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Journal articles on the topic 'Salvadorans Salvadorans Salvadorans Immigrants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Trujillo, Ester N. "Rupturing the Silences: Intergenerational Construction of Salvadoran Immigrant War Necronarratives." Journal of Latino/Latin American Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18085/1549-9502.11.1.75.

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Abstract As the children of wartime immigrants from El Salvador become adults, they must grapple with the role violence played—and continues to play—in Salvadoran society. Second-generation Salvadorans interpret their relatives’ stories of war, death, and violence through a lens that prioritizes lessons gained over traumatization. Thus, immigrant parents’ casual discussions about their experiences during the Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992) become what this article calls necronarratives: stories pieced together from memories based on foiling death and violence generated through state necropolitics. Youth interpret inherited memories through a lens of survival, resilience, and healing. Necropolitics refers to the ability of the state to legislate and draw policies that determine who lives and who dies. Although scholars have noted that high levels of war-related trauma among Salvadoran immigrants cause them to remain silent about those experiences, my research reveals that children of these immigrants collect and construct narratives using the memory fragments shared during casual conversations with their relatives. Drawing from 20 semi-structured interviews with U.S. Salvadorans, this paper shows that U.S. Salvadorans construct narratives out of their family’s war memories in order to locate affirming qualities of the Salvadoran experience such as surviving a war, achieving migration, and building a life in a new country. Contrary to past indications that Central American migrants live in silence about their national origins in order to avoid discrimination in the U.S. and to avoid traumatizing their children, this study on second-generation Salvadoran adults describes the ethnic roots information families do share through war stories. The Salvadoran case shows youth actively engage with necronarratives as they come of age to adulthood to yield lessons about how their national origins and ethnic heritages shape their senses of belonging and exclusion within U.S. society.

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2

Flores-Yeffal, Nadia Y., and Karen A. Pren. "Predicting Unauthorized Salvadoran Migrants’ First Migration to the United States between 1965 and 2007." Journal on Migration and Human Security 6, no. 2 (June 2018): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502418765404.

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Although Salvadoran emigration to the United States is one of the most important migratory flows emanating from Latin America, there is insufficient information about the predictors of first unauthorized migration from El Salvador to the United States. In this study, we use data from the Latin American Migration Project–El Salvador (LAMP-ELS4) to perform an event history analysis to discern the factors that influenced the likelihood that a Salvadoran household head would take a first unauthorized trip to the United States between 1965 and 2007. We take into account a series of demographic, social capital, human capital, and physical capital characteristics of the Salvadoran household head; demographic and social context variables in the place of origin; as well as economic and border security factors at the place of destination. Our findings suggest that an increase in the Salvadoran civil violence index and a personal economic crisis increased the likelihood of first-time unauthorized migration. Salvadorans who were less likely to take a first unauthorized trip were business owners, those employed in skilled occupations, and persons with more years of experience in the labor force. Contextual variables in the United States, such as a high unemployment rate and an increase in the Border Patrol budget, deterred the decision to take a first unauthorized trip. Finally, social capital had no effect on the decision to migrate; this means that for unauthorized Salvadoran migrants, having contacts in the United States is not the main driver to start a migration journey to the United States. We suggest as policy recommendations that the United States should award Salvadorans more work-related visas or asylum protection. For those Salvadorans whose Temporary Protected Status (TPS) has ended, the United States should allow them to apply for permanent residency. The decision not to continue to extend TPS to Salvadorans will only increase the number of unauthorized immigrants in the United States. The United States needs to revise its current immigration policies, which make it a very difficult and/or extremely lengthy process for Salvadorans and other immigrants to regularize their current immigration status in the United States. Furthermore, because of our research findings, we recommend that the Salvadoran government — to discourage out-migration — invest in high-skilled job training and also offer training and credit opportunities to its population to encourage business ventures.

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3

Aparicio, Yvette. "Digging Up the Past and Surviving El Salvador’s Phantoms: Salvadoran-American Post-Conflict Traumatic Memory and Reconciliation." Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos 44, no. 1 (May 23, 2021): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/rceh.v44i1.5906.

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This article focuses on Salvadoran-American poetry that explores Salvadorans’ national traumas of war and displacement. In these poems, war trauma evolves into a post-conflict, post-migration trauma that calls for reconciliation with war memories as well as with a violent, unstable present. This study focuses on the poetry of Jorge Argueta (1961), William Archila (1968), and Javier Zamora (1990), three poets born in El Salvador and immigrants to the US. Studies of trauma and reconciliation in post-conflict societies frame the analysis of poetry that digs up and reconstitutes the dead for a Salvadoran diaspora still un-reconciled with its trauma.

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4

Menjívar, Cecilia, Julie DaVanzo, Lisa Greenwell, and R. Burciaga Valdez. "Remittance Behavior among Salvadoran and Filipino Immigrants in Los Angeles." International Migration Review 32, no. 1 (March 1998): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200105.

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This article analyzes the factors that influence remittance behavior (the decision to remit and the amount sent) in the host country of Filipino and Salvadoran immigrants, two groups with high rates of U.S.-bound migration and of remittances. Data for this study come from a multipurpose survey fielded in Los Angeles in 1991 and are analyzed using logistic regressions and OLS. Individual characteristics and financial ability to remit, motivation to migrate, personal investments in the United States, and family obligations in the home and in the host countries are hypothesized to affect remittance behavior. No differences by country of origin in the proportion who send remittances were found, but there were significant differences in the amount remitted. Some variables affect the two country-of-origin groups differently. The size of remittances sent by Salvadorans tends to be relatively insensitive to their characteristics compared with Filipinos. Filipinos’ remittances are more affected by age, family income, having taken English classes in the United States, and living alone than are the remittances of Salvadorans. For both groups, the most consistent factors affecting remittances are family income and the place of residence of close family members.

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5

Brettell, Caroline. "Wrestling with 9/11: Immigrant Perceptions and Perceptions of Immigrants." MIGRATION LETTERS 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2006): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v3i2.63.

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Soon after 9/11 a research project to study new immigration into the Dallas Fort Worth metropolitan area got under way. In the questionnaire that was administered to 600 immigrants across five different immigrant populations (Asian Indians, Vietnamese, Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Nigerians) between 2003 and 2005 we decided to include a question about the impact of 9/11 on their lives. We asked: “How has the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 affected your position as an immigrant in the United States?” This article analyzes the responses to this question, looking at similarities and differences across different immigrant populations. It also addresses the broader issue of how 9/11 has affected both immigration policy and attitudes toward the foreign-born in the United States.

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6

Rodriguez, Nestor P. "Undocumented Central Americans in Houston: Diverse Populations." International Migration Review 21, no. 1 (March 1987): 4–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100101.

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Fleeing political conflict and/or economic decline, large numbers of undocumented Central Americans have been coming to the United States since the late 1970s. Many of these migrants have settled in urban areas of the country that have large Hispanic concentrations. It is estimated that about 100,000 have settled in Houston. Interviews and observations indicate that this Central American population, composed principally of Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans, constitutes a new diverse Latino immigrant experience in the city.

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7

Logan, John R., Richard D. Alba, and Brian J. Stults. "Enclaves and Entrepreneurs: Assessing the Payoff for Immigrants and Minorities." International Migration Review 37, no. 2 (June 2003): 344–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00141.x.

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Self-employment and work in sectors with high concentrations of owners and workers of the same ethnicity have been identified as potential routes of economic success for immigrants. This study uses 1990 census data to assess the effects of self-employment, ethnic employment, and their interaction on the odds of being at work, on number of hours worked, and on earnings of individual members of several representative groups. These groups include Cubans in Miami; African Americans, Puerto Ricans, Koreans, Chinese and Dominicans in New York; and African Americans, Koreans, Chinese, Mexicans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles. Work in ethnic sectors of the economy has no consistent effects, although work in their niche in the public sector offers greater rewards than any other type of employment for African Americans and Puerto Ricans. Findings are mixed for self-employment, and its estimated effect on earnings depends on model specification. We conclude that the self-employed work longer hours but in many cases at lower hourly rates. The effects of self-employment are the same in ethnic sectors as in the mainstream economy.

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8

Menjivar, Cecilia. "Immigrant Kinship Networks and the Impact of the Receiving Context: Salvadorans in San Francisco in the Early 1990s." Social Problems 44, no. 1 (February 1997): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.1997.44.1.03x0215g.

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9

Montoya, Ainhoa. "The Turn of the Offended." Social Analysis 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2015.590407.

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This article explores how the affective dynamics involved in elections and routine politics might inform us about the conditions of possibility of specific political imaginaries. It builds upon research conducted during and after El Salvador's 2009 presidential election. Passions ran high among Salvadorans on both the left and the right that electoral season, as allusions to wartime elicited unsettled divisions and offenses. For many left-wing and disaffected Salvadorans, the victory of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front—a former guerrilla organization—opened up a political horizon that had been closed during the post-war era. Salvadorans' post-election engagement with state officials and FMLN leaders through clientelist practices evidenced their desire for qualitative state transformation and the extent to which they conceive of themselves as citizens through the state.

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10

Menjívar, Cecilia. "Salvadorans in Costa Rica: Displaced Lives." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 3 (May 2004): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610403300340.

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11

Craft, L. J. "Mario Bencastro's Diaspora: Salvadorans and Transnational Identity." MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/30.1.149.

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12

Aneesh, A. "Legalizing Moves: Salvadoran Immigrants' Struggle for U.S. Residency:Legalizing Moves: Salvadoran Immigrants' Struggle for U.S. Residency." PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 27, no. 1 (May 2004): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/pol.2004.27.1.142.

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13

Coutin, Susan Bibler. "Citizenship and Clandestiny among Salvadoran Immigrants." PoLAR: Political html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii=""/ Legal Anthropology Review 22, no. 2 (November 1999): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/pol.1999.22.2.53.

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14

Plante, Thomas G., Gerdenio M. Manuel, Ana V. Menendez, and David Marcotte. "Coping with Stress among Salvadoran Immigrants." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 17, no. 4 (November 1995): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07399863950174004.

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15

Sandoval-García, Carlos. "Salvadorans in Costa Rica: Displaced Lives. Bridget Hayden." Journal of Anthropological Research 60, no. 3 (October 2004): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.60.3.3630784.

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16

Thompson, Randal Joy, and Sofia Figueroa. "#MeToo and LGBTQ+ Salvadorans: social and leadership challenges." Gender in Management: An International Journal 35, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-05-2019-0078.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to argue that the myriad social forces in El Salvador make it difficult for LGBTQ+ to publicly declare their sexual orientation or name their perpetrators and hence to use the #MeToo hashtag as a leadership strategy of their movement. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research design was used that included interviews and focus group discussions with LGBTQ+ leaders of organizations and government officials. A descriptive/interpretive approach was used to understand their experiences of being LGBTQ+, leadership approach to gain their rights and knowledge of #MeToo. Findings Although the movement has contributed to the public dialog about sexual misconduct, it has not had an impact on the “coming out” of LGBTQ+ on Twitter, public exposure of offenders, improved treatment of LGBTQ+ or significant changes in employment law for LGBTQ+ Salvadorans. Rather than the celebrity-led #MeToo movement, a continuation of the more grassroots approach that Salvadoran LGBTIQ+ leaders use may more successfully achieve their protection and rights. Research limitations/implications Further research should be completed regarding the impact of leadership on changing the social imaginary and the leadership approach most appropriate for this impact. Social implications The study provides a case to further explore the leadership's role in changing the social imaginary. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to illustrate that #MeToo cannot be successful in all cultural contexts or with all LGBTQ+ communities and that grassroots approaches may be more appropriate in countries such as El Salvador.

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17

Rodriguez, Luis J. "Salvadoran Immigrant Youth between two Worlds." Cahiers Charles V 20, no. 1 (1996): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cchav.1996.1145.

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18

Burns, E. Bradford. "The Intellectual Infrastructure of Modernization in El Salvador, 1870-1900." Americas 41, no. 3 (January 1985): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007100.

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The pursuit of economic and political progress engaged many of the Salvadoran elite during the last decades of the nineteenth century. The intellectuals were no less energetic in the chase. Travelers to El Salvador at the turn of the century commented favorably on the progress they perceived. Marie Robinson Wright, who visited the country in 1893, wrote euphorically of “modern improvement,” “progress,” and “development.” “Salvador flourishes,” she rhapsodized, “a glorious example of good discipline and government.” Percy F. Martin wrote in 1911 a long, sober account of his visit. He concluded, “The present condition of her civilization, of her arts and her commerce is eminently encouraging.” He also characterized the Salvadorans as “the most developed and most intellectual” of the Central Americans. These assessments inferred that the progress El Salvador demonstrated drew on North Atlantic models, and to the degree the Salvadorans adopted those models they were judged favorably by foreigners.

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19

Perla, Hector, and Susan Bibler Coutin. "Legacies and Origins of the 1980s US-Central American Sanctuary Movement." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 26, no. 1 (October 8, 2010): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.30602.

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This article re-examines the US–Central American sanctuary movement of the 1980s.Our re-examination is motivated by two factors.First, with the passage of time it is possible to discern the movement’s origins in ways that could not be fully articulated while it was ongoing.We are able to show how certain relationships between the movement’s North and Central American activists were celebrated, while others were obscured due to fear for Salvadoran immigrant activists’ safety and concern about inadvertently undermining the movement’s legitimacy.Specifically, we draw attention to the movement’s transnational nature, noting that what made it so powerful was its origin as part of a broader effort by Salvadoran revolutionaries to mobilize North American society to oppose US support for the Salvadoran government.Ironically, to achieve this objective Salvadoran immigrant activists had to stay quiet, become invisible, and abstain from taking certain leadership roles, while embracing identities that may have implied weakness or passivity, such as “refugee” or “victim.” Second, the US–Central American sanctuary movement provides powerful insight into future understandings of sanctuary as a concept and practice.The movement’s legacies extend beyond participants’ stated goals, while the movement’s transnational political and organizational focus differentiates it from current sanctuary practices.Thus, re-examining its origins and legacies suggests that apparent similarities in the form of sanctuary incidents may hide underlying differences and that current sanctuary practices may also eventually have unanticipated consequences.

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20

Huezo, Stephanie M. "Remembering the Return from Exodus: An Analysis of a Salvadoran Community’s Local History Reenactment." Journal of Latino/Latin American Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18085/1549-9502.11.1.56.

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Abstract On June 20, 1986, amid the 12-year civil war in El Salvador (1980–1992), a group of displaced Salvadorans from the northern department of Chalatenango declared San José las Flores their home. As the war between the Salvadoran army and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) intensified in rural areas, many people left to find refuge in other parts of the country. Since the FMLN had an active presence in Chalatenango, the Salvadoran military bombed this region frequently, which transformed las Flores into a ghost town by 1984. Those Salvadorans who decided to hide instead of leaving the country or even the region faced treacherous conditions as they trekked through the mountainous terrain of Chalatenango fleeing from military operations. By 1986, many of these Salvadorans emerged from their precarious living to demand their right to live in San José las Flores. More than three decades after the repopulation of the town, and more than two decades since the signing of the peace accords, residents of las Flores continue to celebrate their history, without fail, every year, bearing witness to a reenactment of the events that led to their town’s repopulation. This article examines these anniversaries, especially its 30th anniversary in 2016, to understand how the town remembers, interprets, and transforms their local history. What prompts residents of las Flores to relive these events? How is social memory and trauma transmitted to the diverse audience in attendance? What does reenactment have to do with collective memory? This article argues that the performance of the repopulation of las Flores, enacted by former guerrilla soldiers, survivors of the war, and their children and grandchildren, demonstrates how the history, memories, and values of this town are transmitted from generation to generation. In Diana Taylor’s words, they remember their collective suffering, challenges, and triumphs through both archival and embodied memory.

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21

Lindstrom, David P., and Cecilia Menjivar. "Fragmented Ties: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America." Journal of American History 89, no. 3 (December 2002): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3092495.

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22

Coutin, Susan Bibler. "Fragmented Ties: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America." American Ethnologist 29, no. 2 (May 2002): 430–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.430.

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23

Baker-Cristales, Beth. "Politics and Positionality in Fieldwork with Salvadorans in Los Angeles." PoLAR: Political html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii=""/ Legal Anthropology Review 22, no. 2 (November 1999): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/pol.1999.22.2.120.

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24

Sorenson, Travis. "Voseo to Tuteo Accommodation among Salvadorans in the United States." Hispania 96, no. 4 (2013): 763–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2013.0120.

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25

Wright, Richard, Adrian J. Bailey, Ines Miyares, and Alison Mountz. "Legal status, gender and employment among Salvadorans in the US." International Journal of Population Geography 6, no. 4 (2000): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1220(200007/08)6:4<273::aid-ijpg188>3.0.co;2-0.

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26

Moran-Taylor, Michelle, and Cecilia Menjivar. "Unpacking Longings to Return: Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Phoenix, Arizona1." International Migration 43, no. 4 (October 2005): 91–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2005.00334.x.

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27

Shankar, Sharada, Mary Lou Gutierrez-Mohamed, and Anthony J. Alberg. "Cigarette smoking among immigrant salvadoreans in washington, dc." Addictive Behaviors 25, no. 2 (March 2000): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(99)00009-x.

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28

Kulig, Judith C. "Family Life Among El Salvadorans, Guatemalans And Nicaraguans: A Comparative Study." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 29, no. 3 (October 1, 1998): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.29.3.469.

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29

Stowers, Sharon L. "Gastronomic Nostalgia: Salvadoran Immigrants' Cravings for Their Ideal Meal." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 51, no. 5 (September 2012): 374–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2012.696008.

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30

Menjivar, Cecilia, Nora Hamilton, and Norma Stoltz Chinchilla. "Seeking Community in a Global City: Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles." Contemporary Sociology 31, no. 2 (March 2002): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089502.

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31

Vasquez, M. A. "Pentecostalism, Collective Identity, and Transnationalism Among Salvadorans and Peruvians in the U.S." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 67, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/67.3.617.

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32

Steen, P. "Seeking Community in a Global City: Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles." Journal of Refugee Studies 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/16.1.108.

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33

Coutin, Susan Bibler. "From Refugees to Immigrants: The Legalization Strategies of Salvadoran Immigrants and Activists." International Migration Review 32, no. 4 (1998): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547665.

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Coutin, Susan Bibler. "From Refugees to Immigrants: The Legalization Strategies of Salvadoran Immigrants and Activists." International Migration Review 32, no. 4 (December 1998): 901–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200403.

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Menjivar, Cecilia, Julie DaVanzo, Lisa Greenwell, and R. Burciaga Valdez. "Remittance Behavior among Salvadoran and Filipino Immigrants in Los Angeles." International Migration Review 32, no. 1 (1998): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547562.

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36

Merry, Sally Engle. "Book Review: Legalizing Moves: Salvadoran Immigrants’ Struggle for US Residency." Theoretical Criminology 7, no. 1 (February 2003): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480603007001571.

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Menjivar, Cecilia. "Immigrant Kinship Networks: Vietnamese, Salvadoreans and Mexicans in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 28, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.28.1.1.

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Itzigsohn, José, and Silvia Giorguli Saucedo. "Immigrant Incorporation and Sociocultural Transnationalism." International Migration Review 36, no. 3 (September 2002): 766–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00104.x.

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This article analyzes sociocultural transnational linkages among Colombian, Dominican, and Salvadoran immigrants in the United States. It emphasizes the importance of comparative analysis and yields three main findings. First, participation in any particular transnational activity is low, but participation over all the different forms of transnational practices is extended. Second, the process of incorporation does not weaken transnational participation. Third, there is more than one causal path that can account for the rise of transnational sociocultural practices. The different paths can be explained by reference to the context of reception and the mode of incorporation of each group.

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Ortiz, Milta. "Sanctuary." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 9, no. 1 (2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2020.9.1.116.

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Sanctuary is a play based on real events and real people. In this opening scene, we meet Carol and Mica as they set out to investigate what they believe to be a refugee crisis in 1981. They have uncovered harsh truths about Central Americans, mostly Salvadorans, fleeing war. They are being detained by border patrol under the US Immigration and Naturalization Service's orders and are being coerced against political asylum applications. Mica and Carol set out to help refugees apply for political asylum, but first they must convince the detainees one by one that they can be trusted.

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40

Fernández, Gastón, and León Narváez. "Refugees and Human Rights in Costa Rica: The Mariel Cubans." International Migration Review 21, no. 2 (June 1987): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100209.

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Historically, Costa Rican refugee policies have reflected a broad human rights perspective consistent with international principles. However, the reception and subsequent treatment of Mariel Cubans took place in an increasingly negative context, namely a substantial increase in the number of Salvadorans and Nicaraguans requiring assistance. As a result, the skills, educational levels and occupational experiences of the Mariel Cubans were not considered assets for Costa Rican development. Costa Rica, the host society for hundreds of Mariel Cubans, raised obstacles to the effective utilization of those assets. These obstacles raise questions about aspects of Costa Rica's longstanding commitment to human rights.

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41

Macekura, Stephen. "“For Fear of Persecution”: Displaced Salvadorans and U.S. Refugee Policy in the 1980s." Journal of Policy History 23, no. 3 (July 2011): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030611000145.

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42

Menjívar, Cecilia. "Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants' Lives in the United States." American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 4 (January 2006): 999–1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/499509.

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43

Raymond, Chase Wesley. "Reallocation of pronouns through contact: In-the-moment identity construction amongst Southern California Salvadorans." Journal of Sociolinguistics 16, no. 5 (November 2012): 669–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josl.12001.

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44

Dyrness, Andrea, and Enrique Sepúlveda, III. "Education and the Production of Diasporic Citizens in El Salvador." Harvard Educational Review 85, no. 1 (March 18, 2015): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.85.1.r6j5064448621r73.

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In this article, Dyrness and Sepúlveda argue that in El Salvador, young people are participants in a diasporic social imaginary that connects them with Salvadorans and other Latinos in the United States—before they have ever left the country. The authors explore how this transnational relationship manifests in two school communities in San Salvador: a private school long recognized as a gateway to the elite and a public school serving one of the most violent and impoverished urban marginalized communities in San Salvador. Focusing on two different contexts of socialization—“homeboy” expressive culture and school-based English instruction—they argue that both groups of students were experiencing contradictory forces of cultural socialization that are characteristic of the diaspora.

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Menjívar, Cecilia. "Educational Hopes, Documented Dreams: Guatemalan and Salvadoran Immigrants' Legality and Educational Prospects." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 620, no. 1 (November 2008): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716208323020.

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Mitchell, Julie, and Susan Bibler Coutin. "Living Documents in Transnational Spaces of Migration between El Salvador and the United States." Law & Social Inquiry 44, no. 04 (March 27, 2019): 865–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2018.27.

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The expansion of immigration enforcement in the United States has increased the documentation requirements to which immigrants are subjected. A case in point is birth certificates, which are used to establish identity, nationality, age, and kin relationships in myriad US immigration cases. This development gives highly localized bureaucratic practices in immigrants’ countries of origin transnational implications. Based on fieldwork in a registry of vital records in El Salvador, interviews with Salvadoran officials, and legal work with immigrants in the United States, this article analyzes birth certificates’ use as immigration documents, focusing on the understandings of legality and authenticity that underpin their circulation. This analysis contributes to theorizing citizenship by detailing the ways that immigration enforcement practices in immigrants’ country of residence can make their relationship to their country of origin both more important (in that they need identity documents) and less accessible (due to distance).

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Whelan, Matthew Philipp. "“You Possess The Land That Belongs To All Salvadorans”: Archbishop Óscar Romero and Ordinary Violence." Modern Theology 35, no. 4 (January 30, 2019): 638–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/moth.12478.

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Coutin, Susan Bibler. "Falling Outside: Excavating the History of Central American Asylum Seekers." Law & Social Inquiry 36, no. 03 (2011): 569–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01243.x.

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This article takes a retrospective look at legal advocacy on behalf of Central American asylum seekers, which has been influential in the development of US asylum law and in the creation of an infrastructure to address immigrants' needs. The article considers three time periods when Central Americans have been deemed to fall outside of the category of refugee: (1) the 1980s, when US administrations argued that Central Americans were economic immigrants; (2) the 1990s, when civil wars in El Salvador and Guatemala came to an end; and (3) the 2000s, when some Salvadoran youths in removal proceedings have argued that they faced persecution as perceived or actual gang members. This retrospective analysis highlights the ways in which law can be creatively reinterpreted by legal actors, as well as how legal innovations carry forward traces of prior historical moments.

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Negy, Charles, Abilio Reig-Ferrer, Mauricio Gaborit, and Christopher J. Ferguson. "Psychological Homelessness and Enculturative Stress among US-Deported Salvadorans: A Preliminary Study with a Novel Approach." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16, no. 6 (March 18, 2014): 1278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-0006-y.

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Landolt, Patricia. "Salvadoran economic transnationalism: embedded strategies for household maintenance, immigrant incorporation, and entrepreneurial expansion." Global Networks 1, no. 3 (July 2001): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00014.

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