Journal articles: 'Salt diapir'

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MUKHERJEE, SOUMYAJIT, CHRISTOPHER J. TALBOT, and HEMIN A. KOYI. "Viscosity estimates of salt in the Hormuz and Namakdan salt diapirs, Persian Gulf." Geological Magazine 147, no. 4 (January 15, 2010): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680999077x.

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AbstractThe parabolic surface profiles of the Hormuz and Namakdan salt diapirs in the Persian Gulf suggest that they have been extruding with Newtonian viscous rheologies for the last 104 years. We derive velocity profiles for these diapirs, neglecting gravitational spreading and erosion/dissolution while assuming incompressible Newtonian rheology of the salt. Fitting known rates of extrusion at specific points in its elliptical cross-section, the dynamic viscosity of the salt of the Hormuz diapir is found to range between 1018 and 1021 Pa s. Approximating its sub-circular cross-section to a perfect circle, the range of viscosity of the salt of the Namakdan diapir is obtained as 1017–1021 Pa s. These calculated viscosities fall within the range for naturally flowing salts elsewhere and for other salt diapirs but are broader than those for salts with Newtonian rheology deforming at room temperatures. The salts of the Hormuz and Namakdan diapirs are expected to exhibit a broader range of grain size, which matches the limited existing data.

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Gannaway Dalton, C. Evelyn, Katherine A. Giles, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Mark G. Rowan. "Interpreting the nature of the Aulet and Adons diapirs from sedimentologic and stratigraphic analysis of flanking minibasin strata, Spanish Pyrenees, Catalunya, Spain." Journal of Sedimentary Research 92, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 167–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2021.179.

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ABSTRACT The Aulet and Adons diapirs are exposures of Triassic Keuper evaporites in the Ribagorça Basin in the south-central Pyrenees. The diapirs have been alternatively interpreted from mapped structural relationships as either passive salt diapirs or extensional salt rollers. Correspondingly, the associated diapir-flanking minibasins have been interpreted as either salt-withdrawal or extensional-rollover minibasins, respectively. New field mapping, stratigraphic sections, petrographic analysis, correlation diagrams, and drone photography characterize the depositional facies and stratal architecture of the flanking Sopeira, Sant Gervàs, and Faiada minibasins (upper Albian to lower Santonian synrift to postrift strata), which in turn, constrains the origin and evolution of each salt body and associated minibasins. Each minibasin displays unique facies patterns and stratal thicknesses that reflect depositional systems evolving in response to spatially and temporally variable extension, salt evacuation, and passive diapirism during the Pyrenean rift and postrift phases. The Sopeira minibasin developed in the late Albian with significant localized subsidence, but it remains inconclusive if the bounding Aulet diapir originated as a passive diapir or a salt roller. The Llastarri fault zone, previously interpreted as a salt weld, separates the Sopeira minibasin from the primarily extensional Sant Gervàs minibasin, and is reinterpreted here as a remnant salt ridge, as it lacks evidence for passive diapirism. The Sant Gervàs minibasin remained relatively uplifted until the middle to late Cenomanian, along with the Faiada minibasin. Evidence for passive diapirism in the Faiada minibasin, including diapir-derived detritus and composite halokinetic sequences, indicate salt evacuation into the bounding Adons passive diapir. Integration of detailed sedimentologic and stratigraphic analyses with interpretations of basin formation and structural development provides better resolution of the earlier phases of gravity-driven extension and loading-driven salt movement of the Aulet and Adons diapirs; these insights help constrain structural interpretations and reconstructions of Pyrenean shortening and megaflap development in the Ribagorça Basin. Sedimentological and stratigraphic evidence for or against passive diapirism need to be integrated into structural interpretations, especially when precursor salt structures are obscured by subsequent contraction. This well constrained basin framework demonstrates the effects of inherited extensional structures and passive diapirism on Pyrenean shortening and megaflap rotation.

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Gannaway Dalton, C. Evelyn, Katherine A. Giles, Mark G. Rowan, Richard P. Langford, Thomas E. Hearon, and J. Carl Fiduk. "Sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and structural evolution of minibasins and a megaflap formed during passive salt diapirism: The Neoproterozoic Witchelina diapir, Willouran Ranges, South Australia." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 165–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.9.

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ABSTRACT This study documents the growth of a megaflap along the flank of a passive salt diapir as a result of the long-lived interaction between sedimentation and halokinetic deformation. Megaflaps are nearly vertical to overturned, deep minibasin stratal panels that extend multiple kilometers up steep flanks of salt diapirs or equivalent welds. Recent interest has been sparked by well penetrations of unidentified megaflaps that typically result in economic failure, but their formation is also fundamental to understanding the early history of salt basins. This study represents one of the first systematic characterizations of an exposed megaflap with regards to sub-seismic sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and structural details. The Witchelina diapir is an exposed Neoproterozoic primary passive salt diapir in the eastern Willouran Ranges of South Australia. Flanking minibasin strata of the Top Mount Sandstone, Willawalpa Formation, and Witchelina Quartzite, exposed as an oblique cross section, record the early history of passive diapirism in the Willouran Trough, including a halokinetically drape-folded megaflap. Witchelina diapir offers a unique opportunity to investigate sedimentologic responses to the initiation and evolution of passive salt movement. Using field mapping, stratigraphic sections, petrographic analyses, correlation diagrams, and a quantitative restoration, we document depositional facies, thickness trends, and stratal geometries to interpret depositional environments, sequence stratigraphy, and halokinetic evolution of the Witchelina diapir and flanking minibasins. Top Mount, Willawalpa, and Witchelina strata were deposited in barrier-bar-complex to tidal-flat environments, but temporal and spatial variations in sedimentation and stratigraphic patterns were strongly influenced from the earliest stages by the passively rising Witchelina diapir on both regional (basinwide) and local minibasin scales. The salt-margin geometry was depositionally modified by an early erosional sequence boundary that exposed the Witchelina diapir and formed a salt shoulder, above which strata that eventually became the megaflap were subsequently deposited. This shift in the diapir margin and progressive migration of the depocenter began halokinetic rotation of flanking minibasin strata into a megaflap geometry, documenting a new concept in the understanding of deposition and deformation during passive diapirism in salt basins.

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Cedeño, Andrés, Luis Alberto Rojo, Néstor Cardozo, Luis Centeno, and Alejandro Escalona. "The Impact of Salt Tectonics on the Thermal Evolution and the Petroleum System of Confined Rift Basins: Insights from Basin Modeling of the Nordkapp Basin, Norwegian Barents Sea." Geosciences 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070316.

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Although the thermal effect of large salt tongues and allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins is described in the literature, little is known about the thermal effect of salt structures in confined rift basins where sub-vertical, closely spaced salt diapirs may affect the thermal evolution and petroleum system of the basin. In this study, we combine 2D structural restorations with thermal modeling to investigate the dynamic history of salt movement and its thermal effect in the Nordkapp Basin, a confined salt-bearing basin in the Norwegian Barents Sea. Two sections, one across the central sub-basin and another across the eastern sub-basin, are modeled. The central sub-basin shows deeply rooted, narrow and closely spaced diapirs, while the eastern sub-basin contains a shallower rooted, wide, isolated diapir. Variations through time in stratigraphy (source rocks), structures (salt diapirs and minibasins), and thermal boundary conditions (basal heat flow and sediment-water interface temperatures) are considered in the model. Present-day bottom hole temperatures and vitrinite data provide validation of the model. The modeling results in the eastern sub-basin show a strong but laterally limited thermal anomaly associated with the massive diapir, where temperatures in the diapir are 70 °C cooler than in the adjacent minibasins. In the central sub-basin, the thermal anomalies of closely-spaced diapirs mutually interfere and induce a combined anomaly that reduces the temperature in the minibasins by up to 50 °C with respect to the platform areas. Consequently, source rock maturation in the areas thermally affected by the diapirs is retarded, and the hydrocarbon generation window is expanded. Although subject to uncertainties in the model input parameters, these results demonstrate new exploration concepts (e.g., deep hydrocarbon kitchens) that are important for evaluating the prospectivity of the Nordkapp Basin and similar basins around the world.

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Rowan, Mark G., and Piotr Krzywiec. "The Szamotuły salt diapir and Mid-Polish Trough: Decoupling during both Triassic-Jurassic rifting and Alpine inversion." Interpretation 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): SM1—SM18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0028.1.

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The Szamotuły diapir is located on the southwestern shoulder of the Mid-Polish Trough in west-central Poland. The area underwent crustal-scale extension during the Triassic-Jurassic and Alpine-related inversion during the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene. The diapir is sourced entirely from the Permian Zechstein salt, but there are also thin evaporites within the Triassic. A regional 2D depth-migrated seismic profile, an array of 2D time-migrated data, and quantitative structural restorations are used to illustrate that extensional and contractional deformation were almost completely decoupled by the Zechstein salt. Beneath the salt, interpreted Carboniferous half-grabens were reactivated during the Triassic, offsetting the base salt but not the top salt and causing regional thickening of the Triassic-Jurassic overburden. Inversion was accommodated by reverse movements on the deep faults and uplift of the Triassic-Jurassic strata to form the broad anticlinorium of the Mid-Polish Swell. Cover extension and contraction were concentrated around the Szamotuły Diapir. A linear reactive diapir formed during the Early to Middle Triassic and broke through to become a passive diapir during the Late Triassic that subsequently widened into the Jurassic. Along strike, coeval extension was recorded by ongoing reactive diapirism. Alpine contraction caused squeezing of the passive diapir and the correlative reactive diapir, folding of flanking and overlying strata, and inversion of some of the reactive normal faults. However, shortening was accommodated differently above and below the Upper Triassic Keuper salt. Lower and Middle Triassic strata moved laterally into salt, whether into the passive diapir or into the reactive diapir along strike. Younger strata were folded and thrusted, with delamination at the Keuper evaporites that were depositionally thicker adjacent to the reactive diapir. Zechstein salt squeezed from deeper levels flowed passively into the space created by delamination, producing an allochthonous salt wing in the subsurface.

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Smith, P. M., and N. D. Sutherland. "DISCOVERY OF SALT IN THE VULCAN GRABEN: A GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL EVALUATION." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90017.

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The Paqualin-1 well in Permit AC/P2, Timor Sea, was drilled to test a large structural closure against the flank of an interpreted piercement structure located in the Late Jurassic Paqualin Graben. Prior to drilling the well interpretation of geological, seismic, gravity and magnetic data supported both a salt diapiric and/or an igneous intrusive structural model for the origin of the piercement feature. On drilling the Paqualin-1 well in December 1988, a 627 m thick evaporitic sequence was encountered in the post-rift Tertiary sequence indicating that the well had penetrated a salt overhang close to the main diapiric stock.The age of the evaporitic sequence is unclear but is considered coeval with Palaeozoic salt diapirs in the Bonaparte Basin to the east. Growth of the Paqualin diapir and a similar feature to the south, the Swan structure, which is also interpreted to be a salt diapir, appears to have been triggered initially by the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous breakup of the Australian north-west continental margin (doming and pillowing), and then again by a second major tectonic event in the Late Miocene associated with the collision between the Australian and Eurasian plates (diapir- ism and collapse structures).A distinctive cap rock occurs at the top of the evaporitic sequence characterised by an unusual accessory suite of primary and secondary minerals including euhedral magnetite, bipyramidal quartz, biotite, chlorite, sphene, amphibole and feldspar. The high magnetite component is considered responsible for the positive magnetic anomaly observed prior to drilling. The presence of magnetite and the other minerals in the cap rock appears to be related to the presence of exotic igneous material incorporated in the salt stock and the restricted activity of sulphate reducing bacteria in the crest of the diapir.The discovery of the Paqualin salt diapir and the interpretation of a similar structure in the adjacent Swan Graben has lead to the recognition of new play types related to the diapirs.

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Guerrero, Jesús. "Dissolution collapse of a growing diapir from radial, concentric, and salt-withdrawal faults overprinting in the Salinas de Oro salt diapir, northern Spain." Quaternary Research 87, no. 2 (March 2017): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2016.17.

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AbstractA geomorphic investigation of the Salinas de Oro salt diapir in the Pyrenees reveals that the ring fracture pattern related to the karstic collapse of the diapir crest may vary significantly depending on the rates of dissolution and salt flow, and the rheology of the overburden. The salt diapir has well-developed concentric faults related to salt dissolution subsidence throughout the Quaternary. Roof strata accommodate subsidence by a combination of downward sagging and brittle collapse leading to the development of a ring monocline that is broken by 5 to 20 m throw conjugated normal faults and a 40 m throw, 9.5-km-long and 200-m-wide keystone graben. The salt diapir top has >100-m-long sinkholes that coalesce to form hollows >70 m deep. Up to 3-km-long radial grabens with a 70 to 90 m vertical throw overprint concentric-ring faulting and displace Quaternary deposits demonstrating active salt flow and diapir rise. Radial faults are linked with salt-withdrawal faults of the Andia Fault Zone (AFZ). Salt flow from the AFZ into the Salinas de Oro salt diapir causes brittle gravitational extension of limestone strata leading to a sequence of grabens and Quaternary faults >10 km long and several hundred meters deep.

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Hearon, Thomas E., Mark G. Rowan, Katherine A. Giles, and William H. Hart. "Halokinetic deformation adjacent to the deepwater Auger diapir, Garden Banks 470, northern Gulf of Mexico: Testing the applicability of an outcrop-based model using subsurface data." Interpretation 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): SM57—SM76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0053.1.

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Composite halokinetic sequences (CHS) are unconformity-bounded successions of upturned and thinned strata that form due to drape folding of diapir roofs during passive salt rise. Tabular and tapered CHS have narrow (50–200 m) and broad (300–1000 m) zones of folding, respectively. CHS are originally defined as exposed diapirs bounded by shallow-water strata in La Popa Basin, Mexico. This paper tests the concepts of CHS development at the subsurface, deepwater Auger diapir in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We used 3D wide-azimuth seismic data, well and biostratigraphic data, and structural restorations to interpret and analyzed 11 well-imaged Pleistocene CHS that correlate around the diapir. The lower and uppermost flanks are characterized exclusively by tapered CHS, with wide zones of thinning (240–660 m) and broad taper angles (41°–75°). In between are four discrete CHS with mixed tapered and tabular geometries, with the latter displaying narrow zones of thinning ([Formula: see text]) and negligible taper. Three of the intervals switch geometry around the diapir. The CHS-bounding unconformities typically intersect the salt at cusps and are continuous with bright amplitudes in the minibasins that tie to biostratigraphically defined condensed sections. CHS represent 50–500 kyr time spans and correlate well with fourth-order sea-level cycles. We corroborated many aspects of the published model of CHS development, showed that the formation of CHS due to drape folding was independent of depositional environment and related to fluctuations in sea level and sediment input. The style of CHS is generally determined by the interplay between salt-rise and sediment-accumulation rates, but variable CHS geometries around the diapir within the same interval suggested that the ultimate control is the roof thickness. Our results are critical to understanding and predicting aspects of hydrocarbon traps against salt, including trap geometry, and reservoir distribution.

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HE, WENGANG, and JIANXUN ZHOU. "Structural features and formation conditions of mud diapirs in the Andaman Sea Basin." Geological Magazine 156, no. 4 (March 6, 2018): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000018.

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AbstractData from offshore oil and gas explorations have revealed that mud diapirs occur widely not only at continental margins but also in foreland basins and may have played an important role in the entrapment of oil and gas. Although the structural features and formation mechanism of salt diapirs have been extensively investigated, mud diapirs are still not fully understood, largely due to the difficulty of identifying them from seismic data. In this paper, the structural features and main controlling factors of mud diapirs in the Andaman Sea Basin are investigated based on seismic profiles combined with drilling data and regional tectonic settings. The results show that there are five types of mud diapir in the Andaman Sea Basin: turtleback mud diapir, mud dome, piercing mud diapir, mud volcano and gas chimney-like mud diapir. Turtleback mud diapirs mainly occur in the southern segment of the accretionary wedge of the Andaman Sea Basin, which is far from the Bengal Fan and characterized by low deposition rate and strong compression tectonic setting. Piercing mud diapirs exist mainly in the central segment of the accretionary wedge, which is close to provenances of sediments and characterized by rapid sedimentation rates, large mudstone thickness and transpressional tectonic setting. Mud domes and mud volcanoes mainly occur in the northern segment of the accretionary wedge, which is characterized by rapid sedimentation rates, large mudstone thickness and sedimentary wedge growth tectonic setting. The gas chimney-like mud diapirs only occur in the northern segment of the back-arc depression close to the Sagaing strike-slip fault belt, which is characterized by high deposition rate, large mudstone thickness and high geothermal gradient. These features suggest that thick mudstone deposit, rapid sedimentation rates, large geothermal gradient, strong tectonic stress and gravitational spreading and sliding may have prompted the formation of mud diapirs in the Andaman Sea Basin.

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Montazeri, Mahboubeh, Lars Ole Boldreel, Anette Uldall, and Lars Nielsen. "Improved seismic interpretation of a salt diapir by utilization of diffractions, exemplified by 2D reflection seismics, Danish sector of the North Sea." Interpretation 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): T77—T88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0190.1.

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Development of salt diapirs affects the hydrocarbon trapping systems in the Danish sector of the North Sea, where the reservoirs mainly consist of chalk. Seismic imaging and interpretation of the salt structures are challenging, primarily due to the complex geometry of the salt bodies and typically strong velocity contrast with the neighboring sediment layers. The quality of seismic imaging in the North Sea is highly dependent on the quality of the estimated velocity model. We have studied diffracted arrivals originating from the salt flanks and adjacent sedimentary structures using a diffraction imaging technique. The diffracted waves carry valuable information regarding seismic velocity and the location of geologic discontinuities, such as faults, fractures, and salt delimitations. We apply a plane-wave destruction method to separate diffractions from our stacked data. We optimize imaging based on diffraction analysis by using a velocity continuation migration technique, which leads to an estimation of the optimum focusing velocity model. We determine that the diffraction-based approach significantly improves the seismic imaging adjacent to the salt diapirs and the neighboring layers when compared with a standard approach in which we mostly ignore the diffractions. The new poststack time-migrated results provide detailed information that optimizes our interpretation of the salt diapir itself (e.g., the width of the salt neck) as well as the sediment layers related to the rim synclines. Processing schemes such as prestack depth migration and full-waveform inversion may potentially provide high-resolution images of the salt structures. We only account for diffractions in nonmigrated stacked data to better constrain seismic velocity and improve imaging around the salt diapir. The obtained results are critical for reservoir characterization.

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Canova, David P., Mark P. Fischer, Richard S. Jayne, and Ryan M. Pollyea. "Advective Heat Transport and the Salt Chimney Effect: A Numerical Analysis." Geofluids 2018 (July 9, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2378710.

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We conducted numerical simulations of coupled fluid and heat transport in an offshore, buried salt diapir environment to determine the effects of advective heat transport and its relation to the so-called “salt chimney effect.” Model sets were designed to investigate (1) salt geometry, (2) depth-dependent permeability, (3) geologic heterogeneity, and (4) the relative influence of each of these factors. Results show that decreasing the dip of the diapir induces advective heat transfer up the side of the diapir, elevating temperatures in the basin. Depth-dependent permeability causes upwelling of warm waters in the basin, which we show to be more sensitive to basal heat flux than brine concentration. In these model scenarios, heat is advected up the side of the diapir in a narrower zone of upward-flowing warm water, while cool waters away from the diapir flank circulate deeper into the basin. The resulting fluid circulation pattern causes increased discharge at the diapir margin and fluid flow downward, above the crest of the diapir. Geologic heterogeneity decreases the overall effects of advective heat transfer. The presence of low permeability sealing horizons reduces the vertical extent of convection cells, and fluid flow is dominantly up the diapir flank. The combined effects of depth-dependent permeability coupled with geologic heterogeneity simulate several geologic phenomena that are reported in the literature. In this model scenario, conductive heat transfer dominates in the basal units, whereas advection of heat begins to affect the middle layers of the model and dominates the upper units. Convection cells split by sealing layers develop within the upper units. From our highly simplified models, we can predict that advective heat transport (i.e., thermal convection) likely dominates in the early phases of diapirism when sediments have not undergone significant compaction and retain high porosity and permeability. As the salt structures mature into more complex geometries, advection will diminish due to the increase in dip of the salt-sediment interface and the increased hydraulic heterogeneity due to complex stratigraphic architecture.

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Tayebi, Mohammad H., Majid H. Tangestani, and Hasan Roosta. "Mapping salt diapirs and salt diapir-affected areas using MLP neural network model and ASTER data." International Journal of Digital Earth 6, no. 2 (March 2013): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2011.606336.

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Wiik, Torgeir, Ketil Hokstad, Bjørn Ursin, and Lutz Mütschard. "Joint contrast source inversion of marine magnetotelluric and controlled-source electromagnetic data." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): E315—E327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0477.1.

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We evaluated a joint contrast source inversion scheme for marine controlled-source electromagnetic (mCSEM) and magnetotelluric (MT) data based on a scattered field formulation. The scheme considered only contrasts in electric conductivity, and it allowed the medium to be transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis. The method was based on the integral equation formulation of electromagnetic field propagation, and we demonstrated how the method solved the inverse problem of determining the conductivity structure of the subsurface. The method did not consider MT impedances as data input to inversion, but instead explicitly the field components, and the consequences of this approach, were discussed. Although there are challenges associated with source estimation and data noise, we found it easier to make connections to CSEM and it simplified some computational issues. Three synthetic examples were considered to demonstrate the method: a reservoir below an anisotropic overburden, a salt diapir, and a reservoir near a salt diapir. MT and CSEM data were first treated sequentially, first inverting the MT data and using the result as the initial model and in the regularization in CSEM inversion. The result of this approach was then compared to a joint inversion. The same approach was finally applied to a real data set. We found that sequential inversions in some situations produced similar results as joint inversions, and hence, joint inversion may not be necessary in all situations. Nonetheless, joint inversion could be useful for imaging salt diapirs and eventually hydrocarbons near salt. In particular, it was useful to map the spatial extent of the salt diapirs. It was, moreover, a useful tool for checking data consistency in different models with respect to several data types.

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Svalova, Valentina. "Geodynamics of Alpine Belt and Caribbean Region: Plate - Tectonics and Plume - Tectonics." Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 18 (December 19, 2022): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2022.18.13.

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The origin and evolution of geological structures reflect lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction in the process of lithospheric plate movement. Mantle diapirs contribute significantly to the sedimentary basins formation in Alpine belt and Caribbean region. Mantle diapirs are the result of density inversion in the asthenosphere–lithosphere system in the periods of tectonomagmatic activations. Increasing heat flow and mantle diapirs on the phone of convergence of Africa and Eurasia in Alpine belt and North and South Americas in Caribbean region produce intercontinental seas in the Cenozoic. The analytical solution of the problem give possibility to find the critical parameters connecting the mantle flow dynamics with surface relief evolution. In Alpine belt, the mantle diapirs form new basins at the final stage of Africa–Eurasia collision in the Cenozoic. In the Caribbean region, great mantle diapir separates the North and South Americas in the Mesozoic, and then the diapir is the source for different smaller diapirs during the convergence of these continents in the Cenozoic. The Gulf of Mexico and Pre-Caspian Depression are connected with mantle diapirs upwelling and have common geological-geophysical features as very rich oil-gas and salt bearing structures. Geodynamics of Alpine belt and the Caribbean region is determined by plume - tectonics on background of plate - tectonics in these regions.

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Frumkin, Amos. "Determining the Exposure Age of a Karst Landscape." Quaternary Research 46, no. 2 (September 1996): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0050.

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An extensive salt karst system has developed in Mount Sedom salt diapir, Israel, during the Holocene. Multilevel vadose caves were 14C dated using wood fragments embedded in alluvial deposits. The oldest date of each cave is used to constrain the age of the salt exposure. The upper portion of the southeastern escarpment was the first to rise above base level ∼7100 yr B.P. Caves in the surrounding area indicate gradual landscape exposure around this initial karstified area between 7000 and 4000 yr B.P. The northern part of the mountain experienced a similar exposure history, lagging some 3000 yr after the southern part. This lag may be attributed to the narrow width of the diapir in the north, which increases viscous drag at the borders of the rising diapir.

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Astromovich, Julia, Mark R. Baker, Diane I. Doser, and William Houston. "Application of gravity and magnetic techniques to model the geometry of the northern margin of the Onion Creek salt diapir, Paradox Basin, Utah." Mountain Geologist 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.59.1.5.

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The Onion Creek salt diapir lies within the Paradox Basin of southeast Utah where it forms part of a group of salt structures that separate the Paradox Basin into smaller sub-basins. A series of anomalous, tight folds occur on the northern side of the Onion Creek diapir within the Permian Cutler Group. These folds are thought to be associated with a shallow detachment horizon with three possible origins: 1) a weak shale layer within the Cutler Group; 2) a salt namakier; or 3) a salt shoulder. We collected and analyzed gravity and magnetics data across a portion of the concealed Onion Creek salt body. Since the salt is less dense and less magnetic than the Cutler Group siliciclastics, these geophysical data aid in defining the extent of subsurface salt. Our gravity data show a free-air anomaly low over the diapir with a gradual increase in values as more of the Cutler Group covers the subsurface salt. Magnetic data display a similar trend, but also suggest more complicated 3-D structure exists beneath the study area. Forward and inverse modeling indicated a salt shoulder model best fit the geophysical data. These results suggest gravity and magnetic methods are a low-cost method to evaluate plausible subsurface salt structure for oil and gas exploration studies.

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Thompson Jobe, Jessica Ann, Katherine A. Giles, Thomas E. Hearon, Mark G. Rowan, Bruce Trudgill, C. Evelyn Gannaway Dalton, and Zane R. Jobe. "Controls on the structural and stratigraphic evolution of the megaflap-bearing Sinbad Valley salt wall, NE Paradox Basin, SW Colorado." Geosphere 16, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 297–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02089.1.

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Abstract The interplay between sedimentation and salt rise around a diapir results in distinct geometries that can be used to determine the structural and stratigraphic history within a basin. Using new geologic mapping, measured stratigraphic sections, and subsurface interpretations of seismic and well logs, we describe circum-diapir stratal geometries and deformation at the Sinbad Valley salt wall in the proximal, northeastern Paradox Basin, southwest Colorado (USA). We interpret these geometries in the context of newly recognized halokinetic features and salt-associated deformation (megaflaps, counterregional faults, intrasalt inclusions), present a revised stratigraphic and salt tectonic history of Sinbad Valley diapir, and compare these proximal features to those at the distal Gypsum Valley diapir and infer local versus regional controls on their formation. The deposition of conglomerates within the Paradox Formation, now preserved as intrasalt inclusions in the center of Sinbad Valley, record early elevation of the Uncompahgre Uplift. Subsequent differential sedimentary loading resulted in initiation of passive diapirism during the late Pennsylvanian through the latest Triassic/Early Jurassic, facilitated by movement on a NE-dipping, listric, counterregional fault that extends for >22 km southeast of the diapir. Exposures of a steeply dipping stratal panel of late Pennsylvanian-aged Honaker Trail Formation along the southwestern flank of Sinbad Valley are interpreted as a megaflap, a preserved remnant of the diapir roof that was folded into a vertical position by drape-folding during passive salt rise. Significant lateral changes in the surface geometry and depositional facies of the megaflap define four structural domains that may result from a combination of radial faulting and varying degrees of folding via limb rotation or limb rotation with minor hinge migration. Using key differences between Sinbad Valley and Gypsum Valley salt walls in regard to the megaflap facies, timing of megaflap formation, and the presence of a Paradox Formation conglomeratic intrasalt inclusion, we conclude that salt wall position (i.e., proximal versus distal) within a basin influences the characteristics of some of these features, whereas the timing of other features (e.g., megaflap formation) appears to be similar throughout the basin suggesting a more regional control.

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Hudson, Samuel, Trevor Tuttle, and Matthew Wood. "Source within the seal—Distribution and implications of organic shale-bearing stringers within the Onion Creek diapir, northern Paradox Basin, Utah." Geology of the Intermountain West 4 (December 5, 2017): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v4.pp215-229.

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The Onion Creek diapir is one of the best exposures of a dissected salt diapir in the world, offering a unique opportunity to better understand the internal character of heterolithic diapirs that are common in sedimentary basins worldwide. Large amounts of interbedded shale, carbonate, and evaporites are incorporated into the diapir as stringers or boudins, and excellent three-dimensional exposure allows us to document the nature, size, deformation, and distribution of these stringers. Blocks range in size from single, disaggregated layers of dolomite to several meters of coherent stringers that contain multiple cycles of dolomite- shale-evaporite and are upwards of 20 m thick and more than 100 m in observed length. The largest blocks are most commonly located along the margins of the exposed diapir, though stringers are common throughout the exposed caprock. In areas devoid of large stringers, there is more extensive deformation of the gypsum caprock, suggesting that the presence of stringers leads to a more heterolithic distribution of stress within the salt as it diapirically rises. These observations can help to better characterize similar diapirs elsewhere that are not well exposed at the surface. Black shale is present in all observed large stringers of the Onion Creek diapir. These shale beds are interpreted to have been deposited in a shallow, restricted marginal marine environment along with the interbedded carbonate and evaporite strata. Pyrolysis analysis of 13 samples from within the stringers shows a range of 2.56 to 60.22% total organic carbon (TOC), with an average value of 16.93%. These strata contain Type I/Type II hydrocarbon source facies, consistent with a restricted shallow marine environment. Tmax data suggest that these source rock facies have been exposed to sufficient thermal energy to generate hydrocarbons (average = 437o C), as evidenced by common hydrocarbon staining of intra-stringer carbonate strata and evaporite beds surrounding the stringers. Twelve additional samples were collected from these stained strata and pyrolysis analysis shows that all are enriched in free oil, as shown by elevated S1 peaks, high production index ratios, and TOC values of 0.64 to 1.66%. This hydrocarbon staining is found around stringers near the center of the exposed caprock, as well as stringers along the margins. Near the margins in particular, extensive alteration can be seen across tens of meters of evaporitic strata, showing that hydrocarbons are effectively generating within and migrating away from stringers fully encased in the anhydrite caprock of the Onion Creek diapir. This has important implications for potential seal integrity of diapiric caprocks, as well as providing a potential mechanism for caprock carbonate formation suggested by other researchers.

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19

Hudson, Samuel M., Trevor Tuttle, and Matthew Wood. "Source within the seal—Distribution and implications of organic shale-bearing stringers within the Onion Creek diapir, northern Paradox Basin, Utah." Geology of the Intermountain West 4 (July 1, 2017): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v4i0.15.

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The Onion Creek diapir is one of the best exposures of a dissected salt diapir in the world, offering a unique opportunity to better understand the internal character of heterolithic diapirs that are common in sedimentary basins worldwide. Large amounts of interbedded shale, carbonate, and evaporites are incorporated into the diapir as stringers or boudins, and excellent three-dimensional exposure allows us to document the nature, size, deformation, and distribution of these stringers. Blocks range in size from single, disaggregated layers of dolomite to several meters of coherent stringers that contain multiple cycles of dolomite- shale-evaporite and are upwards of 20 m thick and more than 100 m in observed length. The largest blocks are most commonly located along the margins of the exposed diapir, though stringers are common throughout the exposed caprock. In areas devoid of large stringers, there is more extensive deformation of the gypsum caprock, suggesting that the presence of stringers leads to a more heterolithic distribution of stress within the salt as it diapirically rises. These observations can help to better characterize similar diapirs elsewhere that are not well exposed at the surface. Black shale is present in all observed large stringers of the Onion Creek diapir. These shale beds are interpreted to have been deposited in a shallow, restricted marginal marine environment along with the interbedded carbonate and evaporite strata. Pyrolysis analysis of 13 samples from within the stringers shows a range of 2.56 to 60.22% total organic carbon (TOC), with an average value of 16.93%. These strata contain Type I/Type II hydrocarbon source facies, consistent with a restricted shallow marine environment. Tmax data suggest that these source rock facies have been exposed to sufficient thermal energy to generate hydrocarbons (average = 437o C), as evidenced by common hydrocarbon staining of intra-stringer carbonate strata and evaporite beds surrounding the stringers. Twelve additional samples were collected from these stained strata and pyrolysis analysis shows that all are enriched in free oil, as shown by elevated S1 peaks, high production index ratios, and TOC values of 0.64 to 1.66%. This hydrocarbon staining is found around stringers near the center of the exposed caprock, as well as stringers along the margins. Near the margins in particular, extensive alteration can be seen across tens of meters of evaporitic strata, showing that hydrocarbons are effectively generating within and migrating away from stringers fully encased in the anhydrite caprock of the Onion Creek diapir. This has important implications for potential seal integrity of diapiric caprocks, as well as providing a potential mechanism for caprock carbonate formation suggested by other researchers.

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20

Wischer, Stephanie, and Webster Mohriak. "Halokinetic analysis of the Frade field area, Campos Basin, Brazil: Salt tectonics within an offshore strike-slip setting." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): T869—T883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0201.1.

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The Frade field, located within the Campos Basin in the southeastern Brazilian margin, is a key oil field that produces from Oligo-Miocene turbidite reservoirs that derived their structural positioning due to the presence of an underlying salt diapir. The evolution of the Frade salt structure was examined using well data, selected 2D lines, and a 3D volume that were interpreted in detail focusing on the Aptian evaporite interval and its influence on the overburden. Analysis of the salt-sediment interaction indicated a complex deformation history that included five main stages of deformation, some assisted by tectonic reactivation episodes. (1) Post-Albian reactivation of a nearby north–northwest-south–southeast basement fault caused the Albian carbonate interval to fault, forming a west–northwest-east–southeast shear zone with a dextral strike-slip component. This movement initiated thin-skinned tectonics that offset the Albian carbonates and formed a pull-apart basin that accommodated a thick Late Cretaceous interval, which weakened the overburden and allowed for the initial formation of the Frade salt diapir. (2) Renewed diapir growth thickened and redistributed the Cenomanian-Maastrichtian sedimentary package proximal to the Frade salt anticline. (3) An initial and localized collapse of the Frade salt anticline occurred during early Paleogene extension. (4) Paleogene shortening caused the salt to flow, resulting in salt withdrawal in the southeast and diapir rejuvenation near its present-day apex, forming several inversion structures. In addition, the Paleogene shortening resulted in a low-relief anticlinal structure that rotated the turbidites into geometries favoring hydrocarbon accumulation. (5) A return to an extensional regime occurred during the late Oligocene/early Miocene. The results of this study provide a new insight into the development of strike-slip salt tectonic structures and show for the first time within the Campos Basin an Albian-level pull-apart basin that formed in association with salt tectonics.

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21

Grube, Alf, and Björn-Henning Rickert. "Karstification on the Elmshorn salt diapir (SW Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 169, no. 4 (March 12, 2019): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2019/0177.

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22

Burliga, Stanisław. "Kinematics within the Kłodawa salt diapir, central Poland." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 100, no. 1 (1996): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.100.01.02.

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23

Nikolinakou, Maria A., Peter B. Flemings, and Michael R. Hudec. "Modeling stress evolution around a rising salt diapir." Marine and Petroleum Geology 51 (March 2014): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.11.021.

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24

Nekouei, Esmaeil, and Mehdi Zarei. "Karst hydrogeology of Karmustadj salt diapir, southern Iran." Carbonates and Evaporites 32, no. 3 (March 31, 2016): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13146-016-0298-1.

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25

Davison, Ian, and Pedro Barreto. "Deformation and sedimentation processes, and hydrocarbon accumulations on upturned salt diapir flanks in the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal." Petroleum Geoscience 27, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): petgeo2019–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2019-138.

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The onshore Lusitanian Basin is dominated by two large diapiric salt walls which extend for up to 100 km. Seismic sections indicate that stratal onlap onto an intervening salt pillow initiated in Early Jurassic times. Well-exposed diapir flanks reveal three types of halokinetic-related unconformities (hook, low-angle wedge and high-angle flap-onlap – a new term) of Kimmeridgian to Turonian age, indicating that diapirism was active throughout this period. Stratal dip-fanning and wedge-thinning is predominantly caused by original sedimentary depositional processes with multiple low-angle unconformities (1°–5° pinchout angles) in both carbonate- and clastic-dominated sequences. No significant sedimentary slumping was observed in the clastic-dominated strata but important slumping of flank material is present in the carbonate-dominated sequences.Two tar accumulations are derived from oil trapped in sandstones on the flanks of the São Pedro de Moel and Santa Cruz salt diapirs. These are interpreted to be exhumed, but now biodegraded, oilfields. To our knowledge, these are the only exposed examples of salt-flank hydrocarbon accumulations that have been documented in the literature.

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26

Ahlers, Steffen, Tobias Hergert, and Andreas Henk. "Numerical Modelling of Salt-Related Stress Decoupling in Sedimentary Basins–Motivated by Observational Data from the North German Basin." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010019.

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A three dimensional (3D) finite element model is used to study the conditions leading to mechanical decoupling at a salt layer and vertically varying stress fields in salt-bearing sedimentary basins. The study was inspired by observational data from northern Germany showing stress orientations varying up to 90° between the subsalt and the suprasalt layers. Parameter studies address the role of salt viscosity and salt topology on how the plate boundary forces acting at the basement level affect the stresses in the sedimentary cover above the salt layer. Modelling results indicate that mechanical decoupling occurs for dynamic salt viscosities lower than 1021 Pa·s, albeit this value depends on the assumed model parameters. In this case, two independent stress fields coexist above and below the salt layer, differing in tectonic stress regime and/or stress orientation. Thereby, stresses in the subsalt domain are dominated by the shortening applied, whereas in the suprasalt section they are controlled by the local salt topology. For a salt diapir, the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress changes from a circular pattern above to a radial pattern adjacent to the diapir. The study shows the value of geomechanical models for stress prediction in salt-bearing sedimentary basins providing a continuum mechanics–based explanation for the variable stress orientations observed.

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27

Kolano, Malwina, and Danuta Flisiak. "COMPARISON OF GEO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WHITE ROCK SALT AND PINK ROCK SALT IN KŁODAWA SALT DIAPIR." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2013-0010.

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Abstract Within the boundaries of the Salt Mine “Kłodawa”, rock-salts and potassium-magnesium salts occur at different stratigraphic levels. The present article introduces strength-strain properties of white rock salt, building the nucleus of northeastern edge anticline, and pink rock salt that belongs to the series of youngest rock salt. On the grounds of the research on strength and strain parameters (uniaxial compressive and tensile strength, triaxial shear strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson ratio) there is presented, in the article, variation of basic parameters determining geo-mechanical properties of rock salt in Kłodawa salt diapir.

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28

Dooley, Tim P., and Michael R. Hudec. "Extension and inversion of salt-bearing rift systems." Solid Earth 11, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 1187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1187-2020.

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Abstract. We used physical models to investigate the structural evolution of segmented extensional rifts containing syn-rift evaporites and their subsequent inversion. An early stage of extension generated structural topography consisting of a series of en-échelon graben. Our salt analog filled these graben and the surroundings before continued extension and, finally, inversion. During post-salt extension, deformation in the subsalt section remained focused on the graben-bounding fault systems, whereas deformation in suprasalt sediments was mostly detached, forming a sigmoidal extensional minibasin system across the original segmented graben array. Little brittle deformation was observed in the post-salt section. Sedimentary loading from the minibasins drove salt up onto the footwalls of the subsalt faults, forming diapirs and salt-ridge networks on the intra-rift high blocks. Salt remobilization and expulsion from beneath the extensional minibasins was enhanced along and up the major relay or transfer zones that separated the original sub-salt grabens, forming major diapirs in these locations. Inversion of this salt-bearing rift system produced strongly decoupled shortening belts in basement and suprasalt sequences. Suprasalt deformation geometries and orientations are strongly controlled by the salt diapir and ridge network produced during extension and subsequent downbuilding. Thrusts are typically localized at minibasin margins where the overburden was thinnest, and salt had risen diapirically on the horst blocks. In the subsalt section, shortening strongly inverted sub-salt grabens, which uplifted the suprasalt minibasins. New pop-up structures also formed in the subsalt section. Primary welds formed as suprasalt minibasins touched down onto inverted graben. Model geometries compare favorably to natural examples such as those in the Moroccan High Atlas.

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29

Rubinat, M., J. Ledo, E. Roca, O. Rosell, and P. Queralt. "Magnetotelluric characterization of a salt diapir: a case study on Bicorb–Quesa Diapir (Prebetic Zone, SE Spain)." Journal of the Geological Society 167, no. 1 (January 2010): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-029.

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30

Célini, Naïm, Jean-Paul Callot, Jean-Claude Ringenbach, and Rodney Graham. "Anatomy and evolution of the Astoin diapiric complex, sub-Alpine fold-and-thrust belt (France)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021018.

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The structure of the southwestern branch of the Alpine orogen is affected by the extensive Late Triassic evaporites. These evaporites have been involved in polyphased salt tectonics since the early Liassic, coeval with the Tethyan rifting, and are the décollement level for thrusts in the external parts during Alpine orogeny. The role of salt tectonics in this branch of the Alpine arc is re-evaluated in order to determine the relative importance of early deformation related to salt motion with respect to deformation related to main Alpine compressional events. This paper focuses on one structure identified as diapiric since the 1930’s: the Astoin diapir (Goguel, 1939). Analysis of geological maps together with new field work have allowed to better define diapirism in the Upper Triassic evaporites outcrops around Astoin. Study of the diapir and the surrounding depocenters reveals a major involvement of salt in the structuration of the area, since the Liassic. Several salt ridges are linked to a main diapiric structure, explaining why we call it the “diapiric complex” of Astoin. Salt tectonics was initiated during the Liassic rifting, and a few locations show evidence of reactive diapirism whereas in others evidence of passive diapirism as early as the Liassic is seen. Passive diapirism continued during the post-rift stage of Alpine margin history in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous when an allochthonous salt sheet was emplaced. Diapirism also occurred during the Oligocene while the Alpine foreland basin was developing in this part of the European margin of the Alps. Serial interpretative cross-sections have been drawn in order to illustrate the lateral variations of diapirism and structural style. Sequential evolutions for each cross-section are proposed to reconstruct the diapiric complex evolution through time. The Astoin diapir shows a complex structural framework with an important along-strike variation of diapiric activity. Most of the geometries are inherited from salt tectonics that occurred during extension, and in some places these early structures are overprinted by Alpine compressional structures.

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31

Reuning, Lars, Schoenherr Johannes, Heimann Ansgar, Janos L. Urai, Ralf Littke, Peter A. Kukla, and Zuwena Rawahi. "Constraints on the diagenesis, stratigraphy and internal dynamics of the surface-piercing salt domes in the Ghaba Salt Basin (Oman): A comparison to the Ara Group in the South Oman Salt Basin." GeoArabia 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 83–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia140383.

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ABSTRACT In the South Oman Salt Basin (SOSB), the Ara carbonates form an extensively cored, deeply buried intra-salt hydrocarbon play. Six surface-piercing salt domes in the Ghaba Salt Basin (northern Oman) provide the only outcrop equivalents for carbonates and evaporites of the Ediacaran – Early Cambrian Ara Group (upper Huqf Supergroup). Based on fieldwork, satellite images and isotope analysis it is concluded that most of the carbonate bodies (so-called stringers) in the Ghaba salt domes are time-equivalent to the stratigraphically uppermost stringer intervals in the SOSB (A5–A6). Maturity analyses demonstrate that the carbonate stringers in the salt domes were transported with the rising Ara Salt from burial depths of c. 6 to 10 km to the surface. Petrographic and stable-isotope data show that their diagenetic evolution during shallow and deep burial was very similar to the Ara carbonate stringer play in the SOSB. However, during the retrograde pathway of salt diapir evolution, the carbonate stringers were exposed to strong deformation in the diapir stem and diagenetic alterations related to dedolomitisation. As the salt domes contain facies that are in all aspects identical to the deeply buried Ara play in the SOSB, this study provides substantial additional information for hydrocarbon exploration in southern Oman. Moreover, our work has implications for the hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Ghaba Salt Basin and possibly of other Ediacaran – Lower Cambrian evaporite basins in the Middle East, such as for the time-equivalent Hormuz salt basins.

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32

Baniak, G. M., Z. Sayer, H. Patterson, R. Gooder, N. Laing, and A. Love. "The Mungo Field, Blocks 22/20a and 23/16a, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 52, no. 1 (2020): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m52-2018-82.

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AbstractThe Mungo Field is a mature producing asset located in the UK Central North Sea. Discovered in 1989 and brought on production in 1998, it is the largest field within the Eastern Trough Area Project (ETAP). Production occurs via a normally unattended installation and is tied back to the ETAP Central Processing Facility. It is a pierced, four-way dip closure against a salt diapir. Light oil is present within steeply dipping Late Paleocene sandstone and Early Paleocene–Late Cretaceous chalk intervals. The vertical relief of the salt stock is around 1500 m TVDSS and top of the salt canopy lies at about 1350 m TVDSS.The Paleocene sandstones (Forties Sandstone Member of the Sele Formation, Lista Formation and Maureen Formation) make up the primary reservoir and have been extensively developed in three phases since 1998 under water injection and natural depletion. The sandstones were deposited as deep-water turbidite complexes (submarine fans with local channels) on and around the flanks of the rising salt diapir. More recently, successful stimulation of the Chalk Group, coupled with re-evaluation of core and well-log data, has indicated that economic production rates could also be achieved from the underlying fractured chalk reservoir.

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33

Hatzor, Yossef H., and Eli P. Heyman. "Dilation of anisotropic rock salt: Evidence from Mount Sedom diapir." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 102, B7 (July 10, 1997): 14853–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jb00958.

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34

Talbot, C. J., R. Farhadi, and P. Aftabi. "Potash in salt extruded at Sar Pohl diapir, Southern Iran." Ore Geology Reviews 35, no. 3-4 (June 2009): 352–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2008.11.002.

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35

Peel, Frank J., Michael R. Hudec, and Ruud Weijermars. "Salt diapir downbuilding: Fast analytical models based on rates of salt supply and sedimentation." Journal of Structural Geology 141 (December 2020): 104202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104202.

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36

Petersen, K., and I. Lerche. "QUANTITATIVE MODELLING OF SALT AND SEDIMENT INTERACTIONS: EVOLUTION OF A NORTH LOUISIANA SALT DIAPIR." Journal of Petroleum Geology 18, no. 4 (October 1995): 365–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1995.tb00914.x.

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37

Amri, Zayneb, Chahreddine Naji, Amara Masrouhi, and Olivier Bellier. "Interconnection salt diapir–allochthonous salt sheet in northern Tunisia: The Lansarine–Baoula case study." Journal of African Earth Sciences 170 (October 2020): 103876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103876.

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38

Koestler, A. G., and W. U. Ehrmann. "Fault patterns in the calcareous overburden of a salt diapir: Laegerdorf, NW Germany." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1986, no. 9 (October 20, 1986): 555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1986/1986/555.

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39

Chemia, Z., H. Schmeling, and H. Koyi. "The effect of the salt viscosity on future evolution of the Gorleben salt diapir, Germany." Tectonophysics 473, no. 3-4 (August 2009): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.03.027.

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40

Chemia, Zurab, and Hemin Koyi. "The control of salt supply on entrainment of an anhydrite layer within a salt diapir." Journal of Structural Geology 30, no. 9 (September 2008): 1192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.06.004.

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41

Ma, Gongzheng, Linsen Zhan, Hailong Lu, and Guiting Hou. "Structures in Shallow Marine Sediments Associated with Gas and Fluid Migration." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040396.

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Geological structure changes, including deformations and ruptures, developed in shallow marine sediments are well recognized but were not systematically reviewed in previous studies. These structures, generally developed at a depth less than 1000 m below seafloor, are considered to play a significant role in the migration, accumulation, and emission of hydrocarbon gases and fluids, and the formation of gas hydrates, and they are also taken as critical factors affecting carbon balance in the marine environment. In this review, these structures in shallow marine sediments are classified into overpressure-associated structures, diapir structures and sediment ruptures based on their geometric characteristics and formation mechanisms. Seepages, pockmarks and gas pipes are the structures associated with overpressure, which are generally induced by gas/fluid pressure changes related to gas and/or fluid accumulation, migration and emission. The mud diapir and salt diapir are diapir structures driven by gravity slides, gravity spread and differential compaction. Landslides, polygonal faults and tectonic faults are sediment ruptures, which are developed by gravity, compaction forces and tectonic forces, respectively. Their formation mechanisms can be attributed to sediment diagenesis, compaction and tectonic activities. The relationships between the different structures, between structures and gas hydrates and between structures and authigenic carbonate are also discussed.

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Tanner, David C., Patrick Musmann, Britta Wawerzinek, Hermann Buness, Charlotte M. Krawczyk, and Rüdiger Thomas. "Salt tectonics of the eastern border of the Leinetal Graben, Lower Saxony, Germany, as deduced from seismic reflection data." Interpretation 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): T169—T181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0221.1.

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To study the salt-related tectonic evolution of the Leinetal Graben, located in the southernmost part of the Central European Basin (CEB) in Germany, we acquired two (1.8- and 3.2-km-long) P-wave reflection seismic profiles across the eastern border faults of the graben. The profiles were acquired with a minivibro along a 1.8-km active spread, densely sampled by geophones spaced at 5 m. The resulting sections showed stratigraphic and fault geometries to a depth of approximately 1200 m. Using two deep boreholes for calibration, we interpreted Mesozoic strata down to the Triassic Zechstein salt and the faults that affected these strata. We recognized two sets of faults: (1) steep, planar faults that are closely clustered and terminated in the Zechstein salt (type 1) and (2) shallow faults that connected between the first set of faults and have very variable dip, depending on the lithology they intersect (type 2). We discovered that the faults do not cross cut the Zechstein salt, but instead they decoupled at this layer. The present-day structure can be interpreted using a two-stage tectonic model. Either there was “downbuilding” during the Triassic, “rafting” of lower Buntsandstein blocks on the Zechstein salt, or both. This resulted in a proto-Leinetal Graben Zechstein diapir surrounded by depocenters. During the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary inversion phase, the diapir collapsed, first along type 1 steep faults that detached in the salt layer, and later along type 2 faults; the latter formed as the result of continued extension. Recognition of such early halokinesis was important for the understanding of the behavior of the salt in the CEB and salt tectonics in general.

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Molyneux, Simon, and Stephen Doyle. "Salt in the Vulcan sub-basin, NW Australia: observations from high-quality 3D seismic data and implications for palaeogeography." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20068.

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The Vulcan sub-basin is one of the few places in Australia where tectonic features (i.e. diapirs) associated with a mobile substrate can be found. In this presentation one of these features, the Paqualin diapir, and its environs will be described and discussed using the new regional NOVAR MC3D prestack depth migrated seismic dataset. The extent of the NOVAR MC3D seismic dataset makes it possible, for the first time, to integrate the observation of c. 600m of interbedded halite and anhydrite in the Paqualin-1 well, local fault geometries indicative of the movement of a mobile layer and regional tectonic features consistent with the presence of a mobile substrate. In this presentation the observations will be integrated with global analogues, regional palaeogeographic interpretations to refine models for the origin and spatiotemporal distribution of mobile layers in the Vulcan sub-basin.

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44

Snidero, Marco, Josep Anton Muñoz, Núria Carrera, Mireia Butillé, Joana Mencos, Hossein Motamedi, Alireza Piryaei, and Francesc Sàbat. "Temporal evolution of the Darmadan salt diapir, eastern Fars region, Iran." Tectonophysics 766 (September 2019): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.006.

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45

Zarei, Mehdi, and Ezatolah Raeisi. "Karst development and hydrogeology of Konarsiah salt diapir, south of Iran." Carbonates and Evaporites 25, no. 3 (July 13, 2010): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13146-010-0027-0.

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46

Jackson, M. P. A., D. D. Schultz-Ela, M. R. Hudec, I. A. Watson, and M. L. Porter. "Structure and evolution of Upheaval Dome: A pinched-off salt diapir." Geological Society of America Bulletin 110, no. 12 (December 1998): 1547–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1547:saeoud>2.3.co;2.

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47

Sirocko, F., T. Szeder, C. Seelos, R. Lehne, B. Rein, W. M. Schneider, and M. Dimke. "Young tectonic and halokinetic movements in the North-German-Basin: its effect on formation of modern rivers and surface morphology." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 81, no. 3-4 (December 2002): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600022708.

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AbstractField mapping of fluvial terraces, aerial photographs, ground penetrating radar and seismic data from gas and oil exploration were used at four different locations to detect young tectonic and halokinetic movements in the North-German-Basin.i) The course of the Rivers Weser and Aller follow precisely a shallow Tertiary graben on the northwestern flank of the Verden salt diapir. Recent local depressions and vegetation anomalies on the alluvial plain have the same orientation as the strike direction of the faults at subsurface depth. Apparently, the river follows tectonic lines, and thus the river sediments can be used for the interpretation of recent crustal movements.ii) The Wedehof diapir, in contrast, is topped by a local topographic high which follows exactly the shape of the underlying salt. Either the diapir formed an obstacle for the advance of the continental glaciers or one has to assume halokinetic uplift of more than 50 m during the post-Saalian Pleistocene. Either way, the Wedehof diapir shows control of the modern surface morphology by halokinesis.iii) The course of the river Hunte, in contrast, outside the area of salt diapirism, shows anomalies of incision and terrace width over a local updoming caused by tectonic inversion of distinct blocks in the basin. The confluence of several tributaries of the Hunte lies exactly over the updoming of Barnstorf. Thus, the rivers do not avoid the local high, but focus in this area, which is characterised by a graben on top of the domestructure, as visible in seismic profiles. Again, tectonism controls river development.iv) The last case study is from Lake Plön, where seismic profiles reveal that linear shorelines of the lake parallel the flanks of two local graben structures of Tertiary age. It is apparent that the Weichselian glaciers that formed the lake and the surrounding moraines interacted with the existing grabens.The Tertiary morphology in the North German basin was apparently draped by Quaternary glacial deposits, but rivers and lakes that dominate the topography of the modern landscape still reflect the geodynamic centers of Tertiary tectonism and halokinesis. Faults from the depth of the Tertiary penetrate the Quaternary strata and allow upward fluid migration, which becomes visible on aerial photographs as linear vegetation anomalies.

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Roca, Eduard, Oriol Ferrer, Mark G. Rowan, Josep Anton Muñoz, Mireia Butillé, Katherine A. Giles, Pau Arbués, and Marco de Matteis. "Salt tectonics and controls on halokinetic-sequence development of an exposed deepwater diapir: The Bakio Diapir, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Pyrenees." Marine and Petroleum Geology 123 (January 2021): 104770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104770.

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Abirifard, Mahmoud, Ezzat Raeisi, Mehdi Zarei, Mohammad Zare, Michal Filippi, Jiří Bruthans, and Christopher Talbot. "Jahani Salt Diapir, Iran: hydrogeology, karst features and effect on surroundings environment." International Journal of Speleology 46, no. 3 (September 2017): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.46.3.2133.

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Frumkin, Amos. "Formation and dating of a salt pillar in Mount Sedom diapir, Israel." Geological Society of America Bulletin preprint, no. 2008 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b26376.1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salt diapir'

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