Journal articles: 'Salt deformation'

1

Cao, Mengtao, and Shunde Yin. "Study on the Tri-axial Time-Dependent Deformation and Constitutive Model of Glauberite Salt Rock under the Coupled Effects of Compression and Dissolution." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071797.

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Solution mining for glauberite salt rock is a long-term process that takes several years to several decades. Therefore, deposit deformations and subsidence of ground surfaces are time-dependent deformation problems that should consider the effect of water dissolution. In order to investigate the time-dependent deformation characteristics of glauberite salt rock, tri-axial time-dependent deformation tests were conducted under the condition of 4 MPa confining pressure and 5 MPa axial pressure with infiltration pressures of 3, 2, 1, and 0 MPa, respectively, and the micro-CT scan system was used to scan the glauberite specimens before and after the experiment in order to study the fracture evolution inside the specimen, and a damage constitutive model was established to fit the time-dependent deformation curves based on the damage mechanics and effective stress principle. To simulate the solution mining process, the time-dependent deformation process of glauberite salt rock was divided into three stages: hydraulic connection stage, water-saturated stage, and drainage stage. The results demonstrate that the hydraulic connection time for glauberite salt rock decreases with increasing infiltration pressure. The time-dependent deformations of the specimens at the hydraulic connection and saturated-water stages are significantly affected by the effective stress and continual mineral dissolution. At the drainage stage, the softening degree of the solid skeleton mechanical properties, which is caused by the dissolution effect and infiltration pressure loading history, decides the deformation of glauberite salt rock. In addition, the degree of softening inside glauberite salt rock caused by dissolution becomes more severe with increasing infiltration pressure using the micro-CT scan technology. Lastly, the time-dependent damage constitutive model is able to describe the tri-axial time-dependent deformation behavior of glauberite salt rock, and the variations of time-dependent deformation parameters further indicate the damage evolution of the solid skeleton mechanical properties of glauberite caused by infiltration pressure and dissolution effect.

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Szűcs, Eszter, Sándor Gönczy, István Bozsó, László Bányai, Alexandru Szakacs, Csilla Szárnya, and Viktor Wesztergom. "Evolution of surface deformation related to salt-extraction-caused sinkholes in Solotvyno (Ukraine) revealed by Sentinel-1 radar interferometry." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 977–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-977-2021.

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Abstract. Rock salt has remarkable mechanical properties and high economic importance; however, the strength of salt compared to other rocks makes it a rather vulnerable material. Human activities could lead to acceleration of the dissolution of soluble rock salt and collapse of subsurface caverns. Although sinkhole development can be considered a local geological disaster regarding the characteristic size of surface depressions, the deformations can result in catastrophic events. In this study we report the spatiotemporal evolution of surface deformation in the Solotvyno salt mine area in Ukraine based on Sentinel-1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements. Although the mining operations were finished in 2010, several sinkholes have been opened up since then. Our results show that despite the enormous risk management efforts, the sinkholes continue to expand with a maximum line-of-sight deformation rate of 5 cm/yr. The deformation time series show a rather linear feature, and unfortunately no slowdown of the processes can be recognized based on the investigated 4.5-year-long data set. We utilized both ascending and descending satellite passes to discriminate the horizontal and vertical deformations, and our results revealed that vertical deformation is much more pronounced in the area. Analytical source modeling confirmed that the complex deformation pattern observed by Sentinel-1 radar interferometry has a direct connection to the former mining activity and is confined to the mining territory. With the 6 d repetition time of Sentinel-1 observations, the evolution of surface changes can be detected in quasi real time, which can facilitate disaster response and recovery.

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Ruch, J., J. K. Warren, F. Risacher, T. R. Walter, and R. Lanari. "Salt lake deformation detected from space." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 331-332 (May 2012): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.009.

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4

Aptukov, V. N. "Deformation criterion of salt rock failure." Journal of Mining Science 52, no. 3 (May 2016): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739116030645.

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5

Asanov, V. A., I. L. Pan’kov, and V. V. Anikin. "Rock salt deformation under sustained loading." Journal of Mining Science 47, no. 4 (July 2011): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739147040058.

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6

Hansen, F. D. "Deformation mechanisms of salt under repository conditions." Revue de Physique Appliquée 23, no. 4 (1988): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01988002304071100.

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7

Ghanbarzadeh, S., M. A. Hesse, M. Prodanovi , and J. E. Gardner. "Deformation-assisted fluid percolation in rock salt." Science 350, no. 6264 (November 26, 2015): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8747.

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8

Kakorin, S., E. Redeker, and E. Neumann. "Electroporative deformation of salt filled lipid vesicles." European Biophysics Journal 27, no. 1 (January 13, 1998): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002490050109.

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9

Davison, Ian, Ian Alsop, and Derek Blundell. "Salt tectonics: some aspects of deformation mechanics." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 100, no. 1 (1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.100.01.01.

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10

Asanov, V. A., and I. L. Pan’kov. "Deformation of salt rock joints in time." Journal of Mining Science 40, no. 4 (July 2004): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-004-0017-5.

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11

Ren, Zhong Jun. "Constitutive Behavior of Salt Rock Coupled of Creep Deformation and Damage Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.712.

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Making use of internal variables and a proper generalized time scale to describe the irreversible deformation history of salt rock, a constitutive model coupled of creep deformation and damage development of salt rock is formulated. A creep correlated function is defined to describe the effect of loading time on creep deformation of salt rock, and a fourth order damage tensor is introduced to formulate the anisotropic development of material damage. The creep experiments of salt rock under triaxial compression are simulated by the proposed constitutive model. The good agreement between the calculated and experimental results shows the proposed constitutive model can well describe the creep behavior of salt rock.

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12

Ji, Y. J., and X. Li. "The equilibrium time and deformation characteristic of sulfate saline soil in 1D saline expansion test." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 135, no. 2 (2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7263-2021-135-2-58-63.

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The salt expansion disease is serious for the soil containing sodium sulfate in cold regions. This paper carried out one-dimensional swelling tests of saline soil, and numerical cooling tests of soil to explore the stability time of salt swelling deformation and determine the standard procedure of the salt swelling test method. The test results demonstrate that: (A) the temperature equilibrium and crystallization process are almost completed simultaneously in the one-dimensional (1D) salt expansion test; (B) Referring to the standard of consolidation test, a standard that the expansion rate is less than 0.02mm/h can be used in the salt expansion test; (C) The required time for temperature equilibrium of soil is quadratic to sample size and is much faster with liquid bath condition comparing to gas bath condition. Because the deformation and temperature are synchronized, the deformation stabilization time of different size samples in different cooling media is recommended.This can provide a reference for the deformation equilibrium time of the salt swelling test.

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13

Bayomy, Fouad M., Abdul-Karim M. Al-Shaikh, and Sahl N. Abduljauwad. "Effect of Geotextiles on Permanent Deformation in Salt-Encrusted Subgrade Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1534, no. 1 (January 1996): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153400107.

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The effectiveness of using geotextiles on top of salt-encrusted soil, known as sabkha in the Arabian Gulf area, used as a subgrade layer was investigated. A specific characteristic of this soil is that when it is dry (at or below the optimum moisture content) it possesses a sufficient bearing capacity and is hard enough to resist permanent deformation. However, when saturated it loses its strength and causes very large pavement deformations. An experimental model was developed in the laboratory to test and evaluate the bearing capacity and resistance to permanent deformation of the soil–fabric-reinforced system. The laboratory model consists of a cylindrical mold 320 mm in diameter and 420 mm in height in which a sabkha subgrade and a granular base are compacted and separated by a nonwoven geotextile. The testing variables considered in the study are thickness of the base layer on top of the sabkha sub-grade, the presence and types of geotextiles, the applied dynamic stress, and the moisture condition of the soil (at optimum dry versus saturated). The results indicate that the use of geotextiles significantly improved the bearing capacity and resistance to permanent deformation of the base layer on top of a sabkha subgrade. The improvement achieved is more significant for saturated conditions and is a function of the tensile strength of the geotextile. Increasing the base thickness resulted in higher levels of resistance to permanent deformation. A generalized linear regression model was developed to evaluate the permanent deformation of the soil–fabric–aggregate systems. The model is laboratory based, and its validity is restricted to the conditions investigated.

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14

Huang, Xiao Lan, and Chao Yu. "Studies of Hard Interlayer’s Influence on the Creep Deformation of Salt Rock Cavity." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.452.

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The existence of interlayers has great influence on the stability of salt cavern. Based on the research results of creep test and other mechanical properties of salt rock and interlayer in Yunying Salt Mine, Hubei Province, cylindrical singular calculation model of salt rock cavity is built, and the corresponding simulation is conducted. Hard interlayer’s constraint influence on the creep contraction deformation of salt cavity is demonstrated. In addition, how the number of interlayers affects cavity radial deformation is discussed too. The results are important to oil-gas storage cavern modeling analysis in laminated salt rock.

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15

Jin, KunQiang, and Yunfeng Zhang. "Formation Conditions and Exploration Directions of Large Cretaceous Sub-salt Oil and Gas Reservoirs in Santos Basin." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020601013.

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The rich oil and gas resources and good reservoir-forming conditions in the Santos Basin in Brazil make it a majorstrategic succession area for oil and gas exploration in the Santos Basin. The sub-salt bio-reservoir-cap configuration in the SantosBasin can be divided into two types: bio-reservoir-cap superposition and bio-reservoir superposition; the preservation conditions canbe divided into cap-slip-off extension deformation type, and the cap-layer is strongly extruded Deformation type, 3 types of capping stable extrusion deformation type; reservoir formation zone can be divided into 2 types: subsalt raw salt storage and subsalt raw salt storage. The high area outside the Santos Basin in the sub-salt source-salt storage zone is a favorable exploration direction for finding large oil and gas areas under the salt in the Santos Basin.

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16

Yang, Peng, Ya Feng Liu, Hai Zhen Mi, and Yan Peng Zhu. "Study on Deformation Property of Coarse Particles (Sulfate) Saline Soil with Field Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.329.

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Salt expansion was the main diseases of the salty foundation. In order to study the deformation regularity and quantitative description of coarse particles saline soil ground in natural condition, a field test was conducted in Dunhuang area. The exploratory well with 7.5 m depth (deeper then annual temperature change layer) was excavated on site, and the data of salt content \water content \ground temperature \salt expansion rate were collected. From the test it was found that : salt expansion mainly decided by salt content, salt content and salt expansion rate have approximately a quadratic function relationship; the minimum salt content could cause soil expansion is 1.5‰; The salt expansion force was strong, and the gravitational stress could not suppress the deformation.

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17

Pankov, I. L., and I. A. Morozov. "Salt Rock Deformation under Bulk Multiple-Stage Loading." Journal of Mining Institute 239, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2019.5.510.

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18

He, M. M., J. Ren, P. Su, N. Li, and Y. H. Chen. "Experimental Investigation on Fatigue Deformation of Salt Rock." Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 56, no. 6 (January 2020): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11204-020-09622-x.

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19

Davison, Ian, Martin Insley, Max Harper, Peter Weston, Derek Blundell, Ken McClay, and Andrew Quallington. "Physical modelling of overburden deformation around salt diapirs." Tectonophysics 228, no. 3-4 (December 1993): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90344-j.

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20

Zhigalkin, V. M., O. M. Usol’tseva, V. N. Semenov, P. A. Tsoi, V. A. Asanov, A. A. Baryakh, I. L. Pan’kov, and V. N. Toksarov. "Deformation of quasi-plastic salt rocks under different conditions of loading. Report I: deformation of salt rocks under uniaxial compression." Journal of Mining Science 41, no. 6 (November 2005): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-006-0013-z.

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21

Duan, Kang, Qiang Yong Zhang, Bing Cai, and Xiao Bin Xu. "Experimental Study on Creep Property of Similar Material for Jin Tan Salt Rock Gas Storage Medium." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.772.

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Uniaxial compression creep tests have been performed on a kind of rock salt similar material and laminated salt rock similar material on the base of salt rock gas-storage in Jintan. The creep tests show that the rheological property of the similar material is basically the same with the original rock. Under the uniaxial compression, the deformation gradually approaches to be constant after the early short stage of creep attenuation. The similar material shows stress-dependent behavior obviously under different stress stage, the greater the load the higher the creep ratio and creep deformation. A creep constitutive equation which is suitable to rock salt is used to the similar material, and it fits with the obtained creep data very well. The results show that the similar material developed in this passage has the same creep property as the original salt rock,and this material can be used to simulated the deformation and failure of underground gas storage constructed in bedded salt deposits.

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22

Dooley, Tim P., and Michael R. Hudec. "Extension and inversion of salt-bearing rift systems." Solid Earth 11, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 1187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1187-2020.

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Abstract. We used physical models to investigate the structural evolution of segmented extensional rifts containing syn-rift evaporites and their subsequent inversion. An early stage of extension generated structural topography consisting of a series of en-échelon graben. Our salt analog filled these graben and the surroundings before continued extension and, finally, inversion. During post-salt extension, deformation in the subsalt section remained focused on the graben-bounding fault systems, whereas deformation in suprasalt sediments was mostly detached, forming a sigmoidal extensional minibasin system across the original segmented graben array. Little brittle deformation was observed in the post-salt section. Sedimentary loading from the minibasins drove salt up onto the footwalls of the subsalt faults, forming diapirs and salt-ridge networks on the intra-rift high blocks. Salt remobilization and expulsion from beneath the extensional minibasins was enhanced along and up the major relay or transfer zones that separated the original sub-salt grabens, forming major diapirs in these locations. Inversion of this salt-bearing rift system produced strongly decoupled shortening belts in basement and suprasalt sequences. Suprasalt deformation geometries and orientations are strongly controlled by the salt diapir and ridge network produced during extension and subsequent downbuilding. Thrusts are typically localized at minibasin margins where the overburden was thinnest, and salt had risen diapirically on the horst blocks. In the subsalt section, shortening strongly inverted sub-salt grabens, which uplifted the suprasalt minibasins. New pop-up structures also formed in the subsalt section. Primary welds formed as suprasalt minibasins touched down onto inverted graben. Model geometries compare favorably to natural examples such as those in the Moroccan High Atlas.

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Hudaykulov, Rashidbek, Dilfuza Makhmudova, Dilshod Kayumov, and Olmos Zafarov. "Filter leaching of salt soils of automobile roads." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126402032.

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Globally, in arid regions, due to the irrational use of water resources for irrigating plants, salinization of soils occurs, which causes significant damage to the country's economy. In particular, recently in some regions of Uzbekistan, there has been a rise in groundwater and flooding of territories. In these areas, where the soil bases of highways contain such readily soluble salts as: NaCL, Na2SO4·10H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, MgCL2·6H2O, CaCL2·6H2O, NaHCO3, Na2CO3·10H2O, CaCO3 and CaSO4·2H2O, additional suffusion precipitation is often observed which lead to deformations of road surfaces. Additional precipitation is due to the dissolution of salt crystals upon ingress of moisture during filtration leaching. Filtration leaching of soils was carried out in the F-1M device according to the upward flow pattern. To determine the amount of leached salts during the experiment, the infiltrate was taken, its volume and mineralization were recorded. At the end of the tests, the soil was tested according to the general scheme. To assess the influence of the leaching process on the strength indices of the studied soils by the methods of consolidated and fast shear, tests of pre-leached samples were performed. When testing soils, samples were cut, pre-compacted with the same specified load, and leached for a month. In laboratory conditions, the deformation modulus was determined by performing compression experiments. In connection with a sharp change in the modulus of deformation of soils during moistening, the tests were carried out at two values of humidity: at natural and after water saturation without the possibility of swelling. The study results show that the deformation modulus of water-saturated loams satisfactorily correlates with the value of the initial porosity coefficient and decreases as a result of water saturation and leaching. The degree of decrease depends on the value of the initial deformation modulus: the higher it is, the more significant its change. The value of the coefficient of weakening of the soil structure depends on the effective average pressure. The criterion for the permissible salt content in the base of the roadbed of highways should be taken not only the value of the degree of salinity but also the change in the indicators of the mechanical properties of soils used in the design of the construction of the roadway during soaking and leaching.

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24

Henneberg, Mareike, Jolien Linckens, Michael Schramm, Jörg Hammer, Axel Gerdes, and Gernold Zulauf. "Structural evolution of continental and marine Permian rock salt of the North German Basin: constraints from microfabrics, geochemistry and U–Pb ages." International Journal of Earth Sciences 109, no. 7 (August 9, 2020): 2369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01905-w.

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Abstract Analyzing the dynamics of microstructural response on natural deformation in rock salt, we present microfabric, EBSD, geochemical and U–Pb data, obtained from Permian salt formations of the Kiel-Honigsee salt wall in Northern Germany. The samples were recovered from deep drillings, which penetrated through an overturned rock salt sequence of both Rotliegend and Zechstein deposits. The bromide concentration in halite indicates a continental and marine origin for the Rotliegend and Zechstein deposits, respectively. Despite intense deformation, relics of early diagenetic fabrics are still preserved. Deformation of the impure Rotliegend rock salt was accommodated by pressure solution and hydrofracturing as is indicated by the microfabrics and bromide concentration in halite. Fractures in siliciclastic domains were filled with fibrous halite and deformed by subgrain rotation recrystallization (SGR). Fluid-rich Zechstein rock salt, on the other hand, was deformed by formation of subgrains and grain boundary migration (GBM). The distribution of mineral phases and fluids had a significant impact on the fabric evolution and on strain localization. U–Pb dating of carbonate phases of the Rotliegend sequence yielded Permian depositional ages and Jurassic to Cretaceous deformation ages, the latter related to diapiric ascent. The combination of results traces a dynamic evolution of the rock fabric inside the diapir structure driven by locally active deformation processes that can be correlated with early stages of halite deposition and diagenesis and syntectonic fabric reorganization related to diapirism in an extensional setting.

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25

Bosevska, L., and Anirban Chowdhury. "Labile technogenic geological system of the flooded Shevchenko salt mine (Ukraine)." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111844.

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This paper presents the analog ecological-mining-geological model of the labile technogenic geological system created at the Shevchenko flooded salt mine area within Artyomovsk rock salt deposit, which is the largest rock salt deposit in Europe. Description of all the system elements taking into account their interconnection and interaction are presented on the basis of the analytical processing and compilation of basic mining and geological data as well as the results of the long-term complex ecological-mining-geological monitoring.The paper describes both the geology of the mine area and the condition assessment of the mine including its shape, parameters, and layout. In addition, scientific interpretation of the mechanism of multi-act intrasystem destructive processes, which have been taking place in the last few decades are provided. Natural and technogenic factors determining the development of the created technogenic geological system (such as man-made karst and critical geomechanical deformations) are summarized and analysed. Predictive evaluation of the time-dependent deformation processes development has been carried out using theexisting methodology for assessing the geomechanical condition of the mined-out area of the salt massive. Correctness of the method for evaluation of stability of the unsupported workings system currently in use for the Artyomovsk rock salt deposit development has been confirmed. This work concerns the scientific problems of maintenance of the geo-ecological safety in the densely populated areas disturbed by underground salt mining. Hereinabove research results add information and analytical base to improve the deformation control system for ductile salt layers in various dynamic conditions of man-caused and natural loads. It is shown that such control is required for the aim of reduction of environmental risks and ensuring the safe operation of salt deposits, salt resources protection as well as infrastructure objects at the Earth’s surface nearby sites of modern salt mining activity.

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Prasse, Philipp, James Wookey, J.-Michael Kendall, Daniel Roberts, and Martin Dutko. "Seismic anisotropy in deforming halite: evidence from the Mahogany salt body." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 1672–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa402.

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SUMMARY We present unambiguous evidence that the Mahogany salt body, located in the Northern part of the Gulf of Mexico, is seismically anisotropic. Evidence of anisotropy comes from shear wave splitting data obtained from a vertical seismic profile VSP. The data set consists of 48 vertically aligned receivers in a borehole drilled through the salt body. Splitting analysis is performed on shear wave phases that are converted from compressional waves at the top and bottom of the salt body. The phase converted at the top of the salt layer shows a clear signature of seismic anisotropy, while the phase at the base of the salt layer shows negligible splitting. We investigate the possibility of rock salt halite LPO as a cause of the observed anisotropy. A finite element geomechanical salt deformation model of the Mahogany salt body is developed, where deformation history is used as an input to the texture plasticity simulation program VPSC. Assuming a halite salt body, a full elasticity model is then calculated and used to create a synthetic VSP splitting data set. The comparison between the synthetic and real VSP data set shows that LPO of rock salt can explain the observed anisotropy remarkably well. This is the strongest evidence to date of seismic anisotropy in a deforming salt structure. Furthermore, for the first time, we are able to demonstrate clear evidence that deforming halite is the most likely cause of this anisotropy, combining data set analysis and synthetic full wave form modelling based on calculated rock salt elasticities. Neglecting anisotropy in seismic processing in salt settings could lead to potential imaging errors, for example the deformation models show an averaged delta parameter of δ = –0.06, which would lead in a zero offset reflection setting to a depth mismatch of 6.2 per cent. Our work also show how observations of salt anisotropy can be used to probe characteristics of salt deformation.

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Rowan, Mark G., Janos L. Urai, J. Carl Fiduk, and Peter A. Kukla. "Deformation of intrasalt competent layers in different modes of salt tectonics." Solid Earth 10, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 987–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-987-2019.

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Abstract. Layered evaporite sequences (LESs) comprise interbedded weak layers (halite and, commonly, bittern salts) and strong layers (anhydrite and usually non-evaporite rocks such as carbonates and siliciclastics). This results in a strong rheological stratification, with a range of effective viscosity up to a factor of 105. We focus here on the deformation of competent intrasalt beds in different endmember modes of salt tectonics, even though combinations are common in nature, using a combination of conceptual, numerical, and analog models, and seismic data. In bedding-parallel extension, boudinage of the strong layers forms ruptured stringers, within a halite matrix, that become more isolated with increasing strain. In bedding-parallel shortening, competent layers tend to maintain coherency while forming harmonic, disharmonic, and polyharmonic folds, with the rheological stratification leading to buckling and fold growth by bedding-parallel shear. In differential loading, extension and the resultant stringers dominate beneath suprasalt depocenters, while folded competent beds characterize salt pillows. Finally, in passive diapirs, stringers generated by intrasalt extension are rotated to near vertical and encased in complex folds during upward flow of salt. In all cases, strong layers are progressively removed from areas of salt thinning and increasingly disrupted and folded in areas of salt growth as deformation intensifies. The varying styles of intrasalt deformation impact seismic imaging of LES and associated interpretations. Ruptured stringers are often visible where they have low dips, as in slightly extended salt layers or beneath depocenters, but are poorly imaged in passive diapirs due to steep dips. In contrast, areas of slightly to moderately shortened salt typically have well-imaged, mostly continuous intrasalt reflectors, although seismic coherency decreases as deformation intensifies. Similarly, wells are most likely to penetrate strong layers in contractional structures and salt pillows, less likely in extended salt because they might drill between stringers, and unlikely in tall passive diapirs because the stringers are near vertical. Thus, both seismic and well data may be interpreted to suggest that diapirs and other areas of more intense intrasalt deformation are more halite rich than is actually the case.

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Zhang, Zonglin, Runqiang Zeng, Xingmin Meng, Yi Zhang, Shufen Zhao, Jianhua Ma, and Yunqi Yao. "Effect of Soluble Salt Loss via Spring Water on Irrigation-Induced Landslide Deformation." Water 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 2889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102889.

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Landslide exposes the previously blocked groundwater discharge. High concentrations of soluble salt form salt sinters that can be observed near discharge passages. Based on existing laboratory investigation results of soil leaching and shearing reported in the literature, the effect of the soluble salt loss via spring water on irrigation-induced landslide deformation was studied under large-scale conditions. During our field investigation of landslides in the Heitai terrace of the Yellow River’s upper reaches in Gansu Province, China, 35 spring outlets were found, and the Heitai terrace was divided into five subareas, based on the difference in spring flow. Deformation data for the terrace were obtained by small baseline subset technology (SBAS-InSAR). These data were analyzed in combination with the amount of soluble salt loss, to explore the correlation between the deformation of the landslide and the soluble salt loss in the loess irrigation area. The results showed that the cumulative deformation and the loss of soluble salt were increasing continuously in the terrace. Although the increasing intensity of each subarea was different, the changing intensity of the two during the corresponding monitoring period was highly consistent. The statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the accumulated loss of soluble salt via spring water and the accumulated displacement of the terrace edge (p < 0.01). After the slope k between the two was tested by the Grubbs test and t-test, the k was no abnormality (α = 0.05) and difference (Sig > 0.05), further providing the basis for confirming the existence of this positive correlation. When the loss of soluble salt in rock and soil increased gradually, the accumulated deformation of the terrace edge also increased continuously. The findings of this study are of great significance for understanding the formation mechanism of landslides and the identifying landslide revival in irrigation areas of the Loess Plateau.

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Szczerbowski, Zbigniew. "Irregularity of Post Mining Deformations as Indicator Revealing Effects of Processes of Unknown Origin in Area of Bochnia." Geoinformatica Polonica 19 (2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/21995923gp.20.008.13073.

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The presented work deals with the problem of terrain surface and rock mass deformation in the area of the Bochnia Salt Mine. The deformations are related to natural causes (mainly the tectonic stress of the Carpathian orogen) as well as anthropogenic ones related to the past mining activity conducted directly under the buildings of the town of Bochnia. The discussed characteristics of land surface deformation are important from the point of view of threats to surface features and contribute to spatial development. Particularly anomalous zones of observed subsidence basins are examined as places of second order deformation effects. The author presents a method of determinations of these anomalous areas and he discusses their origins.

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Li, Shiyuan. "Modeling of stringer deformation and displacement in Ara salt after the end of salt tectonics." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (August 4, 2018): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0025.

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Abstract The present work considers numerical models of large rock inclusions (stringers) are embedded in many salt bodies. The study has been made to investigate the influence of salt tectonic process, such as downbuilding, on the deformation and displacement of stringers. In this research, the focus has been on establishing numerical models of the deformation and displacement of stringer embedded in salt (at rest) after occurrences of salt tectonics. The problem of influence of eventual tectonic processes at larger stage is addressed on the development of stringers. The numerical model is based on finite element method in combination with adaptive remeshing. The results show that the stringers experience minor sinking and the differential stress in salt and the differential stress in the stringer decrease during the period after salt tectonics. The change of stress of reservoir will influence drilling process and oil or gas production.

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Zhigalkin, V. M., V. N. Semenov, O. M. Usol’tseva, P. A. Tsoi, V. A. Asanov, A. A. Baryakh, I. L. Pan’kov, V. N. Toksarov, and A. V. Evseev. "Deformation of quasi-plastic salt rocks under different conditions of loading. Report II: Regularities of salt rock deformation under triaxial compression." Journal of Mining Science 44, no. 1 (January 2008): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-008-0002-5.

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Bauer, Stephen J., W. Payton Gardner, and Hyunwoo Lee. "Noble Gas Release from Bedded Rock Salt during Deformation." Geofluids 2019 (June 20, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2871840.

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Geogenic noble gases are contained in crustal rocks at inter- and intracrystalline sites. In this study, bedded rock salt from southern New Mexico was deformed in a variety of triaxial compression states while measuring the release of naturally contained helium and argon utilizing mass spectrometry. Noble gas release is empirically correlated to volumetric strain and acoustic emissions. At low confining pressures, rock salt deforms primarily by microfracturing, rupturing crystal grains, and releasing helium and argon with a large amount of acoustic emissions, both measured real-time. At higher confining pressure, microfracturing is reduced and the rock salt is presumed to deform more by intracrystalline flow, releasing less amounts of noble gases with fewer acoustic emissions. Our work implies that geogenic gas release during deformation may provide an additional signal which contains information on the type and amount of deformation occurring in a variety of earth systems.

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Raymer, Daniel G., Andréa Tommasi, and J‐Michael Kendall. "Predicting the seismic implications of salt anisotropy using numerical simulations of halite deformation." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 4 (July 2000): 1272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444818.

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In the past, the potential for seismic anisotropy in salt structures and its effect on their seismic imaging has received little attention. We consider the plausibility of salt anisotropy through linked numerical studies of salt deformation and its seismic consequences. Numerical models are used to predict lattice preferred orientations (LPOs) in halite polycrystalline aggregates subjected to axial extension and simple shear. The elastic constants for the deformed polycrystalline aggregate are then calculated. Simple models representing a salt sill and the stem of a diapir are created using these elastic constants. Ray tracing is used to investigate the effects of halite LPO on the propagation of seismic waves. The results suggest that salt anisotropy can cause significant traveltime effects and could lead to significant errors in seismic interpretation in salt environments if this anisotropy is ignored. We also investigate potential amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOA) for the reflection from the top and bottom of an anisotropic salt sill. Ray paths with a shear‐wave leg within the salt display strong AVOA effects with a clear four‐fold symmetry.

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Cartwright, Joe, Simon Stewart, and James Clark. "Salt dissolution and salt-related deformation of the Forth Approaches Basin, UK North Sea." Marine and Petroleum Geology 18, no. 6 (June 2001): 757–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8172(01)00019-8.

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Evans, Sian L., and Christopher A. ‐L Jackson. "Base‐salt relief controls salt‐related deformation in the Outer Kwanza Basin, offshore Angola." Basin Research 32, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 668–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bre.12390.

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Raith, A. F., F. Strozyk, J. Visser, and J. L. Urai. "Evolution of rheologically heterogeneous salt structures: a case study from the northeast of the Netherlands." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 1877–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-1877-2015.

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Abstract. At the first order salt structures are controlled by the low flow strength of evaporites and by the tectonic boundary conditions. Rheological contrasts within an evaporite body have an important effect on the evolution of the internal structure of salt, but how this mechanical layering affects salt deformation at different scales is not well known. The potassium–magnesium salts (K-Mg salts) carnallite and bischofite are prime examples of layers with much lower effective viscosity than rock salt: their low viscosity presents serious drilling hazards but also allows squeeze solution mining. In contrast, anhydrite and carbonate layers (stringers) in salt are much stronger than halite. In this study, we used high-resolution 3-D seismic and well data to study the evolution of the Veendam and Slochteren salt pillows at the southern boundary of the Groningen High, northern Netherlands. Here the rock salt layers contain both the mechanically stronger Zechstein III Anhydrite–Carbonate stringer and the weaker K-Mg salts, providing an example of extreme rheological heterogeneities in salt structures. The internal structure of the two salt pillows shows areas in which the K-Mg salt-rich ZIII 1b layer is much thicker than elsewhere, in combination with a complexly ruptured and folded ZIII Anhydrite–Carbonate stringer. Thickness maps of supra-salt sediments and well data are used to infer the initial depositional architecture of the K-Mg salts and their deformation history. Results suggest that active faulting and the resulting depressions of the Zechstein surface above a Rotliegend graben caused the local accumulation of bittern brines and precipitation of the thick K-Mg salts. During the first phase of salt flow and withdrawal from the Veendam area, under differential loading by Buntsandstein sediments, the ZIII stringer was boudinaged while the lens of Mg salts remained relatively undeformed. This was followed by a convergence stage, when the K-Mg salt-rich layers were deformed with the evolving salt pillows. This deformation was strongly disharmonic and strongly influenced by folding of the underlying, ruptured ZIII stringer, leading to thickening and internal deformation of the carnallite–bischofite layers.

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Parravano, Vanessa, Antonio Teixell, and Andrés Mora. "Influence of salt in the tectonic development of the frontal thrust belt of the eastern Cordillera (Guatiquía area, Colombian Andes)." Interpretation 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): SAA17—SAA27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0011.1.

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Geologic maps, seismic lines, and data from a dry exploration well were used to develop a new structural model for a segment of the eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, emphasizing the role of salt tectonics. Milestones in the deformation history of the Guatiquía foothills were studied by sequential section restoration to selected steps. Uncommon structural geometries and sparse salt occurrences were interpreted in terms of a kinematic evolution in which Cretaceous salt migration in extension produced a diapiric salt wall, which was subsequently welded during the main episodes of the Andean compression, when the salt wall was squeezed generating a large overturned flap. Salt-weld strain hardening resulted in breakthrough thrusting across the overturned flap in late deformation stages. We have evaluated a pattern of salt tectonics previously unrecognized in the foothills thrust belt, which may be significant in other parts of the external Colombian Andes.

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Strozyk, Frank, Janos L. Urai, Heijn van Gent, Martin de Keijzer, and Peter A. Kukla. "Regional variations in the structure of the Permian Zechstein 3 intrasalt stringer in the northern Netherlands: 3D seismic interpretation and implications for salt tectonic evolution." Interpretation 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): SM101—SM117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0037.1.

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The late Permian Zechstein evaporites in the northern Netherlands were exceptionally well imaged in [Formula: see text] of prestack depth migration 3D seismic data. Seismic reflections of a 30–150-m-thick Zechstein 3 anhydrite-carbonate stringer, which was encased in thick layers of rock salt, provided an unparalleled, basin-scale view of the 3D internal structure of a giant salt basin. Seismic data were used to map the regional variation of the intrasalt stringer to analyze its role in deformation styles and salt flow as well as its interaction with the sub- and suprasalt sediments. From our interpretation of the stringer, the salt layers, and the encasing sediments, three regional structural stringer styles can be defined and were analyzed in the context of regional salt kinematics. Our results revealed that the current stringer initially formed a continuous sheet of anhydrite and carbonate, embedded in salt of varying thickness. After the onset of syndepositional gravitational gliding of some of the salt masses and passive salt diapirism triggered by differential loading in the Triassic in other areas, salt flow caused rupture and folding of the stringer on a wide range of scales. The thickness and deformation degree of the individual salt layers controlled the development of regionally distinctive styles of intrasalt structures. Although deformation of the salt and the embedded stringer stopped early on morphologic highs, the basinal areas experienced phases of later activation or reactivation of salt structures and sedimentary basins. This was especially the case during the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary plate tectonic reorganization in the Central European plate, causing three-dimensionally complex intrasalt structures observable today.

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Raith, A. F., F. Strozyk, J. Visser, and J. L. Urai. "Evolution of rheologically heterogeneous salt structures: a case study from the NE Netherlands." Solid Earth 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-67-2016.

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Abstract. The growth of salt structures is controlled by the low flow strength of evaporites and by the tectonic boundary conditions. The potassium-magnesium salts (K-Mg salts) carnallite and bischofite are prime examples of layers with much lower effective viscosity than halite: their low viscosity presents serious drilling hazards but also allows squeeze solution mining. In contrast, intrasalt anhydrite and carbonate layers (stringers) are much stronger than halite. These rheological contrasts within an evaporite body have an important control on the evolution of the internal structure of salt, but how this mechanical layering affects salt deformation at different scales is not well known. In this study, we use high-resolution 3-D seismic and well data to study the evolution of the Veendam and Slochteren salt pillows at the southern boundary of the Groningen High, northern Netherlands. Here the rock salt layers contain both the mechanically stronger Zechstein III Anhydrite-Carbonate stringer and the weaker K-Mg salts, thus we are able to assess the role of extreme rheological heterogeneities on salt structure growth. The internal structure of the two salt pillows shows areas in which the K-Mg salt-rich ZIII 1b layer is much thicker than elsewhere, in combination with a complexly ruptured and folded ZIII Anhydrite-Carbonate stringer. Thickness maps of supra-salt sediments and well data are used to infer the initial depositional architecture of the K-Mg salts and their deformation history. Results suggest that faulting and the generation of depressions on the top Zechstein surface above a Rotliegend graben caused the local accumulation of bittern brines and precipitation of thick K-Mg salts. During the first phase of salt flow and withdrawal from the Veendam area, under the influence of differential loading by Buntsandstein sediments, the ZIII stringer was boudinaged while the lens of Mg salts remained relatively undeformed. This was followed by a convergence stage, when the K-Mg salt-rich layers were deformed within the inflating salt pillows. This deformation was strongly disharmonic and strongly influenced by folding of the underlying, ruptured ZIII stringer, leading to thickening and internal deformation of the K-Mg salt layers.

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40

Laptev, B. V. "DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF THE SALT ROCKS DURING RELIEVING." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 4 (April 2018): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2018-4-58-60.

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41

Fort, Xavier, Jean-Pierre Brun, and Francois Chauvel. "Salt tectonics on the Angolan margin, synsedimentary deformation processes." AAPG Bulletin 88, no. 11 (November 2004): 1523–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/06010403012.

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Hodgkins, Margaret A., and Michael J. O’Brien. "Salt sill deformation and its implications for subsalt exploration." Leading Edge 13, no. 8 (August 1994): 849–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1437042.

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43

Senseny, P. E., K. D. Mellegard, and J. D. Nieland. "Influence of end effects on the deformation of salt." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 26, no. 5 (September 1989): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)90939-x.

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44

Ma, Xuqiang, Zijun Xu, Liuping Chen, and Xilin Shi. "Creep deformation analysis of gas storage in salt caverns." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 139 (March 2021): 104635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104635.

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Wang, Weichao, Mengmeng Wang, and Xiliang Liu. "Study on Mechanical Features of Brazilian Splitting Fatigue Tests of Salt Rock." Advances in Civil Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5436240.

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The microtest, SEM, was carried out to study the fracture surface of salt rock after the Brazilian splitting test and splitting fatigue test were carried out with a servo-controlled test machine RMT-150B. The results indicate that the deviation of using the tablet splitting method is larger than that of using steel wire splitting method, in Brazilian splitting test of salt rock, when the conventional data processing method is adopted. There are similar deformation features in both the conventional splitting tests and uniaxial compression tests. The stress-strain curves include compaction, elasticity, yielding, and failure stage. Both the vertical deformation and horizontal deformation of splitting fatigue tests under constant average loading can be divided into three stages of “loosening-tightness-loosening.” The failure modes of splitting fatigue tests under the variational average loading are not controlled by the fracturing process curve of the conventional splitting tests. The deformation extent of fatigue tests under variational average loading is even greater than that of conventional splitting test. The tensile strength of salt rock has a relationship with crystallization conditions. Tensile strength of thick crystal salt rock is lower than the bonded strength of fine-grain crystals.

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46

White, William A. "Displacement of Salt by the Laurentide Ice Sheet." Quaternary Research 38, no. 3 (November 1992): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90040-p.

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AbstractIn central New York, deformation of salt of the Salina Formation by the Laurentide Ice Sheet is shown by a thinning of the salt stratum in and near the outcrop zone where it was overridden by the ice sheet and by a thickening down-dip near the glacial limit. Less definitive suggestions of deformation by glacial overriding of the Salina outcrop zone in northeastern Ohio are seen in salt-cored anticlines in the vicinity of the glacial limit. In the lower peninsula of Michigan, isopachs of salt curve around Saginaw Bay, which suggests that the salt was displaced southwestward, away from the bay, by pressure of the Saginaw lobe of the ice sheet. All but one of the major Paleozoic salt deposits of North America lie in a zone that girdles two-thirds of the Canadian Shield from where glacial erosion removed all but occasional outliers of Phanerozoic strata.

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Anatolii, Gaidin. "Technogenic salt karst." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 6 (September 24, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-6-48-57.

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Introduction. There are the speleological and engineering-geological areas in karst studies. Engineeringgeological area has two aspects, the surface aspect including the construction of surface buildings in the areas with the karst hazard and the subsurface aspect of prevention and protection from karstification when developing mineral deposits. Although shafts in salt mines has been working since the Middle Ages, the salt karst is still the reason for the destruction of a lot of salt mines. Research aim is to reveal the physical and chemical mechanism of salt karst development and the reasons for accidents and flooding in salt mines. Methodology included the analysis of regular survey measurements of surface deformation, recording of brine manifestations in mine workings, chemical analyses in brines, hydraulic measurements at surface watercourses, direct determinations of brine aggression, geophysical research by the natural field method, vertical electrical sounding, etc. In recent years, in order to control surface deformation, the data from the radar survey have been used. Results. A clue to the mechanism of salt karst responsible for accidents is the theory of hydrodynamic systems by A. M. Ovchinnikov, the elements of which are the areas of accumulation, transit, and discharge. Brine motion is in the supra-salt reservoir. The trajectory of brine motion is determined by the relief of the salt table. Pressure flow take up the elevated terrain. Accumulation areas are confined to stream corridors permeating the low-permeability strata which covers the salt. The area of transit distinguishes between the zone of the pressure flow and the vertical slot where the brines move in the gravity turbulent conditions. Mine workings make up the discharge area. Within them under the action of aggressive brines triangular niches develop. Pillars undercut results in their collapse and surface sink. Summary. Salt karst development mechanism disclosure has made it possible to propose the methods for predicting its effect and the ways of predicting flooding in salt mines.

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Pedersen, S. A. Schack. "Superimposed deformation in glaciotectonics." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 46 (January 18, 1999): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1999-46-11.

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The identification of glaciotectonic structures is an exclusive field for the structural geologist. The structures comprise a series of different types and regimes. The sequential development of the glaciotectonic structures reflects superimposed subglacial and proglacial deformation processes. The glaciotectonic structures may involve earlier formed structures thus superimposed by the glaciotectonics, or the glaciotectonic structures may eventually be overprinted by neotectonic deformations. Four different superimposed settings may be distinguished: 1) glaciotectonic deformation superimposed on pre-Quaternary tectonics, 2) glaciotectonic deformation superimposed on earlier formed glaciotectonic structures (superimposed deformation involving two or more glaciodynamic events), 3) glaciotectonic deformations superimposed sequentially in the same glaciotectonic unit (two or more glaciotectonic phases in the same glaciodynamic event), and finally 4) neotectonic deformation superimposed on glaciotectonic structures. Examples of type 1 are taken from the deformed Palaeogene diatomites with ash layers at Hanklit, Mors, and Hestegården, Fur. Dokumentation of glaciotectonic deformation superimposed on halokinetic structures is demonstrated from Erslev, Mors, and further examplified by structures occurring at Junget on the north side of the Batum salt diapir in Salling. Type 2 is examplified by glaciotectonic structures in the Skarrehage mo-clay pit on Mors. An example of Elsterian glaciotectonics superimposed by Saalian glaciotectonics is recorded from the hilly island Møborg, central part of western Jylland. The classic glaciotectonic site Møns Klint is described as a combination of an imbricate fan and an antiformal stack formed by the Young Baltic ice advance in the Late Weichselian superimposed by a regressional re-advance from the east. Type 3 is exemplified by the glaciotectonic complex at Feggeklit. Type 4 is described from the island of Fur where glaciotectonic structures are cut by neotectonic faults roughly parallel to the main E-W trend of Limfjorden.

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XIANG, GUOSHENG, YONGFU XU, SHENGHUA XIE, and YUAN FANG. "A SIMPLE METHOD FOR TESTING THE FRACTAL DIMENSION OF COMPACTED BENTONITE IMMERSED IN SALT SOLUTION." Surface Review and Letters 24, no. 03 (March 30, 2017): 1750040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17500408.

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This study employs swelling deformation test for estimating the fractal dimension of salt-modified bentonite soil by measuring the void ratio of montmorillonite ([Formula: see text]) and the effective stress ([Formula: see text]). For the compacted Tsukinuno bentonite, a typical Na-montmorillonite, the fractal dimension is tested by the swelling deformation test conducted in sodium chloride solutions with different concentrations. According to the results, the fractal dimension of the specimens is essentially constant irrespective of the concentration of inundating NaCl solution. The strong correlation of the results from the swelling deformation test with those from the nitrogen adsorption test indicates that the swelling deformation test is an effective laboratory method for testing the fractal dimension of compacted bentonite in salt solution.

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Hudec, Michael R., Tim P. Dooley, Frank J. Peel, and Juan I. Soto. "Controls on the evolution of passive-margin salt basins: Structure and evolution of the Salina del Bravo region, northeastern Mexico." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (October 7, 2019): 997–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35283.1.

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Abstract Passive-margin salt basins tend to be much more deformed than their nonsalt equivalents, but they are by no means all the same. We used seismic data to study the Salina del Bravo region, northeast Mexico, to investigate the ways in which margin configuration and postsalt uplift history can influence passive-margin salt tectonics. The Salina del Bravo area contains four main structural systems, all of which trend NNE across the entire region. These structures are the Bravo trough, Sigsbee salt canopy, Perdido fold-and-thrust belt, and BAHA high. Gravity-driven deformation did not begin until more than 130 m.y. after salt deposition, because of buttressing against the BAHA high. We suggest that deformation was ultimately triggered in the Cenozoic by Cordilleran uplift that tilted the margin seaward and created a major sediment source terrane. Sediments shed from the uplift expelled salt seaward to form the Sigsbee canopy. At the same time, tilted and loaded sediments were translated seaward on the Louann salt until they were buttressed against the BAHA high, forming the Perdido fold-and-thrust belt. A physical model was built to test this hypothesis. The model was able to reproduce most of the major structures in the region, suggesting that the hypothesis is reasonable. The Salina del Bravo region shows how a downdip buttress can inhibit gravity-driven salt deformation in passive-margin salt basins. Furthermore, the area also shows the importance of postsalt uplift, which can destabilize a margin through a combination of tilting and sedimentation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salt deformation'

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