Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SALR'
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Soleimani, Karizmeh Mohsen. "Investigation of Biologically-produced Solids in Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) Treatment Systems." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23494.
Full textWheater, Rhys. "Phase behaviour of colloidal fluids with competing attractive and repulsive effective potentials." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707567.
Full textGragg, Kathryn Elizabeth. "Preservation of microorganisms within halite fluid inclusions from the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
Find full textSilva, MoisÃs Batista da. "A terminologia do sal no RN: uma abordagem socioterminolÃgica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1915.
Full textCoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O presente trabalho traz um levantamento dos termos usados por indivÃduos que desenvolvem atividades relacionadas à IndÃstria do sal e tem como proposta a elaboraÃÃo de um glossÃrio dos termos desse domÃnio. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida nas localidades de MossorÃ, Areia Branca e Grossos, municÃpios que fazem parte da regiÃo salineira do Rio Grande do Norte. Portanto, o nosso objeto de estudo sÃo os termos da indÃstria e da cultura do sal, tanto na modalidade escrita, como tambÃm na modalidade oral, levando em consideraÃÃo a possibilidade da variaÃÃo terminolÃgica. O trabalho consta, primeiramente, do levantamento histÃrico e institucional da indÃstria do Sal, bem como de todo o processo de sua produÃÃo. Neste trabalho, sÃo apresentadas as diferentes ciÃncias do LÃxico e seus respectivos enfoques teÃricos, mas a Ãnfase maior à dada nas orientaÃÃes teÃrico-metodolÃgicas da Socioterminologia, pois esta à a abordagem adotada por nÃs neste trabalho. Depois, sÃo expostos os procedimentos metodolÃgicos para a realizaÃÃo da pesquisa socioterminolÃgica, procedimentos estes distribuÃdos em duas etapas que sÃo a metodologia da pesquisa de campo e a metodologia da organizaÃÃo do glossÃrio. Logo em seguida, vem o GlossÃrio da Terminologia do Sal (o GLOSSAL), composto de 325 termos organizados alfabeticamente, com um Ãndice remissivo sistemÃtico, distribuÃdo em quatro campos conceituais, a saber: fabricaÃÃo, beneficiamento, comercializaÃÃo e utilizaÃÃo e consumo. O levantamento desse corpus se justifica, pelo que conhecemos, principalmente, pela ausÃncia de trabalhos escritos de organizaÃÃo e sistematizaÃÃo de glossÃrios tÃcnico-especializados sobre a Ãrea em foco, nos municÃpios pesquisados. AlÃm disso, esta obra se justifica tambÃm por possibilitar a divulgaÃÃo de um produto terminogrÃfico destinado, nÃo sà aos especialistas da Ãrea em questÃo e aos das CiÃncias do LÃxico e pesquisadores afins, como tambÃm ao grande pÃblico e aos interessados em aprofundar seus estudos na terminologia do sal.
The research hereafter presents a study on words used by individuals that work with activities related to salt industry and has the proposal of elaborating a glossary on the terms in that domain. The investigation has been developed in locations such as MossorÃ, Areia Branca and Grossos, cities that make part of Rio Grande do Norte salty region. Our work aims at studying industry terms and salty culture, in written and oral modality, considering the possibility of terminological variation. The work consists, primarily, of a salty industry historical institutional investigation as well as of the entire production process. In this work, different lexical sciences are introduced and their respective theoretical approaches, but the main emphasis is put on Socioterminology theory and its methodological guidelines, considering its importance for this research. After that, the methodological procedures for the socioterminological research are exposed and distributed in two phases: field research and glossary organizational methodology. In sequence, the Glossary of Salty Terminology (GLOSSAL) is presented, composed of 325 terms alphabetically organized, with a systematical remissive index, distributed in four conceptual fields: manufacturing, beneficiatement, trading, utilization and consumption. This corpus investigation is justified by the absence of written works organized and systemized in the salty technological area in the specified cities. This work also contributes to provide the divulgation of a terminographical product destined, not only to specialists in the area and to Lexical Science researchers, but to the public interested in improving their knowledge in salty terminology.
Aragão, Mário Dias. "Cereais de pequeno-almoço: estratégias de redução do teor em sal nestes produtos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4830.
Full textO cloreto de sódio, vulgarmente designado como sal, é um condimento utilizado há cerca de dez mil anos, na conservação de alimentos. Atualmente, o consumo de sal pelas sociedades ocidentalizadas é elevado, porque este composto passou a ser usado para melhorar o sabor dos alimentos. Dessa forma a população é exposta a quantidades elevadas de cloreto de sódio logo após os primeiros meses de vida, quando inicia uma dieta sólida, sendo que este padrão de consumo se mantém, em regra, ao longo da vida do indivíduo. Apesar dos esforços da comunidade científica em alertar para a relação entre o excessivo consumo de sal, a hipertensão e certas doenças crónicas, ainda não há uma alteração satisfatória nas mudanças comportamentais, governamentais e na indústria alimentar na redução de sal nos alimentos processados. Como forma de prevenção primária a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda que a ingestão diária de sal seja inferior a 5 g/dia para a população em geral e 1 a 3 g/dia para hipertensos. Dados recentes apontam o pão e os cereais como responsáveis por 18% da ingestão de sal diária. O conteúdo em sal nestes produtos resulta da adição do mesmo durante a sua preparação, pelo que a redução da sua quantidade é possível e pode contribuir para uma considerável diminuição do consumo diário de sal sem grande alteração no regime alimentar. Nesse sentido, as autoridades responsáveis, têm adotado medidas no sentido de os fabricantes implementarem programas específicos de redução de sal nos seus produtos. No caso concreto dos cereais de pequeno-almoço, produtos de consumo frequente por todas as faixas etárias, com especial incidência nas crianças, essas estratégias passam pela redução programada e progressiva de sal nos produtos já comercializados e pelo lançamento de novas formulações com um baixo teor em sal. Como meta para 2017 a Food Standards Agency estabeleceu um valor médio alvo de 0,59 g sal /100 g cereal e um valor máximo de 1,0 g de sal /100 g cereal. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a contribuição do consumo de cereais de pequeno almoço para a ingestão diária de sal e efetuar uma análise dos programas/diretrizes referentes à sua redução nestes produtos. Será efetuada uma recolha bibliográfica que permita elaborar uma revisão crítica da literatura publicada sobre as evidências e as controvérsias em torno deste assunto. Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt, is a spice used for about ten thousand years in food preservation. Currently, salt intake by westernized societies is high because salt is commonly used to enhance food flavour. Therefore, population is exposed to high amounts of sodium chloride soon after the first months of life, when initiating a solid diet and this consumption pattern is usually maintained throughout life. Despite the efforts of the scientific community to advertise between the relationship of an excessive salt intake and hypertension as well as several other chronic diseases, there are still no significant changes in population behaviour, in legislation applied to processed foods and in food industry commitments to reduce salt content in food. As a primary prevention measurement the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that daily intake of salt must be lower than 5 g/day for the general population and 1-3 g/day for hypertension patients. Recent data suggests that bread and cereals are responsible for 18% of the daily salt intake. The salt content in these products is due entirely to salt added during preparation. Reducing salt level is therefore possible and can contribute to a considerable decrease of salt intake without significant changes on dietary habits. To achieve this goal, regulatory authorities have adopted measures to ensure that manufacturers implement specific programs to reduce salt in their products. Regarding breakfast cereals, products eaten by consumers of all age groups with special focus on children, these salt reduction strategies include a stepwise planned and gradual decrease of salt in products already in the market and the development of new products with a low salt content. As a target for 2017 the Food Standards Agency has set an average target 0.59 g of salt / 100 g of product, and a maximum value of 1.0 g salt / 100 g cereal. The objective of this study is to assess the contribution of the consumption of breakfast cereals to the daily intake of salt and make an analysis of the programs / guidelines for salt reduction in these products. A literature collection was made to develop a critical review of published literature based on the evidence and the controversies surrounding this issue.
Sakr, Haïtham Braconnier Stéphane. "Les droits et libertés du fonctionnaire dans les jurisprudences du Conseil d'État libanais et du Conseil d'État français." [Poitiers] : [I-médias], 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Sakr-Haitham/2008-Sakr-Haitham-These.pdf.
Full textSakr, Haïtham. "Les droits et libertés du fonctionnaire dans les jurisprudences du Conseil d'État libanais et du Conseil d'État français." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Sakr-Haitham/2008-Sakr-Haitham-These.pdf.
Full textThe public servant is one of the major protagonists of the administrative activity. When the public servant is the subject of a case study, he is usually seen as one of the Public Function's elements. If the Administration well or badly work, if it shows signs of strength or weakness, it only means that, behind the anonymous and cold façade of the administrative building, there are agents who take action, handle the administration and make decisions. For decades, public servants won their dignity and gained their freedom through both their individual and collective behaviors, while maintaining the sense of public interest. Moreover, public servants, as other agents or community members, have rights and freedoms protected by the judge. This thesis which is a comparative study of jurisprudences of French Council of State and the Lebanese Council of State, it's about public servant's rights and freedoms when carrying out his administrative activity as well as behaving as citizens. This thesis' aim is to know what ways and means both Councils of State use to succeed in acquiring and reinforcing the public servant’s rights and freedoms
Quinteros-Reyes, C., T. Marcionelli-Sandhaus, and Percy Mayta-Tristan. "Traducción, adaptación cultural y validación del Salt Knowledge Questionnaire al idioma español." Elsevier España, S.L.U, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622415.
Full textAbstract INTRODUCTION: In order to reduce salt consumption in Spanish speaking countries it is necessary to know the level of salt knowledge in the population. However, there are no tools in Spanish to measure salt knowledge, but the only valid tool of measurement is the 'Salt Knowledge Questionnaire' (SKQ) developed in Australia, in English. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A validation study was conducted in three phases: (Phase1) Translation of the original Australian version into Spanish; (Phase2) Cultural adaptation based on a Spanish-speaking population such as Peru and following criteria used in the development of the original questionnaire which was evaluated by a panel of experts; (Phase3) Construct validity by comparing the scores of three groups (experts, medical students and non-experts) and reliability by performing a test retest. RESULTS: The translation of the SKQ into Spanish maintained a semantic equivalence with the original questionnaire and a panel of experts accepted the cultural adaptation. The SKQ enables discrimination between those who know and those who do not because differences of scores were found between the group of experts, students and non-experts (P<.001). A good overall internal consistency of the instrument was found (KR20=0.69) and a good overall intraclass correlation (0.79) and no test variations in test-retest (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SKQ questionnaire in Spanish is valid, reliable and is a suitable first tool to measure knowledge about salt in the Spanish language. It is considered possible to adapt it culturally to the Spanish-speaking country that wishes to use it.
Revisión por pares
Silva, Moisés Batista da. "A terminologia do sal no RN: uma abordagem socioterminológica." http://www.teses.ufc.br, 2007. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/5903.
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The research hereafter presents a study on words used by individuals that work with activities related to salt industry and has the proposal of elaborating a glossary on the terms in that domain. The investigation has been developed in locations such as Mossoró, Areia Branca and Grossos, cities that make part of Rio Grande do Norte salty region. Our work aims at studying industry terms and salty culture, in written and oral modality, considering the possibility of terminological variation. The work consists, primarily, of a salty industry historical institutional investigation as well as of the entire production process. In this work, different lexical sciences are introduced and their respective theoretical approaches, but the main emphasis is put on Socioterminology theory and its methodological guidelines, considering its importance for this research. After that, the methodological procedures for the socioterminological research are exposed and distributed in two phases: field research and glossary organizational methodology. In sequence, the Glossary of Salty Terminology (GLOSSAL) is presented, composed of 325 terms alphabetically organized, with a systematical remissive index, distributed in four conceptual fields: manufacturing, beneficiatement, trading, utilization and consumption. This corpus investigation is justified by the absence of written works organized and systemized in the salty technological area in the specified cities. This work also contributes to provide the divulgation of a terminographical product destined, not only to specialists in the area and to Lexical Science researchers, but to the public interested in improving their knowledge in salty terminology
O presente trabalho traz um levantamento dos termos usados por indivíduos que desenvolvem atividades relacionadas à Indústria do sal e tem como proposta a elaboração de um glossário dos termos desse domínio. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida nas localidades de Mossoró, Areia Branca e Grossos, municípios que fazem parte da região salineira do Rio Grande do Norte. Portanto, o nosso objeto de estudo são os termos da indústria e da cultura do sal, tanto na modalidade escrita, como também na modalidade oral, levando em consideração a possibilidade da variação terminológica. O trabalho consta, primeiramente, do levantamento histórico e institucional da indústria do Sal, bem como de todo o processo de sua produção. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as diferentes ciências do Léxico e seus respectivos enfoques teóricos, mas a ênfase maior é dada nas orientações teórico-metodológicas da Socioterminologia, pois esta é a abordagem adotada por nós neste trabalho. Depois, são expostos os procedimentos metodológicos para a realização da pesquisa socioterminológica, procedimentos estes distribuídos em duas etapas que são a metodologia da pesquisa de campo e a metodologia da organização do glossário. Logo em seguida, vem o Glossário da Terminologia do Sal (o GLOSSAL), composto de 325 termos organizados alfabeticamente, com um índice remissivo sistemático, distribuído em quatro campos conceituais, a saber: fabricação, beneficiamento, comercialização e utilização e consumo. O levantamento desse corpus se justifica, pelo que conhecemos, principalmente, pela ausência de trabalhos escritos de organização e sistematização de glossários técnico-especializados sobre a área em foco, nos municípios pesquisados. Além disso, esta obra se justifica também por possibilitar a divulgação de um produto terminográfico destinado, não só aos especialistas da área em questão e aos das Ciências do Léxico e pesquisadores afins, como também ao grande público e aos interessados em aprofundar seus estudos na terminologia do sal
van, Beijma Sybrand Jucke. "Remote sensing-based mapping and modelling of salt marsh habitats based on optical, LiDAR and SAR data." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32455.
Full textCosta, Corredor Anna. "Modificacions en la dinàmica de processat i en les característiques finals de productes carnis amb contingut reduït de sodi." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32066.
Full textAl llarg dels darrers anys, diversos estudis han evidenciat una correlació entre el consum de sal/sodi i la hipertensió arterial, i conseqüent risc de mortalitat degut a malalties vasculars. Diversos països membres de la UE i l’OMS recomanen reduir el consum de sal a 5 grams diaris. La sal és un ingredient essencial en el processat de productes carnis. Una reducció de la quantitat afegida provoca una disminució de la qualitat. Com a estratègia per a no minvar-la, es planteja la reducció de la sal afegida i l’addició de lactat potàssic, fins a un 30% de substitució molar de la quantitat de sal estàndard (30 g/kg); quelcom que pot modificar els paràmetres de procés. El coneixement dels efectes facilitaria l’optimització del processat. En productes carnis crus-curats amb contingut reduït de sal, es conclou que l’estratègia plantejada redueix tant el temps requerit pel processat com el risc d’aparició de textures anòmales; incrementa la seguretat del producte acabat i no modifica els atributs visuals.
Pavan, Gisele Luiza. "Efeito do íon metálico, do sistema tamponante e do sal (NaCl) na adsorção de IgG humana em fibras ocas derivatizadas com CM-Asp." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266842.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Imunoglobulinas são anticorpos secretados por células imunitárias em resposta a introdução de um antígeno. A imunoglobulina G (IgG) de origem humana, com alto grau de pureza, tem sido empregada como prescrição terapêutica para inúmeros casos de doenças malignas, infecciosas, auto-imunes e inflamatórias. Normalmente, a IgG é purificada através da precipitação com etanol seguida de cromatografia de afinidade com proteína A ou G imobilizada, no entanto, por apresentar alto custo, se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas de afinidade alternativas. Membranas, nas quais podem ser imobilizados os ligantes de afinidade, tornam-se uma alternativa aos géis tradicionais apresentando maior capacidade hidrodinâmica. Neste contexto, estudou-se o efeito da remoção do sal em diferentes sistemas tamponantes na purificação de IgG a partir do soro humano por cromatografia de afinidade com íons imobilizados (IMAC), para o módulo de membranas de fibras ocas de PEVA-CM-Asp- Me2+, para os íons metálicos níquel e cobalto. De acordo com eletroforeses SDS-PAGE e análises de nefelometria das frações dos picos de proteína obtidos, a melhor condição utilizada para a purificação de IgG para os adsorventes PEVA-CM-Asp-Ni2+ e PEVA-CM-Asp-Co2+, foi em presença do sistema tamponante fosfato de sódio 25 mmol L-1 e imidazol 2 mmol L-1 a pH 7,0 utilizando o aumento da concentração de imidazol como estratégia de eluição, alcançando pureza superior a 93% para ambos íons metálicos. Determinada a melhor condição de purificação, por meio das isotermas de adsorção, foi determinada a capacidade máxima de adsorção e a constante de dissociação dos complexos CM-Asp-Ni2+-IgG e CM-Asp-Co2+-IgG que, de acordo com o ajuste dos parâmetros pelo modelo de Langmuir e Langmuir-Freundlich, demonstraram boa capacidade de adsorção e constantes de dissociação características de sistemas utilizando ligantes pseudobioespecíficos. Para as filtrações em módulo de fibras ocas, construído em nosso laboratório, determinaram-se as curvas de ruptura, sendo que os resultados obtidos para as membranas finamente cortadas foram melhores que os obtidos para os de filtração em módulo de fibras ocas
Abstract: Immunoglobulins are secreted by immune cells in response to the introduction of an antigen. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) obtained from human sources with high purity has been used as therapeutic prescription for many cases of malicious, infectious, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Typically, IgG is purified by precipitation with ethanol followed by affinity chromatography with immobilized protein A or G, however, due to its high cost, it is necessary to develop alternative techniques based on affinity. Affinity membranes, which may be immobilized on the affinity ligands, show a higher hydrodynamic capacity than typical gels. In this context, the effect of salt was studied in different buffer systems in the purification of IgG from human serum by Immobilized Metal-ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) for the module PEVA-CM-Asp-Me2+ using ions Ni2+ and Co2+. According to SDS-PAGE and nephelometric analysis fractions of protein peaks obtained, the best condition used for purification of IgG to the adsorbents PEVA-CM-Asp-Ni2+ and PEVA-CM-Asp-Co2+ was in the presence of sodium phosphate buffer system 25 mmol L-1 and 2 mmol L-1 imidazole at pH 7.0 using increasing concentration of imidazole as elution strategy, achieving a purity higher than 93% for both metal ions. The maximum adsorption capacity and dissociation constant of complexes CM-Asp-Ni2+-IgG and CM-Asp-Co2+-IgG by adsorption isotherms were determined on the best condition of purification and the adjustment of parameters by the Langmuir and Langmuir-Freundlich models, it demonstrated good adsorption capacity and dissociation constants characteristics of systems using pseudobioespecific ligands. For filtration in hollow fiber module, constructed in our laboratory, breakthrough curves were determined; also for the best condition of purification, and the results for finely chopped membranes were better than those obtained for the filtration module and hollow fibers
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Rodrigues, Larissa Araujo. "Cenários Econômico-Financeiros da Produção em Campos do Pré-Sal sob Distintos Regimes Regulatórios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-13022017-100551/.
Full textThis research brings an analysis of the economic and financial results that can be expected with the oil production in the pre-salt area in Brazil. The analysis is based in a simulation model called CAMPOS developed within the research framework. Initially, the model simulates the oil production that can be expected in each of the oil fields and from this calculates the revenues that can be expected by different stakeholders (companies and public authorities) under different scenarios for oil prices, investments and regulatory regimes. With respect to regulatory regimes, revenues are simulated both for those currently in force in the country (concession, production sharing and onerous transfer of rights), and for other regulatory forms such as the service regimes. One of the outcomes is the break-even prices for each oil field and for each regulatory regime, indicating the minimum oil price that makes the production viable from the financial perspective. This research also brings all the government takes that can be expected, as well as an estimate of financial resources that may go to health and education sectors as a result of the collection of royalties. In general, the production sharing regime hasnt proved to be the one bringing more revenues to the government, considering the premisses with which it was simulated in this work, that is, based on the rules defined for the Libra field. This seems contradictory, since the production sharing regime was introduced in the country in 2010 in a context of national debate about the possibilities of increasing the government takes coming from oil production in pre-salt areas. The regime that has shown to bring more revenues to the government is the service regime, by which the State is an investor and holds the reserves and oil properties. However, this regime does not apply in the country considering the current legislation in force. Therefore, measures that approximate the production sharing regime currently in force to the rules of the designed service regime, considering the possibilities of the legislation, tend to increase the value of government takes. Considering the premises adopted in the simulations, following the service regime the one showing the largest government take is the concessions scheme. In this case the amount collected in the form of special participations and royalties usually exceeds the amount collected in the production sharing regime in the form of government share in the oil production and royalties. Only in fields with large reserves and when the oil price is high, government takes in the production sharing regime exceeds those of the concessions regime. It follows that in order for the production sharing regime to bring more revenues to the public interest, there must be mechanisms to ensure that the government share in the oil produced is higher than that stablished in the case of the Libra field.
Almeida, André Silva. "Uma análise dos leilões de partilha de produção do pré-sal através de simulação computacional." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11369.
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This work considers the application of computer simulation as a method of deepening the study of mechanisms for auctions applied in the allocation of oil exploitation rights in the pre-salt layer. The pre-salt layer is located in the Brazilian coast and presents a large potential in terms of barrel of oil equivalent. Based on an experimental data, the bid function was estimated as an exponential function and applied at the participants created computationally. Considering all features and parameters of the experiments, the simulation allows to reproduce the auction model without incurring implementation costs on new auction sessions with real participants. The auction models studied were the rst-price sealed-bid auction and the second-price sealed-bid auction. The results show that the rst-price sealed-bid auctions are less risky than the second-price sealed-bid auctions; the Revenue Equivalence Principle is valid on symmetric auctions; asymmetric auctions present lower e ciency compared to the rst-price auction; the second-price auction presents a tra- deo between e ciency and government revenue; and considering participant learning, were not observed signi cant changes on the statistics analyzed as the participants become more experienced.
O presente trabalho consiste na aplicação da simulação computacional como método de aprofundamento do estudo de mecanismos de leilões aplicados na alocação do direito de exploração das reservas de petróleo da camada do pré-sal. A camada do pré-sal está localizada na costa brasileira e apresenta um grande potencial em termos de reserva de óleo e gás. A função lance aplicada para os participantes criados computacionalmente foi estimada com base em dados experimentais e segue uma função exponencial. A simulação possibilita reproduzir o modelo de leilão considerando todas as características e parâmetros dos experimentos sem incorrer no custo da realização de novas sessões de leilão com participantes reais. Os leilões estudados foram o leilão de valores privados de 1° preço e o leilão de valores privados de 2° preço. Através dos resultados obtidos identificou-se que o leilão de valores privados de 1° preço é menos arriscado que o leilão de valores privados de 2° preço; no leilão com simetria, o Princípio de Equivalência de Receita é válido; a eficiência observada é menor em leilões assimétricos; o leilão de 2° preço comparado com o de 1° preço apresenta um tradeoff entre a eficiência e a receita do governo; e que considerando o aprendizado dos participantes, não se observam alterações significativas nas estatísticas analisadas à medida que os participantes se tornam mais experientes.
Dalla, Costa Luiz Alencar. "A indústria do petróleo - disputa por territórios cada vez mais profundos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144290.
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A energia é hoje um fator central e estratégica na vida da humanidade, e ganha ainda mais centralidade neste momento de crise econômica. Das atuais fontes utilizadas, todas colocadas sempre em questão por problemas sociais, ambientais ou econômicos que geram, porém sempre defendidas pelos que querem retomar as taxas de acumulação do capital, o petróleo é uma das principais. No mundo sem dúvida o petróleo é hoje uma fonte de energia muito importante e intensamente disputada. As últimas invasões mundiais e massacre contra os povos, patrocinadas principalmente pelos Estados Unidos da América visam o controle das fontes de petróleo, em especial no Oriente Médio. No Brasil a exploração deste mineral inicia junto com uma grande luta de nosso povo afirmando que “O petróleo é nosso”, com a criação de uma importante empresa a Petrobras e do monopólio estatal. A partir dos anos 90, período neoliberal, esta configuração legal foi alterada abrindo-se a possibilidade de exploração por empresas privadas, que passam a serem donas do petróleo que conseguirem extrair em território brasileiro. A ascensão de um governo de composição neodesenvolvimentista, a partir de 2002, a descoberta do Pré-sal em 2006, traz à tona o debate sobre o destino desta importante riqueza, criando as condições para a aprovação de um novo marco legal para o pré-sal. A partir de 2006 percebe-se um grande movimento desta indústria, e em especial da Petrobras, que consolida o Brasil como país em boas condições para o seu desenvolvimento. Neste estudo investigamos, na atualidade, esta poderosa indústria do petróleo, as grandes disputas sob o ponto de vista da luta de classes, e indicamos territórios onde, em tendência, podem se aprofundar as disputas no próximo período, compreendendo a dinâmica destas disputas como parte de uma luta constante.
Energy is today a main strategic factor in human life, which within this moment of economic crisis turns even more central. From the energy sources used today – which is debated due its generation of social, environmental or economic problems – but, which is always defended by those who are willing to retake its rate of capital accumulation – which for petrol is one of the main source for it. Petrol is today, without doubt, one of the most important source of energy in the world which is highly disputed. The recent world invasions and massacres against the people sponsored manly by United States of America targets the control over the petrol sources, especially those in the Middle East. In Brazil the exploitation of this mineral starts with a big struggle “The oil is ours”, with the creation of an important company, Petrobras and of state monopoly. During the nineties, period of neoliberalism, this legal configuration has changed and opened for the open exploitation of private companies. This meant that the companies that exploited the oil were owners of the reserves. With the change to a “neo-developmental” government in 2002 and the discovery of Petrobras of new petrol reserves, called “pre-salt” in 2006, generated the debate on the destination of this important wealth, creating conditions for the approval of a new legal framework for the exploitation of the pre-salt. From 2006 we can see a big move in the industry, especially in Petrobras, which consolidates in Brazil a good condition for the development of this industry. In this study we investigate, today, this powerful oil industry, the major disputes from the point of view of the class struggle, and indicate areas where there is a tendency to deepen disputes in the coming period, understanding the dynamics of these disputes as a constant struggle.
Cunha, Clarissa Reschke da. "Papel da gordura e do sal emulsificante em analogos de requeijão cremoso." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255794.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Embora reconhecidamente fundamentais para a fabricação de queijos fundidos, os fenômenos de peptização e emulsificação ainda não estão plenamente entendidos, principalmente devido ao grande número de fatores envolvidos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de gordura (butter oil, gordura vegetal hidrogenada e óleo vegetal) e de sal emulsificante (citrato de sódio, hexametafosfato de sódio, tripolifosfato de sódio e pirofosfato tetrassódico) sobre as características reológicas e funcionais e sobre a aceitação sensorial de análogos de requeijão cremoso. Além disso, o estudo buscou compreender como esses fatores influenciaram os mecanismos de peptização e emulsificação. A fabricação dos queijos a partir de ingredientes anidros permitiu tratar os análogos como sistemas modelo, onde as variáveis foram limitadas e bem conhecidas. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: 1) caracterização dos requeijões cremosos e análogos comerciais quanto à composição química, microestrutura, propriedades reológicas e funcionais e aceitação sensorial; 2) avaliação do papel dos diferentes sais emulsificantes em análogos de requeijão cremoso; 3) avaliação do papel dos diferentes tipos de gordura em análogos de requeijão cremoso. De modo geral, os análogos comerciais apresentaram menores teores de gordura e caseína e maiores teores de umidade que os requeijões, o que se refletiu em produtos mais macios e com menores valores para os módulos elástico e viscoso. O uso de hidrocolóides resultou em menor derretimento e em um comportamento viscoelástico diferente do apresentado pelo produto tradicional. Os análogos comerciais apresentaram características bastante diferentes das de um requeijão cremoso tradicional, resultando em menor aceitação sensorial. Em relação à segunda etapa experimental, o tipo de sal emulsificante influenciou os mecanismos de peptização e emulsificação, o que resultou em diferenças nas propriedades reológicas e funcionais. O hexametafosfato foi o sal mais eficiente em promover a emulsificação da gordura e o que apresentou a menor porcentagem de cálcio solúvel/ cálcio total e o menor grau de dissociação da caseína. Como conseqüência, o análogo fabricado com hexametafosfato foi o que mais se diferenciou dos demais, apresentando menor derretimento, cor mais branca e maior firmeza. Entre os outros sais testados, o tripolifosfato foi o que apresentou o maior poder de seqüestrar o cálcio, resultando num produto mais macio e com maior aceitação sensorial. Em relação à terceira etapa experimental, a substituição da gordura láctea por gordura vegetal ou óleo de soja não influenciou o mecanismo de peptização, mas resultou em um maior grau de emulsificação da gordura, o que promoveu modificações significativas no produto final. Os análogos fabricados com gordura vegetal e óleo de soja apresentaram maiores valores para os módulos elástico e viscoso, menor derretimento e maior firmeza, enquanto o requeijão fabricado com butter oil foi o que teve a maior aceitação sensorial, graças à textura e, principalmente, ao sabor
Abstract: Although admittedly fundamental for the manufacture of processed cheeses, the mechanisms of peptization and emulsification are not yet totally understood, due mainly to the great number of factors involved. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different types of fat (butter oil, hydrogenated vegetable fat and vegetable oil) and emulsifying salts (sodium citrate, sodium hexametaphosphate, pentassodium tripolyphosphate and tetrassodium pyrophosphate) on rheological and functional characteristics and on the sensory acceptance of 'requeijão cremoso¿ cheese analogues. The study also searched for a better understanding on how these factors influenced the mechanisms of peptization and emulsification. The manufacture of cheeses from anhydrous ingredients allowed for the analogues to be treated as model systems, were variables were limited and well known. The work was divided into three steps: 1) characterization of commercial 'requeijão cremoso¿ cheeses and requeijão cremoso¿ cheese analogues with respect to chemical composition, microstructure, rheological and functional properties and sensory acceptance; 2) evaluation of the role of the different emulsifying salts on 'requeijão cremoso¿ cheese analogues; 3) evaluation of the role of the different types of fat on 'requeijão cremoso¿ cheese analogues. In general, the commercial analogues presented lower levels of fat and casein and higher levels of moisture than 'requeijão cremoso¿ cheeses, which resulted in products which were softer and presented lower values for the elastic and viscous moduli. The use of hydrocolloids resulted in lower melting and in a viscoelastic behaviour that was different from that presented by the traditional product. Commercial analogues had characteristics very different from those of a traditional 'requeijão cremoso¿ cheese, resulting in lower sensory acceptance. With respect do the second experimental step, the type of emulsifying salt influenced both the mechanisms of peptization and emulsification, which resulted in differences in the rheological and functional properties. Hexametaphosphate was the most efficient salt in promoting fat emulsification, and the one that presented the lowest percentage of soluble calcium to total calcium and the lowest degree of casein dissociation. As a consequence, the analogue made with hexametaphosphate was the one that most differentiated from the others, presenting lower melting, whiter colour and higher firmness. Among the other salts testes, tripolyphosphate was the one that presented the highest calcium sequestring ability, resulting in a product softer and with higher sensory acceptance. With respect do the third experimental step, the substitution of milk fat for vegetable fat or soybean oil did not influenced the mechanism of peptization, but resulted in a higher degree of fat emulsification, which promoted significant modifications in the final product. The analogues made with vegetable fat or soybean oil presented higher values for the elastic and viscous moduli, lower melting and higher firmness, while the analogue made with butter oil had the better sensory acceptance, which was due to its texture and, mainly, to its flavour
Doutorado
Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
Nogueira, Amanda de Cássia 1986. "Utilização de massa ácida desidratada para redução de sódio em pão tipo francês." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256007.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A necessidade de redução de sódio em produtos de panificação já é uma realidade imposta por agências regulatórias, o que torna imprescindível a busca de alternativas para este fim. A importância reológica, tecnológica e sensorial que o cloreto de sódio (NaCl) exerce sobre a massa e/ou produto final faz disso um desafio. A massa ácida desidratada (MAD) é uma alternativa natural e promissora, uma vez que além de intensificar o sabor salgado, pode melhorar as características de qualidade com base na acidificação. Assim, este estudo avaliou a utilização da MAD para redução de sódio em pão tipo francês, através de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), por meio da adição de NaCl (0 a 2,5 g/100 g) e de MAD (0 a 10 g/100 g) à farinha de trigo para avaliação dos parâmetros farinográficos e extensográficos e das propriedades de pasta das massas e, às formulações (base farinha) para avaliar parâmetros de processo (tempo de batimento em alta velocidade, tempo de fermentação e salto de forno) e tecnológicos dos pães (volume específico, textura, formato, altura e abertura da pestana e parâmetros de cor). Um segundo delineamento foi realizado (sem os pontos axiais) para avaliar os pães sensorialmente, através do teste de aceitação e de intenção de compra. Os resultados das análises reológicas das massas mostraram que o NaCl diminuiu a absorção de água e o ITM, enquanto a MAD causou um aumento nestes parâmetros. Já o tempo de desenvolvimento da massa e a estabilidade foram aumentados pela adição de NaCl e diminuídos pela MAD. Ambas as variáveis provocaram um incremento na resistência da massa à extensão e no parâmetro D. Entretanto, a MAD diminuiu a extensibilidade, enquanto a área sofreu efeito positivo do NaCl e negativo da MAD. Nas propriedades de pasta, o NaCl aumentou a viscosidade máxima e a MAD diminuiu-a e, para a quebra de viscosidade, as duas variáveis provocaram seu aumento. Dentre os parâmetros tecnológicos, o volume específico, o formato e a textura dos pães não foram afetados pelas variáveis estudadas. A MAD diminui o salto de forno, assim como os valores de altura e de abertura de pestana dos pães. Quanto à cor do miolo, o aumento da concentração de NaCl provocou um aumento dos valores de L, enquanto a MAD causou decréscimo destes valores com maior efeito. Os parâmetros a*, b* e ?E* tiveram seus valores aumentados através da adição de MAD, mantendo-se praticamente constantes na faixa estudada de NaCl. Do ponto de vista sensorial, apenas o sabor e a textura não sofreram efeito das variáveis. Para todos os outros parâmetros (aparência externa, aparência e cor do miolo, aroma e impressão global), a MAD causou uma diminuição da nota de aceitação dos mesmos, tendo o NaCl efeito positivo somente sobre a aparência externa e impressão global dos pães. Diante disso, pode se dizer que em concentrações inferiores a 5 % de MAD foram obtidos pães com aproximadamente 30 % de redução de sódio, com características reológicas e tecnológicas satisfatórias e, pães sensorialmente aceitáveis
Abstract: The need to reduce sodium in baked goods is already a reality imposed by regulatory agencies, which makes the search for alternatives for this purpose essential. The rheological, sensory and technological importance that sodium chloride (NaCl) exerts on the dough and/or final product makes it a challenge. Dry sourdough (DS) is a natural and promising alternative, because as well as increasing the perception of the salty taste, it can improve bread quality based on acidification. This study evaluated the use of DS for sodium reduction in French rolls, through a central composite rotational design (CCRD) by the addition of NaCl (0 to 2.5 g/100 g) and DS (0 to 10 g/100 g) to wheat flour to evaluate the farinographic and extensigraphic parameters and pasting properties, and to the formulations (flour basis) to evaluate process parameters (high speed mixing time and proofing time) and technological parameters of the rolls (oven spring, specific volume, shape, cut opening and cut height after baking, color and texture). A second design was performed (without the axial points) for sensory analysis of the rolls, through acceptance and purchase intent tests. The results of dough rheological analyses showed that NaCl decreased water absorption and MTI, while DS caused an increase in these parameters. Dough development time and stability were increased by the addition of NaCl and decreased by DS. Both variables caused an increase in the resistance to extension and the parameter D. However, DS decreased the extensibility while the area suffered a positive effect of NaCl and negative of DS. In the pasting properties, NaCl increased maximum viscosity and DS decreased it, and both variables caused an increase in breakdown. Among the technological parameters, the specific volume, shape and texture of the bread were not affected by the variables studied. DS decreased oven spring, cut opening and cut height after baking. As to crumb color, higher concentrations of NaCl resulted in an increase of the values of L*, while DS caused a decrease in these values with greater intensity. The values of parameters a*, b* and ?E* were increased by the addition of DS, remaining practically constant in the range studied of NaCl. From a sensory standpoint, only taste and texture were not affected by the variables. For all other parameters (external appearance, crumb appearance, crumb color, aroma and overall impression), DS caused a decrease in acceptance scores, and NaCl had a positive effect only on the external appearance and overall impression of the rolls. Thus, it can be said that using concentrations lower than 5 % DS, rolls with approximately 30 % reduction in sodium with satisfactory rheological and technological parameters and acceptable sensory characteristics were obtained
Mestrado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos
Silva, Amanda Ribeiro Martins da. "Desenvolvimento de procedimento analítico para determinação de iodato em sal de mesa utilizando sistema com multicomutação e detecção espectrofotométrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-14062016-102651/.
Full textTable salt iodization is considered the most efficient way to control iodine-deficiency disorders. In tropical countries, the element can be added as KIO3. To ensure that ideal amounts of this anion are available to consumers, the quality control of iodized salt is fundamental strategy. Multicommuted flow systems represent a versatile alternative to the development of simple, fast and clean procedure, minimizing reagent consumption and waste generation. In this context, an analytical procedure using a multicommuted system and spectrophotometric detection was developed for determination of iodate in table salts. The chemical reaction was based on the formation of purple compound (540 nm) between iodate (IO3-) and p-aminophenol (PAP) in acidic medium. The sample residence time in the analytical path was explored in order to further the slow chemical reaction and the sampling rate for the improvement of the system analytical performance. Optimized conditions were 2 sample pulses, 3 reagent pulses (PAP 0.25% (w/v) in HCl 0.025 mol L-1) in 7 sampling cycles, 200 carrier pulses (water), 1 s air bubble (40 µL), a 70-cm long reactor coil (3 mm i.d.) and the flow was stopped for 480 s. A linear response was observed between 2.28x10-5 and 3.65x10-4 mol L-1 iodate, described by the equation A = 0.2443 + 2030 C, r = 0.997. Detection limit (99.7% confidence level), coefficient of variation (n = 20) and sampling rate were 8.2x10-6 mol L-1, 0.42% and 70 determination per hour, respectively. Only 1.05 mg of PAP was consumed and 0.70 mL of waste was generated per determination. Usual concomitant species found in table salts did not cause significant interference in concentrations up to 8-fold higher than those expected. Recoveries between 88 and 104% were obtained for iodate spiked samples. The developed analytical procedure presented adequate sensitivity for the determination of iodate in table salts sample and higher sampling rate compared to literature procedures
Cisewski, Boris. "Der Transport von Wärme, Wasser und Salz in den Arktischen Ozean = The transport of heat, mass and salt into the Arctic Ocean /." Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/327039299.pdf.
Full textMartins, Marco André Guerreiro. "Minas de sal-gema em Loulé: uma hipótese de habitar o vazio." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29186.
Full textHollinger, Matthew E. "Muqtada al-Sadr how to demilitarize al-Sadr." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Jun/09Jun%5FHollinger.pdf.
Full textThesis Advisor(s): Hafez, Mohammed ; Kadhim, Abbas. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 10, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: al-Sadr, Demilitarize, Mahdi Army, Sadrists, Militia. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57). Also available in print.
Saraiva, Wellington Beckman. "Poder judiciário fluminense e capixaba diante do comércio internacional e do pré-sal: novos desafios." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9764.
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As transformações recentes das relações sociais e econômicas incrementados pelo dinamismo do comércio internacional, sua crescente complexidade e as recémdescobertas reservas petrolíferas na camada pré-sal, aliadas ao fenômeno da globalização, contribuem para o processo de internacionalização do Direito. Esse cenário tem demandado, ainda, novos instrumentos de solução dos conflitos e de controle social, exigindo dos magistrados brasileiros maior expertise no julgamento das demandas contemporâneas. Diante desse cenário, é necessário construir alternativas que realmente busquem modificar as estruturas vigentes na teoria, na práxis e no ensino do Direito. Assim, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é contribuir para a eficiência da prestação jurisdicional dos magistrados, seja no âmbito estadual ou federal, que atuam no Estado do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo, diante dos novos desafios que terão em face do comércio internacional e do pré-sal. Com a finalidade de alcançar seu escopo, a pesquisa, no Capítulo 1, trata dos conceitos, princípios e metodologia para atingir o objetivo geral da pesquisa. O Capítulo 2 ocupa-se da abordagem das disciplinas relevantes para uma eficiente prestação jurisdicional do pré-sal e do comércio internacional. Em seguida, o Capítulo 3 trata de analisar o conteúdo das disciplinas ministradas nas Escolas de Magistratura Estadual do Rio de Janeiro e Federal da 2ª Região, bem como as provas para ingresso à carreira da magistratura federal e estadual do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo, no que tange à existência de disciplinas como Direito do Petróleo, Gás e Energia, Direito Econômico, Direito Internacional Público e Privado, Exploração & Produção, Direito do Mar, Direito Marítimo, Direito da Navegação Marítima, Direito Portuário, Direito Aduaneiro e Direito Ambiental. Por fim, serão feitas algumas considerações e apresentadas as referências da pesquisa.
The recent changes and increasing complexity of social and economic relations enhanced by the dynamism of international trade and the newly discovered oil reserves in the pre-salt, combined with the phenomenon of globalization, contribute to the process of internationalization of law. This scenario has required also new tools for conflict resolution and social control and demanded greater expertise of Brazilian judges in the trial of the contemporary needs. Given this scenario, it is necessary to construct alternatives that actually seek to modify the existing structures in the theory, praxis and teaching of law. The objective of this research is to contribute to the efficiency of the adjudication of judges who work in the States of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo due to new challenges they will meet in the International Trade and the pre-salt. To achieve its purpose, Chapter 1 deals with the concepts, principles and methodology to achieve the overall objective of the survey. Chapter 2 deals with the approach of the relevant disciplines for efficient adjudication of the pre-salt and international trade. Then, Chapter 3 analyses the content of subjects taught in the School of Judges in the State of Rio de Janeiro and the Federal 2nd Region, as well as the exams of admission to the career of the judiciary in Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo with respect to the existence of disciplines such as Law of Oil, Gas and Energy, Economic Law, Public International Law and Private Exploration & Production, law of the Sea, Maritime Law, Maritime law, Port Law, Customs Law and Environmental Law. Ultimately, concluding remarks will be made and references of the research will be presented.
Lima, Nereida Kilza da Costa. "Sobrecarga salinas cronica em ratos Wistar eleva a pressão arterial e aumenta o metabolismo da glicose, sem modificar a sensibilidade a insulina." Universidade de São Paulo, 1995. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5148/tde-25062009-120855/.
Full textDuring the human aging process, it is observed an increase in arterial pressure and a higher prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, like insulin resistance on glucose uptake, glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus type II. It is an open question if there is a cause-effect association between hypertension and insulin resistance or if there is only an eventual concomitance between the two phenomena, with potencial amplifier action of each other. On the other hand, as salt takes part in the blood pressure increase along lifetime, it is important to know its role on insulin sensitivity during aging. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the salt effect on arterial pressure, glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance in rats during aging. Male Wistar rats were fed, from weaning, with a low (NaCl 0,15%) or high salt (NaCl 7,94%) diet until they were 72 weeks old. A subgroup of animals on each diet had their diets inverted after the 48th week of age. In young and old animals, arterial blood pressure, weight, kidney and left ventricular mass were measured; intravenous glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, in vitro studies (glucose uptake and metabolism, and insulin receptors density) were evaluated. Blood pressure was increased on high salt diet during the whole study (p=0.017), without a time effect (p=0.994). The weight was higher on salt restriction, rising during the aging process (p<0,001). Kidney and left ventricular mass were higher on high salt diet. Blood pressure, kidney and left ventricular mass increases were reverted with the inversion of diets. Lower insulin levels were observed on high salt diet during intravenous glucose tolerance test. However, insulin sensitivity was the same on both diets in young (noticed in the isolated adipocytes study) and also in old rats (noticed in the insulin tolerance test). The glucose uptake and metabolism were higher on high salt diet due to an insulin-independent glucose uptake. Insulin receptor density was higher also on high salt diet, perhaps by an upregulation due to the lower insulin levels. Along aging, glucose tolerance decreased on both diets, but it was higher in the group under salt overload, perhaps due to the higher basal glucose uptake in this group. In conclusion, higher blood pressure on high salt diet, with no differences of insulin sensitivity between high and low salt diet, were observed either in young or old rats. In this model, therefore, there was no association between blood pressure levels and insulin resistance. A higher insulinindependent glucose uptake was associated to salt overload, what was not previosly reported.
Ljanova, Zareta. "Hva er farmasøytenes erfaringer ved salg av reseptfrie legemidler i Norge? : What are pharmacists´experiences with sale of non-prescription drugs in Norway?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Farmakologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-158055.
Full textVickers, Curtis Bradley. "Salt flats /." abstract (UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1451082.
Full text"December, 2007." Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2008]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
Jesus, Ana Laura Tiberio de 1981. "Redução de cloreto de sódio em queijo cottage probiótico : características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e aceitação sensorial." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254564.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O sódio é um elemento essencial na alimentação, contudo, o seu consumo em excesso poderá ter efeitos nocivos para a saúde, tais como o aumento da pressão sanguínea e a redução da absorção de cálcio. Devido a estes efeitos, a redução do teor de sódio nos alimentos tem sido uma das prioridades nas campanhas realizadas por órgãos governamentais, nomeadamente no setor de laticínios onde o queijo é considerado um gênero alimentício com elevados níveis deste elemento. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial de NaCl por KCl e MgCl2 nos parâmetros de qualidade do queijo cottage probiótico durante 28 dias de estocagem refrigerada e verificar a viabilidade da cultura starter e das culturas probióticas utilizadas para o processamento do queijo. Além disso, objetivou-se avaliar a aceitação sensorial para identificar direções para a melhoria de atributos sensoriais do produto perante consumidores. Com base nos resultados obtidos observou-se que o ideal de gosto salgado para o queijo cottage probiótico com NaCl foi de 1,12% (p/p), e as concentrações equivalentes em salinidade para todos os sais hipossódicos avaliados mantiveram-se as mesmas do NaCl (1,12% p/p). As contagens de Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis variaram de 7,74 a 6,20 e 8,58 a 7,93 log (UFC. g-1), respectivamente no primeiro e no último dia de estocagem, valores esses suficientes para benefícios à saúde humana. Porém, as contagens da cultura starter permaneceram baixas com valores inferiores a 3,0 log UFC. g-1 para todas as formulações. Com relação aos ácidos orgânicos, o ácido lático foi o mais encontrado em todas as formulações, seguido pelo ácido cítrico e ácido acético. Quanto a atividade proteolítica, os resultados demonstraram que a formulação controle (100% p/p NaCl sem probióticos) foi a que apresentou menor atividade durante 28 dias de estocagem refrigerada, diferindo estatisticamente das demais formulações. Todos os queijos desse estudo podem ser classificados como de baixo teor de gordura, porque o teor de gordura variou de 4.33 a 4.69 %, e muito alta umidade (74.60 a 75.59 %), segundo a legislação brasileira. A adição de culturas probióticas e a redução de sódio não provocaram mudanças significativas no perfil de ácidos graxos em todos os queijos formulados. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as formulações de queijo cottage apresentaram potencial probiótico, desde que consumidas numa quantidade adequada (2 porções diárias de 50 g), uma vez que as concentrações dos probióticos permaneceram dentro dos padrões estipulados pela legislação brasileira. Entre as formulações elaboradas com sais hipossódicos, a formulação mais aceita foi aquela com redução de sódio de 25% (p/p) de NaCl e substituição por KCl (12,5% p/p) e MgCl2 (12,5% p/p), e o atributo que mais afetou a aceitação dessas formulações foi a textura das amostras. Dessa forma, o queijo cottage probiótico demonstrou ser uma excelente matriz para inserção de sais-hipossódicos, pois não modifica o poder de salga em relação ao NaCl
Abstract: Sodium intake is essential for the welfare of human being, however, its overconsumption may lead to unhealthy effects, namely increased blood pressure and lower calcium absorption. Due to the aforementioned effects, sodium content in food is one of the main focuses of attention in campaigns by government agencies, especially in the dairy sector where cheese is perceived as being a food with high sodium content. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of NaCl by KCl and MgCl2 on the parameters of quality probiotic cottage cheese during 28 days of refrigerated storage and to determine the viability of starter culture and probiotic cultures used in cheese processing. Furthermore, the objective was to evaluate the sensory acceptance to identify directions for improving the sensory attributes of the product before consumers.Using magnitude estimation method, the salty flavor in probiotic cottage was generated using 1.12% (w/w) NaCl, and equivalent concentrations in salinity for all low-sodium salts, was the same as for NaCl (1.12% w/w). The counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis ranged from 7.74 to 6.20 and from 8.58 to 7.93 log (CFU. g-1), respectively in the first and last day of storage, enough for benefits to consumers. However, the starter culture counts remained at values below 3.0 log CFU. g-1 for all formulations. Lactic acid was the organic acid found in greater quantities in all formulations, followed by citric acid and acetic acid. The proteolytic activity results showed that the control formulation (100% w/w NaCl without probiotics) showed the lowest activity during 28 days of refrigerated storage, differing from the other formulations. All cheeses of this study can be classified as low-fat, because the fat content ranged 4.33 to 4.69% and very high humidity (74.6 to 75.59%), according to Brazilian regulation. The addition of probiotic cultures and reducing sodium did not cause significant changes in the fatty acid profile of all tested cheeses.The results showed that all the formulations showed probiotic potential if consumed in appropriate portion (2 portions of 50 g daily), since the concentration of probiotics remained within the Brazilian standards. Among formulations prepared with low-sodium salt the best one was that with a reduction of 25%(w/w) sodium substitution of KCl and NaCl (12.5% w/w) and MgCl2 (12.5% w/w) and the attribute that most affected the acceptance was the texture of the samples. Thus, the probiotic cottage cheese proved to be an excellent matrix for the insertion of low-sodium salts, because it does not change the power of brining in relation to NaCl
Mestrado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos
Kim, Yeonjung. "Design of distribution channel direct sale vs. mixed sale /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4275.
Full textThe entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 14, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
Sookbirsingh, Rudy. "Salt separation processes in salt cedar Tamarix ramosissima (Ledeb) /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
Full textAl-Habsi, Hamood. "The kinematics of intra-salt layers during salt tectonics." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/102297/.
Full textCerda, Tamara Andrea Pardo. "Transição nutricional em comunidades indígenas do Salar de Atacama, norte do Chile: uma abordagem biocultural das mudanças na dieta e nutrição atacamenha." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-19032015-103614/.
Full textNative communities from Atacama desert have experienced several changes in their dietary patterns as a consequence of fast economic, social and cultural changes. These changes have contributed in a gradual abandonment of traditional food production activities as well as rapid adoption of industrialized food in their diet. However, there are no studies that provide a diagnosis of these changes of the dietary patterns and their potential impact in the nutritional state of the aforementioned native communities in a context of considerable changes of local and worldwide diet and nutrition. Thus, the goals of this research are to identify the changes in the dietary patterns occurring during the last three generations of the Atacama communities of Toconao and Talabre, and to evaluate the changes of the nutritional state of the adult population at last decades of both communities. The data collection was done using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the first case, semi-structured interviews with the elderly of each community was performed in order to obtain an approximation to the dietary changes from a local and historical perspective. Additionally, free lists will be performed in people from three generations in order to visualize dietary preferences by generations. In the second case, antropometric measures of weight, height and body mass index was collected of the clinical records in the local heath center, including adults (between 18 to 90 years old) of the Toconao and Talabre communities. The results show drastic differences in food consumption between the three generations of both Atacama communities, with a loss in the consumption of traditional foods by the younger generations due to the substitution of local food for foreign food in the Atacama diet of Toconao and Talabre. From this research it is concluded that economic and political factors have contributed to this rapid change in subsistence systems and, consequently, in the diet and nutrition of these indigenous communities
Salo, Jukka-Pekka K. "Hydrolysis of tinidazole analytical methods and degradation kinetics." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/farma/vk/salo/.
Full textSarr, Cheikh Guérin-Lassous Isabelle Chelius Guillaume. "De l'apport d'une évaluation précise des ressources pour la Qualité de Service des réseaux ad hoc basés sur IEEE 802.11." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2008. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=sarr.
Full textStankevič, Oksana. "Sala šiuolaikinėje moterų prozoje (Birutė Jonuškaitė "Didžioji sala", Sue Monk Kidd "Undinės krėslas", Victoria Hislop "Sala")." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_174215-87615.
Full textIn the Master’s degree work called „An Island in Women’s Contemporary Prose” it is analyzed the theme of an island. To analyze the following theme there were chosen three novels written by women―writers, i. e. Birutė Jonuškaitė „The Great Island”, Sue Monk Kidd „The Mermaid Chair” and Victoria Hislop „The Island”. The aim of the work is to reveal spiritual, mythological and geographical spaces of the island, as well as its funkctions and meanings in women’s life. The aim of revealing spaces was reached with the help of feminist criticism, as well as hermeneutic and comparative methods. In classical novels written by men―writers the island is show as the main character’s shelter, prison, challenge place or perfect world. Whereas, work analysis presents us another island’s concept in the novels written by women―writers. The island’s geographical space and time merge together with woman’s subconsciousness revealing spaces of inner world for the woman. In the work it is analyzed in which way women’s prose with the help of various mythological symbols analizes woman’s identity and self―identity problem which is solved only in the context of the island.
Ludewig, Elke. "Direkte und indirekte anthropogene Beeinflussung und Veränderung der Ufervegetation der Saar : mit 39 Tabellen /." Berlin [u.a.] : Cramer, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/265584450.pdf.
Full textManso, Mariana Pimenta Valério Salaviza. "Point of Sale." Master's thesis, Universidade Europeia - Laureate International Universities, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/10268.
Full textMartinsson, Kristina. "Hallstatt - kriget salt." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-54229.
Full textÄr en arkeologisk uppsats
Strässle, Thomas. "Salz eine Literaturgeschichte." München Hanser, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994009283/04.
Full textDoyle, Lesley Hope. "Salt Lick Prayer." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1217.
Full textBoube, Jean. "Sala. Les necropoles." Toulouse 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU20050.
Full textThe necropolies of the ancient town of sala (marocco) lie on the southern and western outskirts of the "merinid ribat" of chellah, near rabat. 362 tombs were dug up in 1966-67, following the finds of 1917-1925. They are divided into 274 incinerations and 88 inhumations grouped together in grants. Incinerations were placed in terra-cotta urns, laid in some hewn stone low structureen sometimes in the hearthpit, and in most casesin a depot-pit, the cremation having taken place in ustrina. Funeral (ornaments, jewels, balsampots, coins, charms, etc. ) and food offering were leftin the piys. Incinerations cover the period from the ist century e. C. To the 2nd century. Inhumations were laid in tile or slab boxes, or more often, in the open ground; in the case of small children which did not undergo cremation, in cut amphoras. Few offering went to buried corpses. The practice of inhumation is more difficultto date because of the poverty of the graves, and seems to go back to the ist century, but tombs from the 2nd and 3rd centuries were mainly identified. The catalogue of the tombs, in the second part of the work, gives an analysis of every piece of the funeral furniture, and tries to date it
Best, Cortez Fiorella Alessandra, Silva Daniella Capurro, Delgado Abbyel Antuanette Chávarry, Ruiz Romina Natalia Lira, and de Somocurcio Cuadros Ana Paula Ruiz. "Wara Closet - Sale." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652303.
Full textCurrently the fashion sector has managed to position itself with greater strength and importance in the world and in Peru. This can be reinforced because Peru Retail (2019) mentions on its web platform that the fashion market could move around US $ 1,326 million (Euromonitor International). Likewise, it is important to recognize the important role played by users who decide to reinvent themselves by offering second-hand clothing following quality standards, this phenomenon is known as the second-hand clothing business. This project is based on the proposal of an intermediary web platform between users who have unused clothes or accessories in good quality and clients interested in acquiring fashion products with affordable prices, generating a process called circular economy. In this way, the operational and economic viability of the sale of second-use clothing and accessories through the “Wara” platform will be evaluated. The internet and the advancement in technology allow us to optimize the operations carried out during the different processes because our essential sales platforms are social networks. The global reach through online channels and the current situation are opportunity factors to implement an electronic business. The spread of the COVID 19 virus and the implementation of quarantines or states of emergency in different countries of the world have led to the confined people to carry out bedroom remodeling practices, store unused objects, but above all, closet cleaning. Given this, people worldwide and nationally in order to earn income carry out this type of organic sale. It is important to note the potential and constant growth shown by the fashion resale market, which is estimated to grow 20 times faster than the Peruvian retail market in the last three years, according to Global Data research indices for the Second Hand Report 2019 (Peru Retail, 2019). They associate this business model with the environmental impact, which has become more relevant in recent years. Regarding the financial structure of the project, it is essential to mention that the investment required to start operations is S / .6,029.24 and a financing of S / .50,000 to cover expenses and costs during the following operational years. The current situation does not allow the business model to be profitable due to the different limitations, which is why it does not show net profit in the projected 3 years.
Trabajo de investigación
Brink, Janus Daniel. "SALT spectropolarimetry commissioning." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12394.
Full textThe large (10m) aperture of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) coupled with the unique capabilities of the Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS), promises unparalleled prospects for polarimetric observations on an 8 - 10 m class telescope. RSS is a complex and highly versatile first-generation instrument of the SALT. RSS-VIS, the visible arm spanning 320-900 nm, employs a high UV-transmitting optical design to support UV spectroscopy down to the atmospheric cutoff at 320nm (rare on large telescopes).
Dobrenz, A. K., D. C. Poteet, R. B. Miller, and S. E. Smith. "Carbohydrates in Germination Salt Tolerant and Non-Salt Tolerant Alfalfa Seed." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201015.
Full textFíguls, i. Alonso Alfons. "L’explotació del Salí cardoní i l’influx a les comunitats del Neolític mig ple establertes en la Depressió Central Catalana, Prepirineu Central català i Pirineu andorrà." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671721.
Full textLa sal ha sido y es básica para la humanidad. Se considera que es a partir del Neolítico que se genera la necesidad de utilizar la sal, tanto para la dieta y la conservación de alimentos proteicos, para los animales ungulados domésticos y como bien económico necesario para el intercambio. Un mejor control de la producción y un método eficaz de conservación de alimentos, generan más posibilidades de subsistencia. Esta tesis aborda la explotación de la sal en dos bloques bien diferenciados. En el primer bloque, se hace una síntesis muy general de los hechos objetivos y hechos intersubjetivos que involucran a la sal. Hay una gran variedad de concentraciones y de elementos salados naturales. La mayor parte de la biosfera es salina, por lo tanto, la sal es un elemento muy abundante, pero está muy mal repartida. No se puede abordar un tema tan complejo sin tener en cuenta las propiedades de la sal, su incidencia en la vida humana a lo largo de la historia y los principales hechos intersubjetivos que la humanidad ha aceptado sobre la sal. El segundo bloque se centra en la explotación Neolítica de la halita del Valle Salina de Cardona y la interacción de la sal con las comunidades del Grupo de Sepulcros en Cista. Se han analizado 309 piezas de utillaje de piedra pulida documentada en la Vall Salina. La mayoría de las herramientas mineras neolíticas documentadas no son utensilios especializados. La herramienta de extracción más característica corresponde a hachas, azuelas o cinceles reutilizadas. Se han documentado dos tipos más: unos grandes martillos mineros con un gran frente de choque y la utilización de cuñas a partir de hachas de piedra pulida. Estas últimas tenían como finalidad separar las láminas de halita de las intercalaciones de las capas de láminas de sal y láminas de saponita y dar forma a los bloques. Todas estas herramientas mineras de extracción presentan unas trazas de uso visibles a simple vista, fruto de la percusión repetitiva de estas herramientas sobre los afloramientos de halita para ir desgastando progresivamente el mineral de sal hasta conseguir un bloque. Se observa que el corte de las herramientas mineras es espeso y tiende a deformaciones redondeadas y multitud de fracturas como consecuencia del trabajo de las herramientas y de su composición mineralógica, su formación estructural y la propia fatiga del material. Durante el Neolítico medio 2, hay una ocupación del interior de Cataluña. Las comunidades del Solsonià explotaron dos bienes económicos complementarios: las rocas metamórficas del río Segre y la halita de Cardona. Con la explotación de la sal produjo una especialización en estas comunidades neolíticas del interior de Cataluña. Las comunidades ubicadas en el entorno de las terrazas del río Segre se dedicaron a la manufacturación de hachas de piedra pulimentadas destinadas a las actividades cotidianas y actividades mineras. Las comunidades situadas alrededor de la Vall Salina se dedicaron a la explotación de la sal de Cardona. Hay un importante flujo regional de bienes económicos. Bienes de capital necesarios para la minería en la Vall Salina a cambio de poder disponer de sal. Esta sal es un útil-valor; por un lado, tiene una utilidad para las comunidades neolíticas (tanto para las necesidades humanas como para los animales domésticos), y por otro, tiene un valor intrínseco. Es una unidad de cambio. Pero, la circulación de sal no fue sólo dentro del ámbito regional, sino que se extendió a un nivel suprarregional, adquiriendo productos de prestigio: cuentas de collar de variscita, hachas de jadeitita, hachas de omfacitita, hachas de eclogita, cuentas de coral rojo, conchas marinas para el adorno personal o sílex bedouliense.
Salt has been and is basic for humanity. It is considered that from the Neolithic age the need to use salt was generated, both for the diet and the conservation of protein foods, for domestic ungulate animals and as an economic good necessary for exchange. Better control of production and an efficient method of food preservation generate more possibilities for subsistence. This thesis addresses the exploitation of salt in two well differentiated blocks. In the first block, a very general synthesis is made of the objective facts and intersubjective facts that involve salt. There are a wide variety of concentrations and natural salty elements. Most of the biosphere is saline, therefore, salt is a very abundant element, but it is very poorly distributed. Such a complex issue cannot be approached without taking into account the properties of salt, its impact on human life throughout history, and the main intersubjective facts that humanity has accepted about salt. The second block focuses on the Neolithic exploitation of halite from the Cardona’s Vall Salina and the interaction of salt with the communities of the Grup de Sepulcres in Cista. 309 pieces of polished stone tooling documented in the Vall Salina have been analyzed. Most of the documented Neolithic mining tools are not specialized tools. The most characteristic extraction tool corresponds to reused axes, adzes or chisels. Two more types have been documented: large mining hammers with a large shock front and the use of wedges made from polished stone axes. The purpose of the latter was to separate the halite sheets from the intercalations of the layers of salt sheets and saponite sheets and to shape the blocks. All these mining extraction tools show traces of use visible to the naked eye, as a result of the repetitive percussion of these tools on the halite outcrops to progressively wear down the salt mineral until a block is obtained. It is observed that the cut of the mining tools is thick and tends to round deformations and a multitude of fractures as a consequence of the work of the tools and their mineralogical composition, their structural formation and the fatigue of the material itself. During the Middle Neolithic 2, there was an occupation of the interior of Catalonia. The Solsonià communities exploited two complementary economic assets: the metamorphic rocks of the Segre river and the halite of Cardona. With the exploitation of salt, a specialization was produced in these Neolithic communities in the interior of Catalonia. The communities located in the surroundings of the terraces of the Segre river were dedicated to the manufacture of polished stone axes used for daily activities and mining activities. The communities located around the Vall Salina were dedicated to the exploitation of Cardona’s salt. There was a significant regional flow of economic goods. Capital goods necessary for mining in the Vall Salina in exchange for having salt. This salt is a useful-value; on the one hand, it has a utility for Neolithic communities (both for human needs and for domestic animals), and on the other hand, it has an intrinsic value. It is a unit of change. But, the circulation of salt was not only within the regional scope, but it spread to a supraregional level, acquiring prestigious products: variscite necklace beads, jadeitite axes, omfacitite axes, eclogite axes, red coral beads, seashells for personal adornment or Bedouilian flint from the Vaucluse.
Rocha, Izabela Furtado de Oliveira 1983. "Estudos psicofísicos de formulações de sais hipossódicos = otimização, perfil sensorial e aceitação junto aos consumidores." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254957.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Substitutos do cloreto de sódio (NaCl) têm sido utilizados como opção terapêutica para a redução do consumo de sódio entre hipertensos. No entanto, substitutos de NaCl, incluindo o KCl, apresentam sabores indesejáveis, como gosto amargo e adstringência. Assim, os principais objetivos desta pesquisa foram: 1) estudar o poder de salga e o perfil sensorial de alguns substitutos de NaCl, 2 ) estudar a capacidade dos aminoácidos Lornitina e L-arginina em reduzir o gosto amargo provocado pelo KCl em formulações de sais hipossódicos e, 3) desenvolver formulações de sais hipossódicos com perfil sensorial e aceitação similar ao cloreto de sódio, por meio da otimização dos seus componentes através de Metodologia e Superfície de Resposta. Inicialmente, utilizando o Método de Estimativa de Magnitude, desenvolveu-se a função de potência do NaCl e KCl em solução aquosa. Em seguida, uma equipe de 12 julgadores treinados gerou o perfil sensorial do: i) NaCl em solução aquosa a 0,14M, ii) KCl preparado em soluções aquosas às concentrações de 0,06M, 0,20M e 0,68M e, iii) lactato de cálcio (CaLact) preparado em soluções aquosas às concentrações de 0,032M, 0,14M e 0,23M. Na seqüência, a equipe sensorial treinada avaliou o impacto dos aminoácidos L-arginina e L-ornitina sobre o perfil sensorial de várias formulações de sais hipossódicos contendo KCl. Esses resultados foram analisados através de Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, obtendo-se assim modelos preditivos que possibilitaram o desenvolvimento de três formulações de sal hipossódico, contendo diferentes proporções de NaCl, KCl e L-ornitina. Finalmente, a Função de Potência e a aceitação dessas três formulações de sais hipossódicos foram avaliadas utilizando-se equipe treinada e equipe de consumidores (n= 60 indivíduos). Dos sais pesquisados, o KCl foi o melhor substituto para o NaCl. A L-ornitina mostrou-se eficiente na redução do gosto amargo presente em formulações hipossódicas contendo NaCl e KCl. Uma das formulações de sal hipossódico desenvolvida (composta por NaCl, KCl e L-ornitina) apresentou o perfil sensorial estatisticamente similar (p=0,05) ao do NaCl, com exceção do gosto amargo (0,75+0,85) que foi ligeiramente superior ao do NaCl (0,24+0,45). A aceitação de um preparado à base de carne, e salgado com essa formulação não diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) da aceitação do mesmo preparado à base de carne, porém salgado apenas com NaCl. A utilização desse sal hipossódico mostrou-se vantajosa, pois sua ingestão em preparado à base de carne reduz em aproximadamente 57% o teor de sódio ingerido, comparativamente ao caldo temperado apenas com NaCl, à mesma intensidade de gosto salgado. Assim, pode-se concluir que esta formulação apresenta alta viabilidade de comercialização como um importante substituto do NaCl no combate e controle da HAS, em razão do seu alto poder de salga e boa aceitação junto aos consumidores
Abstract: Systemic Hypertension is a major public health problem that can be controlled by decreasing sodium intake, and increasing the intake of potassium. However, NaCl substitutes, including KCl, usually have undesirable flavor notes, such as bitter taste and astringency. Thus, the objectives of this research were: 1) to study the salting potency and sensory profile of some low-sodium salts, 2) to study the efficiency of the amino acids L-ornithine and L-arginine in reducing the bitter taste present in some low- sodium salts, and 3) to develop formulations of low-sodium salts showing sensory profile and acceptability similar to sodium chloride. Initially, using the Magnitude Estimation Method the Power Function of the NaCl and KCl in aqueous solution was determined. Then, 12 trained judges developed the sensory profile of: i)the NaCl prepared in aqueous solution at 0.14M, iii) the KCl prepared in aqueous solution concentrations at 0.06M, 0.20M and 0.68M and, iii) the calcium lactate (CaLact) prepared in aqueous solutions at concentrations of 0.032M, 0.14M and 0.23M. Then, the trained sensory panel evaluated the ability of the amino acids Larginine (0.0086 M and 0.1M) and L-ornithine (0.01 M and 0.1M) to suppress the bitter taste of several low-sodium formulations. These results were evaluated using Surface Response Methodology, obtaining predictive linear models that allowed the development of three formulations of low-sodium salt containing different proportions of NaCl, KCl and L-ornithine. Finally, the Power Function and consumer acceptance of these three formulations of low sodium salts were evaluated using a panel of trained judges and a panel of consumers (n= 60 subjects). From all the salts studied, KCl was the best substitute NaCl. The L-ornithine was effective in reducing the bitter taste present in the lowsodium formulation containing NaCl and KCl. One of the low-sodium formulatins developed (composed of NaCl, KCl and L-ornithine) showed the sensory profile statistically similar (p=0.05) to that of NaCl, with the exception of its bitter taste (0.75+0.85), which was slightly higher than that of NaCl (0.24+0.45). Acceptance of a meat broth prepared with this low-sodium salt formulation did not differ significantly (p<0.05) from the acceptance of meat broth prepared with NaCl. The use of this formulation of low-sodium salt showed to be advantageous because it represented a reduction of approximately 57% of the sodium present in the meat broth prepared with NaCl, at the same salty intensity. Thus, this formulation of low-sodium salt has a high marketing viability to combat and control systemic hypertension, due to its high salting potency and good acceptance among consumers
Mestrado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição
Santana, Marcela Moreira. "Uso espacial do campo nativo por bovinos e a influência de fatores bióticos e abióticos no processo de pastejo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150494.
Full textThe study was conducted in the EEA-UFRGS, in Eldorado do Sul / RS from September 2014 to May 2015 in order to assess the relative importance of the structure of vegetation and abiotic variables (position of the fences, the water, gate and salt) on the grazing heifers in native pasture and assess whether the introduction of salt at strategic points changes the relative use of space in the grazing area for heifers in native pasture un the Pampa biome. An area where it is conducting a long-term experiment where natural pasture is managed under herbage allowance levels was used (kg dry matter. kg live weight -1) since 30 years, and for this experiment were used the treatments 2, 3, 4 and 2-3 (2 during spring and 3 the rest of the year). Heifers with 12 months were monitored with GPS using 2-minute intervals, generating maps of use of the area. Were identified underutilized areas, where salt blocks were placed strategically. Evaluations were made in order to characterize the vegetation structure before and after putting salt on the paddocks. Through linear model was analyzed the influence of biotic - vegetation height, lower stratum biomass and tussocks - and abiotic factors - water, fences and salt - in grazing before and after the introduction of salt. For all factors (water, fence, vegetation height, biomass and tussocks) was very significant influence (p <0.001), in single or quadratic effect, before use of the salt. After placing the salt was also very significant influence (p <0.001) for all factors. The effect of the interaction of treatment (strategic salt) with salt was low significant (P <0.010), as well as interaction with biomass (P <0.045). Biotic factors are not fixes, suffering not only change the grazing, but also the weather, as these interfere in animal behavior. In vegetation maps can see tussocks decreases, however when analyzing the vegetation structure did not change with the strategic use of salt, this may be due to the short period of the experiment, which was not enough to change the vegetation. Studies with more observation time is needed to evaluate the effect of changing attractive points in the vegetation.
Azabache, Angela Aurora Ayerbe, and Nancy Calderón Ramírez. "Comparación de la aceptabilidad del sabor de preparaciones con bajo contenido de sodio usando glutamato monosódico, sal común y cloruro de potasio combinado con sal común en sujetos con prescripción de dieta hiposódica." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621814.
Full textThe purpose of this experimental study was to compare the acceptability of the taste of preparations with low sodium in diabetic and hypertensive patients. It was conducted between April and May 2015 at the Centro de Atención Integral de Diabetes e Hipertensión (CEDHI) in Lima, Peru. Sixty-seven outpatient subjects from CEDHI were assessed; they were over 18 years of both genders, diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes mellitus type 2. In total 134 sensory tests were applied and 402 prepared food samples. The evaluated samples were rice, broth, chicken and cooked vegetables that were added with common salt, potassium chloride [25%] with salt [75%] and monosodium glutamate. In order to measure the results two hedonic tests were applied, ordered by preference and acceptability test (score of 1 to 5) were used. No significant global differences were found regarding the acceptability and preference in low sodium preparations. Therefore, the replacement of common salt by any of the substitutes is viable for patient’s prescribed low-sodium diet (1500mg Na / day).
Rubilar, Contreras Juan Fernando Sebastián. "Arquitectura interna y desarrollo oligoceno-neógeno de la cuenca del Salar de Atacama, Andes Centrales del Norte de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136317.
Full textLa cuenca del Salar de Atacama, ubicada en la Región de Antofagasta, es un lugar primordial para el estudio de la tectónica de los Andes Centrales, esto por el completo registro estratigráfico y estructural desde el Cretácico hasta el presente que ahí se encuentra, además de las condiciones de hiperaridez que imperan en la región lo que permite la preservación de esta información. Con estos antecedentes, elementos como su estructura interna siguen siendo aún materia de debate. Con el fin de comprender la estructura interna de la cuenca del Salar de Atacama, además de las condiciones que dieron paso a la formación de la Cordillera de la Sal, rasgo estructural de primer orden dentro del área de estudio, se realizó un estudio que implicó la integración de datos estructurales junto con datos de reflexión sísmica, con los que fue posible desarrollar un modelo 3D de las principales estructuras del Salar de Atacama. Se realizó un detallado análisis de la amplia grilla de perfiles sísmicos dentro de la cuenca, especialmente en su vertiente occidental, con especial énfasis en el estudio de la Formación San Pedro, unidad principal que constituye la Cordillera de la Sal. Se trabajó, además, en la elaboración de una serie de perfiles estructurales en el área de la Cordillera de la Sal, los que fueron elaborados y compilados en el software Move (© Midland Valley Exploration Ltd) para la generación del modelo 3D, el que fue posteriormente restaurado también en 3D. El análisis de datos sísmicos muestra que en largos depocentros se acumularon durante el Oligoceno facies aluviales y miembros evaporíticos de la Formación San Pedro, relacionados con procesos de extensión. Esta extensión estuvo controlada por una falla normal de primer orden, ubicada en el flanco occidental de la cuenca. Esta falla aparenta ser un rasgo clave de la estructura interna del Salar de Atacama. Durante el Mioceno medio a superior, el alzamiento de la Cordillera de la Sal involucró compresión y movimientos de rumbo sinestrales en su dominio sur, en combinación con diapirismo salino en su dominio norte. Esta transición está relacionada a cambios en la profundidad del nivel de despegue de 4.000 a 6.000 metros de sur a norte, la asociación de este nivel de despegue con los niveles evaporíticos de la Formación San Pedro permite entender el control que ejercen las series evaporíticas sobre los procesos de deformación Neógena registrados en la cuenca del Salar de Atacama, así como también ocurre en otros cordones orogénicos como los Pirineos y los Cárpatos.
昌三, 藤原. "Studies on new molten salt systems for high temperature molten salt batteries." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12222785/?lang=0, 2011. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12222785/?lang=0.
Full textNonnen, Thomas. "Salz/Zeolith-Komposite für die Sorptionswärmespeicherung." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-207636.
Full textZeolite beads are established materials for the storage of heat by water sorption. An increase of the heat storage density of the beads is possible via the combination with hygroscopic salts. In this thesis it is shown, that the heat storage properties of compo-sites of this kind depend in a complex manner on the deliquescence humidity of the salt, on the salt loading, and on the humidity during water sorption. When the humidity is below the deliquescence humidity of the salt, water loading lift, heat storage density, and thermal power are reduced by up to 71 % with increasing salt content. This is at-tributed to the inclusion of salt into the micropores of the zeolite and the reduction of the volume available for the sorption of water. Thus, below the deliquescence humidity, the salt is thermochemically inactive. Above the deliquescence humidity and above a salt- and humidity-dependend minimum salt loading, a salt solution is formed in the secondary pore system of the beads. The absorption of water vapor in the salt solution gives rise to an increase of the water loading lift and of the heat storage density by up to 53 %, compared to the salt-free zeolite beads. However, this is accompanied by a reduc-tion of the thermal power output by up to 50 %. The hydration of crystalline salt in the beads is only of minor importance for the composites. The findings from the experi-mental work were transferred into a semi-empirical mathematical model, which de-scribes the water loading lift of the composites
Hedberg, Pi. "Sala Kalkbruk - en omtolkning." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-30468.
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