Academic literature on the topic 'Saltworks'

In antiquity, the production of sea salt was one of the most important sources of salt. According to Pliny the Elder (NH 31.81), the most common way of obtaining salt was through marine salinae: facticii varia genera, volgaris plurimusque in salinis mari adfuso. There are plenty of textual references to marine salt evaporation ponds: Livy (1.33) reported that Ancus Marcius opened saltworks on the Tiber next to Ostia; Pliny (NH 31.84-87) mentioned a series of examples of such installations distributed throughout the Mediterranean, while Columella (Rust. 10.135) indicated the existence of saltworks at Pompeii, and Cassiodorus (Var. 12.24) spoke of those located near Venice. Passages in Rutilius Namatianus (De red. 475-90) and Manilius (Astr. 5.682-92) are also well known for their explanations of how ancient saltworks operated.

Abstract The prey-size selection, foraging behavior, and intake rate of overwintering Redshanks (Tringa totanus) were studied in a supratidal-intertidal system with high intertidal densities of shorebirds (100 birds ha−1). For assessing the importance of the energy obtained in the supratidal habitat (saltworks), daily consumption in this habitat was compared with the total daily energy requirement. Redshanks passively select prey within a certain size range from those accessible on the intertidal area. Despite the high prey biomass on the mudflats, Redshanks exhibited a low intake rate during winter (0.321 kJ min−1). This low intake seems to be related to the influence of the high densities of foraging shorebirds on the behavior of prey. Although intake rate was higher in the saltworks, the majority of Redshanks did not choose to feed there in winter. This foraging pattern seems to be related to density-dependent effects in habitat occupancy, as social interactions could have kept Redshanks out of the saltworks in winter according to the predictions of the ideal-despotic model. Energy intake in the supratidal habitat contributed 23% and 82% of the total daily energy requirement in winter and the pre-migration period, respectively. Redshanks were able to meet the total daily energy requirement during the pre-migration period by increasing foraging time in the saltworks. The availability of supratidal foraging habitats seems to contribute significantly to the maintenance of the population of overwintering Redshanks.

Saltworks are important wetlands and exposed to wide range of environmental stress and perturbations. Fluctuations of salinity, brine chemistry and nutrient status leads to variation in microalgal population. The typical saltworks Sri Sankara Allom, Puthalam was chosen for the study. The investigation was aimed to list out the microalgae and calculates their abundance. The work was done in different seasons (I, II, III and IV) of the study period (March 2009 to February 2010). The reservoir pond showed major variation among micro algal species but it was low in condenser pond. Only two micro algal species were observed in crystallizer pond. A gradual reduction in number of micro algal species was observed with an increase in salinity. With regard to crystallizer, Dunaliella was the dominant one throughout the study period.

This research is devoted to the study of historical toponyms of the town of Nerekhta, Kostroma Region. The onyms chosen for analysis are from the town’s medieval period associated with the territory’s oldest trade – salt production and saltworks – now lost. Those include names of saltworks Redensky pochinok and Sovkova Movka, that survive in historical documents and are also found in the scientific book of Mikhail Diyev «The History of the Town of Nerekhta». To date, these names have disappeared from the town’s toponomicon due to lack of topicality. Detailed lingual and etymological analysis of the lexical units, which are part of historical toponyms, allows to identify some common features characteristic of Slavic onyms, to establish the territory of their distribution, to trace the transformations they underwent, to identify certain processes of language and ethnic origin of the territory under study; the latter, in turn, helps cast a light upon the history of settlement of Slavs of the previously Finno-Ugric, presumably Merya, lands.

One-third of the worldwide sodium chloride (salt) production (about 200 million tons per year) is manufactured in solar saltworks. A solar saltworks is a series of one or more interconnected, shallow concentrating ponds (40 to 70 cm deep) through which seawater flows, evaporates by wind and sun, and deposits sodium chloride on the floors of crystallizer ponds (30 cm to 50 cm deep). In the downstream flow, salts of low solubility (in respect to sodium chloride) precipitate, with calcium carbonate first dropping out near three times, and calcium sulfate (gypsum) first appearing near four times seawater salinity. Shortly before reaching saturation with sodium chloride (about S.G. 1.214), the brine flows into crystallizer ponds (crystallizers), where evaporation continues until 5 to 20 cm of sodium chloride is deposited on the floors. The supernatant liquid, rich in compounds of calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate, is removed, and the salt is harvested, washed, stockpiled for a time to decrease contaminants, and marketed.

The Swartkops and Missionvale salinas in Port Elizabeth on the east coast of South Africa are surrounding by large informal settlements. The runoff from these settlements contributes largely to the eutrophication of the solar saltworks which in turn has an effect on the biotic functioning of the systems, ultimately affecting the quantity and quality of the salt produced. Inorganic nutrients and organic composition, as well as important biological groups were examined within the brine with the aim of comparing the current condition of the same salinas to their condition twelve years ago. Comparisons between inorganic nutrient concentrations and biological groups showed significantly higher inorganic nutrients, with chlorophyll a concentrations in the Swartkops salina in 2011 being significantly higher than in 2012 and the 1999 and 2011 chlorophyll a concentrations being significantly higher than 2012 in the Missionvale salina. Microalgae found in the salinas were cultured in four different growth media. Cells were stained with Nile Red fluorescent dye in order to estimate the extent of lipids production. Five of the most promising lipid producing species were isolated into a monoculture and grown at different salinities to establish the growth and lipid production in response to salinity. Halamphora coffeaeformis and Navicula sp. were found to be the best candidate species. They grew best at salinities between 50 and 70 psu and produced lipid vesicles consuming approximately 10 percent of the cell.

Biodiesel from microalgae is a viable alternative for replacing the global demand for petro-diesel. High biomass and lipid production are key desirable characteristics needed in a species to be used for biodiesel production. It has been demonstrated in literature that the increase in salinity can increase the lipid content of microalgae, but lower the growth rate of a species. Therefore the effect that salinity has on the growth and lipid content of ten microalgal species, isolated from a warm temperate solar saltworks, was investigated. The microalgae were cultivated at a temperature of 22°C and at salinities ranging from 17 to 70 psu. It was found that growth and lipid production for all species were influenced to some degree by the salinity. Growth rates greater than 0.6 d-1 showed a decrease with higher salinity. Most (71 percent) of the growth rates that exceeded 0.6 per day were exhibited by cultures exposed to normal salinity (35 psu). This shift is a good indication that salinity inhibits/slows down growth and that the species in general prefer lower salinity conditions. Growth rates ranged from 0.17 ± 0.05 to 1.19 ± 0.17 d-1. Lipid content for the diatoms (2.78 ± 0.36 to 10.86 ± 4.59 percent DW) were lower than expected, whereas the lipid content for the green flagellates (3.10 ± 1.56 to 22.64 ± 1.19 percent DW) was on par with that reported in literature. To bring results into perspective a production model was developed to simulate a production scenario at the Swartkops Saltworks. Lipid and productivity results obtained in this study were used to estimate how much oil and biomass can be produced within the ponds of the Swartkops Saltworks. The model showed that although microalgae cultivation for biodiesel is technically feasible, at present it is not economically viable to do so.

Os manguezais estÃo distribuÃdos do extremo norte do Brasil atà Laguna, regiÃo costeira sul do paÃs, ocorrendo em estuÃrios, lagoas litorÃneas e canais de marÃ. No estado do Cearà (02Â46 S), nordeste brasileiro, o clima semi-Ãrido apresenta caracterÃsticas que condicionam o crescimento dos bosques de mangue como a sazonalidade das chuvas e a alta incidÃncia de radiaÃÃo solar. As caracterÃsticas climÃticas favoreceram a escolha pela regiÃo para implementaÃÃo da industria salineira no sÃculo passado, como no caso do complexo estuarino do rio CearÃ, localizado na divisa costeira entre os municÃpios de Fortaleza e Caucaia. O presente estudo descreve e analisa a evoluÃÃo espaÃo-temporal do manguezal do rio Cearà (Fortaleza-CE), com foco na colonizaÃÃo da vegetaÃÃo tÃpica de mangue em Ãreas de salinas abandonadas. O estudo da paisagem foi realizado atravÃs de tÃcnicas de sensoriamento remoto, uso de fotografias Ãreas e imagens de satÃlites, alÃm de visitas de campo, sendo produzidos e analisados mapas temÃticos dos anos de 1968, 1997 e 2009, estimando-se as Ãreas de manguezais e de salinas para cada ano. Para o ano de 2009, foram estimados 1006,6 ha de manguezais, 165% a mais do que em 1968, apresentando sua maior taxa de crescimento por dÃcada entre 1997 e 2009, de 133,25ha/10anos. No perÃodo estudado de 41 anos uma Ãrea de 395 ha de salinas abandonadas foi colonizada naturalmente por bosques de mangue. Uma descriÃÃo mais detalhada da estrutura desses bosques foi realizada atravÃs do estudo fitossociolÃgico na salina Margarida. Na regiÃo mais prÃxima à margem do rio foi encontrado um bosque em um estÃgio de desenvolvimento avanÃado, com dominÃncia de Rhizophora mangle e presenÃa de Avicennia spp., altura mÃdia do bosque 10m, DAP mÃdio 14,06 cm e densidade de 1333,33trocos/ha. Em direÃÃo ao continente, evidenciou-se um bosque em processo de colonizaÃÃo inicial na salina, sendo a espÃcie pioneira Laguncularia racemosa associada à outras espÃcies vegetais, Portulaca oleracea (beldroega) e a Batis marÃtima (brejo do mangue). Apesar do crescimento quantitativo dos bosques de mangue foram evidenciados diversos impactos ambientais, que acumulados, ocasionaram desequilÃbrio ambiental e perda qualitativa nos benefÃcios proporcionados pelo manguezal do rio CearÃ. Para evidenciar os bens e serviÃos do ecossistema foi realizada uma anÃlise sistÃmica dos fluxos de matÃria e energia que compÃe o complexo estuarino do rio CearÃ. A relaÃÃo dos fluxos com as atividades humanas estabelecidas no ambiente evidenciaram principalmente uma interferÃncia dos impactos ambientais nos serviÃos ambientais relacionados com os fluxos litorÃneos (construÃÃo de espigÃes e dÃficit de sedimentos na costa), fluxos fluvio-marinhos (salinizaÃÃo do estuÃrio e contaminaÃÃo das Ãguas) e os fluxos de sedimentos e gravitacionais (abandono das salinas, impermeabilizaÃÃo do solo e ocupaÃÃo intensa nas Ãreas de dunas). A partir das evidÃncias da recuperaÃÃo do manguezal em Ãreas de salinas abandonadas no rio CearÃ, pÃe-se em discussÃo as definiÃÃes da resoluÃÃo estadual 02/2002 do COEMA, ao legitimar a conversÃo de Ãreas de salinas e apicum para o estabelecimento da carcinicultura, em detrimento de recuperar e conservar os serviÃos ambientais jà disponÃveis no ecossistema manguezal. Uma nova postura de conservaÃÃo do manguezal do rio Cearà representaria custos de oportunidade maiores em uma receita sustentÃvel do desenvolvimento humano nas regiÃes estuarinas e Ãreas litorÃneas do estado no CearÃ, no Brasil e no mundo. A recuperaÃÃo do manguezal do rio Cearà sà serà possÃvel apÃs a mitigaÃÃo dos principais impactos ambientais. Para a gestÃo do manguezal do rio Cearà propÃe-se um sistema de manejo baseado em zonas de recuperaÃÃo de Ãreas degradadas, zonas de monitoramento da regeneraÃÃo natural dos bosques de mangue e zonas de mÃxima conservaÃÃo.
Mangrove ecosystem occurs in Brazil in estuaries, shore lagoons and marine channels inside land, from the extreme North of the country, to well beyond the Tropic of Capricorn, near Laguna, Braziliansâ south coast. In the Cearà state (02Â46 S), BrazilÂs northeast region, the climate is semi-arid, with seasonal rains and high reception of solar radiation. In the last few decades the human occupations intensify in Ceara river estuarine complex, and modify the landscape in results of their actions, interfering in the natural development of the mangrove ecosystem. This case study reports a description and an analyses of the temporal-spatial development of the mangrove area in the Cearà river (Fortaleza â CE), focusing on new colonization areas in abandoned saltworks. It was produced thematic maps estimating the mangrove areas and the saltwork areas in the years of: 1968, 1997, and 2009 using remote sensing techniques. In 2009 the mangrove area was 1006.6 ha, 65% more than in 1968, the growth rate was 133.25 ha/10years between 1997 and 2009. In abandoned saltworks areas it was evidenced 395 ha of new colonized mangroves areas. A fitosociologic study was accomplished to demonstrate the detailed description of the mangrove forest structure. The mangrove forest near the main channel of the Cearà river is described as fringe, an advance development forest, with dominance of Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia spp., medium height of 10 meters, medium DHB 14,06 cm and density of 1333.33 trunk/ha. Down to the terrestrial environment itÂs evidenced basin mangrove forests, in new mangroveÂs colonization areas. The pioneer specie was Laguncularia racemosa associated with other associated species Portulaca oleracea (beldroega) and Batis marÃtima (brejo do mangue). Although the quantitative increment in mangrove forest areas the environment quality was considered low, due the evidenced of the variety of environmental impacts. To highlight the environment services it was necessary a systemic analysis approach of the flows of energy and matter. The relation between the human activities and the environment fluxes related shows the interference of the environment impacts in the environment services, for example, the shore fluxes (sediment deficit) fluvial-marine flux (estuary salinization and water contamination) and the gravitational fluxes (abandoned saltwork, soil impermeabilization and dense urban occupation in dune areas). Consideration about the state resolution COEMA n 02/2002 were made to discuss the recent flexibilization of Brazilian environmental legislation, in order to provide legal tools to appropriations of mangrove areas to industry exploration, the case of shrimp farms legalization. A new posture in mangrove conservation programs in the Cearà river would represent higher costs of opportunities in a sustainability receipt of human development in estuary regions and shore areas in the Cearà state, in Brazil and in the whole world. The Cearà river recuperation will only be possible after the mitigation of the main environmental impacts. It is recommended to install priority conservation zones, natural regeneration monitoring zones and environment rehabilitation zones, in order to enhance the mangrove management plan.

La Saline d'Arc-et-Senans, construite à partir de 1774 selon les plans de l'architecteClaude Nicolas Ledoux, est aujourd'hui un centre touristique et culturel reconnu, notamment depuisson classement comme patrimoine mondial par l'Unesco en 1982. Mais son histoire est avant toutcelle d'un lieu de production du sel, qui fonctionne pendant plus d'un siècle. Sur décision de la Fermegénérale, elle est construite pour répondre aux difficultés rencontrées dans l'exploitation des sourcessalées à la Saline de Salins, en particulier le manque de bois. Saline sans ressources en sel, son exploitationpose la question de son manque d'autonomie, qui explique son échec économique. Inscrite dansl'ensemble juridico-économique que représentent les Salines de l'Est, elle peine à trouver sa place surle marché du sel. Les Salines de l'Est, d'abord protégées par le monopole d'État sur le sel jusqu'à la loide 1840, sont ensuite livrées à la concurrence des entrepreneurs privés, qui tentent de réunir au seind'une société anonyme l'ensemble des concessions et mines de sel de l'Est. La Saline d'Arc-et-Senans,bien moins rentable que les autres, sans possibilité d'amélioration technique, doit fermer ses portes en1895. Elle échappe alors de peu au destin habituel des anciens lieux de production, celui de la friche.Inscrite sur la liste des monuments historiques en 1926 et rachetée par le département du Doubs en1927, elle pose la question de l'avenir des sites industriels dont l'activité cesse. Sans préoccupationspatrimoniales particulières, plusieurs projets de reconversion se succèdent jusque dans les années 1960,sans qu'aucun d'entre eux aboutisse. C'est l'intervention des technocrates de la culture qui apporte lasolution en 1972, avec la création du Centre du futur. L'identité de ce lieu, qui a été progressivementvidé de sa mémoire industrielle, est reconstruite autour de la notion de cité idéale et la Saline devientle patrimoine de l'utopie. Cette nouvelle lecture des lieux, si elle en permet la sauvegarde, montreaujourd'hui ses limites pour l'exploitation touristique de la Saline, qui peine à armer une identité cohérente auprès du public. Ainsi, en occultant la mémoire industrielle du lieu, la Saline d'Arc-et-Senansest un exemple unique de patrimoine inventé
The Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans were built from 1774 according to the drawings of thearchitect Claude Nicolas Ledoux. Today they are a famous touristic and cultural centre, especially since they have been inscribed on the Unesco World Heritage List in 1982. However their history is before everything a history of a place where salt is produced during more than one century. Further to the decision of the Ferme générale, they were built to solve the difficulties about salt sources exploitation at the saltworks of Salins, particularly the lack of wood. Because they are saltworks without salt resources, their exploitation question their lack of autonomy behind their economic failure. They struggle to find a place in the salt market because of legal and economic frameworks of the Salines de l'Est. These latter were firstly protected by the state monopoly on salt until the law of 1840. Then they were left incompetiton with private entrepreneurs who tried to gather all the eastern salt mines within a public limited company. The Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans closed in 1895 because they were less profitable than the others and this could not be improved. They narrowly escaped usual destiny of former production places : become an industrial wasteland. In 1926, they were listed historical monument then bought by the department of Doubs in 1927. It was the time to approach the future of industrial sites whose activity stopped. Many projects of conversion suceeded each other until the 1960s with no results. A solution was found in 1972 by technocrats working in cultural fields, with the creation of the Centre du futur. The identity of this place was rebuilt with the concept of ideal city and the Saltworks became the heritage of utopia. However from a touristic point of view, they struggle today to show a coherentidentity to visitors. Because the industrial memory of this place has been eclipsed, the Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans is an unique example of invented heritage

REIS NETO, Armando Soares dos. Análise espaço-temporal da vegetação do manguezal no rio Ceará, Ceará, Brasil. 2013. 103 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2013.
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Mangrove ecosystem occurs in Brazil in estuaries, shore lagoons and marine channels inside land, from the extreme North of the country, to well beyond the Tropic of Capricorn, near Laguna, Brazilians’ south coast. In the Ceará state (02°46 S), Brazil´s northeast region, the climate is semi-arid, with seasonal rains and high reception of solar radiation. In the last few decades the human occupations intensify in Ceara river estuarine complex, and modify the landscape in results of their actions, interfering in the natural development of the mangrove ecosystem. This case study reports a description and an analyses of the temporal-spatial development of the mangrove area in the Ceará river (Fortaleza – CE), focusing on new colonization areas in abandoned saltworks. It was produced thematic maps estimating the mangrove areas and the saltwork areas in the years of: 1968, 1997, and 2009 using remote sensing techniques. In 2009 the mangrove area was 1006.6 ha, 65% more than in 1968, the growth rate was 133.25 ha/10years between 1997 and 2009. In abandoned saltworks areas it was evidenced 395 ha of new colonized mangroves areas. A fitosociologic study was accomplished to demonstrate the detailed description of the mangrove forest structure. The mangrove forest near the main channel of the Ceará river is described as fringe, an advance development forest, with dominance of Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia spp., medium height of 10 meters, medium DHB 14,06 cm and density of 1333.33 trunk/ha. Down to the terrestrial environment it´s evidenced basin mangrove forests, in new mangrove´s colonization areas. The pioneer specie was Laguncularia racemosa associated with other associated species Portulaca oleracea (beldroega) and Batis marítima (brejo do mangue). Although the quantitative increment in mangrove forest areas the environment quality was considered low, due the evidenced of the variety of environmental impacts. To highlight the environment services it was necessary a systemic analysis approach of the flows of energy and matter. The relation between the human activities and the environment fluxes related shows the interference of the environment impacts in the environment services, for example, the shore fluxes (sediment deficit) fluvial-marine flux (estuary salinization and water contamination) and the gravitational fluxes (abandoned saltwork, soil impermeabilization and dense urban occupation in dune areas). Consideration about the state resolution COEMA n° 02/2002 were made to discuss the recent flexibilization of Brazilian environmental legislation, in order to provide legal tools to appropriations of mangrove areas to industry exploration, the case of shrimp farms legalization. A new posture in mangrove conservation programs in the Ceará river would represent higher costs of opportunities in a sustainability receipt of human development in estuary regions and shore areas in the Ceará state, in Brazil and in the whole world. The Ceará river recuperation will only be possible after the mitigation of the main environmental impacts. It is recommended to install priority conservation zones, natural regeneration monitoring zones and environment rehabilitation zones, in order to enhance the mangrove management plan.
Os manguezais estão distribuídos do extremo norte do Brasil até Laguna, região costeira sul do país, ocorrendo em estuários, lagoas litorâneas e canais de maré. No estado do Ceará (02°46 S), nordeste brasileiro, o clima semi-árido apresenta características que condicionam o crescimento dos bosques de mangue como a sazonalidade das chuvas e a alta incidência de radiação solar. As características climáticas favoreceram a escolha pela região para implementação da industria salineira no século passado, como no caso do complexo estuarino do rio Ceará, localizado na divisa costeira entre os municípios de Fortaleza e Caucaia. O presente estudo descreve e analisa a evolução espaço-temporal do manguezal do rio Ceará (Fortaleza-CE), com foco na colonização da vegetação típica de mangue em áreas de salinas abandonadas. O estudo da paisagem foi realizado através de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, uso de fotografias áreas e imagens de satélites, além de visitas de campo, sendo produzidos e analisados mapas temáticos dos anos de 1968, 1997 e 2009, estimando-se as áreas de manguezais e de salinas para cada ano. Para o ano de 2009, foram estimados 1006,6 ha de manguezais, 165% a mais do que em 1968, apresentando sua maior taxa de crescimento por década entre 1997 e 2009, de 133,25ha/10anos. No período estudado de 41 anos uma área de 395 ha de salinas abandonadas foi colonizada naturalmente por bosques de mangue. Uma descrição mais detalhada da estrutura desses bosques foi realizada através do estudo fitossociológico na salina Margarida. Na região mais próxima à margem do rio foi encontrado um bosque em um estágio de desenvolvimento avançado, com dominância de Rhizophora mangle e presença de Avicennia spp., altura média do bosque 10m, DAP médio 14,06 cm e densidade de 1333,33trocos/ha. Em direção ao continente, evidenciou-se um bosque em processo de colonização inicial na salina, sendo a espécie pioneira Laguncularia racemosa associada à outras espécies vegetais, Portulaca oleracea (beldroega) e a Batis marítima (brejo do mangue). Apesar do crescimento quantitativo dos bosques de mangue foram evidenciados diversos impactos ambientais, que acumulados, ocasionaram desequilíbrio ambiental e perda qualitativa nos benefícios proporcionados pelo manguezal do rio Ceará. Para evidenciar os bens e serviços do ecossistema foi realizada uma análise sistêmica dos fluxos de matéria e energia que compõe o complexo estuarino do rio Ceará. A relação dos fluxos com as atividades humanas estabelecidas no ambiente evidenciaram principalmente uma interferência dos impactos ambientais nos serviços ambientais relacionados com os fluxos litorâneos (construção de espigões e déficit de sedimentos na costa), fluxos fluvio-marinhos (salinização do estuário e contaminação das águas) e os fluxos de sedimentos e gravitacionais (abandono das salinas, impermeabilização do solo e ocupação intensa nas áreas de dunas). A partir das evidências da recuperação do manguezal em áreas de salinas abandonadas no rio Ceará, põe-se em discussão as definições da resolução estadual 02/2002 do COEMA, ao legitimar a conversão de áreas de salinas e apicum para o estabelecimento da carcinicultura, em detrimento de recuperar e conservar os serviços ambientais já disponíveis no ecossistema manguezal. Uma nova postura de conservação do manguezal do rio Ceará representaria custos de oportunidade maiores em uma receita sustentável do desenvolvimento humano nas regiões estuarinas e áreas litorâneas do estado no Ceará, no Brasil e no mundo. A recuperação do manguezal do rio Ceará só será possível após a mitigação dos principais impactos ambientais. Para a gestão do manguezal do rio Ceará propõe-se um sistema de manejo baseado em zonas de recuperação de áreas degradadas, zonas de monitoramento da regeneração natural dos bosques de mangue e zonas de máxima conservação.

碩士
東海大學
建築學系
107
The southwest coast of Taiwan are suitable for saltworks due to sufficient sunshine conditions and prevailing monsoon conditions.And there is the latest layer of alluvial, with a flat terrain and a vast area, which is conducive to pumping sand and laying fields.Form a huge scale salt field landscape. Among them, the Qigu Saltwork field is the most dense and largest-scale production area; in 1975, between the Qingkunshen village and the Qingshangang Sandbank built a fan-shaped saltwork field.However, in 2002, due to the high production cost of the salt industry, the whole Taiwan salt was fully imported.The special fan-shaped landscape is the most short-lived saltwork field. The production of saltwork landscape and the operation of the salt-salting mechanism are caused by climatic conditions, from a large area. In saltworks,very thin water gradually extracted into a small area of ​​crystalline salt landscape, but once rain crystallizes.The white landscape is dissolved, and the climatic conditions are revealed due to salt crystallization and dissolution. At the same time, Qigu is important measurement points and one of the four major weather radar stations in Taiwan.The site of radar station is too close to the village and faces relocation; Qigu are also important areas for migratory birds.Birds are not easy to inhabit in saltwork fields, and the hot spots are close to the fish gills and village. Starting from the fan-shaped saltwork landscape, I asked some questions: The saltworks landscape industry has disappeared, and how reconstruct the 20-year blank landscape ?At the same time, it can reveal the relationship between saltwork landscape and climate.How to use crystalline salt to create a space atmosphere experience?

碩士
國立臺北藝術大學
建築與文化資產研究所
103
Numerous saltworks used to scatter along the southwest coast of Taiwan. However, with the market opening policies, rise of cost, and aging of salt workers, the salt industry of Taiwan has gradually declined, and the saltworks were shutting down one by one. In 2002, the Council for Cultural Affairs initiated an Industrial Cultural Heritage Investigation Plan, and it once again attracted attention to the unique natural and cultural landscapes of saltworks. But due to the huge quantity and complexity of saltworks landscapes, along with the lack of relevant laws and regulations as well as supporting measures, many saltworks landscapes were merely preserved by designating or listing a single building. In this way, it is hard to make consideration and plans with integrity and is prone to cause problems. Locating in Yantian Village, Yungan District, Kaohsiung City, Wushulin Saltworks was managed by Wusulin Salt Company founded by Chen Chung-Ho in the Japanese Colonial Period. Latter it was run by the Taiwan Salt Production Company. After the war, it became a state-run saltworks. Before stop salt making in 1984, it was always the main edible salt supply for Kaohsiung and Pingtung areas. Having the only existing tile salt crystallizing ponds, the saltworks is highly representative. After being abandoned for decades, the discarded saltworks developed a rich wetland ecology. The saltworks premises and salt worker villages have been preserved. Besides, the previous one has been recognized as a City-designated Historic Site. The 133 hectares of land has also been designated as the Yongan Wetland Park. It combines rich natural and cultural connotations. Although the saltworks has been preserved, due to lack of the land ownership restrictions and regulations, people still have concerns regarding the planning of saltworks landscape and salt industry culture. Besides, the reasons for being listed as a cultural heritage site still need to be amended to specify and highlight the characteristics of being a cultural heritage. By reviewing its history and discovering the issues of reasons for being listed, using archival analysis as the supplements for missing parts, along with fieldworks, this study aims to demonstrate features of the Wushulin Saltworks as a cultural heritage.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
建築與室內設計系
105
There’s something "Landscape art" and "Time" in the natural environment for the implication of evolution; the spatial organization of landscape usually comes from people who give proposition and change for meeting the requirements of their lives and expectation. These series of process are anthropogenic, and they are in natural adjustment as well. In regard to correspond with different requirement of users, people and environment create compromise and invisible dynamic equilibrium by constant interaction; the environmental planners can analyze the shape of landscape and organization structure from place connotation of society, ecology, culture, beauty texture and practicality, etc. and apply the “Landscape texturing” theory of space, route, edge, focus and nodes to experience its type and evolution process for the way to find out place connotation of space development from deconstructionism. The initial discussion was East-Stone Salt Plant which was taken as their subject for its local place spirit, landscape of humanities, and brief story of Taiwan salt plant as the foundation of shape of landscape and texturing development and interpretation of times. The landscape and field should have their meaningfulness for the thoughts of deconstructionism design; the environment development probably come from a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors to have everything for “System performance” and “Openness”; not only they break original organization type, but also they find a thinking route during operation. With aspect to the landscape, each part of them does not have the end under deconstructionism theory, and there is only evolution of time and stage records. The text is cited from structuralism, as well as the design operation solution-we explore their commonality about the common ideology of theoretical development in the design of structuralism and landscape texturing for the process of applying East-Stone White-Water Lake Salt Plant by landscape type to construct a concept of consistent thoughts of deconstruction and landscape that is relative to the cultural landscape modeling and also afford a design narrative of field conversion for it, once a former salt manufacturing plant in the local environment.

Between 2014 and 2015, on the occasion of a roundabout construction along the Romea main road (SS 71bis), near the inhabited area of Cervia (RA), Emilia-Romagna, Italy, wooden elements belonging to a Roman saltworks were discovered. The excavation has brought to light a series of shallow basins into which, through a system of canalization, marine water ran. Sluices were in operation along these channels, so that the flow of water could be blocked and the water in the basins got evaporated during hot summer months. The uncovering of the site and the study of the Roman saltworks have been carried out through a multidisciplinary approach which permitted to put in evidence the complex relationship between human and natural landscape in this area.

Chapter 3, presented by Brent K. S. Woodfill and Marc Wolf, introduces Salinas de los Nueve Cerros, a site located at the highland-lowland nexus in western Guatemala, best known as being the largest of the ancient Maya saltworks in the southern lowlands. The site’s natural and constructed monumental landscape defined not only the city’s layout but also its economy and political structure. The most obvious of the saltworks were the brine stream and salt flats, but the salt industry changed the landscape in other ways—it was fueled by fires that needed a constant supply of firewood and allowed for the large-scale production of other commodities including dried, salted fish, which were harvested in large quantities from the Chixoy River and associated streams and oxbow lakes. All of these resources appear to have been tightly controlled by the local elite, who marked their presence with large administrative and public ritual structures.

According to the physiological-morphological and molecular-biological characteristics, the halophilic representative of archaea strain-isolate from the saltworks of lake Karun (Egypt) was identified as Haloterrigena saccharevitans EG3QL57. The ability of H. saccharevitans EG3QL57 to utilize oil with an efficiency of 27.4%, resistance to the presence of concentrations of up to 5 mm of heavy metals in the growth medium is shown. It is shown that when the growth conditions of microorganisms are optimized, they produce up to 2.3 g/l of exopolysaccharides (EPS).