micelles in micelar pseudophase can form specific regions that can bind drugs of certain structural characteristics. It is suitable that one building block is of a rigid conformation, i.e. bile acid salts, while the second building block is of a flexible conformation (above C10 hydrocarbon arrays). In this way the volume of the hydrophobic micellar phase is increased in relation to the volume of the hydrophobic micellar phase of the monocomponent micelles of conformationally rigid surfactant, which increases the capacity of solubilisation of the mixed micelles, compared to the mono-component surfactant micelle of the rigid conformation. By increasing the length of the hydrocarbon array of the the conformational flexible surfactant, the degree of internal mobility in the hydrophobic domain of mixed micelles is also increased, which also increases the likelihood of acceptance of guest molecules. Micellar systems, of both monocomponent micelles and mixed micelles can be additionally thermodynamically stabilized by increasing the ionic strength of the solution. The hydration of cations uses the molecules of water from the system, which increases the effect of desolvatisation of the hydrophobic surface of the surfactants, and therefore promotes self-association.

Drawing data from a variety of sources, this thesis compares functional evidence regarding lexical categories from a number of Salish and Wakashan languages, as well as from the Michif language. It then applies Prototype Theory to examine the structure of the lexicons of these languages. They are described in terms of prototype categories that overlap to varying extents, with each category and each area of overlap defined by a central set of prototypical features. A high degree of gradience appears to exist between categories in Salish and Wakashan languages, with no clear boundary between categories or areas of overlap, indicating that lexical categories in these languages, rather than being clearly demarcated, are instead fuzzy categories with very little distinguishing them. Categories in Michif, on the other hand, exhibit far less overlap. This variation is compared to variation in conceptual categories across languages, and challenges the notions of the universality of clearly demarcated lexical categories and the existence of separately stored language module in the human mind. In spite of the variation in lexical category demarcation observed across the languages studied, it is possible to demarcate the categories of Noun and Verb to at least some extent in all languages, as well as a category of Adjective in some languages. This supports the proposed universality of the categories of Noun and Verb, as well as the implicational universals proposed in the Amsterdam Model of Parts of Speech (Hengeveld 1992a, b). It is also possible to identify a number of defining characteristics for each lexical category that appear to hold across languages. Since similar characteristics can be identified across languages for all categories, but the categories themselves display varying degrees of overlap in individual languages, this research supports the proposal that language universals, rather than consisting of structures, rules, and categories that are identical in all languages, are rather collections of prototypical characteristics for grammatical categories that are similar across languages (Croft 2000).

Uvod: Astma i hronična opstruktivna bolest pluća (HOBP) najčešće su hronične respiratorne bolesti u čijoj terapiji prednost imaju inhalatorni lekovi. Pacijenti na inhalatornoj terapiji imaju povećan rizik od nastanka dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija, usled promena u količini lučenja pljuvačke i njene pH vrednosti. Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja je verifikacija dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija kod pacijenata s astmom i hroničnom opstruktivnom bolesti pluća, koji koriste inhalatornu terapiju. Materijal i metode rada: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 80 ispitanika, životne dobi od 18 do 65 godina. Eksperimentalnu grupu sačinjavalo je 40 ispitanika, s dijagnostikovanom astmom ili hroničnom opstruktivnom bolesti pluća, koji uzimaju inhalatornu terapiju duže od 5 godina. Kontrolnu grupu činilo je 40 zdravih ispitanika istog godišta i pola kao u eksperimentalnoj grupi. Upitnik se koristio za prikupljanje podataka o osnovnom oboljenju, simptomima koji se mogu javiti kao nuspojave inhalatornih lekova, navikama, ishrani i održavanju oralne higijene. Kliničkim stomatološkim pregledom određeni su erozivni indeks, KEP indeks, indeks krvarenja iz interdentalne gingive i indeks mekih naslaga na zubima. Laboratorijskim ispitivanjem određeni su količina izlučene nestimulisane pljuvačke, te pH vrednost i koncentracije kalcijuma i fosfata u pljuvački. Rezultati: Kod pacijenata na inhalatornoj terapiji ustanovljena je viša prevalencija dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija, te više vrednosti indeksa krvarenja iz interdentalne gingive i indeksa mekih naslaga na zubima, u odnosu na ispitanike kontrolne grupe. U eksperimentalnoj grupi ispitanika količina i pH vrednosti nestimulisane pljuvačke su statistički značajno niže u odnosu na ista obeležja kontrolne grupe. Vrednosti koncentracije kalcijuma u pljuvački između ispitivanih grupa se ne razlikuju statistički značajno. Vrednosti koncentracije fosfata u eksperimentalnoj grupi ispitanika su statistički značajno više nego u kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika. Zaključak: Pacijenti na inhalatornoj terapiji spadaju u grupu osoba s visokim rizikom od nastanka dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija. Uvođenje lokalne strategije preventivnih mera, te uspostavljanje međusobne saradnje stomatologa i lekara – pulmologa, dovelo bi do očuvanja i unapređenja zdravlja zuba kod pacijenata na inhalatornoj terapiji.
Introduction: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are predominant chronic respiratory diseases in whose treatment a priority is given to inhalation drugs. The patients receiving inhalation therapy are at an increased risk of dental erosion and caries lesions due to changes in the amount of salivary flow rate and its pH value. Objective: The study objective was to investigate the prevalence of dental erosion and caries lesions in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who use inhalation therapy. Materials and methods: The study included 80 participants between the age of 18 and 65. The experimental group comprised of 40 participants previously diagnosed with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing inhalation therapy for more than 5 years. The control group involved 40 healthy participants of the same age and gender status as those in the experimental group. The questionnaire was designed to collect informations on underlying disease, symptoms that can occur as side effects of inhaled drugs, habits, dietary and oral hygiene habits. The clinical dental examination established the basic erosive wear examination (BEWE index), DMFT index, papilla bleeding index (PBI) and dental plaque index. The laboratory investigation comprised measurements of the salivary flow rates of non-stimulated saliva, pH value and calcium and phosphate concentrations in the saliva. Results: The subjects receiving inhalation therapy were found to have a higher prevalence of dental erosion and caries lesion as well as higher mean papilla bleeding index scores and mean plaque index scores in comparison to the control group. In the experimental group, the mean value of the salivary flow rate and pH value were lower as compared to the control group. Calcium concentrations in the saliva were similar in both groups, but the results were not statistically significant. However, phosphate concentration was statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion: The patients undergoing inhalation therapy have a high risk of dental erosion and caries lesion. The introduction of local strategy of preventive dental care and establishing mutual cooperation between dentists and pulmonary specialists would contribute to the promotion and preservation of the dental health in the patients on inhalation therapy.

Ce projet vise la documentation et la description du mako, une langue autochtone parlée par environ 1200 personnes dans l’Amazonie vénézuélienne et pour laquelle le seul matériel accessible à date se limite à 38 mots. L’objectif principal est de créer une collection de textes ethnographiques annotés et, à long terme, une grammaire de la langue qui puisse servir comme point de départ pour des activités d’appui au maintien de la langue dans la communauté et pour avancer la recherche linguistique. Un objectif secondaire est d’établir le degré de vitalité de la langue telle que parlée chez les différentes communautés mako. Cette recherche mènera à une description des différents aspects de la grammaire de la langue, par exemple sa phonologie, sa morphologie et sa syntaxe. En plus de contribuer à l’étude et description des autres membres de la famille linguistique sáliba et à la reconstruction de leur proto-langue commune, les données du mako contribueront aussi à des discussions sur comment le langage fonctionne et seront donc un apport précieux pour la théorie linguistique. Cette recherche fera avancer la théorie de la documentation des langues et pourra donc faciliter les efforts de documentation et maintien des langues d’autres communautés indigènes. Le projet constitue une application du modèle de travail de terrain Community-Based Language Research
This dissertation focuses on the documentation and description of Mako, an indigenous language spoken in the Venezuelan Amazon by about 1000 people and for which the only available published material at the start of the project were 38 words. The main goals of the project were to create a collection of annotated ethnographic texts and a grammar that could serve as a starting point for both language maintenance in the community and for further linguistic research. Additionally, the project sought to assess the language’s vitality in the communities where it is spoken and to understand the relationship of Mako to the two other extant Sáliban languages, namely Piaroa and Sáliba.This research has thus led to an assessment of language vitality in the Mako communities of the Ventuari River, a comprehensive description of the Mako language—heretofore undescribed—, and an evaluation of the genetic relationship between the three Sáliban languages. The description of the language covers a wide range of topics in areas such as phonetics and phonology, nominal and verbal morphology, and syntax of both simple and complex sentences. Discourse-level morphology and discourse-organization strategies are also covered. Aside from facilitating the study of other members of the Sáliban family and reconstruction of the common ancestral language, the description of Mako also contributes to the typology of Amazonian languages and to our understanding of the pre-history of this area of the Orinoco basin. The products of this project also have the potential to be mobilized in language literacy efforts in the Mako communities

Interindividualne razlike u sastavu i aktivnosti crevne mikroflore mogu uticati na metabolizam lekova kao i na njihov konačan terapijski odgovor. Simvastatin je lek iz grupe statina i karakteriše ga izuzetno mala rastvorljivost u vodi, mala bioraspoloživost (<5%) i velike interindividualne razlike u terapijskom odgovoru čiji uzroci nisu u potpunosti objašnjeni. Poslednjih godina velika pažnja se posvećuje ispitivanjima žučnih kiselina u razvoju novih farmaceutskih formulacija zbog svoje uloge u solubilizaciji i modifikaciji prodora lekova kroz biološke membrane. Zbog svega navedenog, u fokusu našeg istraživanja su bile potencijalne interakcije između simvastatina, probiotskih bakterija i žučnih kiselina o kojima se vrlo malo zna, a od izuzetne su važnosti, zbog mogućeg uticaja na farmakokinetske i farmakodinamske osobine simvastatina, pa samim tim i na konačan terapijski odgovor kod pacijenta.Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita prodor i metabolizam simvastatina u probiotskim bakterijama kao i uticaj različitih žučnih kiselina na transport ovog leka u bakterijske ćelije. Takođe, cilj je bio da se ispita uticaj soli žučnih kiselina na distribucioni koeficijent simvastatina, kao i interakcije žučnih kiselina sa simvastatinom na nivou transportnih proteina probiotskih bakterija kako bi se objasnila priroda očekivanih interakcija.Identifikacija i kvantifikacija uzoraka vršena je metodom tečne hromatografije sa masenom spektrometrijom (LC-MS/MS). Korišćenjem programskih paketa VolSurf+ i Molinspiration, za identifikovane metabolite su izračunati molekulski deskriptori koji opisuju fizičko-hemijske i farmakokinetske osobine molekula. Određivanje distribucionog koeficijenta vršeno je Shake-flask metodom. Interakcije žučnih kiselina sa simvastatinom na nivou transportnih proteina probiotskih bakterija ispitane su doking studijama pomoću SwissDock programa. Prilikom dvadesetčetvoročasovne inkubacije sa probiotskim bakterijama uočen je statistički značajan pad koncentracije simvastatina u ekstracelularnom sadržaju. Ukupan sadržaj simvastatina, kao zbir ekstracelulamog i intracelularnog sadržaja, je tokom čitavog ispitivanog perioda bio statistički značajno niži u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu bez probiotika navodeći na zaključak da se deo simvastatina tokom vremena metabolisao pod dejstvom enzima ispitivanih bakterija. Detektovano je i identifikovano 8 metaboličkih produkata simvastatina. Na osnovu izračunatih vrednosti molekulskih deskriptora, očekuje se da će metabolit M-452, koji predstavlja hidroksilovani produkt simvastatinske kiseline, pokazati najbolje rezultate u pogledu fizičko-hemijskih osobina i bioraspoloživosti u biološkom sistemu. Žučne kiseline nisu dovele do statistički značajne modifikacije transporta simvastatina u/iz probiotskih bakterija. Ipak, u nekim vremenskim tačkama primećena je nešto veća koncentracija leka u ekstracelulamom prostoru u grupama sa žučnim kiselinama. Ove razlike se mogu delimično objasniti rezultatima određivanja distribucionog koeficijenta koji su pokazali da ispitivane žučne kiseline dovode do statistički značajnog smanjenja distribucionog koeficijenta simvastatina usled povećanja rastvorljivosti u vodenoj fazi. Rezultatima doking studija procenjeno je da ispitivane žučne kiseline imaju veći afinitet prema čak 80% multidrug transportera ispitivanih bakterija u odnosu na simvastatin što govori o mogućnosti ostvarivanja interakcija žučnih kiselina sa ovim lekom na nivou transportnih proteina probiotskih bakterija. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da probiotske bakterije imaju ogroman uticaj na sudbinu simvastatina u biološkom sistemu. Uzimajući u obzir činjenicu da probiotske bakterije ulaze u sastav normalne crevne flore i da svaki organizam poseduje specifičan bakterijski sastav, trebalo bi posvetiti više pažnje ispitivanju njegovog uticaja na farmakokinetiku lekova. Neophodna su dalja in vivo ispitivanja kako bi se utvrdila potencijalna farmakološka aktivnost identifikovanih metabolita simvastatina nastalih pod dejstvom enzimske aktivnosti probiotskih bakterija. Povećanje rastvorljivosti simvastatina pomoću žučnih kiselina otvara mogućnost za dalja istraživanja u cilju razvoja novih farmaceutskih formulacija sa poboljšanom bioraspoloživosti i farmakokinetskim osobinama.
Interindividual differences in the composition and activity of the gut microflora may affect the metabolism of drugs as well as their final therapeutic response. Simvastatin is drug from the group of statins and has extremely low water solubility, low bioavailability (<5%) and high interindividual differences in therapeutic response whose causes are not fully understood. In recent years, great attention has been paid to studies of bile acids in the development of new pharmaceutical formulations because of their role in the drug solubilization and modification of drug transport through biological membranes. Accordingly, interactions between simvastatin, probiotic bacteria and bile acids were the focus of our research due to great importance and potential influence on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of simvastatin, and therefore the final therapeutic response in the patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the simvastatin transport and metabolism in probiotic bacteria as well as the effect of various bile acids on drug transport into the bacterial cell. Additonally, the aim was to investigate the influence of bile salts on the distribution coefficient of simvastatin, and the interactions of bile acids with simvastatin at the level of probiotic transport proteins in order to elucidate the nature of expected interactions. Identification and quantification of samples were performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecular descriptors that describe the physico-chemical and pharmacokinetic properties of identified metabolites were calculated using the software packages VolSurf+ and Molinspiration. Determination of the distribution coefficient was performed using Shake-flask method. Interaction of bile acids with simvastatin at the level of bacterial transport proteins were studied using docking studies with SwissDock program. During the twenty-four hours of incubation with probiotic bacteria, simvastatin concentrations in the extracellular contet showed a statistically significant decrease. The total amount of simvastatin, as the sum of the extracellular and intracellular amount, during the whole study period, was significantly lower in comparison with control group without probiotics, suggesting that the part of simvastatin was metabolized by the enzymatic activity of studied bacteria. Accordingly, eight metabolic products of simvastatin were detected and identified. Based on the calculated values of molecular descriptors, it is expected that the metabolite M-452, which is the hydroxylated product of simvastatin acid, will show the best results in terms of physico-chemical properties and bioavailability in biological system. Bile acids did not show a significant influence on simvastatin transport into probiotic bacteria. However, in some time points, slightly higher drug concentrations in the extracellular medium in groups with bile acids were observed. These differences can be partly explained by the results of the determination of the distribution coefficients which showed that investigated bile acids lead to a statistically significant decrease in simvastatin distribution coefficient due to increased solubility in the aqueous phase. The results of docking studies estimated that studied bile acids have stronger affinities for the 80% of bacterial multidrug transporters compared to simvastatin indicating the possibility of achieving the interactions of bile acids with simvastatin at the level of transport proteins of probiotic bacteria. Based on the obtained results it could be concluded that probiotic bacteria have great influence on the fate of simvastatin in a biological system. Taking into account the fact that probiotic bacteria are the normal part of gut microflora and that each individual has specific bacterial fingerprint, more attention should be paid on studying its influence on drug pharmakocinetics. Further in vivo studies are required in order to determine potential pharmacological activity of identified simvastatin metabolites. Increased water solubility of simvastatin with bile acids may open the possibility for further investigations with the aim of development of new pharmaceutical formulation with improved bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties.

Žučne kiseline deluju kao signalni molekuli u organizmu i uključene su u regulaciju brojnih metaboličkih, inflamatornih i imunomodulatornih procesa. Ova endogena jedinjenja ostvaruju svoje efekte najvećim delom putem nuklearnih receptora. Farnezoid X receptor (FXR) je glavni regulator homeostaze žučnih kiselina, a pokazano je da je značajno uključen i u procese inflamacije i kancerogeneze, prevashodno u jetri i intestinalnom traktu. Aktivacija FXR receptora predstavlja značajnu farmakološku strategiju za terapiju holestatskih bolesti jetre, inflamatorne bolesti creva i karcinoma kolona. Definisana je uloga žučnih kiselina u signalnim putevima koji regulišu ćelijski ciklus i doprinose razvoju ili regresiji maligniteta, ali je malo poznat uticaj ovih jedinjenja na epigenetske mehanizme regulacije ključnih ćelijskih procesa. Imajući u vidu da su efekti žučnih kiselina determinisani njihovom polarnošću, cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj sintetski dobijenog keto derivata holne kiseline, 12-monoketoholne kiseline (MKH), u komparaciji sa prirodnim žučnim kiselinama, hidrofobnom henodeoksiholnom kiselinom (HDH) i hidrofilnom ursodeoksiholnom kiselinom (UDH), na ćelijske procese apoptoze, oksidativnog stresa i inflamacije, koji su od značaja za hemoprevenciju i terapiju karcinoma kolona, u in vitro i in vivo sistemima. Cilj istraživanja je takođe obuhvatao i ispitivanje uloge odabranih žučnih kiselina u epigenetskoj regulaciji ovih procesa u ćelijama karcinoma kolona. Na in vivo modelu intrahepatične holestaze kod eksperimentalnih životinja, pokazano je da UDH i MKH ispoljavaju antiapoptotski, antioksidativni i antiinflamatorni efekat u jetri i intestinumu. Utvrđeno je da UDH i MKH sprečavaju mitohondrijalni put aktivacije apoptoze u jetri, dok UDH ispoljava antiapoptotski efekat i u intestinumu eksperimentalnih životinja sa holestazom. Ove dve žučne kiseline su u značajnoj meri modulirale ekspresiju gena uključenih u antioksidativnu zaštitu, kao i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima, u jetri i intestinumu eksperimentalnih životinja sa holestazom, ka nivoima ekspresije i aktivnosti kod zdravih, netretiranih životinja. Dok su UDH i MKH u dozi od 4 mg/kg ispoljile antiinflamatorno dejstvo u jetri i intestinumu smanjenjem ekspresije gena za proinflamatorni transkripcioni faktor NF-κB, primena HDH i MKH u dozi od 20 mg/kg je imala suprotan efekat. Na modelu HT-29 ćelijske linije adenokarcinoma kolona, utvrđeno je da polusintetska žučna kiselina MKH ispoljava značajno manju citotoksičnost u odnosu na HDH i nešto veću citotoksičnost u odnosu na UDH. Epigenetski lek vorinostat je ispoljio sinergističko citotoksično dejstvo sa sve tri ispitivane žučne kiseline. Vorinostat je ostvario proapoptotski i antiproliferativni efekat u HT-29 ćelijama, koji je bio najizraženiji u kombinaciji sa MKH, s obzirom da je došlo do značajnog povećanja odnosa ekspresije BAX i BCL2 gena i smanjenja ekspresije gena za marker proliferacije ciklin D1. Vorinostat je, takođe, značajno smanjio antioksidativni kapacitet HT-29 ćelija smanjenjem ekspresije NRF2 gena i sledstvenim smanjenjem ekspresije gena za antioksidativne enzime. HDH je dodatno smanjila, a MKH poboljšala antioksidativni kapacitet HT-29 ćelija modulacijom ekspresije NRF2 gena. U in vitro i in vivo sistemu u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je pokazano da, pored HDH kao poznatog endogenog agoniste FXR receptora, MKH takođe povećava ekspresiju gena za FXR i njegovog ciljnog gena za transkripcioni korepresor SHP, što ukazuje da ova polusintetska žučna kiselina može da aktivira FXR. Osim toga, utvrđeno je da žučne kiseline ispoljavaju različite efekte prema ekspresiji gena za histon deacetilaze HDAC1 i HDAC2 u jetri i intestinumu eksperimentalnih životinja, kao i u HT-29 ćelijama karcinoma kolona, a jedino je UDH značajno smanjila ekspresiju gena za oba ispitivana enzima uključena u epigenetsku regulaciju ćelijskih procesa, i u isptivanim tkivima i HT-29 ćelijama. Rezultati našeg rada ukazuju da bi se UDH i MKH mogle koristiti u hemoprevenciji karcinoma kolona u niskim dozama, s obzirom na utvrđene efekte u modulaciji ekspresije gena uključenih u procese apoptoze, oksidativnog stresa i inflamacije. Takođe, s obzirom na ostvaren sinergistički efekat žučnih kiselina sa epigenetskim antitumorskim agensom vorinostatom, otvara se mogućnost kombinovane farmakološke strategije u terapiji solidnih tumora, koji u najvećem procentu pokazuju rezistenciju prema samom vorinostatu.
Bile acids act as signaling molecules in the organism and they are involved in the regulation of numerous metabolic, inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes. These endogenous compounds exert their effects mostly by binding and activation of nuclear receptors. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the main regulator of bile acid homeostasis, and has been shown to be significantly involved in processes of inflammation and carcinogenesis, primarily in the liver and intestinal tract. Activation of FXR receptor represents a significant pharmacological strategy for the treatment of cholestatic liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon carcinoma. The role of bile acids in signaling pathways regulating the cell cycle and contributing to the development or regression of malignancies is well determined, but the effects of these compounds on epigenetic mechanisms of key cellular processes regulation is yet to be elucidated. Given that the effects of bile acids are mostly determined by their polarity, the aim of our study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo effects of semi-synthetic keto derivative of cholic acid, 12-monoketocholic acid (MKC), in comparison to natural bile acids, hydrophobic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) and hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDC), on processes of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, which are significant for both  chemoprevention and therapy of colon cancer. Besides, the aim of our study was to examine the role of selected bile acids in the epigenetic regulation of these processes in colon cancer cells. In in vivo model of intrahepatic cholestasis in experimental animals, it has been demonstrated that UDC and MKC exhibit antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory effects in the liver and intestine. It was shown that UDC and MKC prevent the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis activation in the liver, while UDC exhibits an antiapoptotic effect in the intestine of experimental animals with cholestasis as well. These two bile acids significantly modulated the expression of genes involved in antioxidant protection, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, in the liver and intestine of experimental animals with cholestasis, towards levels of expression and activity in healthy, untreated animals. While UDC and MKC at a low dose of 4 mg/kg exhibited an antiinflammatory effect in the liver and intestine by reducing the expression of the gene encoding the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, the application of CDC and MKC at a high dose of 20 mg/kg exerted the opposite effect. In HT-29 human adenocarcinoma cell line, it has been demonstrated that semi-synthetic bile acid MKC exhibits significantly lower cytotoxicity than CDC and slightly higher cytotoxicity than UDC. The epigenetic drug vorinostat has exhibited a synergistic cytotoxic effect with all three investigated bile acids. Vorinostat exerted proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects in HT-29 cells, which were most pronounced in combination with MKC, as there was a significant increase in the ratio of BAX and BCL2 genes expression and a decrease of the proliferation marker cyclin D1 gene expression. Vorinostat also significantly reduced the antioxidant capacity of HT-29 cells by reducing the expression of NRF2 gene and consequently decreasing the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. CDC further reduced, while MKC improved the antioxidant capacity of HT-29 cells by modulating the expression of NRF2 gene. In both in vitro and in vivo systems, it was demonstrated that, in addition to CDC as a known endogenous FXR agonist, MKC also increased the expression of the gene encoding FXR, and FXR target gene encoding transcriptional co-repressor SHP as well, indicating that this semi-synthetic bile acid can also activate FXR. Besides, bile acids have been shown to exert distinct effects on the expression of the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2 gene in the liver and intestine of experimental animals, and in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Only UDC significantly reduced the expression of the genes for both studied enzymes involved in the epigenetic regulation of cell processes, in both tissues and HT-29 cells. The results of our work indicate that UDC and MKC could be used in chemoprevention of colon cancer at low doses, considering determined effects in the modulation of expression of the genes involved in processes of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, synergistic effects of bile acids with the epigenetic antitumor agent vorinostat open up the possibility of a combined pharmacological strategy in the treatment of solid tumors, which are at the high percentage resistant to the effects of vorinostat alone.

In Gerichtsshows wie „Richter Alexander Hold“, „Richterin Barbara Salesch“ und „Das Strafgericht“ agieren Laiendarsteller semi-spontan als Teilnehmer einer fiktiven Gerichtsverhandlung. Hier wird also eine kommunikative Gattung aus der öffentlichen Kommunikation – die Gerichtsverhandlung – als Folie für eine Unterhaltungssendung genutzt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Gerichtsshow mithilfe des Konzeptes der kommunikativen Gattung beschrieben. Die Darstellung findet auf den verschiedenen Ebenen der kommunikativen Gattung "Binnenebene", "situative Realisierungsebene" und "Außenstruktur" statt. Außerdem wird dem Modell der kommunikativen Gattung als weitere Ebene die "mediale Außenstruktur" hinzugefügt, um die Beschreibbarkeit des Mediengesprächs "Gerichtsshow" zu verbessern. Die Analyse der Gerichtsshow zeigt, dass hier durch die Beteiligten eine Kontextualisierung als Gerichtsverhandlung aufgebaut wird. Die Teilnehmer müssen jedoch zugleich Aufgaben bewältigen, die denen einer Unterhaltungssendung entsprechen. Eine zentrale Aufgabe der Beteiligten ist daher das ständige Aushandeln zwischen der Produktion der Kontextualisierung als Gerichtsverhandlung einerseits und der Erfüllung der Anforderungen einer Unterhaltungssendung andererseits. In diesem Aushandlungsprozess entsteht eine gerichtsshowspezifische Darstellung von Kommunikation vor Gericht, die in dieser Arbeit mithilfe von rechtssoziologischen Konzepten wie dem der "Verfahrensgerechtigkeit" in ihrer Bedeutung im Diskurs um Recht und Gerechtigkeit eingeordnet wird. Die Analyse findet anhand von transkribierten Ausschnitten aus den Sendungen „Richter Alexander Hold“, „Richterin Barbara Salesch“ und „Das Strafgericht“ statt.
In German court room shows like “Richter Alexander Hold”, “Richterin Barbara Salesch“ and “Das Strafgericht“, amateur actors perform semi-spontaneous as participants of a fictional trial. The present thesis analyzes court room shows as communicative genres, using the concept of “Kommunikative Gattungen” as introduced by Beger/Luckmann (1988) and Günthner (1995). The analysis shows that court room shows' participants use court-specific contextualization cues to contextualize their interaction as a trial. At the same time, they have to fulfil tasks which are typical of shows and especially talk shows. Participants thus have to negotiate between producing a court-contextualization on the one hand and managing talk show tasks on the other hand. This negotiation produces a representation of court room communication that is typical of court room shows.

Gliklazid je jedan od najčešće korišćenih lekova u terapiji dijabetes melitusa tip 2. U poslednje vreme, utvrđeno je da gliklazid ispoljava i druge pozitivne farmakološke efekte kao što su imunomodulatorni i anti-koagulacioni efekti, ukazujući na njegovu potencijalnu primenu u terapiji dijabetes melitusa tip 1. Gliklazid se odlikuje varijabilnim stepenom apsorpcije nakon peroralne primene i iz tog razloga pretpostavlja se da bi tehnike njegove ciljane isporuke, kao što je mikroinkapsulacija, mogle da dovedu do poboljšanja njegove apsorpcije i njegove potencijalne primene u terapiji T1DM. Pokazano je da različite žučne kiseline, uključujući i holnu, imaju stabilizacione efekte u domenu primene mikrovezikula i kontrolisanog osobađanja lekova, te je moguće da bi njihov dodatak u mikrovezikularnu formulaciju gliklazida mogao dodatno da poboljša oslobađanje gliklazida, njegovu apsorpciju i antidijabetičke efekte. S tim u vezi, cilj ovog istraživanja je da se ispita hipoglikemijski efekat gliklazida primenjenog u obliku alginatnih mikrovezikula, sa ili bez dodatka holne kiseline na T1DM modelu pacova. Trideset šest pacova obolelih od T1DM indukovanog aloksanom i odgovarajuće zdrave kontrolne životinje su nasumično raspoređene u šest grupa (n=6) i tretirane jednokratnom dozom fiziološkog rastvora, suspenzijom gliklazida, gliklazidom u obliku alginatnih mikrovezikula, samo holnom kiselinom, i mikrovezikulama gliklazida sa ili baz dodatka holne kiseline. Uzorkovana je krv tokom 10 h nakon unete doze i merena je koncentracija glukoze u krvi I koncentracija gliklazida u serumu korišćenjem HPLC metode. Mikrovezikule gliklazida su ispoljile hipo-glikemijski efekat kod pacova obolelih od dijabetesa, uprkos njegovim smanjenim koncentracijama u serumu, dok je dodatak holne kiseline u mikrovezikularnu formulaciju smanjio hipoglikemijski efekat gliklazida. Ovo potvrđuje izostanak sinergističkog efekta između gliklazida i holne kiseline. Takođe, ni proces mikroinkapsulacije niti dodatak holne kiseline nisu doprineli poboljšanju apsorpcije gliklazida, što ukazuje na činjenicu da su njegovi hipoglikemijski efekti nezavisni od njegove apsorpcije i koncentracije u serumu. Stoga se može pretpostaviti da su hipoglikemijski efekti gliklazida pre pod uticajem crevno-metaboličke aktivacije nego ciljanog oslobađanja u digestivnom traktu sistemske apsorpcije. Mikrovezikule gliklazida ispoljavaju hipoglikemijski efekat kod pacova obolelih od T1DM nezavisno od insulina, te mogu imati potencijalnu primenu u terapiji T1DM. Ovaj rad su podržali: HORIZON 2020 MEDLEM projekat broj 690876; Projekat Sekretarijata naučnog i tehnološkog razvoja Vojvodine broj . 114-451-2072-/2016-02; Projekat Ministarstva obrazovanja, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije broja 41012.
Gliclazide is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Recently, gliclazide has reported to have desirable pharmacological effects such as immunomodulatory and anti-clotting effects, suggesting its potential applications in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) therapy. Gliclazide has variable absorption after oral administration, and therefore use of targeted-delivery techniques, such as microencapsulation, may optimise gliclazide absorption and its potential applications in T1D. Different bile acids, including cholic acid, have demonstrated microcapsule-stabilising and controlled-release effects, and thus their incorporation into gliclazide microcapsules may further optimise gliclazide release, absorption and antidiabetic effects. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the hypoglycaemic effects of gliclazide alginate-based microcapsules, in combination with or without added cholic acid, in a T1D rat model. Thirty six alloxan-induced T1D rats and respective healthy controls were randomly assigned into six equally distributed groups (n=6) and gavaged with a single dose of normal saline solution, gliclazide suspension, gliclazide alginate-based microcapsules, cholic acid alone, combination of gliclazide and cholic acid or alginate-based microcapsules with combined gliclazide and cholic acid. Blood samples were collected over 10 h post-dose and analysed for blood glucose concentrations and gliclazide serum concentrations using HPLC. Gliclazide microcapsules exibited a hypoglycaemic effect in diabetic rats, despite detected lower serum concentrations, whereas cholic acid incorporation diminished the hypoglycaemic effects. This suggests a lack of synergistic effects between gliclazide and cholic acid. In addition, neither microencapsulation nor cholic acid incorporation optimised gliclazide absorption which suggests that hypoglycaemic effects of gliclazide are independent of its absorption and serum concentrations. This provides evidence that hypoglycaemic effects of gliclazide may be associated with gut-metabolic activation rather than gut-targeted delivery and systemic absorption. Conclusion Gliclazide microcapsules exibited hypoglycaemic effects in T1D rats independent of insulin and thus may have potentials in treatment of T1D. This research was supported by: HORIZON 2020 MEDLEM project Grant No. 690876; Project for Scientific and Technological Development of Vojvodina No. 114-451-2072-/2016-02; Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Grant No. 41012.

Orientador: Célia Maria Carcagnolo Gil
Banca: Loredana Límoli
Banca: Luiz Alberto Pilatti
Banca: Diva Lea Batista da Silva
Banca: Vilma Fernandes Neves
Resumo: Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar o processo de produção, leitura e compreensão do texto Sala-de-aula. Para sua efetivação, acompanhamos, durante um ano letivo, uma turma de alunos de 2ª série do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica (CEFET-PR). Esse acompanhamento nos permitiu coletar dados para a organização do material documentário - relato de narrativas de vida dos participantes, registro das observações realizadas em sala de aula, diário de campo do pesquisador - o qual desencadeou o processo de reflexão. Desenvolvemos nossa reflexão tendo como suporte a teoria lingüística de Mikhail Bakhtin e as opções metodológicas - Estudo de caso, Paradigma indiciário e Pesquisa narrativa. Esse suporte teórico nos possibilitou reconhecer o Sala-de-aula como um texto polifônico, ou seja, no qual vozes se encontram, entrecruzam-se, chocam-se, demonstrando a relevância da interação dialógica que ocorre em cada aula. Para compreender o texto Sala-de-aula foi necessário ouvir estórias singulares, por serem elas reveladoras das ações atuais. A sala de aula é local de desvelamento de estórias, nele está presente o ser humano que é, por sua natureza social e histórica, ser narrativo. Sendo assim, todas as ações humanas são resultados de experiências partilhadas em nossos atos dialógicos. Essas ações, essas experiências não se efetivam sem a presença da linguagem. Ela esteve ali, a cada encontro, a cada contato humano, gesto ou olhar. Sendo o texto Sala-de-aula resultado de atos dialógicos, ou seja, atos entremeados de estórias, está recheado de linguagem, diríamos que é a linguagem a se materializar nessa produção. Esses atos dialógicos, todavia, representam apenas uma fração de uma corrente comunicativa, como se fora um elo, uma extensão de atos dialógicos anteriores ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This research aimed at investigating the creation process, reading and comprehension of the text "Sala de Aula" (Classroom). To accomplish this objective, a class of junior high school students ( 2 grade) at the Federal Center of Technological Education (CEFET-PR) was observed during one academic year. Data to organize documentary material was collected from : life accounts of the participants, records of the notes taken in the classroom and evidences obtained during fieldwork. The linguistic theory developed by Mikhail Bakhtin provided the theoretical underpinnings upon which this research was carried out as well as the following methodological procedures: case study, evidential paradigm and narrative research. Such theory enabled us to see the text "Sala de aula" as "polyphonic", that is, a text where different voices meet, intersect, clash, demonstrating thus how important and relevant interaction between students in each class is. A deep insight into the text in question was obtained by hearing singular stories that shed a great deal of light upon students' current attitudes. It is in human's nature, from a social and historical point of view, to be given to narrating stories which explains the fact that the classroom is the place where stories are told. Therefore, all human actions are the result of experiences shared in our interactions by means of language that makes itself present in each encounter, contact, action and look. The fact that the text " Sala de aula" is the product of interactions interspersed with stories entitles us to say that language materializes in this creative process. Such interactions, however, reveal only a small fraction of a communicative process, as if it were a link, an extension of past interactions and, consequently ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Doutor

Žučne kiseline (ŽK) su strukturno raznoliki molekuli, koji pored uloge koju ostvaruju putem žuči, deluju i kao signalni molekuli i ostvaruju kako endokrina tako i parakrina dejstva. Činjenica da je do sada u terapijske svrhe primenjivana samo ursodeoksiholna kiselina (UDK), posledica je brojnih ograničenja u mogućnosti primene ostalih prirodnih ŽK, i ističe potrebu za otkrivanjem novih sintetskih ŽK i liganda. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitivanje sintetske 12-monoketoholne kiseline (MK) i prirodne UDK u modelu holestaze i aloksanom izazvanog dijabetesa. Ispitivanja su vršena na pacovima soja Wistar. Analizirana je telesna masa, glikemija, pokazatelji jetrene funkcije (AST; ALT, γ-GT, ukupni i direktni bilirubin), a iz homogenate jetre određen je intenzitet lipidne peroksidacije i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima (CAT, GSH-Px, GSH-R, GSH-ST). Isečci tkiva jetre su histološki obrađeni i bojeni hematoksilin-eozin metodom i histohemijskim metodama (retikulin, Mallory, Periodic Acid Schiff- Alcian Blue (PAS/AB)). Imunohistohemijski je ispitana proliferacija hepatocita (Ki-67), markeri apoptoze (p53, Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Bax) i ekspresija nuklearnog farnesoid X receptora (FXR). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da ispitivane ŽK pomažu očuvanje telesne mase u holestazi i dijabetesu, i značajno snižavaju glikemiju kod dijabetičnih jedinki. Parametri jetrene funkcije u holestazi i dijabetesu su regulisani primenom MK i UDK. Obe ŽK u značajnoj meri smanjuju intenzitet lipidne peroksidacije i pojačavaju enzimsku antioksidativnu odbranu hepatocita u holestazi i dijabetesu. Ekspresija markera apoptoze nije značajno promenjena izazvanjem modela holestaze i dijabetesa, kao ni primenom ispitivanih ŽK. Nasuprot tome, izazivanje holestaze i dijabetesa značajno smanjuje proliferaciju hepatocita, dok primena MK i UDK poništava ovaj efekat i značajno povećava proliferaciju hepatocita. Hiperglikemija u aloksanskom dijabetesu nije dovela do pojačane ekspresije FXR. Izazivanje holestaze kod zdravih i dijabetičnih životinja dovelo je do porasta ekspresije FXR, koja je redukovana primenom MK i UDK. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da sintetska 12-monoketoholna kiselina pokazuje slična hipoglikemijska, hepatoprotektivna i antioksidativna dejstva kao i prirodna ursodeoksiholna kiselina.
Bile acids (BAs) are structurally diverse molecules, which have theroles in the digestive system, which are exercised through the bile. Beside those, BAs act as a signaling molecules and achieve endocrine and paracrine effects. In addition to its own metabolism, bile acids modulate the metabolism of lipids and glucose. The fact that so far only ursodeoxycholic acid (UDC) is used for therapeutic purposes, speak clearly about of numerous limitations on the application of other natural BAs, and highlights the need to develop new synthetic Bas and ligands. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of synthetic 12-monoketocholic acid (MC) and natural bila acid UDC in the model of cholestasis and alloxan-induced diabetes. Tests were performed on male Wistar rats. We analyzed the body mass, glucose, liver function tests (AST, ALT, γ-GT, total and direct bilirubin). Using liver tissue homogenates we determined intensity of lipid peroxidation (by concentration of malondilaldehyde) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH-Px, GSH -R, GSH-ST). Liver tissue were histologically processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin method and histochemical methods (reticulin, Mallory, Periodic Acid Schiff- Alcian Blue (PAS / AB)). Imunohistochemical examination included hepatocyte proliferation (Ki-67), markers of apoptosis (p53, Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Bax), and expression of the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Results of the research show that MC prevented decrease in body mass during cholestasis and diabetes, and significantly reduced glycemia in diabetic animals. The liver function tests in cholestasis and diabetes are normalised by MC and UDC aplication. Both BAs significantly reduce lipid peroxidation and enhance enzymatic antioxidant defense of hepatocytes in cholestasis and diabetes. The expression of markers of apoptosis was not significantly changed in models of cholestasis and diabetes, as well as the application of the tested BAs. In contrast, in cholestasis and diabetes model, the proliferation of hepatocytes was significantly reduced, while the use of MC and UDC reversed this effect and significantly increased the proliferation of hepatocytes. Hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetes did not lead to overexpression of FXR. Induction of cholestasis in healthy and diabetic animals resulted in an increase in the expression of FXR, which is reduced by using the MK and the UDC. Based on these results we can conclude that a synthetic 12-monoketocholic acid shows similar hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects as natural ursodeoxycholic acid.

Uvod: Pojam "sekretor” ili „nesekretor" se odnosi na sposobnost pojedinca da luči antigene krvnih grupa ABO sistema u telesnim tečnostima. Određivanje ABO krvne grupe i sekretornog statusa, testom inhibicije hemaglutinacije pljuvačke i Lewis fenotipa na eritrocitima su važni u kliničkoj i forenzičkoj medicini, u odnosu na etiopatogenezu mnogih bolesti. Nesekretorstvo ABO krvnogrupne supstance je udruženo sa češćom pojavom autoimunih inflamatornih oboljenja među kojima su i seronegativne spondiloartropatije. Veća učestalost seronegativnih spondiloartropatija među osobama koje imaju HLA-B27 antigen predstavlja polaznu osnovu stanovišta da genetski faktori u kombinaciji sa faktorima sredine utiču na pojavu seronegativnih spondiloartropatija u genetski predisponiranih individua. Teza istražuje značaj testa inhibicije hemaglutinacije plijuvačke i određivanja ABO i Lewis fenotipa na eritrocitim u dijagnostici seronegativnih spondiloartropatija. Ciljevi i hipoteze: Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi učestalost nesekretora i sekretora ABO krvnogrupne supstance i Lewis fenotipa u grupi obolelih od seronegativnih spondiloartropatija i izvršiti poređenje rezultata u odnosu na grupu zdravih ispitanka. Pretpostavljeno je da postoji značajno veći broj nesekretora ABO krvnogrupne supstance u obolelih od seronegativnih spondiloartropatija u odnosu na zdrave ispitanike. Pretpostavljeno je i da postoji značajno veća učestalost nesekretora ABO krvnogrupne supstance u obolelih od seronegativnih spondiloartropatija sa negativnim HLA-B27 antigenom. Pretpostavljeno je da kod osoba obolelih od seronegativnih spondiloartropatija dolazi do promene Lewis fenotipa na eritrocitima u odnosu na sekretorni status u pljuvačci. Metode: Sprovedena je longitudinalna prospektibvna studija. Ispitanici stariji od šest godina oba pola podeljeni su u dve randomizovane grupe. Eksperimentalnu grupu sačinjavalo je 110 ispitanika sa dijagnozom oboljenja iz grupe seronegativnih spondiloartropatija. Kontrolnu grupu sačinjavalo je 103 dobrovoljna davaoca krvi, bez dijaghnoze oboljenja iz grupe seronegativnih spondiloartropatija. Ispitanicima kontrolne i eksperimentalne grupe određena je pripadnosti ABO krvnogrupnom sistemu, sekretorni status i Lewis fenotip, dok je osobama eksperimentalne grupe određen i fenotip HLA-B27. Uključujući kriterijumi osim navedenog bili su da ispitivane osobe ženskog pola nisu trudinice i da ispitanici obe grupe nisu primali transfuziju krvi tri meseca pre uključivanja u istraživanje. Rezultati: Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da nesekretori ABO krvnogrupne supstance imaju 1,63 puta veći rizik (veću učestalost), oboljevanja od seronegativnih spondiloartropatija u odnosu na zdravu populaciju ispitanika, kao i da smanjena ekspresija Lewis (b) antigena predstavlja doprinoseći faktor razvoja seronegativnih spondiloartropatija. Ustanovljeno je da pod uticajem seronegativnih spondiloartropatija dolazi do izmene Lewis fenotipa na eritrocitima obolelih. Verovatnoća dokazivanja oboljenja iz grupe seronegativnih spondilartropatija među obolelima veća je za 11% kod nesekretora fenotipa HLA-B27- u odnosu na obolele nesekretore fenotipa HLA-B27+. Zaključak: Sekretorni status i Lewis fenotip predstavljaju zasebne dijagnostičke biohemijske markere nezavisne od HLA-B27 antigena koji doprinose ranijem otkrivanju osoba koje imaju predispoziciju razvoja oboljenja iz grupe seronegativnih spondiloartropatija.
Introduction:The term secretory state referes to ability of individual to secrete ABO blood group antigens in body fluids. Determination of the ABO blood group antigens and secretory status by hemagglutionation inhibition test using saliva as well as Lewis phenotype on erythrocytes are important in clinical and forensic medicine, in relation to the etiopathogenesis of many diseases. Non secretory status of ABO blood groupantegens is related with higher incidence of autoimmune inflammatory disease which include seronegative spondyloarthropathyes. Increased frequency of seronegative spondyloarthropathies among people who have the HLA-B27 antigen is starting point of the view that genetic factors in combination with environmental factors influence the occurence of seronegative spondyloarthropathies in genetically predisposed individuals. The tesis explores the significance of the hemagglutionation inhibition test of saliva and determination of ABO and Lewis antigens in diagnostics of seronegativespondyloarthropathyes. Goals and hypothesis: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of non secretors and secretors of ABO blood group antigens and Lewis phenotype in a group of patient with seronegative spondyloarthropathies and make comparsion to the healthy examined group. It was assumed that there is a significantly higher number of non secretors of ABO blood group antigens among the patients with seronegative spondyloarthropathies compared to healthy examined persons. It was assumed that there is a significantly higher number of non secretors of ABO blood group antigens among the patients with seronegative spondyloarthropathies who do not have HLA-B27 antigen. It was assumed that in patients with seronegative spondyloarthropathies Lewis phenotype on erythrocits can be changed in relation to the secretory status in the saliva. Methods: We performed a prospective longitudinal study. Respondants older than six years of both gender were divided into two randomized groups. Experimental group is consisted of 110 patients diagnosed with seronegative spondyloarthropathy. The control group consisted of 103 blood donors who did not have diagnosed disease from the group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. To the subjects of the control and experimental groups was determined ABO blood group antigens, secretory status and Lewis phenotype, while to the subjects of experimental group also was designated HLA-B27 phenotype. Including criteria other than the above were that among female respondants were not pregnant, and that both groups of respondants did not receive a blood transfusion three months before joining the study. Results: The resuts of the study showed that non secretors of ABO blood group antigens have a 1,63 times higher rise (higher incidence) of developing disease from the group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies compared to a healthy population of subjects, as well as that decreased expression of Lewis antigens (b) represents a contributing factor for development of seronegativespondyloarthropathies. It was found that under the influence of seronegative spondyloarthropathies there are changes in Lewis phenotype on erythrocytes of patients. It was found that under the influence of seronegative spondyloarthropathies there are changes in Lewis phenotype on erythrocytes of patients. Probability for confirmation seronegative spondyloarthropathies is higher for 11% among non secretors who have HLA-B27 negative phenotype in comparison to non secretors who have HLA-B27 positive phenotype. Conclusion: Secretory status and Lewis phenotype are separate diagnostic biochemical markers independent of HLA-B27 antigen that contribute to the early detection of people who have a predisposition of the disease from the group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

Uvod: U prošlosti žučne kiseline su uglavnom razmatrane sa stanovišta njihove funkcije koju obavljaju u crevima jer posreduju u varenju masti i apsorpciji liposolubilnih vitamina. Nedavne studije potvrđuju da žučne kiseline ne igraju samo ulogu u varenju masti, nego se ponašaju i kao signalni molekuli koji stupaju u interakciju sa raznim receptorima uključujući nuklearne receptore i receptore vezane za G-proteine. Kao amfipatični molekuli one su sposobne da reaguju sa fosfolipidima ćelijskih membrana i da poboljšavaju prolazak lekova kroz njih. Stoga se žučne kiseline razmatraju kao promoteri u bukalnim, okularnim i nazalnim farmaceutskim formulacijama. Cilj: Svrha ovog istraživanja je bila da se ispitaju žučne kiseline i njihovi okso derivati kao jedinjenja koja utiču na propustljivost ćelijskih membrana i prolazak lekova do ciljnih tkiva. Materijal i metod: Interakcije makrolidnih antibiotika i žučnih kiselina su ispitivane uz pomoć NMR difuzionih merenja i relaksacije paramagnetičnim jonima. Retencioni parametri odabranih žučnih kiselina su dobijeni korišćenjem hromatografije na normalnim fazama i evaluisani su primenom pet različitih softvera. In vivo ekaperimenti su sprovedeni na 126 eksperimentalnih životinja koje su bile podeljene u 21 grupu. Rezultati: Vezivanje žučnih kiselina za micele je indikovano razlikama u hemijskom pomeranju makrolida i proširenju signala kao posledica redukovane mobilnosti unutar micela. Dodatak micela žučnih kiselina povećava solubilizaciju makrolida za faktor približno 2-3. Sprovedena korelaciona analiza pokazala je značajnu zavisnost između faktora retencije i intestinalne apsorpcije, prodora u MDCK epitelne ćelije, permeabilnost kroz kožu, logBB i PPB%. Putem implementacije in vivo eksperimentalnog dela pokazano je da žučne kiseline utiču na prolazak makrolida u tkivo mozga, bubrega i jetre. Zaključak: Ispitivane žučne kiseline pokazuju dobre farmakokinetske karakteristike i olakšavaju prolazak makrolida kroz različite ćelijske membrane.
Introduction: In the past, bile acids were mostly considered to function in the intestine where they play a role in digestion of fats and mediate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Recent studies confirm that bile acids not only facilitate solubilization of fats but behave as signal molecules that interact with various receptors including nuclear receptors and G protein-coupled receptors. As amphipathic molecules they are able to interact with phospholipids of cells membranes and enhance drugs permeation. Thus, bile acids are considered as drug promoters in buccal, ocular, nasal, and transdermal dosage forms. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate bile acids and its oxo derivatives as enhancers in drug permeability. Three research methods to evaluate the characteristics of bile acids and its properties were used. Material and method: The interaction between macrolide antibiotics and bile acids was investigated by NMR chemical-shift titration, self-diffusion measurements and paramagnetic relaxation enhancements. Retention parameters of selected bile acids are acquired by normal-phase thin layer chromatography and evaluated using five different softwares. In vivo experiments were conducted on 126 animals which were divided in 21 groups. Results: Binding bile acids to the micelles is indicated by differences in the chemical shift of the macrolides and line broadening as a consequence of reduced mobility in the micelle. Addition of bile micelles increases the solubility of macrolide antibiotics by a factor of approximately 2–3. Examined correlation analysis confirmed significant dependence between retention factor and intestinal absorption, MDCK epithelial cells, skin permeability, logBB and PPB%. Through the implementation of in vivo experiments it is shown that bile acids promote penetration of macrolides in brain tissue, kidney and liver. Conclusion: Investigated bile acids showed good pharmacokinetic properties and facilitate in macrolides permeation through various membranes.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reading skills of Deaf schoolchildren in the United States of America are reported to be significantly below those of their hearing peers. In South Africa, Deaf learners’ prospects of attaining high levels of literacy are even bleaker. This fact gave rise to the current study, which examines the impact of a newly introduced Curriculum Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS) curriculum with South African Sign Language (SASL) both as a school subject and as language of learning and teaching on (i) the course of language development in SASL and (ii) early reading development in second language (L2) Afrikaans amongst young Deaf learners. The expressive language (SASL) of four participants with various home language backgrounds (some with signing, Deaf parents; others with hearing, non-signing Afrikaans- or English-speaking parents) was regularly video-recorded over a period of three years, from the beginning of their pre-Grade R (i.e., Grade 0) year until the end of their Grade 1 year. These learners all started reading at the beginning of Grade 1, but were exposed to SASL for varying periods prior to that. The language development (in terms of handshape and discourse skills) and literacy development (reading comprehension) of the participants were qualitatively analysed based on the recordings. Despite the diverse circumstances of the four participants in terms of date of diagnosis, length of exposure to SASL and age of first exposure, parental mastery of SASL, and length of attendance of the school in which the SASL curriculum was piloted, they all showed notable progress in terms of SASL acquisition over the course of the study period, and they all managed to acquire reading skills up to the level expected of a Grade 1 learner. As was found for hearing users of a spoken language, language competence appears to be a prerequisite for the development of literacy skills in Deaf children (see Adams 1990; Gathercole and Baddeley 1993). The assumption is that the four children studied here were successful readers in their L2 (despite Deaf children usually finding the acquisition of reading skills very challenging) because they had sufficiently developed first language (SASL) skills as a foundation for literacy acquisition. The participants’ phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic knowledge of SASL appeared to have “come together” by the time they reached Grade 1, although these were not necessarily taught explicitly. This, again, enabled the acquisition of grade-appropriate reading skills in the L2. The findings of this study indicate the potential benefit of early intervention for Deaf children and that the SASL CAPS curriculum ought to be introduced at the time of enrolment in a school for the Deaf (i.e. from age three years onwards), and not only in Grade R.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Leesvaardighede van dowe skoolkinders in die Verenigde State van Amerika is na berigte beduidend laer as dié van hul horende eweknieë. In Suid-Afrika is dowe leerders se kanse om hoë geletterdheidsvlakke te bereik selfs skraler. Hierdie feit het aanleiding gegee tot die huidige studie, wat die impak ondersoek van ‘n nuut-bekendgestelde Kurrikulum-assesseringsbeleidstellings- (KABS) kurrikulum met Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal (SAGT) as beide skoolvak en taal van leer en onderrig op (i) die verloop van taalontwikkeling in SAGT en (ii) vroeë leesontwikkeling in tweedetaal- (T2) Afrikaans onder jong Dowe leerders. Daar is gereeld oor die verloop van drie jaar video-opnames gemaak van die ekspressiewe taal (SAGT) van vier deelnemers met diverse huistaalagtergronde (sommige met Dowe gebaretaalgebruikers as ouers; andere met horende Afrikaans- of Engelssprekende ouers wat geen gebaretaal ken nie), van die begin van hul pre-Graad R- (i.e., Graad 0-) jaar tot die einde van hul Graad 1-jaar. Hierdie leerders het almal begin lees aan die begin van Graad 1, maar is voor dit vir verskillende periodes aan SAGT blootgestel. Hul taalontwikkeling (in terme van handvorm en diskoersvaardighede) en geletterdheidsontwikkeling (leesbegrip) is aan die hand van die opnames kwalitatief geanaliseer. Ondanks die diverse omstandighede van die vier deelnemers in terme van diagnosedatum, lengte van blootstelling aan SAGT en ouderdom van eerste blootstelling, ouers se bemeestering van SAGT, en lengte van bywoning van die skool waarin die SAGT-kurrikulum geloods is, het hulle almal noemenswaardige vordering getoon in terme van SAGT-verwerwing oor die verloop van die studietydperk, en het hulle almal daarin geslaag om leesvaardighede te verwerf tot op die vlak wat van ‘n Graad 1-leerder verwag word. Soos gevind is in die geval van horende gebruikers van ‘n gesproke taal, blyk taalkompetensie ‘n voorvereiste te wees vir die ontwikkeling van geletterdheidsvaardighede in dowe kinders (kyk Adams 1990; Gathercole en Baddeley 1993). Die aanname is dat die vier bestudeerde kinders suksesvolle leerders in hul T2 was (ondanks die feit dat die verwerwing van leesvaardighede gewoonlik vir dowe kinders ‘n groot uitdaging is) omdat hulle eerstetaalvaardighede (in SAGT) voldoende ontwikkel was om as fondament vir geletterdheidsverwerwing te dien. Die deelnemers se fonologiese, morfologiese, sintaktiese, semantiese en pragmatiese kennis van SAGT blyk “byeen te gekom het” teen die tyd wat hulle Graad 1 bereik het, alhoewel daar nie noodwendig eksplisiete onderrig hieroor gegee is nie. en dit het die verwerwing van graadtoepaslike leesvaardighede moontlik gemaak. Die bevindinge dui die belang van vroeë intervensie vir die Dowe kind aan. Die bevindinge ondersteun ook die seining dat die SAGT KABS-kurrikulum vanaf toetrede tot ‘n skool vir Dowes gevolg behoort te word (d.i. vanaf ouderdom drie jaar), en nie eers vanaf Graad R nie.

Увод: Хронична бубрежна инсуфицијенција (ХБИ) се дефинише као структурно или функционално оштећење бубрега у трајању од најмање три месеца и/или смањење јачине гломеруларне филтрације (ЈГФ) испод 60 мл/мин/1.73м2. У доступној литератури постоје различити подаци о присуству оралних манифестација код пацијената са ХБИ у квантитативном и квалитативном погледу. Стање бубрежне дисфункције праћено је променама у протоку и саставу пљувачке што је у последњој деценији допринело испитивању клиничких и лабораторијских показатеља бубрежне болести. Циљ: Циљ студије је био да се испита објективно стање оралне слузокоже, вредности рН, сијалометрије, концентрације урее, креатинина и секреторног имуноглобулина А пљувачке као и орални микробиолошки статус код пацијената са ХБИ. Материјал и методе: Узорак је био сачињен од 50 предијализних (31 мушкарца и 19 жена просечне старости 59,06±14,30) и 25 хемодијализних пацијената (18 мушкараца и 7 жена просечне старости 54,92±13,60) са постављеном дијагнозом ХБИ, заједно са 25 системски здравих испитаника компарибилних по полу и старости. Поред клиничког прегледа усне дупље спроведен је тест витроадхезије, одређивање интензитета саливације, рН вредности пљувачке и индекса крварења из интерденталне папиле (PBI). На узорцима сакупљене пљувачке, уз помоћ аутоматизованог система Beckman Coulter АУ480 спроведено је лабораторијско одређивање урее и креатинина методом спектрофотометрије и секреторног имуноглобулина А методом имунотурбидиметрије. За микробилошко испитивање коришћен је брис језика и техника оралног испирка. Резултати: Нису утврђене статистички значајне разлике између група према демографско-социјалним подацима. Предијализни испитаници су имали значајно веће присуство промена оралне слузокоже и оралних симптома. Просечне вредности клиренса креатинина су биле значајно мање код оболелих испитаника са бледилом оралне слузокоже, уремичним задахом, ксеростомијом и измењеним осећајем укуса у поређењу са испитаницима без наведених промена. Код предијализних су утврђене значајно смањене вредности сијалометрије према контролним групама и повећане pH вредности према групи здравих испитаника. Просечне концентрације урее и креатинина су се статистички значајно разликовале између испитиваних група. Умерена позитивна корелација је утврђена између серумских и пљувачних концентрација урее и креатинина код предијализних и креатинина код хемодијализних. Према просечним вредностима секреторног имуноглобулина А није било разлика између група. Код пацијената са ХБИ утврђено је значајно веће присуство гљива из рода Candida са предоминацијом non-albicans Candida врста. Закључак: Резултати истраживања указују на важност утврђивања клиничких карактеристика усне дупље код предијализних пацијената. Интензитет саливације, pH вредност и пљувачне концентрације уремијских токсина могу бити поуздани маркери бубрежног оштећења. Једноставан и неинвазиван приступ приликом узорковања пљувачке и поузданост лабораторијске анализе треба да допринесу широј примени пљувачке као компетитивним дијагностичким флуидом серуму. Техника оралног испирка је прецизна квантитативна метода за одређивање степена гљивичне колонизације.
Uvod: Hronična bubrežna insuficijencija (HBI) se definiše kao strukturno ili funkcionalno oštećenje bubrega u trajanju od najmanje tri meseca i/ili smanjenje jačine glomerularne filtracije (JGF) ispod 60 ml/min/1.73m2. U dostupnoj literaturi postoje različiti podaci o prisustvu oralnih manifestacija kod pacijenata sa HBI u kvantitativnom i kvalitativnom pogledu. Stanje bubrežne disfunkcije praćeno je promenama u protoku i sastavu pljuvačke što je u poslednjoj deceniji doprinelo ispitivanju kliničkih i laboratorijskih pokazatelja bubrežne bolesti. Cilj: Cilj studije je bio da se ispita objektivno stanje oralne sluzokože, vrednosti rN, sijalometrije, koncentracije uree, kreatinina i sekretornog imunoglobulina A pljuvačke kao i oralni mikrobiološki status kod pacijenata sa HBI. Materijal i metode: Uzorak je bio sačinjen od 50 predijaliznih (31 muškarca i 19 žena prosečne starosti 59,06±14,30) i 25 hemodijaliznih pacijenata (18 muškaraca i 7 žena prosečne starosti 54,92±13,60) sa postavljenom dijagnozom HBI, zajedno sa 25 sistemski zdravih ispitanika komparibilnih po polu i starosti. Pored kliničkog pregleda usne duplje sproveden je test vitroadhezije, određivanje intenziteta salivacije, rN vrednosti pljuvačke i indeksa krvarenja iz interdentalne papile (PBI). Na uzorcima sakupljene pljuvačke, uz pomoć automatizovanog sistema Beckman Coulter AU480 sprovedeno je laboratorijsko određivanje uree i kreatinina metodom spektrofotometrije i sekretornog imunoglobulina A metodom imunoturbidimetrije. Za mikrobiloško ispitivanje korišćen je bris jezika i tehnika oralnog ispirka. Rezultati: Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između grupa prema demografsko-socijalnim podacima. Predijalizni ispitanici su imali značajno veće prisustvo promena oralne sluzokože i oralnih simptoma. Prosečne vrednosti klirensa kreatinina su bile značajno manje kod obolelih ispitanika sa bledilom oralne sluzokože, uremičnim zadahom, kserostomijom i izmenjenim osećajem ukusa u poređenju sa ispitanicima bez navedenih promena. Kod predijaliznih su utvrđene značajno smanjene vrednosti sijalometrije prema kontrolnim grupama i povećane pH vrednosti prema grupi zdravih ispitanika. Prosečne koncentracije uree i kreatinina su se statistički značajno razlikovale između ispitivanih grupa. Umerena pozitivna korelacija je utvrđena između serumskih i pljuvačnih koncentracija uree i kreatinina kod predijaliznih i kreatinina kod hemodijaliznih. Prema prosečnim vrednostima sekretornog imunoglobulina A nije bilo razlika između grupa. Kod pacijenata sa HBI utvrđeno je značajno veće prisustvo gljiva iz roda Candida sa predominacijom non-albicans Candida vrsta. Zaključak: Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na važnost utvrđivanja kliničkih karakteristika usne duplje kod predijaliznih pacijenata. Intenzitet salivacije, pH vrednost i pljuvačne koncentracije uremijskih toksina mogu biti pouzdani markeri bubrežnog oštećenja. Jednostavan i neinvazivan pristup prilikom uzorkovanja pljuvačke i pouzdanost laboratorijske analize treba da doprinesu široj primeni pljuvačke kao kompetitivnim dijagnostičkim fluidom serumu. Tehnika oralnog ispirka je precizna kvantitativna metoda za određivanje stepena gljivične kolonizacije.
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as structural and functional kidney damage for a period of at least three months and/or reduction of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) under 60 ml/min/1.73m2. There are different data in the available literature in term of quantitative and qualitative presence of the oral manifestation in patients with CKD. Kidney dysfunction is accompanied by changes in the salivary flow and composition, which is in the last decade contributed by examination of clinical and laboratory markers of renal disease. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine condition of oral mucosa, pH value, salivary flow rate, concentration of salivary urea, creatinine, secretory immunoglobulin A and oral microbiological status in patients with CKD. Materials and Methods: The sample was consisted of 50 predialysis (31 males and 19 females, mean age 59,06±14,30) and 25 hemodialysis patients (18 males and 7 females, mean age 54,92±13,60) with a diagnosis of CKD, along with 25 age and gender matched healthy controls. In addition of clinical examination, tongue blade adhesion test, sialometry, salivary pH test and determination of papilla bleeding index (PBI) were conducted. Saliva samples were collected for laboratory analysis performed by automated system Beckman Coulter AU480. Levels of uremic toxins (urea and creatinine) and secretory immunoglobulin A were determinated by spectrophotometric and immunoturbidimetric method, respectively. Oral swab and oral rinse method were used for microbiological examination. Results: The sociodemographic characteristics of the patients with CKD and healthy controls showed no significant differences. Predialysis subjects had significantly higher presence of oral mucosa changes and oral symptoms. Mean values of creatinine clearence were significantly lower in patients with oral mucosa pallor, uremic fetor, xerostomia and disguesia, compared to patients without listed symptoms. Predialysis patients showed significantly decreased salivary flow rate compared to both control groups and significantly increased pH values compared to healthy controls. Mean concentrations of salivary urea and creatinine were statistically different between the groups. Moderate positive correlation was determined between serum and salivary levels of urea and creatinine in predialysis patients and creatinine in hemodialysis patients. Statistical analysis showed no differences between groups in mean concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A. The rate of oral fungal colonisation was significantly higher in CKD patients with predominance of non-albicans Candida species. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate the importance of determining the clinical characteristics of oral cavity in predialysis patients. Saliva flow rate, pH value and salivary concentration of uremic toxins could be reliable markers of kidney disease. Simple and non-invasive approach due to saliva sampling and reliability of laboratory test should contribute to a wider application of saliva as a competitive diagnostic fluid. Oral rinse technique is an accurate quantitative method for determining the rate of fungal colonization.

Дивљи кестен (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) је ендемит јужног дела Балканског полуострва. Веома је интересантна врста лишћара за изучавање секундарних популација на зеленим просторима Србије и производњу садног материјала за потребе хортикултуре и пејзажне архитектуре. Циљ истраживања је издвајање генотипова дивљег кестена из секундарних популација које су засноване на зеленим просторима Војводине у виду алејних засада, као појединачна стабла или групе. Критеријуми за вредновање генотипова као семенских објеката у хортикултури, обављени су на основу референце Стилиновић и Туцовић (1977). Биолошке одлике генотипова треба да усмере критеријуме за производњу квалитетног садног материјала дивљег кестена, адаптивност на услове урбане средине и стрес узрокован абиотским факторима. У селекционом периоду који је трајао од 2008. до 2010. године (Чукановић, 2010) евидентирано је и оцењено 50 генотипова на три локалитетa: Бачка Паланка, Нови Сад и Сремски Карловци. Сакупљено је семе, урађена је анализа лабораторијске и теренске клијавости и морфолошка карактеризација показатеља раста сејанаца. Истовремено је одређиван хемијски састав семена. У току трогодишњег периода (од 2011 до 2013. године), на основу резултата претходних истраживања, издвојено је 17 генотипова са најбољим биолошким, производним и лековитим особинама семена. На одабраним индивидуама праћене су фенолошке фазе - листање, цветање и плодоношења са међуфазама. Сакупљано је семе ради утврђивања морфолошких и хемијских карактеристика. Матична стабла се одликују разликама у физиолошкој зрелости, особинама фенотипа и употребне вредности семена за расадничку производњу. Праћено је генеративно умножавање генотипова и анализа показатеља раста half-sib потомства. Семе дивљег кестена је значајна сировина у фарамацеутској индустрији с обзиром да има лековита својства. Урађен је хемијски састав семена, са акцентом на садржај уља и структуру масних киселина, секундарне метаболите и тешке метале. Акумулација тешких метала у семену дивљег кестена присутна је у популацијама секундарног порекла, с обзиром да су матична стабла изложена утицају градске средине.Земљишта урбаних зелених простора (урбисол) изложена су загађењу што је разлог више да се испита утицај водорастворљивих соли и тешких метала на адаптивност генотипова. Фенолошким осматрањем листања, цветања и плодоношења у току трогодишњег периода забележене су значајне статистичке разлике између година испитивања и генотипова. Због дужег периода ниских температура у марту и априлу 2013. године, запажена је значајна разлика у почецима и трајању фенофаза и међуфаза. Осматране фенолошке појаве касниле су 2 до 3 недеље. Генотипови БДС1 и БДС2, у периоду трогодишњег осматрања, одликовали су се значајно ранијим наступањем фазе листања и цветања, док је код генотипова БП4, СК4 и СК7 забележено касније ступање обе фазе. Експериментална стабла, као издвојени семенски објекти за потребе хортикултуре и пејзажне архитектуре, редовно и обилно плодоносе. На основу морфолошких особина семена издвајају се генотипови П6 (са високим вредностима за дужину /29,83mm/, ширину /35,56 mm/ и дебљину /30,92 mm/) и П3 (са високом вредности за масу семена /17,63 g/). Чување семена за потребе расадничке производње обављено је у хладној комори при контролисаним условима на температури од 4 до 6°С. Сетва је обављана у пролећном периоду (март-април). За семенски материјал 17 генотипова, за трогодишњи период, установљена је веома висока теренска клијавост која у просеку износи од 80,94% до 85,64%. Проценат преживљавања сејанаца, одређен при крају вегетационог периода и почетка нове вегетације, износи од 78,96 дo 82,98. Мерењем показатеља раста једногодишњих сејанаца установљене су просечне вредности за висину (12,26 cm), пречник у кореновом врату (10,04 mm), дужину корена (12,87 cm), масу стабла (3,62 g), масу корена (5,34 g) и број коренова I реда (26,49). Истиче се генотип БДС1 са високим вредностима за мерене показатеље (19,20 cm за висину, 17,51 cm за дужину корена, 4,40 g за масу стабла и 6,80 g за масу корена). Према показатељима раста двогодишњих сејанаца за висину издвојили су се генотипови БДС1 (30,20 cm), БДС2 (35,80 cm) и СК4 (35,68 cm). Највише вредности за пречник при основи стабла имали су генотипови БДС1 (19,20 mm) и БДС2 (19,33 mm). Просечна вредност за висину надземног дела генотипова трогодишњих биљака била је 81,45 cm, а за пречник при основи стабла 26,81 mm. У трећој години развоја сејанаца дивљег кестена in situ у расаднику на Римским Шанчевима, највише вредности за висину и пречник при основи стабла имали су генотипови ознака БДС1 (92,00 cm и 29,55 mm), БДС2 (90,80 cm и 31,27 mm) и СК4 (91,30 cm и 28,45 mm). Снага раста двогодишњих сејанаца издвојила је генотипове БДС1, БДС2 и СК4, који су имали изузетан пораст и треће године развоја у сејалишту. На двогодишњим и трогодишњим садницама генотипова БП4, БП5, БДС1, БДС2, П5, П6, СК1 и СК4 обављено је калемљење хибрида црвеног кестена (Aesculus × carnea Hayne.). Испољена је компатибилност подлога са племкама, а просечан пријем калемова био је 82,36%. Примењена метода енглеског спајања показала је добре резултате као вегетативна метода за производњу садног материјала хибрида црвеног кестена.Из екстракта семена генотипова дивљег кестена изоловано је и детерминисано 16 масних киселина. Утврђен је висок удео незасићених масних киселина, а као доминантна издваја се олеинска. Највиши садржај установљен је у семену генотипа БДС1 (59,10%). Генотипови П5 и СК1 одликују се највишим вредностима кверцетина (0,538 μg/g, односно 0,806 μg/g), кемферола (0,227μg/g и 0,429 μg/g), а генотип П5 ирутина(25,784μg/g). Есцин је присутан у семену свих испитиваних генотипова, са највишим просечним садржајем у семену генотипова БП2 и П5 (4,04%). У узорку семена, од тешких метала забележен је висок просечни садржај цинка (10,11 μ/g) и бакра (9,23 μ/g). Издваја се генотип П5 са највишим просечним садржајем алуминијума (2,88 μ/g) и хрома (0,1 μ/g) у семену, док су највише вредности бакра (13,0 μ/g), гвожђа (13,2 μ/g), мангана (3,2 μ/g), никла (0,8 μ/g) и цинка (18,1 μ/g) забележене у семену генотипа П1. У узорцима земљишта дуж саобраћајнице Булевар Јаше Томића у Новом Саду, у дрвореду дивљег кестена, утврђен је садржај водорастворљивих соли и тешких метала. Просечне вредности садржаја соли у узорцима сондираним у априлу износе 0,10% на дубини од 0 до 30 cm, односно 0,11% на дубини од 30 до 60 cm, што је испод детерминисане горње границе. Узорци сондирани у августу 2012. године имали су виши садржај од дозвољеног (0,24% на дубини од 0 до 30 cm и 0,27% на дубини од 30 до 60 cm), што је последица асцендентног кретања соли услед суше. Као последица високог садржаја соли јавља се лисна хлороза, некроза, поновљено цветање и смањена виталност стабала. Анализа тешких метала (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb и Cr), из узорака земљишта, показала је њихово присуство у лакоприступачном и укупном облику, али не изнад дозвољених граничних вредности за еколошке услове Новог Сада. Упознавање биолошког и производног потенцијала дивљег кестена представља важну полазну основу за унапређење расадничке производње и примене дивљег кестена за потребе хортикултуре и пејзажне архитекутре.
Divlji kesten (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) je endemit južnog dela Balkanskog poluostrva. Veoma je interesantna vrsta lišćara za izučavanje sekundarnih populacija na zelenim prostorima Srbije i proizvodnju sadnog materijala za potrebe hortikulture i pejzažne arhitekture. Cilj istraživanja je izdvajanje genotipova divljeg kestena iz sekundarnih populacija koje su zasnovane na zelenim prostorima Vojvodine u vidu alejnih zasada, kao pojedinačna stabla ili grupe. Kriterijumi za vrednovanje genotipova kao semenskih objekata u hortikulturi, obavljeni su na osnovu reference Stilinović i Tucović (1977). Biološke odlike genotipova treba da usmere kriterijume za proizvodnju kvalitetnog sadnog materijala divljeg kestena, adaptivnost na uslove urbane sredine i stres uzrokovan abiotskim faktorima. U selekcionom periodu koji je trajao od 2008. do 2010. godine (Čukanović, 2010) evidentirano je i ocenjeno 50 genotipova na tri lokaliteta: Bačka Palanka, Novi Sad i Sremski Karlovci. Sakupljeno je seme, urađena je analiza laboratorijske i terenske klijavosti i morfološka karakterizacija pokazatelja rasta sejanaca. Istovremeno je određivan hemijski sastav semena. U toku trogodišnjeg perioda (od 2011 do 2013. godine), na osnovu rezultata prethodnih istraživanja, izdvojeno je 17 genotipova sa najboljim biološkim, proizvodnim i lekovitim osobinama semena. Na odabranim individuama praćene su fenološke faze - listanje, cvetanje i plodonošenja sa međufazama. Sakupljano je seme radi utvrđivanja morfoloških i hemijskih karakteristika. Matična stabla se odlikuju razlikama u fiziološkoj zrelosti, osobinama fenotipa i upotrebne vrednosti semena za rasadničku proizvodnju. Praćeno je generativno umnožavanje genotipova i analiza pokazatelja rasta half-sib potomstva. Seme divljeg kestena je značajna sirovina u faramaceutskoj industriji s obzirom da ima lekovita svojstva. Urađen je hemijski sastav semena, sa akcentom na sadržaj ulja i strukturu masnih kiselina, sekundarne metabolite i teške metale. Akumulacija teških metala u semenu divljeg kestena prisutna je u populacijama sekundarnog porekla, s obzirom da su matična stabla izložena uticaju gradske sredine.Zemljišta urbanih zelenih prostora (urbisol) izložena su zagađenju što je razlog više da se ispita uticaj vodorastvorljivih soli i teških metala na adaptivnost genotipova. Fenološkim osmatranjem listanja, cvetanja i plodonošenja u toku trogodišnjeg perioda zabeležene su značajne statističke razlike između godina ispitivanja i genotipova. Zbog dužeg perioda niskih temperatura u martu i aprilu 2013. godine, zapažena je značajna razlika u počecima i trajanju fenofaza i međufaza. Osmatrane fenološke pojave kasnile su 2 do 3 nedelje. Genotipovi BDS1 i BDS2, u periodu trogodišnjeg osmatranja, odlikovali su se značajno ranijim nastupanjem faze listanja i cvetanja, dok je kod genotipova BP4, SK4 i SK7 zabeleženo kasnije stupanje obe faze. Eksperimentalna stabla, kao izdvojeni semenski objekti za potrebe hortikulture i pejzažne arhitekture, redovno i obilno plodonose. Na osnovu morfoloških osobina semena izdvajaju se genotipovi P6 (sa visokim vrednostima za dužinu /29,83mm/, širinu /35,56 mm/ i debljinu /30,92 mm/) i P3 (sa visokom vrednosti za masu semena /17,63 g/). Čuvanje semena za potrebe rasadničke proizvodnje obavljeno je u hladnoj komori pri kontrolisanim uslovima na temperaturi od 4 do 6°S. Setva je obavljana u prolećnom periodu (mart-april). Za semenski materijal 17 genotipova, za trogodišnji period, ustanovljena je veoma visoka terenska klijavost koja u proseku iznosi od 80,94% do 85,64%. Procenat preživljavanja sejanaca, određen pri kraju vegetacionog perioda i početka nove vegetacije, iznosi od 78,96 do 82,98. Merenjem pokazatelja rasta jednogodišnjih sejanaca ustanovljene su prosečne vrednosti za visinu (12,26 cm), prečnik u korenovom vratu (10,04 mm), dužinu korena (12,87 cm), masu stabla (3,62 g), masu korena (5,34 g) i broj korenova I reda (26,49). Ističe se genotip BDS1 sa visokim vrednostima za merene pokazatelje (19,20 cm za visinu, 17,51 cm za dužinu korena, 4,40 g za masu stabla i 6,80 g za masu korena). Prema pokazateljima rasta dvogodišnjih sejanaca za visinu izdvojili su se genotipovi BDS1 (30,20 cm), BDS2 (35,80 cm) i SK4 (35,68 cm). Najviše vrednosti za prečnik pri osnovi stabla imali su genotipovi BDS1 (19,20 mm) i BDS2 (19,33 mm). Prosečna vrednost za visinu nadzemnog dela genotipova trogodišnjih biljaka bila je 81,45 cm, a za prečnik pri osnovi stabla 26,81 mm. U trećoj godini razvoja sejanaca divljeg kestena in situ u rasadniku na Rimskim Šančevima, najviše vrednosti za visinu i prečnik pri osnovi stabla imali su genotipovi oznaka BDS1 (92,00 cm i 29,55 mm), BDS2 (90,80 cm i 31,27 mm) i SK4 (91,30 cm i 28,45 mm). Snaga rasta dvogodišnjih sejanaca izdvojila je genotipove BDS1, BDS2 i SK4, koji su imali izuzetan porast i treće godine razvoja u sejalištu. Na dvogodišnjim i trogodišnjim sadnicama genotipova BP4, BP5, BDS1, BDS2, P5, P6, SK1 i SK4 obavljeno je kalemljenje hibrida crvenog kestena (Aesculus × carnea Hayne.). Ispoljena je kompatibilnost podloga sa plemkama, a prosečan prijem kalemova bio je 82,36%. Primenjena metoda engleskog spajanja pokazala je dobre rezultate kao vegetativna metoda za proizvodnju sadnog materijala hibrida crvenog kestena.Iz ekstrakta semena genotipova divljeg kestena izolovano je i determinisano 16 masnih kiselina. Utvrđen je visok udeo nezasićenih masnih kiselina, a kao dominantna izdvaja se oleinska. Najviši sadržaj ustanovljen je u semenu genotipa BDS1 (59,10%). Genotipovi P5 i SK1 odlikuju se najvišim vrednostima kvercetina (0,538 μg/g, odnosno 0,806 μg/g), kemferola (0,227μg/g i 0,429 μg/g), a genotip P5 irutina(25,784μg/g). Escin je prisutan u semenu svih ispitivanih genotipova, sa najvišim prosečnim sadržajem u semenu genotipova BP2 i P5 (4,04%). U uzorku semena, od teških metala zabeležen je visok prosečni sadržaj cinka (10,11 μ/g) i bakra (9,23 μ/g). Izdvaja se genotip P5 sa najvišim prosečnim sadržajem aluminijuma (2,88 μ/g) i hroma (0,1 μ/g) u semenu, dok su najviše vrednosti bakra (13,0 μ/g), gvožđa (13,2 μ/g), mangana (3,2 μ/g), nikla (0,8 μ/g) i cinka (18,1 μ/g) zabeležene u semenu genotipa P1. U uzorcima zemljišta duž saobraćajnice Bulevar Jaše Tomića u Novom Sadu, u drvoredu divljeg kestena, utvrđen je sadržaj vodorastvorljivih soli i teških metala. Prosečne vrednosti sadržaja soli u uzorcima sondiranim u aprilu iznose 0,10% na dubini od 0 do 30 cm, odnosno 0,11% na dubini od 30 do 60 cm, što je ispod determinisane gornje granice. Uzorci sondirani u avgustu 2012. godine imali su viši sadržaj od dozvoljenog (0,24% na dubini od 0 do 30 cm i 0,27% na dubini od 30 do 60 cm), što je posledica ascendentnog kretanja soli usled suše. Kao posledica visokog sadržaja soli javlja se lisna hloroza, nekroza, ponovljeno cvetanje i smanjena vitalnost stabala. Analiza teških metala (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb i Cr), iz uzoraka zemljišta, pokazala je njihovo prisustvo u lakopristupačnom i ukupnom obliku, ali ne iznad dozvoljenih graničnih vrednosti za ekološke uslove Novog Sada. Upoznavanje biološkog i proizvodnog potencijala divljeg kestena predstavlja važnu polaznu osnovu za unapređenje rasadničke proizvodnje i primene divljeg kestena za potrebe hortikulture i pejzažne arhitekutre.
(25,784μg/g). Есцин је присутан у семену свих испитиваних генотипова, са највишим просечним садржајем у семену генотипова БП2 и П5 (4,04%). У узорку семена, од тешких метала забележен је висок просечни садржај цинка (10,11 μ/g) и бакра (9,23 μ/g). Издваја се генотип П5 са највишим просечним садржајем алуминијума (2,88 μ/g) и хрома (0,1 μ/g) у семену, док су највише вредности бакра (13,0 μ/g), гвожђа (13,2 μ/g), мангана (3,2 μ/g), никла (0,8 μ/g) и цинка (18,1 μ/g) забележене у семену генотипа П1. У узорцима земљишта дуж саобраћајнице Булевар Јаше Томића у Новом Саду, у дрвореду дивљег кестена, утврђен је садржај водорастворљивих соли и тешких метала. Просечне вредности садржаја соли у узорцима сондираним у априлу износе 0,10% на дубини од 0 до 30 cm, односно 0,11% на дубини од 30 до 60 cm, што је испод детерминисане горње границе. Узорци сондирани у августу 2012. године имали су виши садржај од дозвољеног (0,24% на дубини од 0 до 30 cm и 0,27% на дубини од 30 до 60 cm), што је последица асцендентног кретања соли услед суше. Као последица високог садржаја соли јавља се лисна хлороза, некроза, поновљено цветање и смањена виталност стабала. Анализа тешких метала (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb и Cr), из узорака земљишта, показала је њихово присуство у лакоприступачном и укупном облику, али не изнад дозвољених граничних вредности за еколошке услове Новог Сада. Упознавање биолошког и производног потенцијала дивљег кестена представља важну полазну основу за унапређење расадничке производње и примене дивљег кестена за потребе хортикултуре и пејзажне архитекутре.

Le Sénégal et la Gambie sont deux pays voisins qui ont en commun de nombreuses valeurs culturelles, mais sur le plan littéraire, les interactions sont peu nombreuses. La principale raison est l'obstacle de la langue, héritage de la colonisation. En effet, la langue de travail des écrivains gambiens est l'anglais et celle des sénégalais, le français. Les oeuvres littéraires ne sont pas la plupart du temps traduites. Il en résulte une méconnaissance réciproque de la littérature des deux pays. En plus de cela, le volume des études comparatives relatives à la littérature des deux pays est très faible. C'est dans la perspective d'une meilleure connaissance et d'un enrichissement mutuel que s'inscrit cette thèse de littérature comparée qui a pour objet l'analyse de la représentation de l'Afrique dans les oeuvres poétiques de deux sénégalais : Léopold Sédar Senghor et Amadou Lamine Sall et celles de deux gambiens : Lenrie Peters et Tijan Sallah. IL s'agit d'étudier comment les composantes spatiale et temporelle sont prises en charge dans le traitement du thème de l'Afrique et dans un genre particulier : la poésie. La vision des poètes est mise en étroite relation avec le passé, le présent et la projection sur le futur du continent africain. Les poètes n'appartiennent pas à la même génération et n'utilisent pas la même langue d'écriture, à partir de ce moment, il est pertinent de se demander si ces facteurs ont des influences sur la représentation de l'Afrique dans leur poésie. L'étude de la composante spatio-temporelle fera intervenir tout au long de la thèse des outils d'analyse empruntés à la géocritique.

L'œuvre poétique du poète libanais francophone contemporain Salah Stétié présente un triple intérêt analytique. La présence d'orientations mythiques ou mythologiques suggère avant tout l'incontestable réminiscence d'un fond commun originel. C'est autour du motif de l'Arbre -constitutif d'un mythe fondateur et eschatologique à la fois-, des légendes gréco-romaines, puis des récits bibli-coraniques que s'organise le travail de composition. Nous souhaitons montrer par là l'ampleur de la réactualisation proposée par Salah Stétié, à partir de motifs légendaires complexes. Aussi, il s'agit aussi d'une écriture inscrite dans l'Histoire, soit dans un temps et un espace donnés. Alors, c'est à partir du je poétique et de la relation à la femme que s'explicite l'implication dans l'ici et le maintenant. L'individu doit mener à bien une individualisation authentique que Salah Stétié suggère donc par un réseau déployé d'images. Mais bientôt, la violence majeure du co-texte invite à une recherche nouvelle de l'équilibre. C'est pourquoi, les perceptions mystiques constituent le prolongement parfait de la quête engagée. Pour cela, les pensées philosophiques et religieuses d'origine occidentales et orientales -propres au Judéo-christianisme et à l'Islam- sont intimement mêlées par le poète et permettent l'élaboration d'une réflexion originale. Enfin, il semble que la découverte d'une forme d'eudémonisme stétiéen -marque du perfectionnement de l'humanisme-, et la confirmation de l'émerveillement illustrent au plus juste la complétude avérée de la pensée stétiéenne
There is a triple analytical interest into poetic work of the lebanese french speaking poet. Mythical or mythological elements evoke the common genuine content of the work. This work is built on three main elements : the myth of the Tree, Graeco-roman legend and biblical and koranic narratives. In this way, we will show how Salah Stétié brayght up to date some complex legend topics. Thus, these writings are rooted in history, thaht is to say in a space and time context. Insertion into space and time is made clearer by using the je poétique and by the developement of the relations to women subject. Salah Stétié suggests an authentic individualization with a picture network. But soon, the violence of the writings will urge to go in search of a balance. That's why mystical perceptions prolong the quest. To reach this aim, philosophical and religious thought from Occident and Orient (characteristic of Judaeo-Christianism and Islam) are closely imbricated and have permited to built an original thought. Lastly, it seems thaht the discovery of a kind of perfect humanism and confirmation of wonder are exactly illustrating the harmony of Stétié's thought

O Centro de Estudos de Línguas (CEL) é um projeto da Secretaria da Educação do governo do estado de São Paulo que oferece aos alunos da rede estadual e, em alguns casos da rede municipal, cursos gratuitos de línguas estrangeiras. Devido à evasão de alunos e ao baixo número de matrículas em alguns idiomas, a cada estágio as turmas ficam menores, exigindo a formação de salas multisseriadas para garantir ao estudante a continuação e a conclusão do curso. As classes multisseriadas dos CEL são compostas por discentes de várias idades e que possuem diferentes níveis de conhecimento da língua estrangeira. Nossa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias de ensino que os professores de língua italiana dos CEL utilizam para ensinar nas turmas multisseriadas. Fomos orientados pela hipótese de que os professores do CEL empregariam estratégias de ensino iguais ou parecidas às aplicadas pelos docentes que lecionam no ensino multisseriado da zona rural. Para a realização desta pesquisa, fizemos uma revisão sobre o funcionamento dos CEL, sobre as salas multisseriadas do campo e sobre as estratégias de ensino adotadas no contexto multisseriado e em aulas de línguas estrangeiras. Com o propósito de alcançar o nosso objetivo, adotamos a metodologia qualitativa e escolhemos o questionário on-line e a entrevista individual, semiestruturada como técnicas de coleta de dados. As participantes do estudo são professoras de italiano de grupos multisseriados de Centros de Estudos de Línguas da capital e da Grande São Paulo. Cruzamos os dados obtidos pelas duas técnicas e analisamos as três estratégias de ensino mais presentes no discurso das professoras. Comprovamos que as docentes usam estratégias que também podem ser verificadas na zona rural, ou seja, organização dos espaços físico e social, administração do tempo e emprego dos materiais didáticos. O espaço social é mais valorizado que o físico, o que conta é o aprimoramento da aprendizagem e a interação entre os estudantes de estágios diferentes. O tempo é administrado muitas vezes de forma inconsciente, mas está sempre presente na organização do atendimento dos diferentes estágios. O livro didático é essencial, todavia há um empenho em criar outras atividades empregando vários tipos de materiais. A análise nos mostrou que a maioria das professoras decidiu ensinar com os grupos organizados de maneira multisseriada. Na ausência de uma orientação pedagógica específica e do reconhecimento do Estado, as docentes, por meio da prática, criam a forma própria de lecionar, esforçam-se em adequar estratégias de ensino para cada turma.
The Language Study Center (LSC) is a governmental project of the Education Secretariat of the São Paulo State that offers for the students from state and, in some cases from the municipal, free courses in foreign languages. Due to the evasion students and low number of enrollments in some languages, each stage classes are smaller, requiring the formation of multigrade classrooms to ensure students the continuation and completion of the course. The multigrade classes of LSC are composed of students of different ages and have different levels of knowledge of a foreign language. Our research aims to analyze the use of instructional strategies to teach by the italian teachers in multigrade classes of LSC. We were guided by the assumption that LSC teachers employ teaching strategies in the same way or similar to those applied by the teachers who teach in multigrade teaching the countryside. For this research, we have made a review of the functioning of multigrade classrooms and the teaching strategies adopted for foreign language classes in multigrade context. In order to achieve our goal, we adopted a qualitative methodology choosing the online questionnaire and individual interviews, semi-structured as data collection techniques and well. Study participants are italian teachers of multigrade classes from São Paulo Language Study Centers. We crossed the data obtained by the two techniques and analyze the three instructional strategies more present in the discourse of teachers. We have proved that the teachers use strategies that can also be checked in the countryside, that is, related to physical and social space, time and materials. The social space is more valued than the physical, what counts is the improvement of learning and interaction among students of different stages. Time is administered often unconsciously, but is always present in the organization of care of the different stages. The textbook is essential, but there is a commitment to create other activities using various materials. The analysis has shown that most teachers decided to teach in organized groups multisseriate way. In the absence of a specific tutoring and state recognition, the teachers, through practice, create their own way of teaching, strive to adapt instructional strategies for each class.

Cette étude veut analyser les enjeux de la nouvelle littérature algérienne de la langue française à travers les œuvres de deux écrivains, Salim Bachi et Y. B. Placés au carrefour le l’orient et de l’occident, ces auteurs s’approprient un genre allogène tel que le roman, en en faisant éclater les règles par la multiplication des instances narratives et des angles de perspective, par l’exploitation des télescopages multiculturels et des pillages interdiscursifs. La thèse se compose de quatre parties : la première, Contextes, veut poser les cadres de notre étude en portant sur le champ de significations historiques, politiques et symboliques ; la deuxième, Textes et métatextes, se penche sur l’analyse des enjeux méta et para-textuels pour souligner la modernité narrative des romans ; la troisième, Intertextes est consacrée aux aspects intertextuels, ce qui permet de mieux apprécier les romans dans leur polysémie figurative ; la quatrième partie, Métatextes et métalangages, est enfin consacrée à l’étude des innovations stylistiques et langagières, en soulignant la créativité lexicale ainsi que la recherche de nouvelles formes d’expression
This thesis focuses upon francophone maghrebi literature , with particular attention to Salim Bachi and Y. B. Novels. The research seeks to subvert the discourse of binary oppositons like East/West, past/present, tradition/innovation, showing the maghrebi literary scene as being more complex than dichotomies would suggest, by examining the news authors generation literary laboratory, in which writers invent narrative strategies and create original novelistic practices to describe their complex cultural identity. This work is structured in 4 sections : the first one, Contextes, maps out an historical introduction of the literary context; the second, Textes et métatextes, focuses on metafiction and paratexte; the third, Intertextes, consideres some intertextual aspects, in the attempt to show the novels polysemy; the fourth section, Métatextes et métalangages, is dedicated to the analysis of linguistic and stylistic innovations, by observing lexical creativity as well as the research of new expressive forms

Salim Bachi, auteur algérien contemporain, figure parmi les écrivains les plus prometteurs de sa génération. Il a publié cinq romans et deux récits : Le Chien d’Ulysse (2001, Prix Goncourt du premier roman), « La Kahéna » (2003, Prix Tropiques), « Autoportrait avec Grenade » (2004), « Tuez-les tous » (2006), « Le Silence de Mahomet » (2008), « Le grand frère » (2010), « Amours et aventures de Sindbad le Marin » (2010) et « Moi, Khaled Kelkal » (2012), ainsi qu’un recueil de nouvelles intitulé « Les douze contes de minuit »(2007). Dès « Le Chien d’Ulysse », Salim Bachi se fait le chroniqueur de son pays en racontant l’histoire de l’Algérie pendant la décennie noire des années 90. Dans d’autres livres, il s’intéresse à des événements historiques importants qui ont marqué le monde entier, comme les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. Ce sont les modalités (imaginaires, stylistiques, narratives, etc. ) de cette présence de l’Histoire dans l’œuvre de cet auteur que nous tentons d’analyser dans notre thèse
Salim Bachi, a contemporary Algerian author, is one of the most promising writers of his generation. He has published five novels and two stories: "Le Chien d’Ulysse" (2001, Prix Goncourt du premier roman), "La Kahéna" (2003, Prix Tropiques), "Autoportrait avec Grenade" (2004), "Tuez-les tous" (2006), "Le Silence de Mahomet" (2008), "Le grand frère" (2010), "Amours et aventures de Sindbad le Marin" (2010) and "Moi, Khaled Kelkal" (2012), and a collection of short stories entitled "Les douze contes de minuit" (2007). With "Le Chien d’Ulysse", Salim Bachi became the chronicler of his country, recounting the history of Algeria during the black decade of the 90s. In other books, he focuses on important historical events affecting the whole world, such as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The purpose of our thesis is to analyze the different modalities (imaginary, stylistic, narrative) of the presence of History in the work of this author

Cette thèse propose une étude de la conception et de la pratique de l'altérité chez le poète libanais d'expression française Salah Stétié. Trois thèmes sont particulièrement traités : l'altérité linguistique, l'altérité féminine et l'altérité culturelle. Une étude théorique du concept d'altérité ainsi qu'un aperçu historique de la représentation de l'autre font l'objet des préliminaires. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude des constituants identitaires du poète, en l'occurrence le Liban, la culture arabo-musulmane et la Méditerranée. Elle démontre comment ces constituants sont liés à la rencontre de l'autre en Orient mais aussi en Occident et créent chez le poète une culture hybride. L'identité linguistique fait l'objet de la deuxième partie. Nous y étudions les conditions qui ont fait de la langue française le moyen d'expression favori chez le poète et comment procède-t-il pour concilier identité et altérité dans cette langue " étrangère ". La troisième partie est consacrée à la pratique de l'altérité chez S. Stétié. Nous y analysons dans un premier temps, sa représentation de l'altérité féminine ainsi que les influences sociales et littéraires. Dans un second temps, nous étudions sa pratique de l'altérité culturelle. Le métissage culturel et la médiation sont les grands axes de notre réflexion. Au cours de cette étude, des comparaisons et des rapprochements sont faits avec d'autres poètes et écrivains pour démontrer que l'œuvre stétienne est à la fois originelle et ouverte
This thesis presents the concept and the application of the otherness in the french writing Author Salah Stétié. Three topics are particularly covered : linguistic otherness, female otherness and cultural otherness. A theoretic study of the concept of otherness as well as an historic insight into the representation of the other are the subject of the preliminaries. The first part is devoted to the study of the identity components of the poet : Lebanon, the Arabo-muslim culture and the Mediterranean. It shows how these components are related to the meeting of the other in East but also in Occident (countries) creating the composite of the Poet. The linguistic identity is the subject of the second part. Here we study the conditions which made that French language become the favourite mean of expression of the poet and how he proceeds to reconcile identity and otherness in this “foreign” language. The third part is devoted to the application of the otherness. We first analyze here how S. Stétié represents female otherness as well as social and literary influences. Secondly, we study his application of the cultural otherness. The cultural interbreeding and the mediation are the broad axis of our reflection. During this study, comparisons are brought together with other poets and writers to show that the works of S. STétié are at the same time original and open

Ce travail consiste en l'analyse des trois traductions en breton du texte de François de Sales publié en 1609 : L’introduction à la vie dévote. La première traduction fut l’oeuvre de Charles Le Bris au début du XVIIIème siècle durant la période dite dubreton pré-moderne. Les deux traductions suivantes furent écrites dans un breton du domaine du sud-est, le standard de Vannes, par Jean Marion à la fin du XVIIIème siècle, puis par Sylvestre Sévéno au début du XXème. L’analyse de ces textes abordera dans un premier temps les aspects traductologiques : les différents auteurs bretonnants face aux choix linguistiques qu’implique la traduction, les rapports qu’ont eus ces derniers entre eux vis-à-vis du texte source ou encore de la réception du texte. Progressivement, la morphologie et la syntaxe des traductions seront analysées pour mettre en évidence la variabilité ou bien les correspondances entre traducteurs bretonnants
This work is an analysis of three translations in Breton of the text of François de Sales published in 1609:L’introduction à la vie dévote. The first translation was made by Charles Le Bris during the Breton's pre-modern period in the beginning of the 18th century in the north-west dialect.The two other translations both originate from the south-east of the area where Breton was spoken and written in the Vannes standard. One was written by Jean Marion in the end of the 18th century and the other by Sylvestre Sévéno in thebeginning of the 20th century. The study of those texts is, in a first section, founded on traductological purposes: how did the different authors play their roles of translators; what are the links between the different authors and the original; how did they account for the expectations of their future audience. Progressively, this analysis focuses on a syntactic and morphological approach and identifies some language variations between the authors

Die Arbeit behandelt die beiden Übersetzungsversionen des Lukasevangeliums ins Caló, die George Borrow 1837 und 1872 anfertigte. Sie hat mehrere Zielstellungen. Der erste Teil geht der Frage nach: Wie kam es zu den beiden Schriften? Er legt dar, welche Einflussfaktoren das authentische Caló im Spanien der 1830er Jahre herausgeprägt haben konnten und welche Einflüsse durch den Übersetzer George Borrow auf die Übersetzungen wirkten. Als extralinguistische Faktoren wird dafür die (Kultur-)Geschichte der Gitanos herangezogen, werden Borrows Biographie sowie seine Sprachkenntnisse untersucht und werden die Aufsätze namhafter Autoren über die Entstehung des Calós diskutiert und gegeneinander abgewogen. So entsteht zum ersten Mal eine komplexe Zusammenfassung der Vorgeschichte des Calós der Evangelien. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit ist einerseits eine Anleitung, die das Caló anhand von Textbeispielen für Hispanisten lesbar macht, und prüft andererseits, ob und wie die Aussage zutrifft, dass Borrows Purifizierungsbestrebungen in der zweiten Übersetzungsversion ein Caló schufen, das einen wesentlich geringeren Anteil an spanischer Sprache hat als in der ersten Version. Die Frage nach der Purifizierung erscheint vor dem Hintergrund der damaligen verklärenden Zigeunermode, der Afición, in Spanien sowie angesichts des Polyglotten Borrow bedeutsam. Um ihr nachzugehen, werden die ersten siebeneinhalb Kapitel beider Übersetzungen mit Hilfe von Textanalyseprogrammen wortartenspezifisch untersucht. Das Ergebnis bestätigt die Annahme bei zehn von sechzehn Wortarten und zeigt auf, dass besonders bei den Autosemantika Purifizierungsversuche unternommen wurden. Wahrscheinlich war aber schon die erste Übersetzungsversion purifiziert. Die Arbeit liefert einen ersten detaillierten linguistischen Vergleich eines Teiles der beiden Versionen und stellt das Caló der Evangelien in einem sehr umfassenden Kontext vor, wodurch sich eine Vernetzung linguistischer, kulturwissenschaftlicher und literaturwissenschaftlich interessanter Aspekte ergibt.

This dissertation is the first grammatical sketch of the Nxa’amxcin (Moses- Columbian) language. Nxa’amxcin is an endangered member of the Southern Interior branch of the Salish language family, a linguistic group indigenous to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Building on previous work by other Salish linguists, I address to varying degrees all three major aspects of the grammar (phonology, syntax and morphology) from a Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology approach to word formation (Beard 1995). A brief introduction to the phonology of Nxa’amxcin provides a look at the segment inventory, the status of schwa, various segmental processes, and syllable structure. An overview of the syntax focuses on aspects of the noun phrase—determiners, demonstratives, locative prepositions, genitive marking—and the major clause types—simple clauses, relative clauses and fronting. An extensive discussion of lexical operations (derivational morphology) addresses the categories of valence, voice, secondary aspect, control, category-changing operations, and operations marking locative, augmentative, diminutive and relational. An overview of inflectional operations (inflectional morphology) is presented starting with the marking of person, number and grammatical relation on the predicate. Viewpoint aspect, mood, temporal marking, negation, non-declarative operations—yes/no questions, imperative, prohibitive—and nominalization are also discussed. A description of the three different types of compounds found in Nxa’amxcin—two involving free stems and the third (known as lexical affixation) comprising a free stem and a bound stem—is provided along with the corresponding word structure rules responsible for these compounds. A number of arguments in support of a compounding analysis of bound stem constructions (lexical affixation), as opposed to a syntactic analysis, are presented. The set of classifiers that has developed from lexical affixation is also addressed.
Graduate

In this thesis I discuss the semantic basis of the morphological form of predicates in N+e?képmx, a Northern Interior Salish language. Intransitive and transitive use of roots in Nle7képmx is morphologically marked; intransitives use a set of primary affixes and transitives use a set of transitivizers. I document the behavior of these morpho syntactic affixes with a subset of the predicates of Me?képmx to determine what is optional, what is obligatory and what is blocked. I link this to an analysis of argument structure of predicates and subsequently create a classification of predicate types. I present an overview of the intransitive and transitive morphology of Meképmx in Chapter One. In Chapter Two I discuss current literature regarding the syntactic and semantic diagnostics of unaccusative and unergative verbs. I create a semantic classification of the set of roots, and discuss the behavior of roots with morpho-syntactic affixes to determine the diagnostic potential of the affixes. In Chapter Three I discuss the potential of an intransitive-transitive classification of roots. The data show that there is an unergative and unaccusative distinction in the language, specific aspectual morpho-syntactic diagnostics distinguish unaccusatives and causative and desiderative distinguish unergatives. The traditional analyses of Salish languages as having a majority of unaccusative roots and no underlying transitives is confirmed.

This dissertation has three main goals: 1. To provide an analysis of the syntax and semantics of Salish determiners and quantifiers. 2. To provide an account of differences in the determiner and quantification systems of Salish and English which reduces cross-linguistic variation to a minimum, in line with a restrictive theory of Universal Grammar. 3. To assess the theoretical consequences of the analysis of Salish, including implications for the range of possible cross-linguistic variation in determiner and quantification systems, and the nature of the relationship between syntactic structure and interpretation. I give evidence that one common method of expressing quantificational notions in English is absent in Salish. While English readily allows quantifiers to occupy the syntactic position of the determiner (as in every woman, most women), Salish languages do not allow such constructions (see also Jelinek 1995). I propose that Salish and English exemplify opposite settings of a Common Ground Parameter, which states that Salish determiners may not access the common ground of the discourse. This parameter accounts not only for the absence of quantificational determiners in Salish (since quantifiers presuppose existence, and therefore access the common ground), it also derives several other differences between Salish and English determiners, such as the absence of a definiteness distinction in Salish. I further demonstrate that Salish possesses a robust system of DP-internal quantification, and that quantificational DPs in Salish function as generalized quantifiers at logical form. This means that the strong hypothesis that languages do not differ with respect to the presence or absence of generalized quantifiers is upheld (cf. Barwise and Cooper 1981). Simple DPs in Salish, unlike in English, do not function as generalized quantifiers. This result follows from the Common Ground Parameter. I give further evidence from St'at'imcets (Lillooet Salish) on the strong/weak quantifier distinction; I argue that the interpretation of weak quantifiers is derivable directly from the overt syntactic position of the quantifier.

The goal of this thesis is to present an analysis of verbal plurality and adverbial quantification in Skwxwu7mesh (Squamish Salish). This thesis provides a detailed analysis of a phenomenon in Skwxwu7mesh that has never been explored: the effect of the auxiliary wa on predicates from various aspectual classes in both non-quantified and quantified sentences, wa has been described as a morpheme referring to a process that has duration either in the form of a single act or the regular performance of it (Kuipers 1967). Two central questions will be addressed in this thesis. Firstly, what is the function of the auxiliary wa in Skwxwu7mesh?. In other words, why is wa obligatorily present for certain interpretations of predicates and obligatorily absent for others; furthermore, what does wa do to a predicate to yield the various readings? Secondly, why is wa obligatory with adverbs of quantification? To answer these questions, this thesis proposes that wa is a pluractional marker that pluralizes the head of a predicate's event structure or the event type denoted by the predicate. Assuming Pustejovsky's (1991, 1995) event structure model representing the distinction between three primitive event types (states, processes, transitions), four aspectual classes are analyzed (activities , accomplishments , achievements and states) in both English and Skwxwu7mesh. This thesis argues that Skwxwu7mesh provides crucial evidence that all bare predicates (that is, predicates without wa) are telic, with the exception of individual-level predicates, wa causes a predicate to be atelic via pluralization; this atelicity is marked by continuous and/or habitual readings for the predicates of the various classes. As a consequence of these claims, this analysis suggests that activities and stage-level states are not primitives universally. This thesis argues that Kratzer's (1995) analysis of adverbs of quantification as unselective binders cannot account for Skwxwu7mesh; thus, adopting De Swart's (1993, 1995) event based approach to analyzing adverbial quantification, this thesis claims that Skwxwu7mesh provides crucial evidence that Q-adverbs quantify over events only. The evidence derives from the fact that the pluractional marker wa is obligatory with both stage-level stative predicates and individual-level predicates when they combine with a Q-adverb. The analysis presented in this thesis claims that wa is the source of the plurality of events over which a Q-adverb quantifies.

This thesis is a comparison of the glottalized resonants in Sancaean and St'at'imcets, two Salish languages. The Licensing by Cue hypothesis as proposed by Steriade (1997) accounts for the distribution of glottalized resonants based on their phonetic cues. The goal of this thesis is to apply the Licensing by Cue hypothesis to the glottalized resonants in Sancaean and St'at'imcets, and evaluate its success in accounting for these two languages. Sancaean is a North Straits, Coast Salish language which does not permit glottalized resonants word-initially. St'at'imcets is an Interior Salish language which allows glottalized resonants word-initially but only in a particular morphological context. Licensing by Cue suggests that glottalized resonants do not occur word initially because of a lack of a supportive context for cues. The distribution of resonants glottalized as a part of a morphological process, namely the actual in Sancaean and the inchoative in St'at'imcets, should also be governed by the same phonetic factors. This thesis first examines the glottal timing of glottalized resonants in both languages. Preliminary phonetic evidence is given for glottalized resonants in Sancaean, which confirm that glottalization is attracted to stress. In contrast, in St'at'imcets, it is perceived that glottalization is repulsed by stress. Modifications are proposed, which enable the hypothesis to account for the timing of glottal events. It is argued, however, that even after such modification, the Licensing by Cue hypothesis is not sufficient to account for the distribution of non-derived glottalized resonants. The same is shown to be true for derived glottalized resonants. The distribution of glottalized resonants is governed by the interaction of three levels of constraints: phonetic constraints, which determine glottal timing, and phonological and morphological constraints, which govern the distribution of glottalised resonants. Also briefly discussed in this thesis are issues related to the relationship between /ʡ/ and glottalized resonant, whether [cg] or [creak] should be used to characterise glottalised resonants, and the Proto-Salish morpheme for the imperfective. Based on the research presented in this thesis, it is concluded that Sancaean and St'at'imcets glottalised resonants do not show strong support for a hypothesis which argues for a strong phonetic presence in phonology. While a cue-based approach can account for the phonetic timing of glottal events for glottalized resonants, segment distribution is determined by phonological and morphological constraints.

This thesis conducted the first acoustic analysis on Lekwungen (aka Songhees, Songish) (Central Salish). It studied the acoustic correlates of stress on vowels and the effects of consonantal coarticulatory effects on vowel quality. The goals of the thesis were to provide useful and usable materials and information to Lekwungen language revitalisation efforts and to provide an acoustic study of Lekwungen vowels to expand knowledge of Salishan languages and linguistics. Duration, mean pitch, and mean amplitude were measured on vowels in various stress environments. Findings showed that there is a three-way contrast between vowels in terms of duration and only a two-way contrast in terms of pitch and amplitude. F1, F2, and F3 were measured at vowel onset (5%), midpoint (50%), and offset (95%), as well as a mean (5%-95%), in CVC sequences for four vowels: /i/, /e/, /a/, and /ə/. Out of five places of articulation of consonants in Lekwungen (alveolar, palatal, labio-velar, uvular, glottal), uvular and glottal had the most persistent effects on F1, F2, and F3 of all vowels. Of the vowels, unstressed /ə/ was the most persistently affected by all consonants. Several effects on perception were also preliminarily documented, but future work is needed to see how persistence in acoustic effects is correlated with perception. This thesis provides information and useful tips to help learners and teachers in writing and perceiving Lekwungen and for learners learning Lekwungen pronunciation, as a part of language revitalisation efforts. It also contributes to the growing body of acoustic phonetic work on Salishan languages, especially on vowels.
Graduate
0290

Dr. Samuel Sam O.C. (February 19, 1925—December 18, 2007) was a traditionally trained orator of the Tsartlip Nation, located in the territory of WSÁNEĆ (Saanich), Vancouver Island. He spoke the two Central Coast Salish languages of SENĆOŦEN (dialect of Northern Straits, Coast Salish) and Hul’q’umi’num’ (dialect of Halkomelem, Coast Salish). In the summer of 2006, Dr. Sam and I began the work of documenting some of his knowledge of the mythology, history, and people that made up his community. This thesis presents two excerpts from these recordings. The first is a traditional WSÁNEĆ Flood Story in SENĆOŦEN that tells of the source of the name of the territory and its people. The second is an autobiographical tale told in Hul’q’umi’num’ that describes Dr. Sam’s life as a young man, working as a migrant farmer with his wife and children. While collaborating with Dr. Sam to translate and render his stories into text, it became clear that the loss of contextual information surrounding them would be a hindrance to their appreciation and even understanding. This thesis discusses the role of context as a background against which the texts can be viewed. This context includes information about Dr. Sam’s motivations for sharing his knowledge, historical information about him and his nation, description of the traditional role of oratory on the West Coast, and about the decisions made in the process of rendering the oral genre into text. Coast Salish oratory is a traditional medium for transmission of information, knowledge, and moral teaching. It is as well a beautiful and complex oral art form, rich with stylistic features. The constitutive device of the oratory appears to be that of parallelism, whereby couplet lines and themes are ordered into structures ranging from simple to complex. Dr. Sam’s oratory is rich with examples of many features and parallel structures which can be found in neighbouring Coast Salish texts.
Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to our understanding of how stress is assigned in SENCOTEN (a dialect of North Straits Salish). The stress system of the Salish languages has been traditionally thought of as being highly morpho-lexical. Montler (1986: 23) states that in SENCOTEN, roots and affixes are lexically specified for their stress properties. He claims that these roots and affixes are in a hierarchical relationship and compete with each other for stress assignment. However, in this thesis, I show that there is much less morpho-lexical stress in SENCOTEN than previously thought. The stress pattern of a high number of polymorphemic words, namely those that contain lexical suffixes, can be accounted for without resorting to a morphological hierarchy of stress. Instead, using an Optimality Theory analysis inspired by the work of Dyck (2004) and Kiyota (2003), I show that it is the weight distinction between full vowels and schwa that determines where stress will be assigned. In addition, I am able to show that metrical feet are grouped into trochees and that these trochaic feet are aligned to the right edge of the word.

The resultive and actual (imperfective) aspects in SENCOTEN, a dialect of North Straits Salish, have been previously considered to contain two separate actual and resultive morphemes (Montler 1986). In contrast, it is argued here that the SENOTEN resultive construction is a complex construction, built on an actual base by prefixation of stative [s-]. Both morphophonological evidence and morphosyntactic evidence for this claim are considered: resultives and actuals exhibit the same non-concatenative allomorphy, and they appear to be in complementary distribution with respect to argument structure. This thesis also considers the semantic aspectual properties of resultives, and suggests that the morphologically complex resultive is semantically compositional: it contains a [durative] feature contributed by the actual morpheme and a [static] feature contributed by the stative prefix.

This dissertation presents the first full grammatical description of unprompted (spontaneous) speech in pidgin Chinook Jargon [synonyms Chinúk Wawa, Chinook]. The data come from a dialect I term ‘Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’, used in southern interior British Columbia circa 1900. I also present the first historical study and structural analysis of the shorthand-based ‘Chinuk pipa’ alphabet in which Kamloops Chinúk Wawa was written, primarily by Salish people. This study is made possible by the discovery of several hundred such texts, which I have transliterated and analyzed. The Basic Linguistic Theory-inspired (cf. Dixon 2010a,b) framework used here interprets Kamloops Chinúk Wawa as surprisingly ramified in morphological and syntactic structure, a finding in line with recent studies reexamining the status of pidgins by Bakker (e.g. 2003a,b, forthcoming) among others. Among the major findings: an unusually successful pidgin literacy including a widely circulated newspaper Kamloops Wawa, and language planning by the missionary J.M.R. Le Jeune, O.M.I. He planned both for the use of Kamloops Chinúk Wawa and this alphabet, and for their replacement by English. Additional sociolinguistic factors determining how Chinuk pipa was written included Salish preferences for learning to write by whole-word units (rather than letter by letter), and toward informal intra-community teaching of this first group literacy. In addition to compounding and conversion of lexical roots, Kamloops Chinúk Wawa morphology exploited three types of preposed grammatical morphemes—affixes, clitics, and particles. Virtually all are homonymous with and grammaticalized from demonstrably lexical morphs. Newly identified categories include ‘out-of-control’ transitivity marking and discourse markers including ‘admirative’ and ‘inferred’. Contrary to previous claims about Chinook Jargon (cf. Vrzic 1999), no overt passive voice exists in Kamloops Chinúk Wawa (nor probably in pan-Chinook Jargon), but a previously unknown ‘passivization strategy’ of implied agent demotion is brought to light. A realis-irrealis modality distinction is reflected at several scopal levels: phrase, clause and sentence. Functional differences are observed between irrealis clauses before and after main clauses. Polar questions are restricted to subordinate clauses, while alternative questions are formed by simple juxtaposition of irrealis clauses. Main-clause interrogatives are limited to content-question forms, optionally with irrealis marking. Positive imperatives are normally signaled by a mood particle on a realis clause, negative ones by a negative particle. Aspect is marked in a three-part ingressive-imperfective-completive system, with a marginal fourth ‘conative’. One negative operator has characteristically clausal, and another phrasal, scope. One copula is newly attested. Degree marking is largely confined to ‘predicative’ adjectives (copula complements). Several novel features of pronoun usage possibly reflect Salish L1 grammatical habits: a consistent animacy distinction occurs in third-person pronouns, where pan-Chinook Jargon 'iaka' (animate singular) and 'klaska' (animate plural) contrast with a null inanimate object/patient; this null and 'iaka' are non-specified for number; in intransitives, double exponence (repetition) of pronominal subjects is common; and pan-Chinook Jargon 'klaksta' (originally ‘who?’) and 'klaska' (originally ‘they’) vary freely with each other. Certain etymologically content-question forms are used also as determiners. Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’s numeral system is unusually regular and small for a pidgin; numerals are also used ordinally in a distinctly Chinook Jargon type of personal name. There is a null allomorph of the preposition 'kopa'. This preposition has additionally a realis complementizer function (with nominalized predicates) distinct from irrealis 'pus' (with verbal ones). Conjunction 'pi' also has a function in a syntactic focus-increasing and -reducing system.
Graduate

This dissertation is an investigation of the stress system of Squamish (Skwxwú7mesh), one of ten languages that make up the Central division of the Northwest Coast branch of Salishan, a linguistic group indigenous to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Although other researchers have previously investigated aspects of stress in the language, this work provides the first integrated account of the Squamish stress system as a whole, couched in an Optimality Theoretic framework. The first two chapters are introductory, with Chapter 1 supplying a contextual background for the undertaking within linguistics, and especially within Salishan linguistices, while Chapter 2 provides a thorough grounding in the phonology and phonemics of Squamish in particular. Chapter 3 begins the formal analysis of stress in Squamish by examining the way stress surfaces in free root morphemes,which tend to stress penultimate syllables whenever they contain either a full vowel or a schwa followed by a resonant consonant. Given this outcome, Chapter 4 continues the investigation of basic stress patterns by looking more closely at the interactive roles of schwa, sonority, weight and the structure of syllables and feet in Squamish stress assignment. With the basic stress pattern established, the remaining chapters look at the outcome of stress in morphologically complex Squamish words. Thus, Chapter 5 is an analysis of stress in words involving prefixation, especially those resulting from CVC and CV prefixal reduplication, since non-reduplicative prefixes are unstressable; and Chapters 6 and 7 investigate the occurrence of stress in polymorphemic words resulting from the addition of lexical suffixes and grammatical suffixes, respectively. While stress in roots is generally predictable on the basis of phonological factors alone, that in polymorphemic words may also be influenced by morphological factors, as when a root or suffix has underlying lexical accent, and such factors then take precedence ofer phonological factors. In addition, prosodic domains play an important and interactive work.

A dissertação consiste num estudo sobre a integração da dimensão intercultural na aula de portuguesa língua não materna através do recurso ao azulejo português, sendo este uma manifestação artística identitária da cultura portuguesa. Começaremos por abordar a problemática das sociedades multiculturais e multilingues contemporâneas, como se constituem e quais os fatores que as condicionam e lhes estão subjacentes. Seguidamente, serão referidos os conceitos e paradigmas que regem, atualmente, o ensino as línguas estrangeiras. Serão abordados os conceitos de cultura e de interculturalidade e as suas respetivas relevâncias no ensino da língua não materna, língua segunda ou língua estrangeira, assim como a explicitação dos conceitos acima mencionados. Prosseguiremos o nosso estudo sobre a arte, explicitando os conceitos de obra artística, a sua importância e a sua adequação no contexto da lecionação da língua estrangeira. Seguidamente, abordaremos a Azulejaria Portuguesa, a sua evolução ao longo dos últimos cinco séculos e os fatores que determinaram que se tornasse uma marca identitária da mundividência portuguesa referindo as origens e as temáticas utilizadas na criação das referidas peças de cerâmica. Focaremos, de seguida, atividades possíveis de serem realizadas em contexto letivo, tomando em linha de conta um público multilingue e multicultural assim como os aspetos a serem considerados na sua preparação, planificação, desenvolvimento e avaliação. Nas considerações finais faremos o balanço de toda a informação recolhida e apresentada ao longo do trabalho, balanço que visa fundamentar e estruturar a hipótese inicialmente formulada na presente tese: confirmar ou infirmar a validade da inclusão da Azulejaria Portuguesa como ferramenta de trabalho apropriada para a aproximação de culturas, quebra de estereótipos e preconceitos. Em suma, pretende-se validar, ou não, a inclusão de peças de azulejaria como veículo de integração da dimensão intercultural no ensino de português como língua não materna, nas suas variantes de Língua de Herança ou Língua Estrangeira.
The dissertation consists in a study on the integration of the intercultural dimension in the Portuguese language class as foreign language through the use of Portuguese tiles, which is an artistic manifestation of the Portuguese culture. We will start by addressing the problem of contemporary multicultural and multilingual societies, how they are constituted and what factors influence them and underlie them. Next, the concepts and paradigms that currently rule foreign language teaching will be mentioned. The concepts of culture and interculturality and their respective relevance in the teaching of a non-mother tongue, second language or foreign language, as well as the explanation of the concepts mentioned above will be replicated. We will continue our study on Art, studying the concept of artistic work and its importance and adequacy in the context of foreign language teaching. Next, we will cover the Portuguese Tile, its evolution over the last centuries and the factors that determined that it became an identity mark of the Portuguese worldview, referring to the origins and the themes used in the creation of these ceramics. We will, then, focus on possible activities to be carried out in a school context, considering a multilingual and multi-cultural audience, as well as the aspects to be considered in their preparation, planning, development and evaluation. In the final considerations, we will consider all the information collected and presented throughout the work, a report that aims to base and structure the hypothesis formulated in the present thesis: to confirm or deny the validity of the inclusion of the Portuguese Tile as an appropriate working tool suitable for the approximation of cultures, banning of stereotypes and prejudices. In short, it is intended to validate, or not, the inclusion of tile pieces as the vehicle of integration of the intercultural dimension in the teaching of Portuguese Non-Mother Language both as Heritage Language or as Foreign Language.