Journal articles: 'Salt desert'

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Zhu, B. Q. "Atmospheric significance of aeolian salts in the sandy deserts of northwestern China." Solid Earth 7, no. 1 (February 4, 2016): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-191-2016.

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Abstract. Large sandy deserts in the middle latitudes of northwestern China were investigated for soluble salt variations in modern and ancient aeolian sediments, aiming to explore the environmental significance of “aeolian salts”. Results revealed that aeolian salt variations have a clear relationship with the changing meridional and zonal gradients of the desert locations and the aeolian differentiation effect, but are weakly linked to local geological conditions. Atmospheric depositions of water-soluble chemical species are an important process/source contributing to aeolian salt. Sequential variations of soluble salts in sedimentary profiles interbedded with aeolian and non-aeolian deposits and their palaeoenvironmental implications in the hinterland areas of these deserts were further evaluated, based on the constraints of OSL dating and radiocarbon dating data. The results indicate that inorganic salts may be a latent geoproxy in revealing regional palaeoclimatic changes in desert areas for sediments deposited under a single depositional environment, but the interpretation should be more cautious for sediments deposited under diverse depositional conditions. This study presents evidence of the atmospheric origin of aeolian salt in sandy deserts, with limited climatic significance in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.

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Zhu, B. Q. "Atmospheric significance of aeolian salts in the sandy deserts of northwestern China." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 4 (December 3, 2015): 3409–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-3409-2015.

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Abstract. Large sandy deserts in the middle latitudes of northwestern China were investigated for soluble salt variations in modern and ancient aeolian sediments, aiming to explore the environmental significance of "aeolian salts". Results revealed that aeolian salt variations have a clear relationship with the changing meridional and zonal gradients of the desert locations and the aeolian differentiation effect, but are weakly linked to local geological conditions. It suggests that the natural system of aeolian salts is hydrologically open and the chemistry of the parent brines are different from that predicted for hydrologically closed systems. Atmospheric depositions of water-soluble chemical species are an important process/source contributing to aeolian salt. Sequential variations of soluble salts in sedimentary profiles interbedded with aeolian and non-aeolian deposits and their palaeoenvironmental implications in the hinterland areas of these deserts were further evaluated, based on the constraints of OSL dating and radiocarbon dating data. The results indicate that the inorganic salts may be a latent geoproxy in revealing regional palaeoclimatic changes in desert areas for the sediments deposited under onefold depositional environment, but the interpretation should be more careful for the sediments deposited under diverse depositional conditions. This study presents the evidence of atmospheric origin of aeolian salt in sandy deserts, with limited climatic significance in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.

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JOHNSON, MARION. "Salt of the Desert Sun." African Affairs 86, no. 343 (April 1987): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097901.

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Collingwood, Cedric, and Harold Heatwole. "Ants from Northwestern China (Hymenoptera, Fomficidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 103, no. 1-2 (2000): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/97127.

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An ecological survey of the ant fauna of the southern part of the Junggar Basin and adjacent mountains, Xinjiang, China, revealed 46 species of which 27 (59%) were new records for China. Most of the species are widespread and no endemics were found. A largely boreal fauna occupies the spruce forest zone at high elevations of the Tienshan Mountains, giving way, lower down, in elm forest, to a mixed, but primarily mesic temperate fauna. Loess desert and degraded steppe at mid-elevations and in the foothills are overgrazed and have only a few species that elsewhere occur in temperate mesic and/or steppic habitats. The sandy deserts and poplar woodlands of the arid Junggar Basin have a fauna characteristic of deserts and steppes. The salt desert fauna has a strange mixture of a number of elements.

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Divyasree, B., K. V. N. S. Lakshmi, Dave Bharti, Ch Sasikala, and Ch V. Ramana. "Caenispirillum deserti sp. nov., a spheroplast-forming bacterium isolated from a salt desert." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_9 (September 1, 2015): 3119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000390.

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A Gram-stain-negative, vibrio-shaped, spheroplast-forming, motile, aerobic bacterium was isolated from the soil of a salt desert in Kutch, Gujarat, India. The strain, designated JC232T, was oxidase- and catalase-positive. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain JC232T was a member of the genus Caenispirillum and was related most closely to Caenispirillum salinarum AK4T (98.9 % similarity) and Caenispirillum bisanense K92T (96.8 %). Genome relatedness based on DNA–DNA hybridization of strain JC232T with the type strains of closely related species was less than 40 %. The DNA G+C content of strain JC232T was 70 mol%. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphotidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified amino lipids (AL1 and 2) and four unidentified lipids (UL1–4) were the polar lipids of strain JC232T. C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c were the major (>15 %) fatty acids of strain JC232T, with minor amounts of C12 : 0, C14 : 0 3-OH/iso-C16 : 0 I, C18 : 1 2-OH, C18 : 0, C16 : 0 3-OH and C19 : 0cycloω8c. Although strain JC232T shared the predominant ubiquinone system (Q10) with the type strains of C. salinarum and C. bisanense, it differed from the latter in polar lipid profile, NaCl growth range and other phenotypic/physiological properties. On the basis of morphological, physiological, genotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain JC232T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Caenispirillum, for which the name Caenispirillum deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC232T ( = KCTC 42064T = NBRC 110150T).

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Kimball, E. "Desert Storm Environmental Effects." Journal of the IEST 35, no. 4 (July 1, 1992): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.35.4.x4r6l3r8k9q68751.

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Recent forward deployment of an air defense system launch station resulted in the need to collect comprehensive new information on Saudi Arabian environmental extremes. This article includes a discussion on equipment reliability when it is exposed to abnormally high temperatures, severe dust storms, and salt fog which would be experienced during Desert Storm operations.

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Zahid H. Channa, Erum Khushnood Zahid, and Mehwish Bhutto. "Thar Desert and its Natural Resources: A Case Study of the District Tharparkar in Sindh Province of Pakistan." Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol3.iss1.86.

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The research study aims to display natural resources of Thar Desert area ofdistrict Tharparkar in Sindh. It is being studied over the years that DistrictTharparkar is totaled as a richest district in natural resources, such as coal,granite, salt mines, china clay, livestock, range land forest and mushrooms.The topography of the District 99% area covered in the desert which is knownas the part of Thar Desert. The Thar Desert existed into two countriesPakistan and India. The discovery of Thar Coal Reserves is one of thesignificant developments in the history of Sindh province of Pakistan whichplaced country at 7th among world top 12 richest coal reserves countries dueto its economic worth. On the basis of the previous studies; it is expected thatThar coal reserves having the potential to solve the energy crisis of Pakistan.The availability of granite is 26.05 billion tons found into 8 to 10 differentcolors in the area of Nagarparkar. Moreover, China clay extracted at 12 to 14different locations and around 2000 people employed in the different fields.Thar Desert of Pakistan has around 120 salt lakes and around 400 laborerswere employed to harvest salt. The Rangeland forests in the desert area of thedistrict represents the main source of livelihood is livestock and the areas arehighlighted the most densely populated in livestock in Sindh province ofPakistan.

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R. Fulton, Graham. "Desert Water." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 4 (2009): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090234.

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About water. The photo in my mind is of a pool of permanent water in the desert fringe (Mileura Station). It was (and still is) called; Poonthoon Pool (see backcover for a picture of Poonthoon Pool. The water is salty more so than some bores. The why doesn?t matter. But it made a nice salty cup of tea, which some of the students in my company didn?t finish drinking even though they agreed with me that had they made soup with it the salt would have been advantageous. I only asked, ?Did the water boil?? Thus, it was safe to drink ? even better with soup. In some cities in Australia they are banning bottled water, because it is the most wasteful use of money and energy since the disposable razor. There are lessons to be learnt here. But, they are for you to evaluate.

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Whisenant, S. G., and F. J. Wagstaff. "Successional trajectories of a grazed salt desert shrubland." Vegetatio 94, no. 2 (July 1991): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00032627.

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Marion, G. M., P. S. J. Verburg, E. V. McDonald, and J. A. Arnone. "Modeling salt movement through a Mojave Desert soil." Journal of Arid Environments 72, no. 6 (June 2008): 1012–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.12.005.

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11

Pankova, Ye I., and M. V. Konyushkova. "The effect of global warming on soil salinity in arid regions." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 71 (June 30, 2013): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2013-71-3-15.

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The comparison of modern climatic conditions and soil salinity in subboreal deserts of Middle Asia (Turanian plain) and Central Asia (Gobi deserts) shows that climate has an effect on salinity of hydromorphic soils. From the other hand, the distribution and degree of salinity of automorphic desert soils are predominantly governed by the distribution of salt-bearing rocks inherited from the previous geologic stages and are not related directly to the modern aridity. This fact allows us to state that the global warming will not promote salinization of automorphic soils of arid regions, except for the soils subjected to aeolian salinization. Climate aridification will provoke soil salinization in hydromorphic conditions.

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Zhumabekova, Zhazira, Xinwen Xu, Yongdong Wang, Chunwu Song, Alzhan Kurmangozhinov, and Dani Sarsekova. "Effects of Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate on Haloxylon ammodendron Seed Germination." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124927.

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Haloxylon ammodendron is a perennial xerophyte that can survive in extremely harsh desert conditions of Central Asia. This study evaluated the effect of salinity, and their ability to recover on seed germination of H. ammodendron, which were collected at three different desert areas, Bakanas takyr plain (H1), Gurbantüngüt Desert (H2), and Gobi Desert (H3), respectively. Seeds were treated with different concentrations of NaCl and Na2SO4 (0.00 (control), 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, and 1.40 mol/L) to detemine the germination and recover ability to salt stress. The results of the study were that H. ammodendron were more resistant to Na2SO4 than to NaCl. Regarding inhibition of seed germination H. ammodendron was in the following order: H3 > H2 > H1. Based on the tolerance and recovery, seeds can be demonstrated as follows: NaCl: H3 > H1 > H2; Na2SO4: H1 = H2 = H3. Non-germinated seeds in all salt treatments with low osmotic potential showed high recovery when transferred to distilled water, indicating that these treatments were not too toxic to affect seed viability. These results suggest that H. ammodendron can withstand high levels of salinity at three desert environments. Thus, H. ammodendron could be used to reconstruct vegetation and sustanbility development in the desert areas with high salinity.

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13

JONES, ALLISON L., and WILLIAM S. LONGLAND. "Effects of Cattle Grazing on Salt Desert Rodent Communities." American Midland Naturalist 141, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0001:eocgos]2.0.co;2.

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14

Graly, Joseph A., Kathy J. Licht, Gregory K. Druschel, and Michael R. Kaplan. "Polar desert chronologies through quantitative measurements of salt accumulation." Geology 46, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g39650.1.

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15

Newhall, Robert L., Thomas A. Monaco, W. Howard Horton, R. Deane Harrison, and Richard J. Page. "Rehabilitating Salt-Desert Ecosystems Following Wildfire And Wind Erosion." Rangelands 26, no. 1 (February 2004): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-501x(2004)26[3:rsefwa]2.0.co;2.

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Davila, Alfonso F., Ian Hawes, Carmen Ascaso, and Jacek Wierzchos. "Salt deliquescence drives photosynthesis in the hyperarid Atacama Desert." Environmental Microbiology Reports 5, no. 4 (April 8, 2013): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12050.

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17

Shuttleworth, T. J., J. L. Thompson, and W. H. Dantzler. "Potassium secretion by nasal salt glands of desert lizard Sauromalus obesus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): R83—R90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.1.r83.

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Potassium secretion by the nasal salt glands of the herbivorous desert lizard Sauromalus obesus was determined in vivo by a new technique. Intraperitoneal injection of KCl rapidly increased the potassium secretion rate from 0.28 to 15.35 mumol X 100 g-1 X h-1. A second identical intraperitoneal injection, given 15 h after the first, further increased potassium secretion to 50.09 mumol X 100 g-1 X h-1. This was associated with a doubling of plasma K+ concentration and salt gland Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Neither salt gland weight or residual (Mg2+) ATPase activity were affected. In an isolated perfused head preparation, potassium secretion from the nasal salt glands was stimulated from 0.99 to 10.76 mumol X 100 g-1 X h-1 by methacholine and to 14.68 mumol X 100 g-1 X h-1 by forskolin. In this perfused preparation, simultaneous determination of salt gland perfusion flow (using radiolabeled microspheres) and the rate of potassium secretion revealed that the secreting glands removed 68% of the perfusing potassium ions. Calculations indicated that secretion at the maximal rate observed in vivo would necessitate a fourfold increase in the rate of blood flow to the gland.

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Ahmad, Farooq. "Leptochloa fusca cultivation for utilization of salt - affected soil and water resources in Cholistan Desert." Sociedade & Natureza 22, no. 1 (April 2010): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-45132010000100010.

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In the Cholistan Desert, 0.44 million hectares are salt - affected low lying and clayey in nature locally known as 'dhars', where rainwater as well as saline groundwater could be utilized for growing salt tolerant grasses like Leptochloa fusca as forage during summer. L. fusca is a promising candidate grass for economic utilization and better management of sodic, high pH, saline soil and saline water resources of the Cholistan desert. L. fusca is known to be a versatile, halophytic, primary colonizer, easily propagatable, perennial, nutritive and palatable forage plant species. The grass has the good biomass producing potential and can grow equally well both under upland and submerged saline soil environment.

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Shen, Jianxun, Adam J. Wyness, Mark W. Claire, and Aubrey L. Zerkle. "Spatial Variability of Microbial Communities and Salt Distributions Across a Latitudinal Aridity Gradient in the Atacama Desert." Microbial Ecology 82, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 442–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01672-w.

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AbstractOver the past 150 million years, the Chilean Atacama Desert has been transformed into one of the most inhospitable landscapes by geophysical changes, which makes it an ideal Mars analog that has been explored for decades. However, a heavy rainfall that occurred in the Atacama in 2017 provides a unique opportunity to study the response of resident extremophiles to rapid environmental change associated with excessive water and salt shock. Here we combine mineral/salt composition measurements, amendment cell culture experiments, and next-generation sequencing analyses to study the variations in salts and microbial communities along a latitudinal aridity gradient of the Atacama Desert. In addition, we examine the reshuffling of Atacama microbiomes after the rainfall event. Analysis of microbial community composition revealed that soils within the southern arid desert were consistently dominated by Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Intriguingly, the hyperarid microbial consortia exhibited a similar pattern to the more southern desert. Salts at the shallow subsurface were dissolved and leached down to a deeper layer, challenging indigenous microorganisms with the increasing osmotic stress. Microbial viability was found to change with aridity and rainfall events. This study sheds light on the structure of xerotolerant, halotolerant, and radioresistant microbiomes from the hyperarid northern desert to the less arid southern transition region, as well as their response to changes in water availability.

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Steinberg, Spencer, and Vernon Hodge. "Copper Complexation by Dissolved Organic Matter in arid Soils: A Voltametric Study." Environments 5, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments5110125.

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A voltammetric method was used to estimate the complexing capacity of water extracts from both desert soils sampled at the root zone of creosote and salt cedar plants, and in soils from interspace or background regions where no vegetative influence was apparent. The copper complexing capacity of water extracts of these desert soils was influenced by contact time and pH. In soils from the root zones of creosote and salt cedar plant, copper complexation capacities at pH 8 were from 5 µM to 60 µM after five min contact periods, while 18 h contact periods yielded copper complexation capacities of 40 µM–80 µM. Soils with no vegetative influence had copper complexing capacities of less the 2 µM. The copper complexing capacities of these soils are well correlated with the concentration of organic carbon in the water extract (r2 = 0.86). The abundance of soluble organic matter in the root zone of desert shrubs has the potential to control the solution speciation of Cu2+. The formation of soluble complexes should also have an important influence on the plant uptake and transport of copper, as well as other heavy metals in the root zones of desert shrubs and beyond.

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Li, Hong, Jun Tan, Yun Mu, and Jianfeng Gao. "Lipid accumulation of Chlorella sp. TLD6B from the Taklimakan Desert under salt stress." PeerJ 9 (May 31, 2021): e11525. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11525.

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Chlorella has become an important raw material for biodiesel production in recent years, and Chlorella sp. TLD6B, a species with high lipid concentrations and high salt and drought tolerance, has been cultivated on a large scale. To explore the lipid accumulation of Chlorella sp. TLD6B and its relationship to external NaCl concentrations, we performed physiological measurements and genome-wide gene expression profiling under different levels of salt stress. Chlorella sp. TLD6B was able to tolerate high levels of salt stress (0.8 M NaCl addition). Lipid concentrations initially increased and then decreased as salt stress increased and were highest under the addition of 0.2 M NaCl. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that salt stress enhanced the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis (the ACCases BC and BCCP, KAS II, and GPDHs involved in TAG synthesis), thereby promoting lipid accumulation under the addition of 0.2 M NaCl. However, high salinity inhibited cell growth. Expression of three SADs, whose encoded products function in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, was up-regulated under high salinity (0.8 M NaCl addition). This research clarifies the relationship between salt tolerance and lipid accumulation and promotes the utilization of Chlorella sp. TLD6B.

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Yazdi, Abdollah, Mohammad Foudazi, Rahim Dabiri, and Farbod Faraji. "Geomorphosites and Geotourism in the Kavir National Park (Central Iran)." Current World Environment 10, no. 3 (December 25, 2015): 1055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.3.40.

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Geotourism and geomorphotourism are considered the most important sub-categories of tourism industry in recent years, and their systematic development based on the principles of proper planning and creating required infrastructure can have a direct impact on sustainable development of every country. With regard to the climate and tectonic conditions, Iran has the most versatile landforms and exquisite geological phenomena that can attract many geoscientists as well as adventurous tourists. The purpose of this article is introducing Kavir national park (Maranjab Desert) geomorphosites, and exploring ways to develop geotourism in this area. Geomorphotourism is tourism with emphasis on visiting geomorphologic phenomena and landscapes. At the same time, the integration of historic and cultural heritage, as well as ecological attractions, highlight its importance and further increases its impact on development. The results of the studies show that Kavir national park area is among the most capable regions for sustainable tourism development, because it is one of the most accessible desert areas of Iran, it also has a moderate temperature, geological and tourism attraction diversity, diversity of wilderness and vegetation species, outstanding desert landscape, along with cultural and historic attractions. The region takes advantage of landscapes such as saif (seif) dunes, barchan dunes, ripple marks, desert pavements, sand dunes, nebkhas, salt lakes, salt polygons, inflated and puffy salt surfaces, Sargardan Island (Wandering Island) and so on. Kavir national park has a lot of potential for carrying out further studies and the impact on economic development and operation at national and international levels. This article seeks to introduce mentioned potentials in Kavir national park region.

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Jessop, Brad D., and Val Jo Anderson. "Cheatgrass Invasion in Salt Desert Shrublands: Benefits of Postfire Reclamation." Rangeland Ecology & Management 60, no. 3 (May 2007): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[235:ciisds]2.0.co;2.

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Fengqing, HAN, MAO Qingfei, MA Ruying, ZHANG Yanxia, SUN Yuqiang, HAN Jilong, NIAN Xiuqing, LIU Wenyu, SYED Asim Hussain, and MA Zhe. "Chlorine isotope geochemistry of salt lakes in the Tengger Desert." Journal of Lake Sciences 30, no. 4 (2018): 1152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/2018.0426.

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Hazard, Lisa C. "Ion Secretion by Salt Glands of Desert Iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74, no. 1 (January 2001): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/319301.

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Schultheiss, Patrick, Sebastian Schwarz, Ken Cheng, and Rüdiger Wehner. "Foraging ecology of an Australian salt-pan desert ant (genus Melophorus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 5 (2012): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12096.

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Over the expanse of the salt lakes of the Lake Eyre basin lives a species of ant of the genus Melophorus (as yet unnamed), both on the edges of the salt-pan and on the salt-pan itself. Most of the foragers are small (~3.0–5.0 mm), but ~10% of the ants seen foraging are much larger (~7.0 mm) and may form a soldier caste. Foragers are thermophilic and show diurnal activity, displaying a single-peaked activity profile across the day, with activity time limited to 2–6 h at most each day (during the late-summer study period, 28 February to 28 March 2012). They forage largely for dead arthropods, but also occasionally bring home plant materials. Foraging success (not considering possible liquid food intake) is ~20%, resembling the success rate of their congener Melophorus bagoti, which inhabits cluttered environments. When displaced with food from a feeder, the ants head systematically and precisely in the feeder-to-nest direction, thus exhibiting path integration abilities involving celestial compass cues. The study of this species provides an interesting comparative perspective in contrasting desert ants of the same genus and thus genetic heritage inhabiting habitats differing in complexity of panoramic terrestrial cues as well as comparing ecologically similar species inhabiting the same type of habitat (in the present case, salt-pans) but differing in their phylogenetic relationships.

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Yu, Lei, Haojie Dong, Zhijun Li, Zhanjiang Han, Helena Korpelainen, and Chunyang Li. "Species-specific responses to drought, salinity and their interactions in Populus euphratica and P. pruinosa seedlings." Journal of Plant Ecology 13, no. 5 (July 17, 2020): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtaa043.

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Abstract Aims Drought and salinity are severe abiotic stress factors, which limit plant growth and productivity, particularly in desert regions. In this study, we employed two desert poplars, Populus euphratica Oliver and Populus pruinosa Schrenk seedlings, to compare their tolerance to drought, salinity and combined stress. Methods We investigated species-specific responses of P. euphratica and P. pruinosa in growth, photosynthetic capacity and pigment contents, nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations, Cl− allocation, osmotic regulation and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under drought, salinity and the combined stress. Important Findings Populus pruinosa exhibited greater growth inhibitory effects, photosynthesis decline, stomatal closure and ROS accumulation, and lower antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic regulation compared with P. euphratica under drought, salinity and especially under their combined stress. On the other hand, salt-stressed P. euphratica plants restricted salt transportation from roots to leaves, and allocated more Cl− to coarse roots and less to leaves, whereas salt-stressed P. pruinosa allocated more Cl− to leaves. It was shown that there is species-specific variation in these two desert poplars, and P. pruinosa suffers greater negative effects compared with P. euphratica under drought, salinity and especially under the combined stress. Therefore, in ecological restoration and afforestation efforts, species-specific responses and tolerances of these two poplar species to drought and salinity should be considered under climate change with increasing drought and soil salinity developing.

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Singer, Catherine K., and Chris A. Martin. "Effect of Landscape Mulches and Drip Irrigation on Transplant Establishment and Growth of Three North American Desert Native Plants." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.3.166.

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Abstract A two-year experiment was conducted to determine growth responses of three North American desert native plants, brittle bush (Encelia farinosa), four wing salt bush (Atriplex canescens), and Santa Rita prickly pear cactus (Opuntia santa rita) to four landscape mulch treatments (shredded landscape tree trimmings, composted ponderosa pine residue, decomposing granite, or a no mulch control). In addition, brittle bush and four wing salt bush plants were drip irrigated with either 1275 liters (337 gal) or 2550 liters (674 gal) of water-plant−1year−1. Santa Rita prickly pear cacti were not irrigated. Transplant survivability of brittle bush was differentially affected by mulch treatment. In contrast, mulch treatments had no impact on survivability of four wing salt bush or Santa Rita prickly pear. Mulch treatments also had no effect on growth indices of all plants. Compared to the no mulch control treatment, shredded tree trimming mulch increased relative water content of Santa Rita prickly pear padded stems. Shoot dry weights were greatest for non-irrigated four wing salt bush and brittle bush. These findings suggest that supplemental drip irrigation and inorganic mulches might not be needed to grow some North American desert plants in southwest urban landscapes.

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Khan, M. Ajmal, Bilquees Gul, and Darrell J. Weber. "Seed germination in the Great Basin halophyte Salsola iberica." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-046.

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Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau, a halophytic forb in the family Chenopodiaceae, is widely distributed in inland salt deserts of Utah and widespread in North America. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NaCl and temperature on seed germination and their recovery of germination from saline conditions after being transferred to distilled water. Seeds of S. iberica were germinated at various temperatures and at various salinities in a 12 h light : 12 h dark photoperiod to determine their germinability under these conditions. Increases in NaCl concentration progressively inhibited seed germination. Few seeds germinated at 1000 mM NaCl. Cooler temperatures significantly inhibited germination, while high night (25°C) and high day (35°C) temperature regimes showed higher germination. Rate of germination decreased with an increase in salinity. Germination rate was higher at 2535°C and lower at 515°C temperatures. Seeds were transferred from salt solutions to distilled water after 20 days, and those from low salinities recovered quickly at cooler temperature regimes. Recovery germination percentages substantially decreased with an increase in salinity and temperature.Key words: halophyte, recovery of seed germination, Salsola iberica, salt desert, thermoperiod, Utah.

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Schulze-Makuch, Dirk, Daniel Lipus, Felix L. Arens, Mickael Baqué, Till L. V. Bornemann, Jean-Pierre de Vera, Markus Flury, et al. "Microbial Hotspots in Lithic Microhabitats Inferred from DNA Fractionation and Metagenomics in the Atacama Desert." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051038.

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The existence of microbial activity hotspots in temperate regions of Earth is driven by soil heterogeneities, especially the temporal and spatial availability of nutrients. Here we investigate whether microbial activity hotspots also exist in lithic microhabitats in one of the most arid regions of the world, the Atacama Desert in Chile. While previous studies evaluated the total DNA fraction to elucidate the microbial communities, we here for the first time use a DNA separation approach on lithic microhabitats, together with metagenomics and other analysis methods (i.e., ATP, PLFA, and metabolite analysis) to specifically gain insights on the living and potentially active microbial community. Our results show that hypolith colonized rocks are microbial hotspots in the desert environment. In contrast, our data do not support such a conclusion for gypsum crust and salt rock environments, because only limited microbial activity could be observed. The hypolith community is dominated by phototrophs, mostly Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi, at both study sites. The gypsum crusts are dominated by methylotrophs and heterotrophic phototrophs, mostly Chloroflexi, and the salt rocks (halite nodules) by phototrophic and halotolerant endoliths, mostly Cyanobacteria and Archaea. The major environmental constraints in the organic-poor arid and hyperarid Atacama Desert are water availability and UV irradiation, allowing phototrophs and other extremophiles to play a key role in desert ecology.

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Hooke, Roger LeB. "Lake Manly(?) Shorelines in the Eastern Mojave Desert, California." Quaternary Research 52, no. 3 (November 1999): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2080.

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Near Mesquite Spring on the southern edge of the Soda Lake basin in the Mojave Desert, there is a shoreline of an ancient lake at an elevation of 340 m above sea level. At present, Soda Lake would overflow at 280 m; a lake surface at 340 m would extend ∼240 km northward, to the northern end of Death Valley. Shorelines and lacustrine deposits near the Salt Spring and Saddle Peak Hills, 75 km north of Mesquite Spring, are at ∼180 m; a lake surface at this elevation today would also extend to the northern end of Death Valley. The most prominent shoreline of the pluvial lake that occupied Death Valley during the Pleistocene, Lake Manly, is that of the Blackwelder stand which ended ∼120,000 yr ago. This shoreline is ∼90 m above sea level. The Mesquite Spring and Salt Spring Hills shorelines were probably formed by the Blackwelder stand and subsequently displaced with respect to one another, tectonically, due to transpression in the northeastern Mojave Desert and NW–SE extension across Death Valley. This tectonic regime would result in subsidence of Death Valley and the Salt Spring Hills relative to Mesquite Spring. A reconstruction suggests that the topography at the time of the Blackwelder stand would have had a sill near the level of the highest lake, and also one ∼20 m lower, corresponding to the next most prominent shoreline in Death Valley. Expansion of the lake over these sills would have increased evaporation, thus possibly stabilizing the lake level.

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HOLGUIN PEÑA, RAMON JAIME, DIANA MEDINA-HERNÁNDEZ, MOJTABA GHASEMI, and Edgar Omar Rueda Puente. "SALT TOLERANT PLANTS AS A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION IN ARID AND SALINE COASTAL ZONES." Acta Biológica Colombiana 26, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v26n1.82412.

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This review focuses on the potential of halophytes for food, fodder and biofuels production, as well as their impacts on the environment and societies. Moreover, to open new areas in production systems using novel technologies such as halophytes in a desert agriculture. We are faced with the crisis and the shortage of freshwater in arid, semi-arid and desert regions. For this reason, we have to apply sustainable systems for human food, fodder and biofuels. Halophytes are naturally resistant to salt and develop on the coastal coast and arid-saline areas. We present a complete summary of the current situation of human population growth and food demand, a sustainable alternative such as halophilic crops of agro-industrial importance compared with conventional crops and how they can be incorporated into agriculture sustainable in arid, desert and coastal areas, basing the above on success stories.

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Spaulding, Jay, and Paul E. Lovejoy. "Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 2 (1987): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219845.

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Green, Kathryn L., and Paul E. Lovejoy. "Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan." African Studies Review 30, no. 2 (June 1987): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524043.

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Multhauf, Robert P., and Paul E. Lovejoy. "Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan." Technology and Culture 29, no. 3 (July 1988): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105298.

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Daly, M. W., and Paul E. Lovejoy. "Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan." American Historical Review 93, no. 1 (February 1988): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1865808.

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Hu, Dong, Guanghui Lv, Yadong Qie, Hengfang Wang, Fang Yang, and Lamei Jiang. "Response of Morphological Characters and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron to Water and Salt Stress." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010388.

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In arid desert areas, Haloxylon ammodendron plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of desert oases. However, there are few studies on the physiological characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron under an environmental gradient. Here, we studied the changes in the morphological and photosynthetic characteristics and their correlations in Haloxylon ammodendron in the four habitats of the Ebinur Lake wetland. Our results show that in high-water and high-salt habitats, photosynthesis is affected by “stomata restriction,” while in other habitats, photosynthesis is mainly affected by “non-stomata restriction.” In addition, when the soil conditions were good, Haloxylon ammodendron chose leaf construction featuring high specific leaf area, while when the soil conditions were worse, it chose an opposite leaf construction model to ensure the optimal allocation of carbon assimilation products in heterogeneous habitats. This study will deepen our understanding of the trade-off strategy between the accumulation and distribution of plant photosynthate in special habitats in arid areas. The results are of theoretical value for analysis of the ecological adaptation mechanisms of plants in arid desert areas.

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Astitha, M., G. Kallos, C. Spyrou, W. O'Hirok, J. Lelieveld, and H. A. C. Denier van der Gon. "Chemically aged and mixed aerosols over the Central Atlantic Ocean – potential impacts." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2010): 5185–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-5185-2010.

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Abstract. Detailed information on the chemical and physical properties of aerosols is important for assessing their role in air quality and climate. This work explores the origin and fate of continental aerosols transported over the Central Atlantic Ocean, in terms of chemical composition, number and size distribution, using chemistry-transport models, satellite data and in situ measurements. We focus on August 2005, a period with intense hurricane and tropical storm activity over the Atlantic Ocean. A mixture of anthropogenic (sulphates, nitrates), natural (desert dust, sea salt) and chemically aged (sulphate and nitrate on dust) aerosols is found entering the hurricane genesis region, most likely interacting with clouds in the area. Results from our modelling study suggest rather small amounts of accumulation mode desert dust, sea salt and chemically aged dust aerosols in this Atlantic Ocean region. Aerosols of smaller size (Aitken mode) are more abundant in the area and in some occasions sulphates of anthropogenic origin and desert dust are of the same magnitude in terms of number concentrations. Typical aerosol number concentrations are derived for the vertical layers near shallow cloud formation regimes, designating that the aerosol number concentration can reach several thousand particles per cubic centimetre. The vertical distribution of the aerosols indicates that the desert dust particles are often transported near the top of the marine cloud layer as they enter into the region where deep convection is initiated. The anthropogenic sulphate aerosol can be transported within a thick layer and enter the cloud deck through multiple ways (from the top, the base of the cloud and entrainment). The sodium (sea salt related) aerosol is mostly found below the cloud base. The results of this work may provide insights relevant for studies that consider aerosol influences on cloud processes and storm development in the Central Atlantic region.

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Astitha, M., G. Kallos, C. Spyrou, W. O'Hirok, J. Lelieveld, and H. A. C. Denier van der Gon. "Modelling the chemically aged and mixed aerosols over the eastern central Atlantic Ocean – potential impacts." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 13 (July 1, 2010): 5797–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5797-2010.

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Abstract. Detailed information on the chemical and physical properties of aerosols is important for assessing their role in air quality and climate. This work explores the origin and fate of continental aerosols transported over the Central Atlantic Ocean, in terms of chemical composition, number and size distribution, using chemistry-transport models, satellite data and in situ measurements. We focus on August 2005, a period with intense hurricane and tropical storm activity over the Atlantic Ocean. A mixture of anthropogenic (sulphates, nitrates), natural (desert dust, sea salt) and chemically aged (sulphate and nitrate on dust) aerosols is found entering the hurricane genesis region, most likely interacting with clouds in the area. Results from our modelling study suggest rather small amounts of accumulation mode desert dust, sea salt and chemically aged dust aerosols in this Atlantic Ocean region. Aerosols of smaller size (Aitken mode) are more abundant in the area and in some occasions sulphates of anthropogenic origin and desert dust are of the same magnitude in terms of number concentrations. Typical aerosol number concentrations are derived for the vertical layers near shallow cloud formation regimes, indicating that the aerosol number concentration can reach several thousand particles per cubic centimetre. The vertical distribution of the aerosols shows that the desert dust particles are often transported near the top of the marine cloud layer as they enter into the region where deep convection is initiated. The anthropogenic sulphate aerosol can be transported within a thick layer and enter the cloud deck through multiple ways (from the top, the base of the cloud, and by entrainment). The sodium (sea salt related) aerosol is mostly found below the cloud base. The results of this work may provide insights relevant for studies that consider aerosol influences on cloud processes and storm development in the Central Atlantic region.

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Saduova, G. Y., G. T. Issanova, Y. Kh Kakimzhanov, and J. Abuduwaili. "STUDY AND MAPPING OF DEGRADATION OF THE ARALKUM DESERT." REPORTS 2, no. 330 (April 15, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.31.

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Desertification is a land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas as a result of various factors, including climate change and human activities. The Aral Sea is called the once large, and now almost dry, salt lake, which today looks like a large salt desert. Its drying is considered one of the greatest environmental disasters of our time, because only 50 years ago it was one of the four largest lakes on our planet. In the 1990s, the western world learned about the environmental disaster of what used to be the fourth largest lake in the world - The Aral Sea. The abrupt drying of the Aral Sea led to the intensive development of desertification processes in the region and the formation of the new man-made Aralkum desert. The main method for determining the soil degradation of the Aralkum desert is the calculation of indices. The selected methods are widely known and repeatedly applied in world practice methods for processing satellite images. So, all of the listed spectral indices are universal. The uniqueness of this technique lies in the determination of the exact ranges of values for each of the spectral indices in the identification of various indicators of desertification.

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Khan, M. Ajmal, Bilquees Gul, and Darrell J. Weber. "Seed germination characteristics of Halogeton glomeratus." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-097.

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Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) C.A. Mey, an annual forb in the family Chenopodiaceae, is widely distributed in the inland salt deserts of western North America. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NaCl and temperature on seed germination and the recovery of germination responses after transfer to distilled water. Seeds of H. glomeratus were germinated at various temperature regimes (515°C, 1020°C, 1030°C, 1525°C, 2030°C, and 2535°C), and salinities (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mM NaCl) in a 12 h dark : 12 h light photoperiod. Increases in NaCl concentration progressively inhibited seed germination, and this inhibition was more substantial in the dark than in the photoperiod treatment. Seed germination at concentrations higher than 800 mM NaCl was low (10%). Cooler temperatures significantly inhibited germination in all treatments. A temperature regime of high night (25°C) and high day (35°C) temperatures led to higher germination. Rate of germination decreased with an increase in salinity and was highest at 2535°C and lowest at 515°C temperature regimes. Seeds were transferred from salt solution to distilled water after 20 days, and those from high salinities recovered quickly at all temperature regimes. Recovery germination percentages from the highest salinity treatment varied from 51 to 100% at various temperature regimes.Key words: Great Basin desert, Halogeton glomeratus, halophyte, recovery of seed germination, salt deserts, temperature regime.

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Guan, Hai Ying, and Xin Zhao. "Effects of Aridity and Salinization on Soil Microbial Biomass C in a Desert Ecosystem." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.638.

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In this study, we measured soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) under four different land cover types (canopy, litter, lichen and bare soil) to determine the effects of aridity and salinization on SMBC of a typical desert ecosystem. Results showed that higher SMBC with lower soil salt content and higher soil moisture were found in general if with vegetation, and the SMBC under canopy was especially higher than any other land cover types, which was near double of that of bare soil (115.34μg C g-1 soil vs. 61.88μg C g-1 soil). Linear regression analysis indicated that soil SMBC were positively correlated (p<0.01,r =0.899) with soil moisture but negatively correlated (r =-0.784, p<0.01) with soil salt content. These relationships may represent an evolutionary process, aiding in the conservation of essential vegetation in a fragile desert ecosystem.

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Jin, Xiao Jun, Jing Long Fan, Bo Xu, Bing Wen Li, and Xin Wen Xu. "Respond of Plant Growth and Soil Water-Salt to Different Irrigation Amounts in Little Thickness Aeration Zone in the Hinterland of Taklimakan Desert." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3872.

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In order to clarify the influence of saline water irrigation to plant growth and distribution ofsoil water-salt, and providing theoretical basis for sustainable water supply of ecological constructionin desert area, the data of soil water-salt and plant growth was observed at Tarim Desert HighwayShelter-forest Ecological Project No. 17 well. The law of soil water and salt spatial distribution wasanalyzed, and the responses of plant growth to 4 different irrigation amounts were studied by singleelement variance analysis. The results were as follows: the soil water content reaches or is close tosaturation in layer of 100~120cm under the 420mm irrigation water condition; The soil water contentreaches or is close to saturation in layer of 160~180cm under the 233.1mm irrigation water condition;The soil water content reaches or is close to saturation in layer of 180~200cm under the 285.6mm irrigation water condition; The soil water content reaches or is close to saturation in layer of160~180cm under the 201.6mm irrigation water condition. The vertical distribution law of soilssalinity is that the soil salt can enter groundwater after 3 days of irrigation, and be gathered in 0~30cmsoil layer. There were no significant differences except the Tamarix plant height in plant growthindexes among 4 different irrigation quantities treatments.

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Pedler, R. D., R. F. H. Ribot, and A. T. D. Bennett. "Extreme nomadism in desert waterbirds: flights of the banded stilt." Biology Letters 10, no. 10 (October 2014): 20140547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0547.

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In contrast to well-studied Northern Hemisphere birds with spatially and temporally predictable seasonal migrations, waterbirds in desert biomes face major challenges in exploiting stochastic, rich, yet short-lived resource pulses in vast arid landscapes, leading to the evolution of nomadic behaviour. An extreme example is the banded stilt ( Cladorhynchus leucocephalus ), an opportunistic colonial breeder at remote inland salt lakes after infrequent rain events. Using satellite telemetry on 21 birds (tracked for a mean of 196.2 days), we reveal extensive, rapid and synchronized movement among individuals to and from salt lakes. Two birds left coastal refugia for the inland following rain, flying 1000–2000 km, while 12 others rapidly moved a mean of 684 km (range 357–1298 km) away from drying inland sites to the coast. Two individuals moved longitudinally across the continent, departing and arriving at the same points, yet travelling very different routes; one bird moving more than 2200 km in less than 2.5 days, the other more than 1500 km in 6 days. Our findings reveal movements nearly twice as long and rapid as recorded in other desert waterbirds. We reveal capability to rapidly detect and exploit ephemeral wetland resource pulses across the stochastic Australian desert.

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George, Suja, Deepeka Manoharan, Jie Li, Monica Britton, and Ajay Parida. "Transcriptomic responses to drought and salt stress in desert treeProsopis juliflora." Canadian Journal of Biotechnology 1, Special Issue-Supplement (December 11, 2017): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.24870/cjb.2017-a275.

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Aanniz, Tarik, Mouna Ouadghiri, Marouane Melloul, Jean Swings, Elmostafa Elfahime, Jamal Ibijbijen, Mohamed Ismaili, and Mohamed Amar. "Thermophilic bacteria in Moroccan hot springs, salt marshes and desert soils." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 2 (June 2015): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-838246220140219.

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Ewing, Kern, and James P. Dobrowolski. "Dynamics of Shrub Die-Off in a Salt Desert Plant Community." Journal of Range Management 45, no. 2 (March 1992): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002783.

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Zhang, Jian, Jianju Feng, Jing Lu, Yongzhi Yang, Xu Zhang, Dongshi Wan, and Jianquan Liu. "Transcriptome differences between two sister desert poplar species under salt stress." BMC Genomics 15, no. 1 (2014): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-337.

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Liangpeng, Yi, Ma Jian, and Li Yan. "Soil salt and nutrient concentration in the rhizosphere of desert halophytes." Acta Ecologica Sinica 27, no. 9 (September 2007): 3565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2032(07)60074-2.

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Huifang, Hou, and Yan Min. "Life Prediction of Desert Sand PVA-ECC in Salt Freezing Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 567 (September 26, 2020): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/567/1/012026.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salt desert'

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