Journal articles: 'Salvadoran Literature'

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Aparicio, Yvette. "Digging Up the Past and Surviving El Salvador’s Phantoms: Salvadoran-American Post-Conflict Traumatic Memory and Reconciliation." Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos 44, no. 1 (May 23, 2021): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/rceh.v44i1.5906.

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This article focuses on Salvadoran-American poetry that explores Salvadorans’ national traumas of war and displacement. In these poems, war trauma evolves into a post-conflict, post-migration trauma that calls for reconciliation with war memories as well as with a violent, unstable present. This study focuses on the poetry of Jorge Argueta (1961), William Archila (1968), and Javier Zamora (1990), three poets born in El Salvador and immigrants to the US. Studies of trauma and reconciliation in post-conflict societies frame the analysis of poetry that digs up and reconstitutes the dead for a Salvadoran diaspora still un-reconciled with its trauma.

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Brogan, Franny D., and Deborah Yi. "Rethinking Gender Principles in El Salvador: Evidence from /s/ Weakening." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 15, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2022-2054.

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Abstract Previous research on /s/ weakening in Spanish has consistently aligned with Labovian principles: women prefer the prestige variant, usually [s], while men favor nonstandard, lenited variants. However, in Salvadoran Spanish—a dialect that weakens /s/ across syllable positions and shows allophonic variation beyond the tripartite paradigm of [s]/[h]/[∅]—gender-based lenition patterns contradict this generalization. This study examines the production of phonological /s/ by 72 Salvadorans balanced for region, urbanicity, age, and gender who participated in sociolinguistic interviews in El Salvador in 2015. We find that women not only lenite /s/ at higher rates than men overall, but also produce significantly more of the variants that carry the most local stigma. We further find that, counterintuitively, women are significantly more likely than men to lenite /s/ in utterance- and word-initial prosodic positions, which are stronger and more perceptually salient than medial and final tokens. We argue that these discrepancies are best understood by taking El Salvador’s unique historical and sociopolitical context into account. Specifically, we propose that a culture of state-sanctioned violence against women and the unprecedented threat of gangs in El Salvador have led to the social segregation and linguistic isolation of women, affording them little access to standard linguistic forms even as globalization, urbanization, industrialization, and migration facilitate a shift toward linguistic standardization.

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Sarmiento, Ignacio. "¿Qué hacer con los muertos? Claudia Hernández y el trabajo del duelo en la postguerra salvadoreña." Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos 41, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/rceh.v41i2.2157.

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El presente artículo explora el trabajo del duelo en la literatura salvadoreña contemporánea. Para esto, se presta especial atención al cuento “Hechos de un buen ciudadano” (Partes I y II) de Claudia Hernández. Se propone que el trabajo del duelo en la literatura salvadoreña de postguerra puede entenderse como un proceso inconcluso, el cual busca oponerse a los esfuerzos oficiales de “sanar las heridas del pasado” y rearticular la comunidad nacional. Así, el duelo inacabado, como lo presenta Hernández, se convierte en una demanda de justicia por los crímenes cometidos por el Estado. Palabras claves: El Salvador, Claudia Hernández, postguerra, duelo This article explores the task of mourning in contemporary Salvadoran literature with special attention to Claudia Hernández’s short story “Hechos de un buen ciudadano” (Parts I and II). It posits that the task of mourning in postwar Salvadoran fiction may be understood as an unfinished process that seeks to challenge the official aims of “healing the wounds of the past” and restore the national community. Therefore, the incomplete task of mourning, as Hernández presents it, becomes a demand for justice for the crimes committed by the State. Keywords: El Salvador, Claudia Hernández, postwar, mourning

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PABLO-CEA, JOSÉ D., ANGÉLICO ASENJO, JOSÉ L. NAVARRETE-HEREDIA, and ALFRED F. NEWTON. "Checklist of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) of El Salvador." Zootaxa 4951, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 80–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4951.1.3.

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This paper is primarily a compilation of published data on the staphylinid beetle species reported for El Salvador. It is based on taxonomic and ecological literature, with inclusion of some new records from different entomological collections. Thirty eight genera and 96 species are reported in the list, including a first country record: Eulissus chalybaeus. Country-level distribution outside of El Salvador, locality references and topographic zones are included for each species. In the list, three endemic species are recorded: Seeversiella badia, S. minima and Stenus salvadorensis. It is remarkable that 14 genera (37%) and 52 species (54%) have only been reported at a country level in the literature, without a specific locality of collection, indicating the need for local inventories of this coleopteran family in the salvadoran territory.

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Green, Amelia Hoover. "Armed group institutions and combatant socialization." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 5 (September 2017): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317715300.

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Ex-combatants who fought with the Salvadoran Army during El Salvador’s 1980–92 civil war often recall being ‘captured’, rather than recruited, suffering beatings and humiliation in the course of training, and fighting without a sense of purpose or direction. Those who served with rebel forces, by contrast, recall fatigue and frustration with new routines, but seldom hazing or abuse; most also recalled deep, ongoing instruction about the purpose and goals of the war. This comparison highlights the broad variation in armed groups’ formal institutions for socialization, a topic that political scientists have only recently begun to examine in depth. The Salvadoran case also emphasizes some shortcomings of the existing literature, which may elide the differing effects of different formal institutions, treat individual institutions as operating independently on combatant behavior, and/or fail to map complex causal processes intervening between institutions and behavior. This article takes as its starting point the observation that many armed group institutions – including recruitment, military training, political training, and disciplinary regimes – are components of the process known more generally as ‘combatant socialization’. Examining specific institutional processes associated with combatant socialization allows for the generation of more refined and specific theories of combatant socialization as both a causal variable and an outcome. At the same time, treating armed group institutions as related elements of a broader process, rather than as fully separate institutions, may also advance understandings of the effects of these institutions. I demonstrate that the implementation and content of formal institutions for socialization varied significantly both across and within groups in El Salvador; building on this analysis, I lay out several potential directions for comparative research.

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Paige, Jeffery M. "Coffee and Power in El Salvador." Latin American Research Review 28, no. 3 (1993): 7–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016940.

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The existence of a division between what Italo López Vallecillos has termed the “agro-financial” and “agro-industrial-financial” factions of the Salvadoran elite has become what Enrique Baloyra calls “the consensus of scholarly opinion” on elite politics in El Salvador. As López Vallecillos describes the division, the agro-financial faction “opposes any attempt to transform the rigid framework of land concentration and low salaries in its devotion to the plantation economy that is the basis of its income and profits.” The agro-industrial faction, in contrast, “tries to introduce changes in the economic system … and opts for less authoritarian political forms, within the framework of liberal democracy, representative but restricted and controlled.” Oscillation between these two elite strategies has long characterized Salvadoran politics, and in the 1920s, the temporary dominance of the more liberal faction gave El Salvador the reputation of being the most progressive country in Central America. During times of crisis like the 1930s and the early 1980s, however, the positions of the two factions converged to support the retrograde policies of the more conservative “agro-financial” faction, which have given El Salvador an international reputation for ferocious authoritarianism.

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Fitzsimmons, Tracy, and Mark Anner. "Civil Society in a Postwar Period: Labor in the Salvadoran Democratic Transition." Latin American Research Review 34, no. 3 (1999): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100039388.

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AbstractThis research note seeks to offer some resolution to the theoretical disagreements over how democratization affects civil society, specifically in a transition toward democracy that occurs through pacted settlements of an armed internal conflict. Using a comparative study over time of the labor movement in El Salvador, the authors demonstrate that while unions of the political center and left have weakened since the signing of the Salvadoran Peace Accords, independent labor groups show higher levels of organizing and right-leaning unions have maintained nearly constant levels of organizing. But the labor movement has become atomized because unions have been unable to redefine their once-common political goals to adopt other unified stances in the postwar period. The data show that the unions that have relinquished excessively politicized stances or never claimed them are the ones that survive and sometimes grow in the postwar environment. These findings have implications for the nature of the emerging Salvadoran democracy and the economic well-being of its citizens.

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MCMAHAN, CALEB D., WILFREDO A. MATAMOROS, FRANCISCO S. ÁLVAREZ CALDERÓN, WENDY YAMILETH HENRÍQUEZ, H. MICHELLE RECINOS, PROSANTA CHAKRABARTY, ENRIQUE BARRAZA, and NÉSTOR HERRERA. "Checklist of the Inland Fishes of El Salvador." Zootaxa 3608, no. 6 (January 23, 2013): 440–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.6.2.

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The inland fish fauna of El Salvador and its distribution was originally described in 1925 by Samuel Hildebrand. That work has been the main source of information for freshwater fishes of El Salvador up to today. Based on the combination of an intensive literature review, electronic database searches, re-identification of museum specimens, and fieldwork, we hereby provide an updated checklist of the inland fishes of El Salvador. This checklist provides distributional data at the Salvadoran hydrographical and political (by department) levels. The checklist is systematically arranged at the ordinal and familial level and then alphabetically therein. The freshwater fish fauna of El Salvador includes 101 species divided into 64 genera, 29 families, and 14 orders. According to their supposed tolerance to salinity, 73% of these species are peripheral, 23% secondary, and only 4% are primary freshwater fishes. One species is endemic to the country, Amatitlania coatepeque. The low number of primary freshwater fishes and endemics is comparable to the Central American Pacific slope in particular, as well as northern Central America in general.

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Cloonan Cortez, Denise. "Dialecto Literario and Regional Literature in the College Classroom: Salvador Salazar Arrué’s Cuentos de Barro (1933)." Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal 25, no. 2 (October 3, 2023): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487085.18930.

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Regional literature, specifically eye dialect, is conspicuously missing from language classrooms due to its non-normative orthography. Even native speakers of the language struggle with unconventional spellings as dictionaries become useless tools. Moreover, most readers lack intuition regarding regional speech phenomena or its orthographic representations. While we are all speakers of a dialect, many are only familiar with their regional variety. Salvadoran regional literature may feature “pue” instead of “pues”, “pos” in Mexican literature, and “po” in Chilean literature. All examples divert from the normative “pues” despite sharing the same contextual cues. In regional representations, “fue” is written as “jue” to convey the [ˈxwe] pronunciation of the word. These regional texts, like those written by Salvadoran author Salarrué, are extraordinarily interesting because they capture graphically the phonetic phenomena characteristic of languages in contact and/or dialectal variations such as elisions and aspirations, among others. In a study conducted by the researcher, it was found that heritage speakers of Spanish possess a unique background knowledge compared to native and non-native speakers. Along with linguistic decoding strategies, this proved to be beneficial for them when reading and understanding “Semos malos”. Heritage students (Group C) were able to ‘evaluate’ many types of ‘candidates’ and were well-equipped to understand global phonetic phenomena as portrayed in regional literature from other areas.

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Astvaldsson, Astvaldur. "In War and in Peace: Representations of Men of Violence in Salvadoran Literature." Bulletin of Spanish Studies 89, no. 3 (May 2012): 435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14753820.2012.674238.

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11

Pato, Enrique. "Principales rasgos gramaticales del español de El Salvador." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 138, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 192–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2022-0006.

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Abstract This work offers an in-depth description of the main morphosyntactic (and lexical) features found in present Salvadoran Spanish, a lesser-known Central American variety. Text corpora and sociolinguistic surveys help us to provide an updated grammatical overview, which takes into account most categories: nouns and adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and locutions, and illustrates with examples taken both from formal and informal settings. By comparing these features with previous grammatical descriptions, this study helps in identifying some common American features —such as the use of hasta (que) and una mi amiga— as well as some specific patterns —such as the prominence of -ado and -oso suffixes, utualito adverb, algotro pronoun and old expletive lo— in present-day Salvadoran Spanish, some of which remain to be incorporated in the Academy grammar (simasito adverb, al no más + infinitive locution).

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12

Lauria-Santiago, Aldo A. "Historical Research and Sources on El Salvador." Latin American Research Review 30, no. 2 (1995): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100017416.

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The recent return of peace to El Salvador is providing increasingly favorable conditions for scholarly research. This encouraging climate will help Salvadoran and guest researchers make up for years of difficult and repressive conditions. Some researchers may begin by examining contemporary questions related to the recent revolutionary process, but historical research should also be greatly facilitated. Entrepreneurial searches for archival materials on the period preceding the mid-twentieth century can be surprisingly successful when one combines a national outlook with careful regional probing. This research note will provide a guide to archival and other historical materials available in the United States and El Salvador and will place these sources in the context of major questions left unanswered by the historiography covering 1700 to 1940.

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Fornoff, Carolyn. "Álvaro Menen Desleal’s Speculative Planetary Imagination." Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos 44, no. 1 (May 22, 2021): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/rceh.v44i1.5900.

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Science fiction has long held a marginalized status within the Latin American literary canon. This is due to myriad assumptions: its supposed inferior quality, sensationalist content, and disconnect from socio-historical reality. In this article, I argue for the recuperation of Salvadoran author Álvaro Menen Desleal as a foundational writer of Central American speculative fiction. I explore why Menen Desleal turns to sci-fi - abstracting his fictive worlds to far-off futures or other planets - at a moment when the writing of contemporaries of the Committed Generation was increasingly politicized and realist. I argue that Menen Desleal’s speculative planetary imagination toggles between scaling up localized concerns and evading them altogether to play with “universal” categories. By thinking with the categories of the human or the planet from an ex-centric position, Menen Desleal playfully appropriates generic convention, only to disrupt it from within.

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Carranza, Isolda E. "Low-Narrativity Narratives and Argumentation." Narrative Inquiry 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.8.2.04car.

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Two types of conversational narratives are examined in a corpus of interviews with Salvadoran immigrants who live in Washington, D.C. On the one hand, narrative sequences of counterfactual or hypothetical events position the virtual as opposed to or in comparison with the actual and, in doing so, they convey the narrator's commentary and perspective. On the other hand, narrative sequences of repeated or habitual events create the effect of a static, self-contained picture of the past and can be used to present experience as generalized and common. Both types of sequences are characterized as resources for argumentation. It is shown how recourse to irreality takes place to back a claim and how looking at the past from the past makes the storyteller's perspective relatively immune to challenge. The sociohistorical conditions of the events recounted in the data provide the basis for the view of the immigration and integration experiences presented in this paper. (Discourse Analysis, Linguistic Anthropology)

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Vaughn, Jennifer Medina, Pamela Ebstyne King, Susan Mangan, Sean Noe, Samuel Hay, Bridget O’Neil, Jonathan M. Tirrell, Elizabeth M. Dowling, Guillermo Alfredo Iraheta Majano, and Alistair Thomas Rigg Sim. "Agentic and Receptive Hope: Understanding Hope in the Context of Religiousness and Spirituality through the Narratives of Salvadoran Youth." Religions 13, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13040376.

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Hope contributes to positive development in adolescents, and religious and spiritual contexts may be particularly important for developing and supporting hope. However, extant literature on hope, religion, and spirituality neglects their synergistic relation, leaving questions about how they work together to support development. In this study, we explore how religiousness and spirituality (R/S) inform hope by identifying unique synergies that might be particularly useful in difficult contexts. Multilevel qualitative content analyses of interviews conducted with 18 thriving Salvadoran adolescents (50% female, Mage = 16.39 years, SD = 1.83) involved in a faith-based program provided evidence that the ideological and relational resources associated with R/S informed these adolescents’ agentic and receptive hopes. Agentic hopes, identified through expressed hopeful future expectations, revealed that adolescents held beyond-the-self hopes focused on benefiting three distinct targets: God, community, and family. Youth also described “sanctified hopes”, which were hopes focused on fulfilling God’s purposes directly and indirectly. Analyses of receptive hopes, which consider how hope is shaped and empowered by context, revealed that for these youth, hope was experienced in seven key contexts: self, caring adult relationships, family, God, youth development sponsor, social activities, and peers. Implications for fostering hope in R/S contexts within low-to-middle-income countries are discussed.

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Stanley, William Deane. "Economic Migrants or Refugees from Violence?: A Time-Series Analysis of Salvadoran Migration to the United States." Latin American Research Review 22, no. 1 (1987): 132–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016459.

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A heated debate has arisen over U.S. policy toward the large number of Salvadorans and Guatemalans who have come to the United States in recent years. The question is whether the U.S. government should continue to deport these individuals or should offer them some special protection. The key point of debate is the motivation of the émigrés. Officials of the U.S. Department of State and the Department of Justice have maintained that Salvadorans and Guatemalans who come here are merely economic migrants in search of a better life, and that as such, they are ineligible for any special treatment under U.S. immigration law. According to representatives of the Reagan administration, the fact that many Central Americans pass through Mexico on their way to the United States is evidence of their economic motivations.

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Taylor, Claire. "From the Baroque to Twitter: Tracing the Literary Heritage of Digital Genres." Comparative Critical Studies 13, no. 3 (October 2016): 307–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2016.0208.

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This article explores contemporary digital literary genres and the complex negotiations they undertake with earlier moments of literary experimentation. Exploring digital literary genres as works on a continuum, the article addresses in particular the ways in which authors of digital works in the Hispanic world speak back to rich Hispanic tradition of literary experimentation. In order to do so, the article takes three case studies from different countries: firstly, the hypermedia novela negra of Colombian author Jaime Alejandro Rodríguez; secondly, the blog aphorisms of US-Salvadoran artist and writer Eduardo Navas; and the electronic poetry of Spanish-Argentine author Belén Gache. The article traces their response to prior literary experimentation, and their engagement – often critical – with the discourses of contemporary digital technologies. In their different ways, these three authors make sustained intertextual references to prior generations of literary experimentation at the same time as making frequent metatextual references to the process of their works’ own (digital) creation. The article argues that, in so doing, their overt references to digital technologies themselves often play with, and yet question or thwart, key notions of interactive literature.

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De Jesus, Maria, and Carissa Hernandes. "Generalized Violence as a Threat to Health and Well-Being: A Qualitative Study of Youth Living in Urban Settings in Central America’s “Northern Triangle”." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 18, 2019): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183465.

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El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras rank among the top 10 countries experiencing violence in the world, despite not being at war. Although there is abundant literature on generalized violence in this “northern triangle” of Central America as a driver of out-migration to the United States, very little is known about the perspectives and experiences of youth who do not migrate. This study aimed to elicit the emic perspectives of youth residing in the region on how the day-to-day generalized violence produces a pervasive threat to the overall health and human security of youth as well as the key protective factors and resiliencies at work. We conducted two separate waves of qualitative research in 2015 and 2018 over a 6-month period, which included 60 in-depth interviews and six focus groups among Salvadoran, Guatemalan and Honduran youth living in urban areas. Qualitative thematic analysis revealed two meta-themes: (1) ‘Lack of health,’ defined as not experiencing peace within the family, the community, and the country’ and (2) ‘Resilience.’ Thematic clusters that reflect the first meta-theme are: (1) violence as a common occurrence; (2) living in fear and insecurity; (3) victimization; and (4) lack of state protection and services. Thematic clusters for the second meta-theme are: (1) a positive future outlook and a commitment to education; (2) transnational and local family network support; and (3) engagement in community-based youth groups. To interpret the findings, we adopt the Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health (LASM-CH) approach that prioritizes perspectives from the region. Generalized violence is conceptualized as a systemic phenomenon that is generated and reproduced through the complex interactions of structural inequities and unequal power relations. The findings of this study provide new insights into the implementation of a different approach to address the generalized violence, insights that may guide multi-sectoral health policies and interventions both in the region and transnationally.

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Pablo-Cea, José D., Ronald D. Cave, Francisco A. Serrano-Peraza, Raquel Alvarado-Larios, Cuauhtémoc Deloya, Katerin A. Serrano-Chicas, Elizabeth Alfaro, Abizai C. Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Daniel Girón-Segovia, and Jorge Ari Noriega. "Catalog and distribution atlas of the Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) of El Salvador." Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 94 (June 6, 2023): e945117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2023.94.5117.

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Less than 1% of the literature on El Salvador’s biodiversity is about terrestrial invertebrates, which limits our knowledge of this group’s diversity, richness, and distribution in the territory. Scarabaeoidea are megadiverse in multiple ecosystems and perform many functions. This work aims to catalog the Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador. We conducted an exhaustive review of published literature and reviewed numerous entomological collections with relevant material. Maps were constructed to visualize the known distribution of each species in the country. There are 295 scarab beetle species (including 19 new country records) representing 106 genera in 7 families in El Salvador. Six precinctive species are known. Twenty-two species are discarded as occurring in El Salvador, either because they are not valid species or because of misidentifications or dubious records. This work is the first approach to knowing the Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador, a territory that is usually considered of no importance for the conservation of regional biodiversity due to its small area, high rate of deforestation, and overpopulation. The results of this work reinforce the need for biological prospecting in the territory to know, conserve, and protect the remaining biodiversity.

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Escamilla Rivera, José Luis. "Desterritorializado, híbrido y fragmentado: el protagonista en la novela centroamericana de posguerra." LETRAS, no. 49 (February 27, 2011): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-49.3.

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La novela centroamericana se escribe desde las referencias históricas, políticas y culturales de la denominada etapa de posguerra. A diferencia de etapas previas se trata de una propuesta discursiva con rasgos particulares bien identificables. En este estudio se analiza un corpus de novelas de Guatemala, El Salvador y Nicaragua, publicadas entre 1990 y 2002. Se concentra en la configuración del personaje protagonista, y se señalan los procedimientos de una elaboración novelística, procedimientos que se apartan de otras manifestaciones anteriores, especialmente de la literatura testimonial. The Central American novel is based on historical, political and cultural references of the so-called postwar stage. Different from earlier stages, this discourse option has easily identifiable features. A corpus of Guatemalan, Salvadoran and Nicaraguan novels published between 1990 and 2002 has been analyzed here. The focus is on the configuration of the main character and procedures used when writing these novels, procedures which differ from those used previously, in particular those of the testimonial novel.

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Castro, Junior César Ferreira de. "Literatura e política." Remate de Males 43, no. 2 (December 12, 2023): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/remate.v43i2.8671457.

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Roque-Baldovinos, Ricardo. "La literatura testimonial desde El Salvador." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 55, no. 624 (October 31, 2000): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v55i624.6064.

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Orellana, Carlos Iván, and Ligia Orellana. "SEXUAL PREJUDICE AND THE RELEVANCE OF POLITICAL CULTURE: TRENDS AND CORRELATES IN EL SALVADOR." Psychological Thought 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/psyct.v13i1.378.

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The correlates of sexual prejudice –negative attitudes toward gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals– are well-known in the literature, but the relevance of the social-political environment in which these correlates insert has received less attention. This study examines trends and correlates of sexual prejudice in El Salvador, a country frequently ranked as one of the most homophobic in the Americas. Using a representative sample from national-level surveys conducted between 2008 and 2016, it was found that the Salvadorian population displayed high levels of sexual prejudice in this period, although these levels varied significantly over time. Analysis with 2016 data showed that socially precarious conditions, religion, and traditionally gendered worldviews, were positively associated with sexual prejudice. Sexual prejudice also correlated with political and social beliefs that encompass authoritarian and misogynistic tendencies. Three clusters of predictors of sexual prejudice were identified: Religious conventionalism, unsophisticated masculinity background, and deficient democratic socialization. This study supports previous findings about correlates of sexual prejudice while highlighting the lesser-studied role of the social-political environment, and oscillations in a democratic culture, in perpetuating sexual prejudice.

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ASSIS, Marcelise Lima de. "literatura como um jeito de corpo." Grau Zero – Revista de Crítica Cultural 6, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30620/gz.v6n1.p171.

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Douglas de Almeida é um dos expoentes do Movimento Poetas na Praça que aconteceu em Salvador (1979-1989). Poeta e produtor cultural inquietante, não perde a oportunidade de recitar versos em praça pública semanalmente como gesto de enfrentamento aos modus operandi de todas as formas de censura. Como reflexo de bom herdeiro e devorador de livros deixados pelo seu pai, coordena a biblioteca Betty Coelho no bairro Boca do Rio, em Salvador, além de impulsionar recitais de poesia na cidade. Organizou o livro Movimento Poetas na Praça: entre a transgressão e a tradição (2015) e lançou o livro Confissões de um pecador ateu (1983)...

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Aljarbou, Fahd, Abdulaziz Almobarak, Abdulaziz Binrayes, and Hadi M. Alamri. "Salvadora persica’s Biological Properties and Applications in Different Dental Specialties: A Narrative Review." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (May 22, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8667687.

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Salvadora persica is a tree that belongs to the salvadorecea family. It is also known as Miswak, which is a popular natural toothbrush that was used centuries ago in oral hygiene by Muslims in all parts of the world, especially in the Middle East. Numerous researchers highlighted the biological activity of this plant in medicine, dentistry, and pharmacology. The purpose of this article is to narratively review the biological properties of Salvadora persica. In addition, it expresses variant applications of this herb in different dental specialties. Materials and Methods. The search of the literature was based on PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar using keywords: Salvadora persica, S. persica, Miswak, Dentistry, and Dental. All relevant articles were reviewed to check if they would fit within the scope of this review, and then, the information was extracted. Results. Multiple biological effects of S. persica have been reported including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and even antiulcer effects. Dental effects were discussed and presented. Conclusion. The wide biological range of Salvadora persica’s effects is promising for dental and nondental fields and allows for an expanded clinical application that has otherwise not been discussed in the literature.

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Germ, Tine. "Narcisove metamorfoze v slikarstvu simbolizma in nadrealizma: Gustave Moreau in Salvador Dalí." Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 14, no. 1 (July 24, 2012): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/keria.14.1.99-123.

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Prispevek opozarja na ključne novosti, ki jih v ikonografijo Narcisa v evropskem slikarstvu vneseta simbolizem in nadrealizem. Hkrati ob zbranih primerih izpostavi vprašanje razmerja med slikarskimi realizacijami in temeljnim literarnim virom, to je zgodbo o Narcisu, kakor jo v Metamorfozah podaja Ovidij. Kot reprezentativna umetnika sta izbrana Gustave Moreau (1826–1898), ki se je z motivom Narcisa ukvarjal intenzivneje kot katerikoli drugi slikar 19. st., in Salvador Dalí (1904–1989), ki je z Narcisovo metamorfozo (1937, Tate Modern, London) ustvaril najvplivnejše delo na področju ikonografije Narcisa v 20. stoletju. Motiv Narcisa v Moreaujevem opusu doslej ni bil ustrezno raziskan. Ob obravnavi v strokovni literaturi omenjenih značilnosti, kot so homoerotična nota, feminizacija, androginost, izrazita estetizacija in odmaknjenost Narcisa, članek izpostavlja predvsem prelom s klasično tradicijo zrcaljenja Narcisove podobe na gladini vode in transpozicijo motiva motrenja lastne podobe iz zunanjega v notranji svet. V drugem delu z analizo Narcisove metamorfoze Salvadorja Dalíja opozori na problem ikonografske interpretacije na osnovi Dalíjeve istoimenske pesnitve ter osvetli spregledane vsebinske povezave med slikarsko mojstrovino in Ovidijevimi Metamorfozami.

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Craft, L. J. "Mario Bencastro's Diaspora: Salvadorans and Transnational Identity." MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/30.1.149.

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Pascual Gay, Juan. "De Ulises al Hijo Pródigo: un proceso de sustitución en la literatura mexicana hacia 1920." Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada, no. 23 (December 24, 2014): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_tropelias/tropelias.201523765.

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El artículo quiere dar cuenta del motivo del Hijo Pródigo en la literatura mexicana de la década de los años veinte del siglo pasado. El personaje de la parábola desde su aparición fue relegando a otro viajero que había concitado el interés y la curiosidad en los primeros años de esa década, Ulises, de resonancias vasconcelistas. La complejidad del pródigo explica la seducción que operó sobre jóvenes poetas mexicanos, en particular, Xavier Villaurrutia, Gilbeto Owen y Salvador Novo. The article wants to give an account of the reason for the prodigal son in Mexican literature of the Decade of the twenties of the last century. The character of the parable from his appearance was relegating another traveller who had aroused interest and curiosity in the early years of that decade, Ulysses, of resonance vasconcelistas. The complexity of the prodigal explains the seduction that operated on young Mexican poets, in particular, Xavier Villaurrutia, Gilbeto Owen and Salvador Novo.

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Lubar, Robert S. "Salvador Dalí: Modernism's Counter-Muse." Romance Quarterly 46, no. 4 (January 1999): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08831159909600329.

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Arifin, Arina Fathiyyah, Sry Marwah, Arni Isnaini Arfah, Sri Irmandha K, and Sri Wahyuni Gayatri. "The Effect of Siwak Wood Extract (Salvadora Persica) Solution on Oral Health: Literature Review." Green Medical Journal 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/gmj.v4i1.97.

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Background: In terms of beliefs, culture and values or life practices, Islam encourages its adherents to keep themselves and their environment clean, including guidance on maintaining oral hygiene using miswak.. Siwak extract has an antibacterial effect, is effective against bacteria that play a role in the formation of dental plaque thus, with a decrease in plaque bacteria, the salivary pH will also increase One of the contents of miswak (Saldavora persica) hich is useful for preventing dental plaque is trimethylamine (TMA). In addition, it is also potential as an antibacterial.(3) (4) The World Health Organization (1987) recommends the use of miswak as an effective tool for oral health, with the mechanical action of soft-wood fibers and the therapeutics action of its chemical content. Content: it is necessary to conduct a Literature Review study to determine the effect of a solution of siwak wood extract (Salvadora Persica) on oral health. The feature of this research is we want to know with siwak extract can be maintained acid-base balance in salivary pH which can kill some bacteria in the mouth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a solution of siwak wood extract on oral health. Literature Review with Systematic review design. Conclusion: The effect of a solution of siwak wood extract on oral health, concluded that siwak extract can affect salivary pH, production of salivary secretions, reduce plaque scores and inhibit the microorganisms development in the oral cavity

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Rodrigues-Moura, Enrique. "O último soneto de Manoel Botelho de Oliveira (ca. 1706)." O Eixo e a Roda: Revista de Literatura Brasileira 31, no. 2 (September 8, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2358-9787.31.2.51-72.

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Resumo: Este artigo apresenta um soneto pouco conhecido de Manoel Botelho de Oliveira (Salvador da Bahia, 1636-1711), escrito em louvor ao folheto Patrocínio empenhado pelos clamores de um preso, de autoria de Félix de Azevedo da Cunha e impresso em Lisboa em 1706. Portanto, além da comédia em castelhano Hay amigo para amigo (Coimbra, 1663) e do livro de versos poliglotas Música do Parnaso (Lisboa, 1705), que também inclui duas comédias em castelhano, este soneto é o terceiro texto de Botelho de Oliveira que chegou a ser impresso em vida. Edita-se e comenta-se este soneto, a partir de dados históricos e por meio de uma interpretação filológica, na linha da crítica textual. Os dados históricos conhecidos e o estudo filológico do poema permitem afirmar que Botelho de Oliveira passou os últimos anos da sua vida desfrutando da sua condição de homem da governança da Cidade de Salvador da Bahia, enquanto se preocupava por deixar um legado literário para a posteridade.Palavras-chave: Manoel Botelho de Oliveira; literatura brasileira do Período Colonial; Salvador da Bahia.Abstract: This paper discusses an obscure sonnet by Manoel Botelho de Oliveira (Salvador da Bahia, 1636-1711), written in praise of the 1706 pamphlet Patrocínio empenhado pelos clamores de um preso, by Félix de Azevedo da Cunha. Besides the Spanish comedy Hay amigo para amigo (Coimbra, 1663) and the book of polyglot verses Música do Parnaso (Lisbon, 1705), which also includes two Spanish comedies, this sonnet is the third text by Botelho de Oliveira to be printed during the author’s lifetime. Based on historical data and following a philological interpretation in line with textual criticism, this sonnet is edited and commented. The known historical data and philological study of the poem allow us to state that Botelho de Oliveira spent the last years of his life enjoying his condition as a man of governance of the city of Salvador da Bahia, while worrying about leaving a literary legacy for posterity.Keywords: Manoel Botelho de Oliveira; Colonial Brazilian Literature; Salvador da Bahia.

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Farrés, Ramon. "Fritz Vogelgsang: Salvador Esprius Übersetzer ins Deutsche." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 23 (July 1, 2010): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2010.39-52.

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Summary: Salvador Espriu’s bilingual (Catalan-German) publication of his complete poetical works by the Zurich publishing house Amman marks a historic moment in the reception of Catalan literature in German-speaking countries. It also represents the apex of the penetration of Espriu in the German literary system, a process which began in 1970. This article looks at this process in detail, focusing on Fritz Vogelgsang, author of the German version of the complete poetical works. A study of the texts is carried out, departing from the translator’s own comments, a comparison with other versions, and the appraisal found in German reviews. [Keywords: Salvador Espriu, Catalan literature, reception in German-speaking countries, Fritz Vogelgsang]

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Filipe Nolasco de Souza e Silva, Rayanderson Nunes da Gama, João Gabriel Teixeira Mota, Julia Cordeiro Braga, Lucas Vergne Chaede Lins, Brenda Francisca Cardoso Brito, Rubson Soares Rocha, et al. "Stroke Mimics Profile in a Tertiary Hospital in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil." Revista Científica Hospital Santa Izabel 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35753/rchsi.v8i1.507.

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Introduction: Strokes mimics are a set of non-vascular disorders that mimic an acute stroke. There are several studies in the literature about this theme, but we still have little information about this condition in Brazil. Method: This is a series of stroke case mimics evaluated by neurologists at a tertiary hospital in Salvador-BA from December/2020 to August/2023. Results: 441 patients were admitted, and 152 strokes were found to mimic (34%). Of these, 99 women with a mean age of 61.7 years and a median NIHSS of 4 at admission. One hundred ten patients (72.4%) had some risk factor, of which 100 had hypertension, 57 had DM, 24 had a previous stroke, 11 had CAD, and 9 had AF. The most prevalent etiology for stroke mimics was epileptic events, with 29.6%. None of the patients with stroke mimics underwent thrombolysis or thrombectomy, but 25 received mono-anti-aggregation and 30 dual- anti-aggregation on admission. The median mRs at discharge was 0, with 7.2% of deaths. Conclusion: The stroke mimics represent a considerable portion of patients admitted with suspected stroke to the service, drawing attention to the prevalence being higher than the average found in the literature, with epileptic events being the most prevalent etiology.Keywords: Stroke Mimics; Stroke; Epidemiology. Introdução: as mimetizações de AVC são um conjunto de distúrbios não vasculares que imitam um AVC agudo. Existem vários estudos na literatura sobre esse tema, mas ainda temos pouca informação sobre essa condição no Brasil. Método: esta é uma série de casos de mimetizações de AVC avaliados por neurologistas em um hospital terciário em Salvador-BA de dezembro de 2020 a agosto de 2023. Resultados: Foram admitidos 441 pacientes, e 152 casos de AVC mimetizadores foram identificados (34%). Destes, 99 eram mulheres com idade média de 61,7 anos e um NIHSS mediano de 4 na admissão. Cento e dez pacientes (72,4%) apresentavam algum fator de risco, dos quais 100 tinham hipertensão, 57 tinham DM, 24 tinham histórico de AVC anterior, 11 tinham DAC e 9 tinham FA. A etiologia mais prevalente para os mimetizadores de AVC foi eventos epilépticos, com 29,6%. Nenhum dos pacientes que mimetizaram um AVC foi submetido a trombólise ou trombectomia, mas 25 receberam terapia com mono-antiagregantes e 30 duplo-antiagregantes na admissão. A mediana do mRs na alta foi 0, com 7,2% de óbitos. Conclusão: os mimetizadores de AVC representam uma parcela considerável de pacientes admitidos com suspeita de AVC no serviço, chamando a atenção para a prevalência ser maior do que a média encontrada na literatura, com eventos epilépticos sendo a etiologia mais prevalente.Palavras-chave: Mimetizadores de AVC; AVC; Epidemiologia.

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Gairaud Ruiz, Hilda. "El bestiario en la literatura de Claudia Hernández: una representación de subjetividad en la literatura posguerra." Káñina 40, no. 2 (August 24, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rk.v40i2.26036.

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El objetivo del presente ensayo es examinar algunos relatos de la autora salvadoreña Claudia Hernández dentro de la categoría de la literatura de posguerra. La designación de bestiario en la narrativa surge de la asociación que se hace de la representación simbólica de animales a personajes que integran diversos grupos sociales si se correlacionan con la historia salvadoreña, especialmente el período de la guerra y la posguerra. La intencionalidad discursiva de representar personajes como bestias es la de evidenciar la violencia y la degradación que han caracterizado la condición existencial de algunos tipos de subjetividades en la historia de El Salvador.

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Morales Muñoz, Brenda. "Violaciones a los derechos humanos de las mujeres en conflictos armados internos. Abordajes desde la literatura." Interpretatio. Revista de Hermenéutica 6, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/irh.2021.2.345526.

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In the last years of the 20th century, many countries in Latin America experienced internal armed conflicts in which violations of women’s human rights were a constant, especially those related to sexuality, reproduction and motherhood. This type of violence has been addressed in various literary works and this article will focus on three of them, the novels La hora azul, by the Peruvian writer Alonso Cueto; Los ejércitos, by the Colombian writer Evelio Rosero, and Roza tumba quema, by the Salvadoran writer Claudia Hernández. Based on the ideas of Rita Segato and Adriana Cavarero, I will analyze the way in which violations of women’s human rights have been fictionalized in the context of three internal armed conflicts.

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Bravo, Víctor. "Salvador Garmendia. La expresión de lo fantástico." Revista Iberoamericana 60, no. 166 (June 5, 1994): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.1994.6523.

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Domínguez-Rubalcava, Héctor. "La estatua de sal de Salvador Novo." Revista Iberoamericana 66, no. 193 (June 4, 2000): 925–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.2000.5836.

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Forcadas, Albert M., Rosa M. Delor, and Muns. "Salvador Espriu, els anys d'aprenentatge (1929-1943)." World Literature Today 69, no. 1 (1995): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40150923.

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PEREIRA, Edsvânio do Nascimento. "Enquanto obra de arte, a literatura pode sim, revolucionar." Grau Zero – Revista de Crítica Cultural 6, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30620/gz.v6n1.p154.

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Rosane Meire Vieira de Jesus. Ou Rosane Vieira, como assim, é mais conhecida, é natural de Salvador na Bahia; e embora tenha suas origens e formação na Capital baiana têm se tornado uma figura destaque no interior baiano, em especial no Território do Sisal, a partir da sua chegada em Conceição do Coité, no Campus XIV da Universidade do Estado da Bahia em 2011, para atuar como professora permanente no Curso de Comunicação Social...

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Van Roie, Martijn, Frederik De Wint, Ayse Güngor, Charlotte Huyghe, Wouter Dekoninck, and Lukáš Sekerka. "An annotated checklist of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from El Salvador, with additions from the Bechyné collection in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences." ZooKeys 856 (June 17, 2019): 137–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.856.32017.

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A checklist of the species of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of El Salvador is presented based on data from literature and a digitization project of the Bechyné collection of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS). The RBINS collections contain a total of 2797 individual chrysomelid specimens from El Salvador, sorted into 89 species and 132 genera. In total, the current checklist contains 420 species, of which 33 are new records for El Slavador from the Bechyné collection. In these collections, there are also ten nomina nuda named by Bechyné, which need further study. The leaf beetle diversity in El Salvador, partly due to the country’s unstable political history, remains poorly studied, and many (new) species await discovery. This checklist provides a baseline for further study in El Salvador and nearby region.

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Álvarez, Francisco S., Saúl González Murcia, Caleb D. McMahan, and Wilfredo A. Matamoros. "Cyprinodontiform fishes of El Salvador." UNED Research Journal 13, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v13i1.3303.

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Introduction: The Cyprinodontiformes are a group of secondary freshwater fishes widely distributed in El Salvador. Currently, many species of this group are usually incorrectly identified for lack of adequate tools. Additionally, their taxonomy and distribution have changed in recent years. Objective: To provide updated information about the taxonomy and distribution of El Salvador Cyprinodontiformes through identification keys, distribution notes, and general descriptions for all species. Methods: We carried out an extensive review of the literature, electronic databases, and museum specimens to generate a list of valid species present in El Salvador. Results: Eleven species in three families are confirmed: Profundulidae (two species), Anablepidae (one species), and Poeciliidae (eight species). We also include distribution data, both vertical and by main basins, and an illustrated guide. Conclusions: There are 11 species of Cyprinodontiformes in El Salvador and they can be found and identified with this article.

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Hall, Stuart. "Diásporas, ou a lógica da tradução cultural." Matrizes 10, no. 3 (December 23, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-8160.v10i3p47-58.

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Sarmiento, Ramón. "Notas sobre psicoanálisis, literatura y comunicación. Algunas consideraciones a propósito del amor en la novela Cuaderno de viaje de Salvador Compán." Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicación, no. 7-8 (2002): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ambitos.2002.i07-08.18.

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BÚCARO, ROSA DELIA, PHILIP SOLLMAN, and MICHAEL STECH. "Bryoflora Salvadorensis 3. An updated checklist and new records of Pottiaceae for El Salvador." Phytotaxa 424, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.424.1.3.

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An updated list of the taxa of the moss family Pottiaceae recorded for El Salvador is presented, based on literature reports and own investigations. At present, 20 genera of Pottiaceae are known from El Salvador, of which four (Barbula, Scopelophila, Trichostomum, Weissia) are reported as new for the country. Eight species and two varieties are reported as new for El Salvador: Barbula orizabensis, Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens, B. inaequalifolium, Chionoloma tenuirostre, Didymodon acutus var. icmadophilus, Hyophila nymaniana, Leptodontium viticulosoides var. viticulosoides, Scopelophila cataractae, Trichostomum brachydontium, and Weissia jamaicensis, increasing the total number of species to 35. Information on the distribution, main substrate types, and approximate elevational range in Mesoamerica as well as the general distribution are provided for all taxa.

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Rybakowski, Janusz. "Lithium therapy in literature and art." Pharmacotherapy in Psychiatry and Neurology 36, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33450/fpn.2020.12.002.

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Introduction. In 1949, Australian psychiatrist John Cade described a therapeutic action of lithium carbonate in mania. This date is regarded as an introduction of lithium into contemporary psychiatric therapeutics and the beginning of modern psychopharmacology. In the early 1960s, a prophylactic activity of lithium was observed, preventing recurrences of affective episodes in mood disorders. Lithium has become a prototype of the mood-stabilising drugs and remains a drug of the first choice for the prophylaxis of recurrences in bipolar mood disorder. Literature review. Both the introduction of lithium into psychiatric therapy and its therapeutic action has been reflected in literature and art. This article presents the connections of lithium therapy with literature and art. They pertain to such characters as John Cade, Salvador Luria, Patty Duke, Kay Jamison, Jerzy Broszkiewicz, Ota Pavel, Robert Lowell, Jaime Lowe, Nicole Lyons, Kurt Cobain, Sting, and the band Evanescence. Conclusions. Special attention was given to the book Unquiet mind, written in 1996 by Kay Jamison, professor of psychology. In the book, her personal bipolar disorder and lithium treatment were described from the viewpoint of the eminent professional. Polish translation of the book titled Niespokojny umysł already has two editions: in 2000 and 2018.

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Portillo Reyes, Hector Orlando. "LA MOSKITIA HONDUREÑA, EL LÍMITE MÁS AL NORTE DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL DEL OSO HORMIGUERO GIGANTE (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2014.4.2.195.

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RESUMENEl oso hormiguero gigante también conocido en Centro América como oso caballo (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), es una de las especies carismáticas del mundo. Se ha documentado en la literatura que los límites de la distribución más septentrional para esta especie son Belice y Guatemala. El mapa de su distribución para Centro América da inicio en toda la franja Caribe de Panamá e incluye todo el territorio de Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador y una mínima porción de la costa del Caribe de Guatemala y Belice. Sin embargo, M. tridactyla no se registra en los últimos 100 años para Guatemala, Belice y El Salvador. En Honduras se realizaron diferentes monitoreos en la región Caribe y Moskitia registrándose fotocapturas del oso caballo únicamente en la Reserva de la Biosfera del Río Plátano y la Reserva propuesta de Rus Rus. Este análisis propone como límite septentrional de la distribución del M. tridactyla la región de la Moskitia hondureña, basados en la ausencia de esta especie en los listados actuales oficiales de los países de Guatemala, El Salvador y Belice, en la revisión bibliográfica para Centro América y en los monitoreos que se realizaron en la región Caribe y Moskitia hondureña. Palabras clave: Centro América, oso caballo, septentrional, Caribe, Moskitia.ABSTRACTThe giant anteater also known in Central America as oso caballo (Myrmecophaga. tridactyla), is one of the world’s charismatic species. It has been mentioned for different sources that giant anteater most northern limit distributions are Belize and Guatemala. The distribution map for Central America begins and extends throughout the Caribbean of Panama and includes the entire territory of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and a minimal portion of the Caribbean coast of Guatemala and Belize. However M. tridactyla is not recorded in the last 100 years in Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador. In Honduras several biological monitoring were performed in the Caribbean and the Moskitia region recorded evidence for the specie only for the Biosphere Reserve of Río Plátano and the biological Reserve of Rus Rus in the Moskitia region. This analysis propose as most northerly for M. tridactyla the Honduran Moskitia region, based in the absence on the most recent check list for Guatemala, El Salvador, and Belize, also literature review for Central America and the biological monitoring performed in the Caribbean and Moskitia region. Keywords: Central America, giant anteater, Northern, Caribbean, Moskitia.

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Diaz-Quinones, A. "Salvador Brau: The Paradox of the Autonomista Tradition." Modern Language Quarterly 57, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-57-2-237.

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Carvalho, Inaiá Maria Moreira de, Suzana Pasternak, and Lúcia Machado Bógus. "Transformações metropolitanas: São Paulo e Salvador." Caderno CRH 23, no. 59 (August 2010): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-49792010000200007.

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Este artigo se propõe a discutir os impactos do processo de globalização sobre as grandes metrópoles brasileiras com base em uma análise comparativa da trajetória recente de São Paulo e Salvador, que oferece ricos elementos para essa discussão. Partindo da literatura atual sobre esse tema, ele analisa até que ponto os fenômenos associados ao referido processo estariam levando a maiores transformações na estrutura social e urbana dessas aglomerações. Constata, com esta análise, que elas apresentam certa estabilidade ao lado de algumas mudanças, cuja diversidade e complexidade não vêm sendo contempladas pelas formulações teóricas mais correntes.

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Serrano, José Belmonte. "Salvador García Jiménez.Franz Kafka y la Literatura Española. Murcia: Myrtia, 1987. 370pp." Romance Quarterly 35, no. 4 (November 1988): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08831157.1988.9925870.

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Sağır, Seda Sultan, Baturay Sapancı, Imran Uysal, and Mustafa Sevindik. "A review: nutrition and oral-dental health, phytochemical content, biological activity of Salvadora persica (Miswak)." Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 2 (May 8, 2024): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56782/pps.177.

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Plants have been widely used by humans since ancient times. They serve different purposes, especially shelter, heating, nutrition, war, equipment and medicine. Nowadays, they are widely used especially in the fight against diseases. In this context, in this study, the biological activities and health effects of Salvadora persica L. reported in the literature were compiled. S. persica is known by names such as miswak, koyoji, qesam, qisa and mastic. It is a multi-branched shrub or small tree that is two to three meters tall and has edible fruit. As a result of literature research, it has been seen that the plant has purposes such as health care and nutrition source. In addition, it has been shown in the literature that it has biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant activity. The most common and highly abundant compounds in the root, twigs, and leaves of S. persica were found to be benzyl isothiocyanate, benzyl nitrile, 1,8-cineol, butylated hydroxytoluene, isothiocyanatomethyl-benzene, and (2E)-hexenal. As a result, it is thought that S. persica can be used as a natural protective agent in terms of both its usage areas and biological activities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salvadoran Literature'

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