Journal articles on the topic 'Salut reproductiva de la dona'

Peru’s national health program Programa de Salud Reproductiva y Planificación Familiar (PSRPF) aimed to uphold women’s reproductive rights and address the scarcity in maternity related services. Despite these objectives, during PSRPF’s implementation the respect for women’s rights were undermined with the forced sterilization of women predominantly of indigenous, poor, and rural backgrounds. This study considers the forced sterilization of indigenous women as a genocide. Making the case for genocide has not been done previously with this particular case. Using the normative markers of the Genocide Convention, this study categorically sets forced sterilization victims from the state-led-policy as victims of genocide, considering the effects the health malpractice had on victims’ reproductive rights and the prevention of births of future indigenous populations. In doing so, this study proves the genocidal intent from the state to destroy in whole or in part, an ethnic minority group.

Background. Iodine deficiency disorder is a major public health problem in Ethiopia that is more common in women of reproductive age. However, it is not well addressed and there is a lack of information on its prevalence and associated factors in women of reproductive age group. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess goiter prevalence and associated factors among women of reproductive age in the Demba Gofa woreda, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was used among 584 randomly selected women in the reproductive age group from February 05 to April 20, 2016. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study kebeles, and a systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study samples. Data were collected through a pretested questionnaire, and the goiter examination was done clinically for each participant. The collected data were coded and entered into a computer for statistical analysis using EpiData version 3.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Variables with a P value ≤0.25 in bivariate logistic regression analysis were entered into multivariate logistic regression analysis, and finally, variables with a P value <0.05 in multivariate logistic regression were considered significantly associated with the dependent variable. Results. The total goiter rate was 43%, 95% CI = 39.2–46.9. Cassava consumption (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.03–4), salt wash before use (AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.1–11.3), salt use after >2 months of purchase (AOR: 11, 95% CI: 5–26), family history of goiter (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.4–15.8), and poor knowledge of iodized salt (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.5) were significant factors associated with goiter. Conclusion. Iodine deficiency was found to be severe in women of reproductive age in the study area. This showed that women of reproductive age, especially during pregnancy, are exposed to iodine deficiency and its adverse effects at delivery. Thus, they need urgent supplementation with iodine, improved access to foods rich in iodine, and intake of iodized salt. Additionally, health education should focus on the importance of iodized salt, the proper method of use, and the prevention of iodine deficiency, which are highly recommended to minimize the problem.

The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of salt-free - salt diet (SFSD) on the size of antral follicles during salt consumption, the duration of controlled breeding campaign and the fertilities of ewes from the Ile de France breed. Тhe experiment was carried out with 57 ewes, which were divided into 3 groups (19 ewes in each) depending on whether they were subjected to SFSD and their contacts with rams during the first 8 days of the beginning of breeding: Group I – SFSD + ram contact; Group II – only SFSD; Group III – no SFSD, only ram contacts. The first day of the salt diet coincided with the first day of ram contacts. Transrectal ultrasound examinations of the ovaries were done on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. The time of manifestation of estrus (in days), pregnancy rate and fecundity were studied. A significant effect of time (P<0.05) and diet (P<0.01) on the size of follicles was established. The onset of the first estrus, the shortest terms of breeding campaign, the fertility and the fecundity results gave us reason to favour the scheme applied to Group II. A stimulatory effect of the diet in that study was demonstrated, but the pattern was different from our previous studies.

Honey bees are an important agricultural species; however, relatively little work has been done to improve artificial reproductive technologies for this animal. The collection and distribution of germplasm for breeding and conservation is critical for improving managed honey bee populations and conserving threatened subspecies. The most efficient method of controlling breeding in honey bees is by artificial insemination. The collection of semen for insemination requires the use of antibiotics, which is especially critical if semen is to be stored for any length of time. The introduction of antibiotics is normally done through a balanced salt solution. In this study we compare, at two temperatures, the storage of undiluted semen in antibiotic–gel-coated capillary tubes with storage of semen diluted in a balanced salt solution containing antibiotics. Live–dead cell staining and artificial insemination of honey bee queens were performed at 45, 99 and 439 days after collection of the semen. In every case the antibiotic–gel-coated tube storage method at 14°C produced a higher percentage of fertilised offspring. This study demonstrates the longest period of time spermatozoa have been stored above freezing while maintaining fertilisation capacity.

Females of the ectoparasitic crustacean Argulus canadensis must leave their fish hosts at least temporarily to deposit their eggs on the substrate. To test the hypothesis that this difference in reproductive behaviour between the two sexes could result in male-biased sex ratios on their stickleback hosts, we sampled sticklebacks in tide pools of a Quebec salt marsh from early July to early September 1986. During this period, fish harboured significantly more male than female A. canadensis. Laboratory experiments were done to test two alternative hypotheses offered to explain this biased sex ratio. The first hypothesis was that male A. canadensis were more successful than females in attacking their stickleback hosts; however, we found no differences in attack success on their hosts between the two parasite sexes. The second hypothesis was that sticklebacks ate more female than male A. canadensis. Although males were less vulnerable to fish predation than females, the difference was not significant. We conclude that sexual differences in reproductive behaviour, i.e., egg deposition behaviour of females, can account for the male-biased sex ratio of A. canadensis on sticklebacks.

Background: Hypertension has been identified as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing nations. Prevalence is seen to be increasing in the rural areas, especially among the females in the reproductive age group. The prevalence of hypertension is found to be high in Assam, while the awareness is quite low thus necessitating a study in this regard.Methods: A total of 400 women in the reproductive age group were selected from Bagchung block, Jorhat by Simple Random Sampling. They were interviewed and their blood pressure was measured along with some anthropometric variables. Classification of hypertension was done as per the US Seventh Joint National Committee (JNC 7) report on the prevention, evaluation and treatment of high BP.Results: A total of 23.5% prevalence of hypertension was found among the study subjects. 44.5% of the total was in the pre hypertensive stage. 77% of them had heard of hypertension while only 20% were aware of its side effects. Extra salt intake, family history and underlying medical conditions were the major risk factors.Conclusions: Knowledge, awareness on hypertension in women in this part of the district is poor and the prevalence is high and their life style practices are grossly contributing to it. Therefore, efforts should be geared towards improving the levels of awareness of the women regarding hypertension and the risk factors.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from January 2015 to March 2016 in villages of 12 Bhavokhali union, Sadar upazila, Mymensingh. The study was done on 408 subjects who were selected purposively. Data were collected on a pre-designed questionnaire by direct interviewing the respondents. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Prevalence of hypertension was 21.32%. Mean age was 39.22 years and standard deviation 14.81 years. Prevalence of hypertension was 46.30% among persons over 60 years of age, 37.11% among persons having family history of hypertension, 61.54% among persons having diabetes mellitus, 43.96% among persons having BMI more than or equal to 25, 29.41% among those having sedentary lifestyle, 22.14% among those having the habit of added salt intake, 33.75% among smokers and 25.95% among persons having the habit of smokeless tobacco intake. Though female had low prevalence of hypertension (18.77%), female working outside had higher prevalence 31.59%. Women of reproductive age group had lower prevalence of hypertension (15.56%) among whom oral contraceptive pill users had increased prevalence of hypertension 16.82%. Prevalence of hypertension found in this study was lower in comparison to global prevalence and results of other studies. CBMJ 2016 July: Vol. 05 No. 02 P: 14-20

The aim of the present work was to examine the effects of anionic salts (MgCl2 or MgSO4) supplementation on metabolic profile, peripartum diseases and pregnancy rate of dairy cows during the prepartum period. Fourty five Holstein dairy cows were placed on 1 of 3 prepartum treatments. Treatment groups were balanced body condition score as far as similar. Treatments were total mixed ration (TMR) without anionic salt (control), TMR supplemented with 30 g/d/cow MgCl2 or TMR supplemented with 30 g/d/cow MgSO4. After parturation, all groups were fed with same TMR. The presynch-ovsynch protocol was used and fixed time artificial insemination was done after 30 days postpartum. The experiment was lasted for 8 weeks of postpartum. Cows fed MgCl2 supplemented TMR increased milk yield compared with control and MgSO4 supplemented TMR. Supplementing anionic salts reduced serum AST and ALT concentrations, increased serum glucose, HDL, IgG, Ca and Mg concentrations. Health and reproductive performance were not different between treatments. These data suggets that anionic salts supplementation in TMR during prepartum can alter milk yield and blood biochemical parameters.

Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo que afectan la calidad de vida que asumen en el cuidado de la salud los habitantes del área urbana de Valledupar, para los estratos socioeconómicos 1, 2 y 3 de la comuna tres. Materiales y Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal; muestra conformada por 68 de 127 familias y 31 representantes comunitarios; aplicándoseles encuesta sobre aspectos sociodemográficos, condición de vida, cuidado de la salud, y lista de chequeo para situaciones higiénico sanitarias de 54 expendios de alimentos distribuidos proporcionalmente. Resultados: se identificaron como los principales factores de riesgo un 41% de formación técnica, 23% de mujeres desde los once años de edad, son amas de casa formando pareja a temprana edad y 8.8% embarazadas, 83.8% no alcanzan sus ingresos para sostenimiento, 57% de mujeres no practican autoexamen de mama en el último año y 26.5% no practican examen citológico, 76% de hombres no hacen exámen de próstata, 70% de mujeres con deficiente manejo de lactancia materna exclusiva y alimentación complementaria, 50% no llevan perros al control veterinario y 69% dejan hacer sus necesidades a campo abierto, 49% de expendios de alimentos no cumplen con la infraestructura, manejo higiénico sanitario y de bioseguridad. Conclusión: se aprecian comportamientos negativos en el autocuidado de la salud sexual y reproductiva, deficiente manejo de la lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria, con el cuidado de animales domésticos y precarias prácticas higiénico sanitarias en expendios de alimentos, que deben ser reconsiderados para potenciar estilos de vida saludables.PALABRAS CLAVE: autocuidado, conducta de riesgo, estilo de vida. Risks in the health care of the families of Valledupar ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the main risk factors that affect the quality of life assumed in health care by the residents from the urban area of Valledupar, for the socioeconomic strata 1, 2 and 3 from the third commune. Materials and Methods: quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study; sample consisted of 68 127 families and 31 community representatives; Survey administered based on sociodemographic aspects, living conditions, health care, and checklist for sanitary and hygienic conditions of 54 proportionately distributed food outlets. Results: the resuts show as the main risk factors, 41% of technical training, 23% of women from eleven years of age are housewives forming couples at an early age and 8.8% pregnant, 83.8% do not have the income to support themselves, 57% of women have not practice breast self-examination since last year and 26.5% without cytological examination, 76% of men do not have their prostate checked, 70% of women with poor exclusive maternal breast-feeding management and supplementary feeding, 50% do not take dogs for veterinary control and 69% leave them to do their business in the open field, 49% of food establishments do not comply with the infrastructure, sanitary hygienic handling and biosafety. Conclusion: negative behaviors are seen in self care of sexual health and reproductive health, poor breast and supplementary feeding management, taking care of pets and poor hygienic and sanitation practises in food establishments, which should be reconsidered to enhance healthy lifestyles.KEY WORDS: self-care, risk taking, lifestyle. Riscos na saúde das famílias de Valledupar RESUMOObjetivo: identificar os principais fatores de risco que afetam a qualidade de vida que assumem nos residentes de cuidados de saúde da área urbana de Valledupar, por estratos socioeconômicos 1, 2 e 3 da comuna três. Materiais e Métodos: descritiva Quantitativa, estudo, transversal; amostra foi constituída por 68 127 famílias e 31 representantes da comunidade, pesquisa aplicada a eles aspectos sociodemográficos, condições de vida, saúde, e lista de verificação para as condições de saúde e higiene distribuídos proporcionalmente 54 estabelecimentos de comida. Resultados: foram identificados como os principais fatores de risco de 41% da formação técnica, 23% das mulheres desde tenra idade, são donas de casa e como um par, e 8,8% de mulheres grávidas, 83,8% com apoio insuficiente, 57% das mulheres não praticam o auto-exame da mama no ano passado, e 26,5% sem exame citológico, 76% dos homens não exame de próstata, 70% das mulheres com má gestão da amamentação exclusiva ea alimentação complementar, 50% não carregam cães de controlo veterinário e 69% deixam aliviar a campo aberto, 49% dos estabelecimentos alimentares não conformes com a infra-estrutura, manuseio higiênico sanitária e biossegurança. Conclusão: comportamentos negativos são vistos em auto-cuidado da saúde sexual e da saúde reprodutiva, a má gestão com a amamentação e alimentação complementar, cuidar de animais de estimação e pobres práticas de higiene saneamento nos estabelecimentos alimentares, que deve ser reconsiderada para melhorar estilos estilos de vida saudáveis.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: autocuidado, assunção de riscos, estilo de vida.

Background: Hypothyroidism is usually categorized under iodine deficient disorder. Ever since universal salt iodization programme is adopted in India there is shift in balance from iodine deficiency to sufficiency state. But studies conducted by various authors during post - iodization period indicated that hypothyroidism is still prevalent in India despite of promotion of iodised salt. So due to lack of information on thyroid status of women in East Godavari of Andhra Pradesh. This study has been conducted to study the hypothyroidism in tribal women in this region.Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the department of General Medicine Konaseema Institute of Medical Science Godavari between July 2015 to November 2017. Based on specific clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism among 4680 women patient who has attended the health camp 864 patients were selected for haematological evaluation.5ml of fasting blood was collected and thyroid function test was done by estimation of T3, T4, and TSH levels in serum by using ROCHE COBASE-411 immunohistochemistry Analyser.Results: Out of 864 women 342(39.50%) women were euthyroid out of that 84(9.72%) were 15 to30yrs of age, 192(22.2%) were between 31 to 45 years of age and 166(19.21%) were between46 to 65yrs. 316(36.57%) women were having subclinical hypothyroidism, among them 48(5.5%) were between 15 to 30yrs of age, 178(20.60%) were between 31 to 45yrs age and rest 90(10.41%) were between 46 to 65yrs of age. 110 patients were suffering from hypothyroidism that is 12.73%, out of that 12 were between 15 to 30yrs of age, 62(7.17) patients were between 31 to 45yrs age and rest were between 46 to 65yrs that is 36(4.16%).Conclusions: In this study we have found that subclinical hypothyroidism is more common than hypothyroidism. Author have also found that thyroid disorder was more common in reproductive age group tribal women in east Godavari dist. of Andhra Pradesh.

CONCENTRAÇÃO DE SAIS DA SOLUÇÃO AVALIADA PELA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA NA ZONA RADICULAR DO CRISÂNTEMO SOB IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO Poliana Rocha D’Almeida Mota1; Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas1; Valdemício Ferreira de Sousa21Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciência do Solo, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, polimota@fca.unesp.br2Embrapa Meio-Norte, Teresina, PI 1 RESUMO Avaliou-se o efeito de concentrações salinas a partir da condutividade elétrica (CE) no ambiente radicular de plantas de crisântemo (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) cultivadas em substrato sob duas metodologias de amostragem em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Paranapanema, São Paulo usando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos referem-se a oito épocas de amostragem da solução no substrato dos vasos: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias após enraizamento (dae) e cinco níveis de concentração salina da solução aplicada: 1,42; 1,65; 1,89; 2,13 e 2,36 dS m-1 na fase vegetativa e 1,71; 1,97; 2,28; 2,57 e 2,85 dS m-1 durante a fase reprodutiva de emissão de botões florais. O monitoramento da CE da solução do substrato foi realizado por meio das metodologias: extrator de solução e solução diluída em água 1:2. As metodologias pelo extrator de solução e pela solução diluída 1:2 permitem o monitoramento da concentração de sais na solução do substrato ao longo do ciclo da cultura; a elevação da concentração salina da água aplicada no substrato promove o aumento da salinidade do substrato; a metodologia com o uso de extrator de solução apresenta maiores valores de condutividade elétrica do substrato. UNITERMOS: Dendranthema grandiflora, extrator de solução, salinidade MOTA, P. R. D’A.; VILLAS BÔAS, R. L.; SOUSA, V. F. de. SALT CONCENTRATION IN SOLUTION EVALUATED BY THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN CHRYSANTHEMUM ROOT ZONE UNDER TRICKLE IRRIGATION 2 ABSTRACT The effect of salt concentration levels in electrical conductivity (EC) were evaluated in chrysanthemum root, cultivated in substrate using two sampling methods, under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out in Paranapanema, São Paulousing the experimental design in randomized blocks and four replications. The treatments consisted of eight sampling periods of substrate solutions in pots: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days after strike root and five salt concentration levels of applied saline solution: 1.42;1.65; 1.89; 2.13and 2.36dS m-1 in the vegetative period and during the reproduction period of flower budding: 1.71; 1.97; 2.28; 2.57 and 2.85 dS m-1. The substrate solution EC monitoring was done using two methods: solution extractors and 1:2 water diluted solution. The use of solution extractors and 1:2 water diluted solution allowed substrate solution EC monitoring along the culture cycle; the amount of salt concentration applied in the substrate caused the substrate salinity increase; the method using solution extractors presented higher EC values in the substrate. KEYWORDS: Dendranthema grandiflora, solution extractor, salinity

L’auteur souligne, d’entrée de jeu, que si beaucoup de réflexions contemporaines sur les rapports entre la société et l’État se terminent par des points d’interrogation, c’est parce que nous ne savons pas de quelle société nous sommes en train de parler. La conscience de cette limite devient ainsi un instrument méthodologique indispensable pour interroger l’actuelle société qui déplace ses investissements sur les dimensions symboliques de l’action humaine. Par la suite, l’auteur examine l’incidence sur cette société du fait que l’information soit devenue la ressource centrale dans la production de la reproduction. Il poursuit en se penchant sur la transformation de la logique de domination et l’obligation qu’elle entraîne de dégager de nouveaux instruments d’analyse et la nécessité de faire faire un saut qualitatif aux concepts sociologiques pour aborder avec pertinence les nouvelles questions que ce social nouveau impose. C’est là que se pose la problématique de l’information, comme ressource centrale, et de son rapport à l’individualisation socialisée. L’auteur conclut que cette nouvelle individualisation, caractérisée par la capacité d’apprendre à apprendre, met en jeu une certaine idée du sujet collectif. Alors, le problème pour l’analyste est de repérer le champ de dilemmes, de conflits, et les conditions d’apparition des acteurs, des mouvements sociaux. En conclusion, l’auteur souligne que l’interrogation scientifique sur le champ est elle-même un élément du champ, et donc que les chercheurs, analystes et théoriciens sont autant construits par l’action sociale qu’ils contribuent à la construction de cette dernière. Ce qui l’amène à terminer en précisant qu’en avoir conscience constitue pour le « scientifique » son seul avantage et sa seule responsabilité.

The paper presents a new solid growth medium for the cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis consisting of organic and inorganic ingredients. The study of diagnostic informative value and effectiveness of solid growth media used for cultivation of Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis was carried out in the laboratory conditions. Extract from birch-wood ash of 3% concentration and a growth stimulant of biological origin, peat oxide, were introduced as a mineral salt bases into the developed medium. When constructing the test medium, Lоwenstein–Jensen egg growth medium with the addition of mycobactin, which is an extract from Mycobacterium. phlei and contains substances necessary for the nutrition and reproduction of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis on artificial nutrient media, was used as an analogue. A test on compatibility and solubility of the components was done in distilled water in accordance with the generally accepted guidelines. The duration of observation ranged from 60 to 90 days. A comparison was made between the time of appearance of the primary and intensive growth of mycobacteria of paratuberculosis on the experimental medium and the Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin. Colonies of primary and intensive growth of standardized M. paratuberculosis strain and M. paratuberculosis isolate obtained from the cattle biomaterial on experimental egg growth medium appeared 3-7 days faster than on Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin. When inoculating biomaterial from cattle (lymph nodes and intestine), the primary growth of M. paratuberculosis on the experimental medium was noted 7 days earlier than on the control one, and the intensive growth was 3 days earlier. The experimental growth medium is cheaper and simpler to prepare than Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin, whose preparation is a rather laborious technological process.

The aim of this study was to compare the length and intensity of oestrus in nonlactating Bos taurus (Holstein; n = 11) v. nonlactating Bos indicus (Nelore; n = 13) cows. The cows were kept in a single pen to allow interaction between them and were daily fed a maintenance diet according to the NRC (2000), containing 42.8% sugarcane bagasse, 45.7% corn, 3.2% soybean meal, 1.2% urea, 5.7% molasses, and 1.4% mineral salt, totaling 71% dry matter (DM) in the diet. The intake of DM per kg of body weight (BW) was 1.45%. Body condition score and BW were 3.5 ± 0.1 and 3.0 ± 0.2 (range 1 to 5), and 549.5 ± 14.3 and 625.5 ± 20.5 kg for Nelore and Holstein cows, respectively. All females had the emergence of follicular wave synchronized with an intravaginal progesterone device (Sincrogest, Ourofino Agronegócio, São Paulo, Brazil), 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate (Sincrodiol, Ourofino; IM) and 0.150 mg PGF2α (Sincrocio, Ourofino; IM). Ten days after initiation of the protocol, the intravaginal device was removed and another treatment with 0.150 mg PGF2α was given. Thereafter, cows were evaluated for oestrus by continuous visual observation 24 h a day for 5 days. The number of the cow that was mounting and the number of the cow that was standing was recorded for each event, as well as the time of the event. To confirm ovulation, ultrasound examination was performed between 5 and 7 days after oestrus detection. Data were analysed by Student’s t-test and Fisher’s exact test or Chi-square and data are presented as mean ± SE or percentage. Ten of 13 (76.9%) and 11 of 11 (100%) Nelore and Holstein cows, respectively, were detected in standing oestrus and ovulated (P > 0.10). On average, Holstein cows tended to start oestrus earlier than Nelore cows after device removal (40.4 ± 2.9 v. 47.7 ± 2.8 h; P = 0.09). There was no difference in intensity and duration of oestrus between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows. Oestrus length was 14.7 ± 1.0 h (range 8.3 to 19.0 h) in Holstein cows and 12.4 ± 0.8 h (range 8.6 to 17.1 h) in Nelore cows (P > 0.10). Moreover, the average number of times that cows accepted mounts was 32.2 ± 6.1 and 36.3 ± 5.3 for Holstein and Nelore cows, respectively (P > 0.10). Only 9.1% of the mounts accepted by Nelore cows were performed by Holstein cows and only 3.8% of the mounts accepted by Holstein cows were done by Nelore cows (P < 0.05). We concluded that Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows managed under similar environment and nutritional conditions exhibit oestrus with the same intensity and duration. However, there was very little interaction during oestrus between Nelore and Holstein cows, showing a breed segregation pattern. This work was financially supported by CNPq, FAPESP, and Ourofino Agronegócio of Brazil.

EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and its salts are substituted diamines. HEDTA (hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid) and its trisodium salt are substituted amines. These ingredients function as chelating agents in cosmetic formulations. The typical concentration of use of EDTA is less than 2%, with the other salts in current use at even lower concentrations. The lowest dose reported to cause a toxic effect in animals was 750 mg/kg/day. These chelating agents are cytotoxic and weakly genotoxic, but not carcinogenic. Oral exposures to EDTA produced adverse reproductive and developmental effects in animals. Clinical tests reported no absorption of an EDTA salt through the skin. These ingredients are likely, however, to affect the passage of other chemicals into the skin because they will chelate calcium. Exposure to EDTA in most cosmetic formulations, therefore, would produce systemic exposure levels well below those seen to be toxic in oral dosing studies. Exposure to EDTA in cosmetic formulations that may be inhaled, however, was a concern. An exposure assessment done using conservative assumptions predicted that the maximum EDTA dose via inhalation of an aerosolized cosmetic formulation is below that shown to produce reproductive or developmental toxicity. Because of the potential to increase the penetration of other chemicals, formulators should continue to be aware of this when combining these ingredients with ingredients that previously have been determined to be safe, primarily because they were not significantly absorbed. Based on the available data, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel found that these ingredients are safe as used in cosmetic formulations.

Rice is the most important food crop both in value and volume for the Asian population. Frequent drought, flood and salinity stresses exacerbated by global climate change adversely affect rice production in more than fifty percent of the rice growing areas. Green revolution high yielding varieties carrying sd1 dwarfing gene have almost fully replaced the traditional climate resilient landraces and varieties of rice. However, these were bred primarily for yield under high input conditions and therefore are sensitive to adverse climatic conditions. Hence, there is urgent need to combine the high productivity with climate resilience. Knowledge of rice genome and genes for tolerance to different abiotic stresses provided us an opportunity to transfer favorable alleles of these genes into high yielding varieties through genomics-assisted backcross breeding through multi-institutional networks. Six consistent genomic regions (QTLs) for grain yield under drought; namely qDTY1.1, qDTY2.1, qDTY2.2, qDTY3.1, qDTY3.2 and qDTY12.1 have been transferred to flood tolerant versions of mega varieties of rice, Swarna, Samba Mahsuri and IR 64. To address the problem of flash flooding qSUB1 QTL has been transferred to nine popular rice varieties, namely ADT 46, Bahadur, Ranjit, HUR 105, Sarjoo 52, Pooja, Pratikshya MTU 1075 and Rajendra Mahsuri. Further, qSALTOL1 QTL for seedling stage salt tolerance and qSSISFH8.1 for reproductive stage salt tolerance have been transferred to six popular rice varieties, ADT 45, Gayatri, MTU 1010, PR 114, Pusa 44 and Sarjoo 52. We used foreground selection markers for the presence of desired gene/QTL and recombinant selection markers for reduction of linkage drag around these genes. Genotypic background selection was done after BC3F3 stage using a 50K SNP chip on a set of 20 advance lines obtained by phenotypic selection for closeness to the recipient parents. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) with more than 95% similarity to the recipient parent genome have been released and notified for commercial cultivation and are gaining fast popularity. These climate smart rice varieties will provide production stability in the adverse ecologies and support farmer’s income and livelihood.

Rice is the single largest source of food energy for more than half of the world’s population. Salinity may be a serious environmental constraint to crop production. Salinity screening of twenty rice genotypes were performed at the reproductive stages, in the net house of department of PMB&GE. Phenotyping of the genotypes was done at EC 12dS/m at reproductive stage in net house. Most desirable genotypes days to 50% flowering were IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120, CSR-13, FL-478, NDR-359, AYYAR and NUD-2, SAMBHA MANSURI and MTU-1010; for plant height IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-127, NUD-3, NUD-2, NDRK-2008, IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3, SAMBHA MANSURI, TARAMON and MTU-1010; for panicle bearing tillers/plant FL-478, NDR-359 and SWARNA; for panicle length IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-127, IR-91167-99-1-1-1-3, IR-29, FL-478, NDRK-2008 and IR-92953-49-1-3; for spikelets/panicle IR-91167-99-1-1-1-3, NDRK-2008, SWARNA , IR-92953-49-1-3, IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3, IR-83668-35-2-2-2 and MTU-1010; for grains/panicle SWARNA, IR-92953-49-1-3, IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3, IR-83668-35-2-2-2, NDRK-2008 and MTU-1010 for spikelet fertility % NUD-3, IR-29, FL-478, NDRK-2008, SWARNA, IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3 and IR-83668-35-2-2-2; for test weight NUD-3, NDRK-2008, IR-29 and SWARNA for biological yield/plant AYYAR, TARAMON and NUD-3; for harvest index FL-478, IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120, IR-91167-133-1-1-2-3 and NUD-2; for Na+ NUD-3 and FL-478; for K+ IR-91167-133-1-1-2-3, NDR-359 and MTU-1010; for Na+/K+ IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-1-127, IR-91167-99-1-1-1-3, NUD-3, FL-478, IR-64 and SAMBHA MANSURI; for grain yield/ plant (g) AYYAR and FL-478 were reported highly significant in mean performance for yield and its components traits. Analysis of variance, estimates of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, estimates of heritability and genetic advance in percent of mean were recorded for all the characters among 20 rice genotypes in saline condition. Molecular analysis with SSR markers differentiates the rice genotypes into tolerant and susceptible based on banding pattern. The tolerant rice genotypes were NUD 3, IR-68144-2B-2-2-3-166, IR68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120, IR68100-2B-2-2-3-1-127, IR-1167-31-3-1-33 and IR-91171-66-3-2-1-3 and susceptible were NDR-359, Taramon, MTU-1010, Swarna and IR-64. The identified salt tolerant genotypes can be potential germplasm sources for future breeding programmes.

Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the male reproductive toxicity that may accompany treatment of hypertension in Wistar rats with methanol extracts of whole fruit of Lagenaria breviflora Roberty or corm of Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Animal House of the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology between November, 2016 and January, 2017. Methodology: Antihypertensive study was carried out in 40 adult male Wistar rats equally and randomly distributed into 8 groups. First group was normotensive rats administered with distilled water, while hypertension was induced in groups 2-7 intraperitoneal administration of DOCA-salt twice weekly and daily inclusion of 1% sodium chloride in drinking water. Group 2 was hypertensive but untreated rats. Two hypertensive groups were administered with Lisinopril (5 mg/70 kg) or Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/70 kg). Two hypertensive groups were assigned to each extract and these rats were administered with the extracts at doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight. The rats were treated per os for 5 weeks and sacrificed at the end of this period. The testes were harvested and semen samples were obtained from the left cauda epididymis. Semen analysis were carried out to determine sperm morphology and characteristics. Results: Result showed 1 primary and 7 secondary sperm abnormality types were observed with a non-significant (p>0.05) increase in total abnormal sperm cells. Live/dead ratio and sperm volume were unchanged but, sperm motility and count were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. Conclusion: It was inferred from the study that hypertension in itself induced infertility and also treatment of the medical condition with the extracts of L. breviflora or X. sagittifolium did not reverse the infertility. Therefore, caution should be exercised when treating hypertension with these medicinal plants, particularly in male animals used for breeding.

Nutritional Essential Balance is a common trend in life. Iodine is not produced in the body and it is vital in maintaining good health, therefore it is needed to be consumed regularly. Essential iodine supplies are found in the ocean's bounty such as, sea salt, and fish. On land, iodine levels in the soil are great and are sufficiently maintained by plants such as cereals, vegetables. Several of the body functions rely upon iodine, including energy production, mental development, thyroid hormones production, reproductive glands support, and maintenance of the strong lymphatic system as well as cell growth regulation. Small amounts of iodine are found in the blood, nerves, and other organs of the body, but most of the body's iodine is present in the thyroid, breasts, ovaries, uterus, and prostate glands. The study was aimed to determine and evaluate the level of iodine concentration in the urine of school-age children, and its correlation to their intelligence quotient (IQ). The Titrimetric method was used in iodine urine concentration analysis. Urine (5 ml) was measured from a universal bottle and transferred to a beaker and 20 ml of water was added. After preparing the test mixture, it was titrated with 0.001M sodium thiosulphate using a burette, and at the endpoint colorless solution was obtained, this done for all the samples. From the results, the median urinary iodine levels were 117.7µg/L which is within the adequate iodine intake range (100-199 µg/L). This suggests that iodine was not deficient in any form amongst the school children. There may also be no risk of mental impairment and goiter development among these children if iodine concentration in urine is a risk factor. Therefore, checking the iodine nutrition of a population is vital and a good marker in the assessment of iodine deficiency-related disorders.

Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the long-term reproductive health outcome of patients who have undergone testicular sampling for fertility preservation (FP) before and during the pubertal transition period? SUMMARY ANSWER In long-term follow-up after testicular sampling for FP, hormonal data showed that 33% of patients had primary seminiferous tubule insufficiency (high FSH) while semen analyses showed 52% of patients having a severe reduction in total sperm counts or complete absence of ejaculated sperm. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY During childhood and adolescence, both treatments for cancer and benign haematological diseases that require a bone marrow transplantation, can be detrimental to spermatogenesis by depleting the spermatogonial stem cell population. A testicular biopsy prior to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, even though still an experimental procedure, is now recommended for FP by European and USA oncofertility societies if performed within an institutional research setting. While short-term follow-up studies showed little to no post-operative complications and a normal testicular development after 1 year, data regarding the long-term follow-up of boys who have undergone this procedure are still lacking. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a longitudinal retrospective cohort study that reports on the long-term follow-up of pre- and peri-pubertal boys who have undergone a testicular biopsy for FP between May 2005 and May 2020. All the patients included in this study were referred to our programme by haematologists-oncologists who are part of a regional multi-centric collaborative care pathway. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Of the 151 boys referred to our FP programme, 139 parents/legal guardians accepted that their child undergo a testicular biopsy. Patient characteristics (i.e. age at biopsy, urogenital history, pubertal status at diagnosis), indications (disease type and dosage of gonadotoxic treatments), operative and post-operative data (biopsy volume, surgical complications), anatomopathological analyses (presence/absence of spermatogonia, Johnsen score) and reproductive data (semen analyses, FSH, LH, testosterone levels) were collected from the institutions’ FP database and medical records or from the ‘Brussels Health Network’. Cumulative alkylating agent treatment was quantified using the cyclophosphamide equivalent dose (CED). Patients who were 14 years or older at the time of the follow-up and in whom the testicular tissue was shown to contain spermatogonia were included in the reproductive outcome analysis. Comparison of the sperm count findings (absence/presence of spermatozoa) and FSH levels (high (≥10 IU/l)/normal) between patients who were either pre- (Tanner 1) or peri-pubertal (Tanner &gt;1) at the time of the biopsy was done using the Mann–Whitney U or Fisher’s tests. A multiple logistic regression was used to study the relationship between the hormone reproductive outcome (high versus normal FSH), as a proxy marker for fertility, and both the pubertal status (Tanner 1 versus Tanner &gt;1) and Johnsen score at the time of the biopsy, while adjusting for CED. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A testicular biopsy was performed in 139 patients either before (129/139) or after (10/139) the start of a gonadotoxic treatment. Post-operative complications occurred in 2.1% (3/139). At the time of the procedure, 88% (122/139) of patients were pre-pubertal and 12% (17/139) were peri-pubertal. The presence of spermatogonia was documented in 92% (128/139) of cases. Follow-up data were available for 114 patients after excluding 23 deceased and two patients lost to follow-up. A paediatric endocrinologist’s follow-up including clinical examination and data on reproductive hormones was available for 57 patients (age ≥14) and 19 (33%) of these were found to have high FSH levels (20 ± 8.8 IU/l). There were 37 patients who had returned to the reproductive specialist’s consultation for post-treatment fertility counselling and results on semen analysis were available in 27 of these cases; 14/27 (52%) had severely impaired semen parameters including 8 who were azoospermic. Among patients who received an alkylating agent-based treatment (n = 42), a peri-pubertal status (Tanner &gt;1) at the time of diagnosis/biopsy was found to be associated with a higher risk of having primary testicular failure (defined by an FSH ≥ 10 IU/l) after treatment completion with an OR of 6.4 (95% CI 1.22–33.9; P = 0.03). Of all the patients, 2.6% had already fulfilled their wish to build a family or were actively seeking parenthood. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although this is the largest cohort with follow-up data providing proxy markers of the reproductive potential of boys in whom a testicular biopsy for FP was performed before puberty or during the pubertal transition period, the amount of data provided is limited, and originating from a single programme. Further data collection to confirm the observations in other settings is therefore awaited. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Testicular sampling for FP should be offered to boys at risk of losing their fertility (and is recommended for those at high risk) as part of ethically approved research programmes. Long-term follow-up data on increasing numbers of boys who have undergone an FP procedure will help improve patient care in the future as patient-specific factors (e.g. urogenital history, age at gonadotoxic therapy) appear to influence their reproductive potential after gonadotoxic therapies. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) FNRS-Télévie, the Salus Sanguinis Foundation and the Belgian Foundation against Cancer supported the studies required to launch the FP programme. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

In early 1888, Miss Margaret Pearson arrived in Melbourne under engagement to the Working Men’s College there to give cookery lessons to young women. The College committee had applied to the National School of Cookery in London—an establishment effusively praised in the colonial press—for a suitable culinary educator, and Pearson, a graduate of that institute, was dispatched. After six months or so spent educating her antipodean pupils she published a cookbook, Cookery Recipes For The People, which she described in the preface as a handbook of “plain wholesome cookery” (Pearson 3). The book ran to three editions and sold more than 13,000 copies. A decade later, Hanna Maclurcan, co-proprietor of the popular Queen’s Hotel in Townsville, published Mrs Maclurcan’s Cookery Book: A Collection of Practical Recipes, Specially Suitable for Australia. A review of this work in the Brisbane Courier described it, positively, as a book of “good plain cooking”. Maclurcan had gained some renown as a cook after the Governor of Queensland, Lord Lamington, publicly praised the meals he had eaten at the Queen’s as “exceptionally good and above the average of Australian hotels” (Morning Bulletin 5). The first print run of Mrs Maclurcan’s Cookery Book sold out in weeks, and a second edition was swiftly produced. By 1903 there were 26,000 copies of Maclurcan’s book in print—one of which was deposited in the library of Queen Victoria. While the existence of any particular cookbook does not constitute evidence that any person ever reproduced a recipe from it, the not immodest sales enjoyed by Pearson and Maclurcan can, at the least, be taken to indicate a popular interest in the style of cookery, that is “plain cookery”, delineated in their respective works. If those who bought these books never actually turned them into working copies—that is, cooked from them—they likely aspired to do so. Practical classes in plain cookery were also popular in Australia in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The adjectival coupling of the word “plain” to “cookery” in colonial Australia can be seen then to have formed an appealing duet at that time If a modern author or reviewer described the body of recipes encapsulated in a cookbook as “plain cookery”, it would not serve to recommend it to the contemporary market—indeed it would likely condemn such a publication to pulping, rather than sales of many thousands—as the term would be understood by most modern cooks, and eaters, to describe food that was dull and lacking in flavour and cosmopolitan appeal. We now prefer cookery books that offer instruction on the preparation of dishes that are described as “exotic”, “global”, “ethnic”, “seasonal”, “local”, and “full of flavour”, and that lend those that prepare and consume the dishes they contain the “glamour of culinary ethnicity” (Appadurai 10). It would seem to be stating the obvious then to say that “plain cookery” meant something entirely different to colonial Australians, except that modern Australians commonly believe that their nineteenth century brethren ate an “abominable”, “monotonous”, “low standard” diet (Santich, The High and The Low 37), and therefore if they preferred their meals to be plain cooked, that these would have been exactly as our present-day interpretation would have them. Yet Pearson describes plain cookery as an “art” (3), arguably a rhetorical epithet, but she was a zealous educator and would not have used such a term to describe a style of cookery that she expected to turn out low quality dishes that were vile and dull. What Pearson and Maclurcan actually present in their respective books is English cookery: which was also known as plain cookery. The Anglo-Celtic population of Australia in the nineteenth century held varied opinions—ranging from obsequious to hateful—about England, depending on their background. The majority, however, considered it their natural home—including many who were colonial born—and the cultural model they reproduced, with local modifications, was that of the “mother country” (Abbott 10) some 10,000 long miles away. English political, legal, economic, and social systems were the foundation of white Australian society. In keeping with this, colonial cooks “perpetuated an English style of cookery, English food values, [and] an English meal structure” (Santich, Looking for Flavour 6) and English cookbooks were the models that colonial cooks and cookery writers drew upon. When Polly, the heroine of Henry Handel Richardson’s novel The Fortunes of Richard Mahoney, teaches herself to make pastry from a cookbook in her rudimentary kitchen on the Victorian goldfields circa 1853, historical accuracy requires her to have employed an imported publication to guide her. It was another decade before the first Australian cookbook, Edward Abbott’s The English And Australian Cookery Book, was published in 1864. Prior to the appearance of Abbott’s work, colonial cooks wanting the guidance of a culinary manual were reliant on the imported English titles stocked by Australian booksellers, such as Eliza Acton’s Modern Cookery for Private Families, Beeton’s Book of Household Management and William Kitchiner’s The Cook’s Oracle. These three particular cookbooks were amongst the most successful and influential works in the nineteenth century Anglo-sphere and were commonly considered as manuals of plain cookery: Acton’s particular work is also the source of the most commonly quoted definition of “plain cookery” as “the principles of roasting, boiling, stewing and baking” (Acton 167) and I am going let it stand as the model of such in this piece. If a curt literary catalogue, such as that used by Acton to delineate plain cookery, were used to describe any cuisine it would serve to make it seem austere, and the reputation of English food and cookery has likely suffered from a face value acceptance of it (and by association so has its Australian culinary doppelganger). A considered inspection of Acton’s work shows that her instructions for the plain methods of roasting, boiling, and stewing of food, cover 13 pages, followed by more than 100 pages of recipes for 19 different varieties of meat, poultry, and game that are further divided into numerous variant cuts. Three pages were dedicated to instruction for boiling potatoes properly. When preparing any of these dishes she enjoins her readers to follow the “slow methods of cooking recommended” (167) to ensure a superior end product. The principles of baking were elucidated across several chapters, taking under this classification the preparation of various types of pastry and a multitude of baked puddings, cakes and biscuits: all prepared from base ingredients—not a packet harmed in their production. We now venerate the taste of so-called “slow cooked” food, so to discover that this was the method prescribed for producing plain cooked dishes suggests that plain cookery potentially had more flavour than we imagine. Acton’s work also challenges the charge that the product of plain cookery was monotonous. We have developed a view that we must have a multitudinous array of different types of food available, all year round, for it to be satisfactory to us. Acton demonstrates that variety in cookery can be achieved in other ways such as in types and cuts of meat, and that “plain” was not necessarily synonymous with sameness. The celebrated twentieth century English food writer Elizabeth David says that Modern Cookery was the “most admired and copied English cookery book of the nineteenth century” (305). As the aspiration of most colonial cooks was the reproduction of English cookery it is not unreasonable to expect that Acton’s work might have had some influence on those that wrote cookery manuals for them. We know that Edward Abbott borrowed from her as he writes in his introduction that he has combined “the advantages of Acton’s work” (5) into this own. Neither Pearson or Maclurcan acknowledge any influence at all upon their works but their respective manuals are not particularly original in content—with the exception of some unique regional recipes in Maclurcan—and they must have drawn upon other cookery manuals of the same style to develop their repertoire. By the time they were writing, “large portions [of Acton’s] volume [had] been appropriated [by] contemporary [cookbook] authors [such as Abbott] without the slightest acknowledgment” (Acton 4): the famous Mrs. Beeton is generally considered to have borrowed heavily from Acton for the cookery section of her successful tome Household Management. If Pearson and Maclurcan did not draw directly on Acton—and they well might have—then they likely used culinary sources that had subsumed her influence as their inspiration. What was considered to constitute plain cookery was not as straightforward as Acton’s definition; it was also “generally understood” to be free of any French influence (David 35). It was a commonly held suspicion amongst nineteenth century English men and women that Gallic cooks employed sauces and strong flavourings such as garlic and other “low and treacherous devices” (Saunders 4), to disguise the fact that they had such poor quality ingredients to work with. On the other hand, the English “had such faith” in the superior quality of their native produce that they considered it only required treatment with plain cookery techniques to be rendered toothsome: this culinary Francophobia persisted in the colonies. In the novel, The Three Miss Kings, set in Melbourne in 1880, the trio of the title take lodgings with a landlady, who informs them from the outset that she is “only a plain cook, and can’t make them French things which spile [sic] the stomach” (Cambridge 36). While a good plain cook might have defined herself by the absence of any Gallic, or indeed any other “foreign”, influence in the meals she created, there had been a significant absorption of elements of both of these in the plain cookery she practised, but these had become so far embedded in English cookery that she was unaware of it. A telling example of this is the unremarked inclusion of curry in the plain cookery cannon. While the name and homogenised form of this dish is of British invention, it retained the varied spices, including pungent chillies, of the Indian cuisine it simulated. Pearson and Maclurcan, and Abbott, all included recipes for curries and curried dishes in their respective cookery books. Over time, plain cookery seems to have become conflated with “plain food”, but the latter was not necessarily the result of the former. There was little of Pearson’s “art” involved in creating plain food, except perhaps an ability to keep this style of food so flavourless and dull that it offered neither pleasure nor temptation to eat any more than that required to sustain life. This very real plainness was actively sought by some as “plain food was synonymous with moral rectitude […] and the plainer the food the more virtuous the eater” (Santich, Looking 28). A common societal appreciation of moral virtue is barely perceptible in modern Australian society but it was an attribute that was greatly valued in the nineteenth century Anglo-world and the consumption of plain food a necessary practice in the achievement of good character. (Our modern habit of labelling of foods “good” or “bad” shows that we continue to imbue food with moral overtones.) The list of “gustatory temptations” “proscribed by the plain food lobby” included “salt, spices, sauces and any flavourings that might have cheered the senses” (Santich, Looking 28). If this were the case then both Pearson and Maclurcan’s cookbooks would have dramatically failed to qualify as manuals of plain food. The recipes contained in their respective works feature a much greater use of components associated with flavour enhancement than we imagine to have been employed in plain cookery, particularly if we erroneously believe it to be analogous to plain food. Spices are used extensively in sweet and savoury dishes, as are various fresh green herbs and lemon juice and rind; homemade condiments such as mushroom ketchup (a type of essence pressed from a seasonal abundance of fungi), and a liberal employment of sherry, port, Madeira, and brandy that a “virtuous” plain food advocate would have considered most intemperate. Pearson and Maclurcan both give instructions for preparing rich stocks and gravies drawn from meat, bones and aromatic vegetables, and prescribe the end product of this process as the foundation for a variety of soups, sauces, and stews. Recipes are given for a greater diversity of vegetables than the stereotyped cabbage and potatoes of colonial culinary legend. Maclurcan displays a distinct tropical regionalism in her book providing recipes that use green bananas and pawpaw as vegetables, alongside other exotic species—for that time—such as eggplant, choko, mango, granadilla, passionfruit, rosella, prickly pear, and guava. Her distinct location, the coastal city of Townsville, is also reflected in the extensive selection of recipes for local species of fish and seafood such as beche-de-mer, prawns, and barramundi, which won Maclurcan a reputation as an expert on seafood. Ultimately, to gain a respectably informed understanding as to the taste, aroma, and texture of the plain cookery presented in the respective works of Pearson and Maclurcan one needs to prepare their recipes: I have done so, reproducing a wide selection of dishes from both books. Admittedly, I am a professionally trained cook with the skills to execute recipes to a high standard, but my practice is to scrupulously maintain the original listing of ingredients in the reproduction and follow the method as best I can. Through this practice I have made some delicious discoveries, which have helped inform my opinion that some colonial Australians, and perhaps significant numbers of them, must have been eating meals that were a long way from dull, flavourless and monotonous. It has been said that we employ our tongues for the “twin offices of rhetoric and taste” (Jaine 61). Words can exercise a significant influence on how we value the taste of—or actually taste—any particular food or indeed a cuisine. In the case of the popularly held opinion about the unappetizing state of colonial meals, it might be that the absence of rhetoric has contributed to this. Colonial food writers such as Pearson and Maclurcan did not “mince words” (Bannerman 166) and chose to use “plain titling” (David 306) and language that lacked the excessive adjectives and laudatory hyperbole typically employed by modern food writers. Perhaps if Pearson or Maclurcan had indulged in anointing their own works with enthusiastic recommendation and reference to international influences in their recipes, this might have contributed to a more positive impression of the food of our Anglo-Celtic ancestors. As an experiment with this idea I have taken a recipe from Cookery Recipes For The People and reframed its title and description in a modern food writing style. The recipe in question is titled “White Sauce” and Pearson writes that “this sauce will answer well for boiled fowl” (48): hardly language to make the dish sound appealing to the modern cook, and likely to confirm an expectation of plain cookery as tasteless and boring. But what if the recipe remained the same but the words used to describe it were changed, for example: the title to “Salsa Blanca” and the introductory remark to “this luxurious silky sauce infused with eschalot, mace, lemon, and sherry wine is perfect for perking up poached free-range chicken”. How much better might it then taste? References Abbott, Edward. The English And Australian Cookery Book: Cookery For The Many, As Well As The Upper Ten Thousand. London: Sampson Low, Son, & Marston, 1864. Acton, Eliza. Modern Cookery for Private Families. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1858. Appadurai, Arjun. “How to Make a National Cuisine: Cookbooks in Contemporary India”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (1988): 3–24. Bannerman, Colin. A Friend In The Kitchen. Kenthurst NSW: Kangaroo Press, 1996. Brisbane Courier. “Mrs Maclurcan’s Cookery Book: A Collection of Practical Recipes, Specially Suitable for Australia [review].” Brisbane Courier c.1898. [Author’s manuscript collection.] Cambridge, Ada. The Three Miss Kings. London: Virago Press, 1987 (1st pub. Melbourne, 1891). David, Elizabeth. An Omelette and a Glass of Wine. London: Penguin, 1986. Freeman, Sarah. Mutton and Oysters: The Victorians and their Food. London: Victor Golllancz, 1989. Humble, Nicola. Culinary Pleasures. London, Faber & Faber, 2005. Jaine, Tom. “Banquets and Meals”. Pleasures of the Table: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of Australian Gastronomy (1991): 61–4. Jones, Shar, and Otto, Kirsten. Colonial Food and Drink 1788-1901. Sydney: Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales, 1985. Hartley, Dorothy. Food in England. London: Macdonald General, 1979. Hughes, Kathryn. The Short Life & Long Times of Mrs Beeton. London: Harper Perennial, 2006. Maclurcah, Hannah. Mrs Maclurcan’s Cookery Book: A Collection of Practical Recipes, Specially Suitable for Australia. Melbourne: George Robertson, 1905 (1st pub. Townsville, 1898). Morning Bulletin. “Gossip.” Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton) 10 May 1898: 5. Pearson, Margaret. Cookery Recipes for the People. Melbourne: Hutchinson, 1888. Richardson, Henry Handel. The Fortunes of Richard Mahony. London: Heinemann, 1954. Santich, Barbara. What the Doctors Ordered: 150 Years of Dietary Advice in Australia. Melbourne: Hyland House, 1995. ---. “The High and the Low: Australian Cuisine in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries”. Journal of Australian Studies 30 (2006): 37–49. ---. Looking For Flavour. Kent Town: Wakefield, 1996 Saunders, Alan. “Why Do We Want An Australian Cuisine?”. Journal of Australian Studies 30 (2006): 1-17. Young, Linda. Middle-Class Culture in the Nineteenth Century: America, Australia and Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmilian, 2002.