Journal articles: 'Salvia reflexa'

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Odero, Dennis C., Abdel O. Mesbah, Stephen D. Miller, and Andrew R. Kniss. "Lanceleaf Sage (Salvia reflexa) Interference in Sugarbeet." Weed Technology 24, no. 4 (December 2010): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00015.1.

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Field studies were conducted in Powell, WY, in 2006 and 2007 to determine the influence of season-long interference of various lanceleaf sage densities and durations of interference on sugarbeet. The rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (A) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss characterized the relationship between lanceleaf sage density and sugarbeet yield loss. The estimated parameterI(yield loss per unit weed density as density approaches zero) was 3% for both root and sucrose yield loss. Increasing duration of lanceleaf sage interference had a negative effect on sugarbeet root yield. The critical timing of weed removal to avoid 5 and 10% root yield loss was 37 and 52 d after sugarbeet emergence, respectively. Lanceleaf sage interference did not affect percentage of sucrose content. These results indicate that lanceleaf sage is not as competitive as other weeds but that appropriate control measures should be undertaken to minimize sugarbeet yield loss from interference.

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Hussain, Wahid, Lal Badshah, Sayed Afzal Shah, Farrukh Hussain, Asghar Ali, Shamim-ul-Sibtain Shah, and Amir Sultan. "Salvia reflexa (Lamiaceae): a new record for Pakistan." Plant Science Today 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.1.431.

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Salvia reflexa Hornem., a member of the New World subgenus Calosphace, ranges from North America to southern South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Afghanistan in Asia, and still continues to expand its range. Here we report further range expansion for S. reflexa into the tribal areas of Pakistan and hypothesize that it has been introduced from Afghanistan. This represents a new record for the flora of Pakistan.

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WEERAKOON, W. L., and J. V. LOVETT. "Studies of Salvia reflexa Hornem. III. Factors controlling germination." Weed Research 26, no. 4 (August 1986): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1986.tb00706.x.

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WEERAKOON, W. L., and J. V. LOVETT. "Studies of Salvia reflexa Hornem. V. Competition from crop and pasture species." Weed Research 26, no. 4 (August 1986): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1986.tb00708.x.

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Panter, Kip E., Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Dale R. Gardner, Clinton A. Stonecipher, Stephen T. Lee, Don Kitchen, Adeline Brackett, and Charlie Davis. "Clinical, pathologic, and toxicologic characterization of Salvia reflexa (lance-leaf sage) poisoning in cattle fed contaminated hay." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638721995784.

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Salvia reflexa (lance-leaf sage)-contaminated alfalfa hay was fed to ~500 mixed-breed beef cattle. Within hours of exposure, nearly half of the cattle developed lethargy, anorexia, depression, and recumbency, followed by bellowing, colic, and death. Even though the uneaten contaminated hay was removed the first day, nearly 100 animals died within the first 48 h. Three of these cattle were examined postmortem, and tissues and hay samples were collected for microscopic and chemical analysis. Several days later, a smaller number of the clinically poisoned cattle developed neurologic disease with aberrant behavior, aggression, icterus, blindness, exhaustion, and death. A total of 165 cattle were fatally poisoned. Poisoned cattle had swollen, dark, mottled livers that had a prominent nutmeg-like lobular pattern on cut section. Histologically, there was severe centrilobular-to-panlobular hepatic necrosis with marked hepatocellular swelling, degeneration, and necrosis. The surviving cattle developed liver disease characterized by altered serum biochemical analyses and microscopic hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis. In subsequent biopsies and analysis, these lesions resolved within 6–7 mo. After confirming toxicity of the hay in cattle, goats, and mice, followed by a mouse bioassay–guided chemical fractionation process, Salvia reflexa was identified as the contaminant in the hay responsible for the hepatotoxicity. S. reflexa has not been reported previously to cause fatal hepatotoxicity in livestock in North America, to our knowledge.

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Kegode, George O., Gauri Nazre, and Michael J. Christoffers. "Germination Ecology of Biennial Wormwood (Artemisia biennis) and Lanceleaf Sage (Salvia reflexa) Seeds." Weed Science 58, no. 1 (March 2010): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-09-103.1.

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Biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage have become serious weeds of several crops within the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. Both species are prolific seed producers but little is known about their potential for developing persistent seedbanks. Field studies were conducted to determine the influence of duration (7, 8, 11, 19, 20, and 23 mo) and depth of burial (0, 2.5, and 10 cm) on biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seed viability and decay. Biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seeds were buried in September 2003 (burial 1) and September 2004 (burial 2). In burial 1, biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seed viability was 65 and 66%, respectively, after 23 mo of burial. In burial 2, biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seed viability was 8 and 3%, respectively, after 23 mo of burial. The difference was likely because of higher soil moisture during burial 2, which promoted seed decay. Controlled-environment studies sought to determine the influence of stratification environments (freezing, chilling, and freeze–thaw) followed by exposure to diurnally fluctuating temperatures on germination of biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seeds. Stratified biennial wormwood seed germination was 95% or greater when incubated in fluctuating day/night temperatures of 37/20 or 37/25 C. Stratified lanceleaf sage seeds from freezing and chilling environments did not differ in germination following incubation in fluctuating temperatures and averaged 56 and 55%, respectively. Germination of stratified lanceleaf sage seeds from the freezing and thawing environment was higher than 50% during the thawing cycle, suggesting the possibility of early season emergence of this species. Our study indicates that biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage have the potential to develop a seedbank that can persist for more than 2 yr. High moisture levels in the soil seedbank can lead to reduced seed survival.

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Shao, M. N., B. Qu, B. T. Drew, C. L. Xiang, Q. Miao, and S. H. Luo. "Outbreak of a new alien invasive plant Salvia reflexa in north‐east China." Weed Research 59, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wre.12357.

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Goswami, Sunita, Jeewanti Kanyal, Om Prakash, Ravendra Kumar, D. S. Rawat, R. M. Srivastava, and A. K. Pant. "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antifungal and Antifeedant Activity of the Salvia reflexa Hornem. Essential Oil." Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (September 15, 2019): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajaps.2019.185.191.

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Gardner, Dale R., Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, and Clinton A. Stonecipher. "Hepatotoxicity in Cattle Associated with Salvia reflexa Diterpenes, including 7-Hydroxyrhyacophiline, a New Seco-Clerodane Diterpene." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69, no. 4 (January 21, 2021): 1251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06390.

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10

Holcomb, G. E. "First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by Peronospora lamii on Salvia splendens and Salvia coccinea." Plant Disease 84, no. 10 (October 2000): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1154b.

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Angular chlorotic spots were observed on adaxial leaf surfaces of Salvia splendens (scarlet sage cvs. Empire Purple, Empire White, Red Pillar, and Red Hot Sally) and S. coccinea (scarlet or Texas sage cv. Lady in Red) in early May in Baton Rouge area nurseries. Leaf spots sometimes became necrotic and resulted in leaf drop. Abaxial leaf surfaces contained scattered patches of white mycelia with brown spores. Microscopic examination of mycelia revealed irregular dichotomously branched conidiophores with pointed tips and brown oval conidia. Conidiophores averaged 485 × 9 µm and conidia averaged 21 × 18 µm (16 to 26 × 15 to 23 µm) in dimensions. The fungus was identified as Peronospora lamii A. Braun (= P. swinglei Ellis & Everh.) based on these characters and its known occurrence on Salvia spp. and five other genera in the family Lamiaceae (2). Pathogenicity tests were performed by washing conidia from infected leaves into distilled water and mistinoculating S. coccinea cv. Lady in Red and S. splendens cv. Empire Purple with 50,000 spores/ml. Plants were held in a dew chamber at 20°C for 3 days, then moved to a greenhouse where temperatures ranged from 18 to 32°C. Typical angular chlorotic leaf spots developed on inoculated plants within 6 to 8 days and noninoculated plants remained healthy. The fungus did not sporulate under these greenhouse temperatures, but infected leaves that were removed and placed in a moist chamber at 25°C produced conidiophores and brown conidia typical of P. lamii within 2 to 3 days. P. lamii has been reported previously on S. officinalis (3) and S. reflexa (1) in the United States. This is the first report of downy mildew on S. coccinea and S. splendens. Appearance of the disease in retail nurseries that obtained plants from out of state (Arkansas) suggests a widespread occurrence of the disease on these host plants. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) S. M. Francis. 1981. Peronospora lamii. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 688. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England. (3) R. T. McMillan and W. R. Graves. Plant Dis. 78:317, 1994.

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WEERAKOON, W. L., and J. V. LOVETT. "Studies of Salvia reflexa Hornem. IV. Effects of watering frequency, drought and nutrient supply on growth and development." Weed Research 26, no. 4 (August 1986): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1986.tb00707.x.

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12

Walker, S. R., G. R. Robinson, and P. A. Hargreaves. "Weed control with atrazine and chlorsulfuron is determined by herbicide availability and persistence in soils." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 7 (1997): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97027.

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Effectiveness and length of weed control with atrazine and chlorsulfuron can be variable in the field. While some of this may be due to climatic variations, differences in soil properties may also be important. We tested this by recording changes in control of mintweed (Salvia reflexa Hornem.) and turnip weed (Rapistrum rugosum L.) with time in different soils, and comparing these results with the measured changes in plant-available herbicide in the soils. Length of weed control with the same herbicide rate varied from 0 to >15 weeks. Mintweed and turnip weed were controlled (85-100%) only when the soils had ¸ 0·1µ#9839;g available atrazine/g and 0·8 ng available chlorsulfuron/g, respectively. This agreed with the sensitivity data for these weeds when grown in a soil-free system. The herbicides were initially more available in grey clays than in black earths, and soil pH accounted for most of the variations in the persistence of the available residues. Thus, the efficacy of these herbicides in different soils could be estimated if the available residues in the root-zone could be predicted and the sensitivity of different weeds was known.

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van Warmerdam, Ljc, H. Rosing, WW ten Bokkel Huinink, Raa Maes, and JH Beijnen. "Do topotecan concentrations in saliva reflect plasma concentrations?" Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 1, no. 1 (June 1995): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107815529500100105.

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Ashton, Nicholas J., Kaj Blennow, and Henrik Zetterberg. "Spitting image: can saliva biomarkers reflect Alzheimer's disease?" EBioMedicine 68 (June 2021): 103437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103437.

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Majster, Mirjam, Ronaldo Lira-Junior, Charlotte M. Höög, Sven Almer, and Elisabeth A. Boström. "Salivary and Serum Inflammatory Profiles Reflect Different Aspects of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 26, no. 10 (July 29, 2020): 1588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izaa190.

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Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can manifest both macroscopically and microscopically in the oral cavity; however, little is known about salivary changes in IBD. Therefore, this study aimed to assess salivary and circulatory inflammatory profiles in IBD and to compare their potential to reflect the presence and activity of IBD. Methods We measured 92 known inflammatory proteins in serum and in unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva samples from patients with IBD with active intestinal inflammation (n = 21) and matched control patients (n = 22) by proximity extension assay. Fifteen of the patients with IBD returned 10 to 12 weeks after treatment escalation for resampling. Results Sixty-seven of the proteins were detected in all 3 sample fluids but formed distinct clusters in serum and saliva. Twenty-one inflammatory proteins were significantly increased and 4 were significantly decreased in the serum of patients with IBD compared with that of the control patients. Two of the increased serum proteins, IL-6 and MMP-10, were also significantly increased in stimulated saliva of patients with IBD and correlated positively to their expressions in serum. None of the investigated proteins in serum or saliva were significantly altered by IBD treatment at follow-up. Overall, inflammatory proteins in serum correlated to biochemical status, and salivary proteins correlated positively to clinical parameters reflecting disease activity. Conclusions Saliva and serum inflammatory profiles in IBD share a similar composition but reflect different aspects of disease activity. The oral cavity reflects IBD through elevated IL-6 and MMP-10 in stimulated saliva.

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Fukuda, Shimpei, Nagato Kuriyama, Hiroyuki Tsuru, and Masato Egawa. "Immediate Effects of Acupuncture on Tongue Pressure Including Swallowing Reflex Latency in Parkinson's Disease." Acupuncture in Medicine 34, no. 1 (February 2016): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2015-010811.

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Background It is important to evaluate tongue function in terms of its clinical implications for swallowing ability. Motor dysfunction and loss of coordination of the tongue are frequently seen, and this influences the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of a single acupuncture treatment for tongue pressure in Parkinson's disease. Methods A total of 13 patients, aged 57– 84 years, were recruited. Tongue pressure was measured using a tongue pressure manometer. Furthermore, swallowing reflex latency was measured in 3 of the 13 patients. Results Significant changes were seen after acupuncture in mean tongue pressure, which increased from 23.1 to 26.7 kPa (p<0.01). Reductions were seen after acupuncture in mean swallowing reflex latency (from 5.2 to 4.6 s for first saliva swallow; from 19.9 to 15.7 s for second saliva swallow; and from 10.4 to 5.7 s for third saliva swallow(s)). Conclusions Our study's findings suggest that acupuncture may be useful for improving oral cavity function, but further controlled trials are needed.

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STAN, Roxana Liana, Eleonora MARIAN, Bogdan SEVASTRE, Orsolya SÁRPATAKI, Mariana MUREȘAN, Alexandra Cristina SEVASTRE-BERGHIAN, Tunde JURCA, and Adriana Corina HANGAN. "Salvia officinalis L. extract increase the antitumor effect of Doxorubicin on Ehrlich carcinoma tumor cells." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 76, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2019.0009.

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The current study demonstrated the superior in vivo antitumor activity of the association between Salvia officinalis L. and Doxorubicin as compared with Doxorubicin alone and its lack of toxicity. The study was carried out on 32 Mus musculus female mice, for 14 days long. The tumor model was Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC). Animals were divided in four equal groups of 8 mice: normal control, tumor control, EAC + doxorubicin and EAC + doxorubicin + Salvia officimalis L. All the values that reflect the tumor development (difference in body weight, EAC volume and cellular concentration) were improved in significant manner. Hematological and biochemistry parameters determination were performed for all four groups of mice and no cytotoxicity was found. The efficacy of Salvia officinalis L. as an adjuvant therapy in cancer has been demonstrated.

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Kraiem, Z., S. M. Shasha, H. Ben-Aryeh, B. Glaser, M. Sheinfeld, B. Cristal, and C. Chirurg. "Do cyclic AMP concentrations in saliva reflect PTH biologic activity?" Metabolism 34, no. 6 (June 1985): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(85)90185-4.

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Brown, Frances N., Alan R. Mackie, Qi He, Alison Branch, and Anwesha Sarkar. "Protein–saliva interactions: a systematic review." Food & Function 12, no. 8 (2021): 3324–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo03180a.

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Berckmans, René J., Auguste Sturk, Laurens M. van Tienen, Marianne C. L. Schaap, and Rienk Nieuwland. "Cell-derived vesicles exposing coagulant tissue factor in saliva." Blood 117, no. 11 (March 17, 2011): 3172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-06-290460.

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Abstract On vascular damage, coagulation is initiated by extravascular tissue factor (TF). Intravascular TF, which is present on circulating cell-derived vesicles, is noncoagulant under physiologic conditions but prothrombotic under pathologic conditions. Human saliva triggers coagulation, but the mechanism and physiologic relevance are unknown. Because saliva is known to contain TF, we hypothesized that this TF may also be associated with cell-derived vesicles to facilitate coagulation when saliva directly contacts blood. The saliva-induced shortening of the clotting time of autologous plasma and whole blood from healthy subjects (n = 10) proved TF-dependent. This TF was associated with various types of cell-derived vesicles, including microparticles and exosomes. The physiologic function was shown by adding saliva to human pericardial wound blood collected from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Addition of saliva shortened the clotting time from 300 ± 96 to 186 ± 24 seconds (P = .03). Our results show that saliva triggers coagulation, thereby reducing blood loss and the risk of pathogens entering the blood. We postulate that our reflex to lick a wound may be a mechanism to enable TF-exposing vesicles, present in saliva, to aid in the coagulation process and thus protect the organism from entering pathogens. This unique compartmentalization may be highly conserved because also animals lick their wounds.

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Lequin, R. M., A. van den Boogaard, J. Vermeulen, and M. Danhof. "Progesterone in saliva: pitfalls and consequent implications for accuracy of the determination." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.5.831.

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Abstract The concentration of steroid hormones in saliva is believed to reflect the concentration of free hormone in blood. Because the assay for progesterone in saliva has not been rigorously validated, we investigated some of the analytical variables involved. Saliva samples were divided into two portions. One was centrifuged and the supernate used for extraction; the other was homogenized by sonication and used as such for extraction. Progesterone concentrations in homogenized whole saliva were double or triple those in supernates. By equilibrium dialysis we established that 85% of progesterone was in the free form in supernates but only 60 to 70% in homogenized whole saliva, depending upon the phase of the cycle of the subjects. Salivary flow was stimulated by crystals of citric acid; unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were obtained from the same person. Progesterone concentrations were significantly (p less than 0.02) higher in stimulated samples than in unstimulated ones, particularly in samples collected during the luteal phase.

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Clancy, Robert L., Allan W. Cripps, Diana C. Taylor, Lois A. McShane, and Victor J. Webster. "Detection of Antibody againstHelicobacter pyloriin the Saliva of Patients with Dyspepsia." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 8, no. 7 (1994): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/628376.

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There is a need to develop noninvasive assays to detectHelicobacter pyloriinfection in the gastric mucosa, Current dogma predicts that the presence of antibody within saliva should accurately reflect contemporary colonization of the gut mucosa. This study examined the clinical value of a saliva enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-H pyloriantibody, compared with the serum ELISA assay, and found the sensitivity of the saliva assay was 89%, specificity 94%, accuracy 93%, positive predictive value 89% and negative predictive value 94%. Assessment following eradication therapy demonstrated that salivary antibody was a more sensitive indicator of colonization than was serum antibody. The immunoglobulin G antibody in saliva correlated best with colonization, and regression analysis was most consistent with a local production of antibody. These results indicate that detection of antibody in saliva contributes to diagnosis and management ofH pyloriinfection.

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Holmström, Sofia Björnfot, Ronaldo Lira-Junior, Stephanie Zwicker, Mirjam Majster, Anders Gustafsson, Sigvard Åkerman, Björn Klinge, Mattias Svensson, and Elisabeth A. Boström. "MMP-12 and S100s in saliva reflect different aspects of periodontal inflammation." Cytokine 113 (January 2019): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.036.

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Lukose, Jijo, Sanoop Pavithran M., Mithun N., Ajaya Kumar Barik, Keerthilatha M. Pai, V. K. Unnikrishnan, Sajan D. George, V. B. Kartha, and Santhosh Chidangil. "Photonics of human saliva: potential optical methods for the screening of abnormal health conditions and infections." Biophysical Reviews 13, no. 3 (June 2021): 359–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12551-021-00807-8.

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AbstractHuman saliva can be treated as a pool of biological markers able to reflect on the state of personal health. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the use of optical devices for the analysis of body fluids. Several groups have carried out studies investigating the potential of saliva as a non-invasive and reliable clinical specimen for use in medical diagnostics. This brief review aims to highlight the optical technologies, mainly surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which are being used for the probing of saliva for diverse biomedical applications. Advances in bio photonics offer the promise of unambiguous, objective and fast detection of abnormal health conditions and viral infections (such as COVID-19) from the analysis of saliva.

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Moy, MS, Kathleen V., Joseph D. Ma, PharmD, Candis M. Morello, PharmD, CDE, Rabia S. Atayee, PharmD, BCPS, and Brookie M. Best, PharmD, MAS. "Monitoring oxycodone use in patients with chronic pain: Analysis of oxycodone and metabolite excretion in saliva and urine." Journal of Opioid Management 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2014.0191.

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Objective: Saliva is purported to have a close correspondence to plasma concentrations due to a passive diffusion process from plasma to saliva. However, limited data are available characterizing oxycodone and its metabolites in saliva. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the use of saliva monitoring in patients prescribed oxycodone and to compare the disposition of oxycodone in saliva and urine. Design: This retrospective analysis examined deidentified urine and saliva specimens collected from patients with chronic pain. These specimens were received at Millennium Laboratories between March and June 2012 and analyzed using LCMS/ MS to quantitate oxycodone, noroxycodone, and oxymorphone concentrations.Results: The geometric mean metabolic ratio (MR) of noroxycodone to oxycodone in saliva was 0.11, whereas the geometric mean MR in urine was 1.7. The geometric mean oxycodone concentration in saliva was 860 ng/mL (range, 1.5-8,600,000 ng/mL; 95% CI, 770-950 ng/mL), whereas the geometric mean noroxycodone concentration was 98 ng/mL (range, 2.3-8,800 ng/mL; 95% CI, 90-107 ng/mL). Fifty-four of the saliva specimens (6 percent) had oxycodone concentrations between 10,000 and 9,000,000 ng/mL.Conclusions: Oxycodone is predominant over noroxycodone in saliva (similar to plasma), while the reverse relationship exists in urine. Much greater oxycodone concentrations were found in saliva than are expected in plasma (up to a 1,000-fold difference). Saliva concentrations are lower than urine concentrations but still may not reflect plasma disposition. Possible explanations include medication residue in the mouth (recent medication use or misuse) or active secretion into saliva. Saliva analysis may be used for qualitative drug monitoring of oxycodone, with detection rates similar to urine; however, further characterization is needed for appropriate interpretation.

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Evans, J. J. "Progesterone in saliva does not parallel unbound progesterone in plasma." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.3.542.

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Abstract To assess the potential application of salivary progesterone, in light of the voluminous published information on blood progesterone, I compared plasma and salivary progesterone in paired samples and found that they exhibit similar patterns, both having high concentrations in the second half of the cycle. However, the ratio between values for plasma and saliva changed during the cycle. I observed no concomitant changes in binding of progesterone to plasma proteins, which might have been expected if the concentrations in saliva reflect those of non-protein-bound steroid in plasma. There was some binding of progesterone by salivary proteins, but the proportion of progesterone so bound apparently remained constant during the cycle. Data on progesterone in saliva must therefore be interpreted with awareness of the properties of saliva, and not simply as "free" plasma progesterone.

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Batista, Graziela Ribeiro, Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, Beatrice Sener, Thomas Attin, and Annette Wiegand. "Artificial Saliva Formulations versus Human Saliva Pretreatment in Dental Erosion Experiments." Caries Research 50, no. 1 (2016): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443188.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the erosion-preventive effect of different artificial saliva formulations and human saliva in vitro compared to human saliva in situ. In the in vitro experiment, bovine enamel and dentin specimens were stored in artificial saliva (4 different formulations, each n = 20), deionized water (n = 20) or human saliva (n = 6 enamel and dentin specimens/volunteer) for 120 min. In the in situ experiment, each of the 6 enamel and dentin specimens was worn intraorally by 10 volunteers for 120 min. The specimens were then eroded (HCl, pH 2.6, 60 s). Half of the specimens were subjected to microhardness analysis (enamel) and the determination of calcium release into the acid (enamel and dentin), while the other half were again placed in the respective medium or worn intraorally, respectively, for 120 min before a second erosion was performed. Knoop microhardness of enamel and the calcium release of enamel and dentin into the acid were again determined. Statistical analysis was conducted by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA or two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Enamel microhardness was not significantly different between all test groups after the first and the second erosive challenge, respectively. Enamel calcium loss was significantly lower in situ compared to the in vitro experiment, where there was no significant difference between all test groups. Dentin calcium loss was significantly lower than deionized water only after the first and than all except one artificial saliva after the second erosion. Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of artificial saliva formulations and human saliva in vitro does not reflect the intraoral situation in dental erosion experiments adequately.

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Matsuo, R., J. R. Garrett, G. B. Proctor, and G. H. Carpenter. "Reflex secretion of proteins into submandibular saliva in conscious rats, before and after preganglionic sympathectomy." Journal of Physiology 527, no. 1 (August 2000): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00175.x.

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Dobrek, Lukasz. "DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF SELECTED SALIVARY PROTEOMICS FOR AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT." Acta Neuropsychologica 18, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1424.

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The clinical assessment of autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, enabling the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy present in the course of many diseases, is currently based on performing simple cardiovascular reflexes (Ewing tests), analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) or heart rate turbulence (HRT), examining skin sweating or recording neurophysiological tests (e.g. microneurography). Laboratory assessment of ANS function is very scarce and practically only includes the plasma assessment of noradrenaline as a surrogate for the biochemical indicator of sympathetic activity. Recently, the possibility of evaluation of selected compounds present in saliva as laboratory markers of not only oral diseases but also systemic diseases has been raised. This work focuses on a brief description of the anatomy and physiology of the salivary glands and describes the formation of saliva, its composition and the use of this bodily fluid in laboratory diagnostics. In addition, the paper specifically discusses the possibility of determining selected compounds that are considered to reflect autonomic activity. A review of the literature indicates primarily four proteomics: two neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) that are co-transmitters in autonomic fibers, chromogranin A, a synaptic vesicle protein and α-amylase, a hydrolytic enzyme pre-digesting carbohydrates in the oral cavity. These are currently the most widely investigated agents for their usefulness as laboratory markers of ANS activity.

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Chmieliauskas, Sigitas, Sigitas Laima, Karolina GinÄŤienÄ—, Gerda AndriuĹˇkeviÄŤiĹ«tÄ—, Meda SutkeviÄŤiĹ«tÄ—, Monika StanÄŤiukaitÄ—, Jurgita StasiĹ«nienÄ—, and Algimantas Jasulaitis. "SIDS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, INFANT PHYSIOLOGY AND SALIVA ASPIRATION." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 24, 2017): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1050.

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A sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is diagnosed in the case of a sudden and unexpected death of an infant during sleep and where an autopsy shows no obvious pathological lesions or injuries. Although literature indicates a wide range of risk factors, there is no single opinion on the specific cause of SIDS. This paper describes a study of 191 infant deaths in which the State Forensic Medicine Service established 29 SIDS cases. Microscopical and histological results of samples taken from sections of the respiratory system reveal serous fluid in the alveoli and change specific to asphyxia in all autopsy cases of infants diagnosed with SIDS. The risk of SIDS is highest in infants aged 1â€“4 months. Salivary gland secretion increases with the development of infant physiology, and this increase coincides with infant teething. However, in this phase, an infantâ€™s swallowing reflex is still to form completely. Findings suggest that the serous fluid found in the alveoli was from the salivary glands, and thus, saliva aspiration may be associated with infant deaths due to SIDS.

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Nishanian, Parunag, Najib Aziz, Joanie Chung, Roger Detels, and John L. Fahey. "Oral Fluids as an Alternative to Serum for Measurement of Markers of Immune Activation." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 4 (July 1, 1998): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.4.507-512.1998.

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ABSTRACT Oral fluids are convenient alternatives to blood sampling for evaluating significant metabolic components. Two forms of oral fluids, oral mucosal transudates (OMT) and saliva, were collected and compared for content of soluble products of immune activation. The data confirm that OMT and saliva represent distinct body fluids. The concentrations, outputs, and analyte/protein ratios of β-2-microglobulin (β2M), soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor II (sTNFαRII), and neopterin were measured. Both the OMT and the saliva of most of the individuals in the control healthy populations had measurable levels of all three activation markers. When the immune system is activated, as in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the levels of β2M and sTNFαRII are increased in both OMT and saliva compared to those in a healthy control population. OMT levels correlated better with levels in serum than did saliva and appear to reflect systemic immune activation in HIV infection. Because acquisition of oral fluids is noninvasive and easily repeatable, measurement of β2M and/or sTNFαRII content in OMT could be useful in the assessment of disease activity in patients with HIV infection or chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Ito, Kayoko, Masao Morikawa, and Kiyotoshi Inenaga. "Suppression of reflex saliva from rat parotid gland following intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic NaCl and sucrose." Archives of Oral Biology 47, no. 1 (January 2002): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9969(01)00084-x.

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Lim, Hyo-Ryoung, Soon Min Lee, Musa Mahmood, Shinjae Kwon, Yun-Soung Kim, Yongkuk Lee, and Woon-Hong Yeo. "Development of Flexible Ion-Selective Electrodes for Saliva Sodium Detection." Sensors 21, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051642.

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Saliva can be used for health monitoring with non-invasive wearable systems. Such devices, including electrochemical sensors, may provide a safe, fast, and cost-efficient way of detecting target ions. Although salivary ions are known to reflect those in blood, no available clinical device can detect essential ions directly from saliva. Here, we introduce an all-solid-state, flexible film sensor that allows highly accurate detection of sodium levels in saliva, comparable to those in blood. The wireless film sensor system can successfully measure sodium ions from a small volume of infants’ saliva (<400 µL), demonstrating its potential as a continuous health monitor. This study includes the structural characterization and error analysis of a carbon/elastomer-based ion-selective electrode and a reference electrode to confirm the signal reliability. The sensor, composed of a pair of the electrodes, shows good sensitivity (58.9 mV/decade) and selectivity (log K = −2.68 for potassium), along with a broad detection range of 5 × 10−5 ≈ 1 M with a low detection limit of 4.27 × 10−5 M. The simultaneous comparison between the film sensor and a commercial electrochemical sensor demonstrates the accuracy of the flexible sensor and a positive correlation in saliva-to-blood sodium levels. Collectively, the presented study shows the potential of the wireless ion-selective sensor system for a non-invasive, early disease diagnosis with saliva.

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Kobayashi, Gerson Shigeru, Luciano Abreu Brito, Danielle de Paula Moreira, Angela May Suzuki, Gabriella Shih Ping Hsia, Lylyan Fragoso Pimentel, Ana Paula Barreto de Paiva, et al. "A Novel Saliva RT-LAMP Workflow for Rapid Identification of COVID-19 Cases and Restraining Viral Spread." Diagnostics 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081400.

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Rapid diagnostics is pivotal to curb SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and saliva has emerged as a practical alternative to naso/oropharyngeal (NOP) specimens. We aimed to develop a direct RT-LAMP (reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification) workflow for viral detection in saliva, and to provide more information regarding its potential in curbing COVID-19 transmission. Clinical and contrived specimens were used to optimize formulations and sample processing protocols. Salivary viral load was determined in symptomatic patients to evaluate the clinical performance of the test and to characterize saliva based on age, gender and time from onset of symptoms. Our workflow achieved an overall sensitivity of 77.2% (n = 90), with 93.2% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and 0.895 Kappa for specimens containing >102 copies/μL (n = 77). Further analyses in saliva showed that viral load peaks in the first days of symptoms and decreases afterwards, and that viral load is ~10 times lower in females compared to males, and declines following symptom onset. NOP RT-PCR data did not yield relevant associations. This work suggests that saliva reflects the transmission dynamics better than NOP specimens, and reveals gender differences that may reflect higher transmission by males. This saliva RT-LAMP workflow can be applied to track viral spread and, to maximize detection, testing should be performed immediately after symptoms are presented, especially in females.

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Smith, D. J., M. A. Taubman, and J. L. Ebersole. "Ontogeny and Senescence of Salivary Immunity." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 2 (February 1987): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660021101.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the capacity for secretory immune responses throughout life. This was done by measuring, by single radial immunodiffusion, the concentrations of IgA and IgAI subclass in saliva samples of subjects who ranged in age from two months to 91 years. The presence of salivary IgA antibodies to two nearly ubiquitous mucosal antigens, Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase (GTF) and killed poliovirus (Types 1, 2, and 3), was measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in this population. Whole saliva from 2-5-month-old infants contained significantly less IgA than did parotid saliva of any adult group. Also, a significantly higher proportion of the total salivary IgA was IgAI in infants' saliva than was found in parotid saliva of adults. Salivary IgA and IgAl subclass levels in parotid saliva of young and old (70-91 years) adults did not differ. Salivary IgA antibody levels to GTF were negligible in most saliva samples of children less than five years old, while 40% of children older than one year had detectable levels of salivary antibody to poliovirus (PV). This difference between response to GTF and PV antigens may reflect differences in antigenic challenge. Parotid saliva of the oldest group (70-91 years) had narrowly distributed and uniformly low levels of IgA antibody to both antigens. Since their IgA immunoglobulin levels were the same as in younger adults, the low antibody levels in this oldest group may be associated with changes in the number or function of T or B lymphocytes or antigen-processing cells, and/or may result from diminished levels of challenge with these antigens.

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Franco-Martínez, Lorena, Andrea Gelemanović, Anita Horvatić, María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar, Roman Dąbrowski, Vladimir Mrljak, José Joaquín Cerón, Silvia Martínez-Subiela, and Asta Tvarijonaviciute. "Changes in Serum and Salivary Proteins in Canine Mammary Tumors." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040741.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in serum and saliva proteomes in canine mammary tumors (CMT) using a high-throughput quantitative proteomic analysis in order to potentially discover possible biomarkers of this disease. Proteomes of paired serum and saliva samples from healthy controls (HC group, n = 5) and bitches with CMT (CMT group, n = 5) were analysed using a Tandem Mass Tags-based approach. Twenty-five dogs were used to validate serum albumin as a candidate biomarker in an independent sample set. The proteomic analysis quantified 379 and 730 proteins in serum and saliva, respectively. Of those, 35 proteins in serum and 49 in saliva were differentially represented. The verification of albumin in serum was in concordance with the proteomic data, showing lower levels in CMT when compared to the HC group. Some of the modulated proteins found in the present study such as haptoglobin or S100A4 have been related to CMT or human breast cancer previously, while others such as kallikrein-1 and immunoglobulin gamma-heavy chains A and D are described here for the first time. Our results indicate that saliva and serum proteomes can reflect physiopathological changes that occur in CMT in dogs and can be a potential source of biomarkers of the disease.

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Drews, D., and T. P. Stein. "Effect of bolus fluid intake on energy expenditure values as determined by the doubly labeled water method." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.82.

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The doubly labeled water (DLW, 2H(2)18O) method is a highly accurate method for measuring energy expenditure (EE). A possible source of error is bolus fluid intake before body water sampling. If there is bolus fluid intake immediately before body water sampling, the saliva may reflect the ingested water disproportionately, because the ingested water may not have had time to mix fully with the body water pool. To ascertain the magnitude of this problem, EE was measured over a 5-day period by the DLW method. Six subjects were dosed with 2H2(18)O. After the reference salivas for the two-point determination were obtained, subjects drank water (700–1,000 ml), and serial saliva samples were collected for the next 3 h. Expressing the postbolus saliva enrichments as a percentage of the prebolus value, we found 1) a minimum in the saliva isotopic enrichments were reached at approximately 30 min with the minimum for 2H (95.48 +/- 0.43%) being significantly lower than the minimum for 18O (97.55 +/- 0.44, P less than 0.05) and 2) EE values calculated using the postbolus isotopic enrichments are appreciably higher (19.9 +/- 7.5%) than the prebolus reference values. In conclusion, it is not advisable to collect saliva samples for DLW measurements within approximately 1 h of bolus fluid intake.

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Kaczor-Urbanowicz, Karolina Elżbieta, Carmen Martin Carreras-Presas, Katri Aro, Michael Tu, Franklin Garcia-Godoy, and David TW Wong. "Saliva diagnostics – Current views and directions." Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, no. 5 (December 8, 2016): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370216681550.

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In this review, we provide an update on the current and future applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes. There are many advantages of using saliva as a biofluid. Its collection is fast, easy, inexpensive, and non-invasive. In addition, saliva, as a “mirror of the body,” can reflect the physiological and pathological state of the body. Therefore, it serves as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in many fields of science such as medicine, dentistry, and pharmacotherapy. Introduced in 2008, the term “Salivaomics” aimed to highlight the rapid development of knowledge about various “omics” constituents of saliva, including: proteome, transcriptome, micro-RNA, metabolome, and microbiome. In the last few years, researchers have developed new technologies and validated a wide range of salivary biomarkers that will soon make the use of saliva a clinical reality. However, a great need still exists for convenient and accurate point-of-care devices that can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. In addition, there is an urgent need to decipher the scientific rationale and mechanisms that convey systemic diseases to saliva. Another promising technology called liquid biopsy enables detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and fragments of tumor DNA in saliva, thus enabling non-invasive early detection of various cancers. The newly developed technology—electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM) provides near perfect detection of actionable mutations in lung cancer patients. These recent advances widened the salivary diagnostic approach from the oral cavity to the whole physiological system, and thus point towards a promising future of salivary diagnostics for personalized individual medicine applications including clinical decisions and post-treatment outcome predictions. Impact statement The purpose of this mini-review is to make an update about the present and future applications of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid in many fields of science such as dentistry, medicine and pharmacotherapy. Using saliva as a fluid for diagnostic purposes would be a huge breakthrough for both patients and healthcare providers since saliva collection is easy, non-invasive and inexpensive. We will go through the current main diagnostic applications of saliva, and provide a highlight on the emerging, newly developing technologies and tools for cancer screening, detection and monitoring.

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Franco-Martínez, Lorena, Andrea Gelemanović, Anita Horvatić, María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar, Vladimir Mrljak, José Joaquín Cerón, Silvia Martínez-Subiela, and Asta Tvarijonaviciute. "The Serum and Saliva Proteome of Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122261.

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This study aims to evaluate the changes in salivary and serum proteomes that occur in canine diabetes mellitus type-1 (DM) through a high-throughput quantitative proteomic analysis. The proteomes of 10 paired serum and saliva samples from healthy controls (HC group, n = 5) and dogs with untreated DM (DM group, n = 5) were analyzed using Tandem Mass Tags (TMT)-based proteomic approach. Additionally, 24 serum samples from healthy controls and untreated DM were used to validate haptoglobin in serum. The TMT analysis quantified 767 and 389 proteins in saliva and serum, respectively. Of those, 16 unique proteins in serum and 26 in saliva were differently represented between DM and HC groups. The verification of haptoglobin in serum was in concordance with the proteomic data. Our results pointed out changes in both saliva and serum proteomes that reflect different physiopathological changes in dogs with DM. Although some of the proteins identified here, such as malate dehydrogenase or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were previously related with DM in dogs, most of the proteins modulated in serum and saliva are described in canine DM for the first time and could be a source of potential biomarkers of the disease. Additionally, the molecular function, biological process, pathways and protein class of the differential proteins were revealed, which could improve the understanding of the disease’s pathological mechanisms.

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Malon, Radha S. P., Sahba Sadir, Malarvili Balakrishnan, and Emma P. Córcoles. "Saliva-Based Biosensors: Noninvasive Monitoring Tool for Clinical Diagnostics." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/962903.

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Saliva is increasingly recognised as an attractive diagnostic fluid. The presence of various disease signalling salivary biomarkers that accurately reflect normal and disease states in humans and the sampling benefits compared to blood sampling are some of the reasons for this recognition. This explains the burgeoning research field in assay developments and technological advancements for the detection of various salivary biomarkers to improve clinical diagnosis, management, and treatment. This paper reviews the significance of salivary biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic applications, with focus on the technologies and biosensing platforms that have been reported for screening these biomarkers.

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Muñoz-González, Carolina, Gilles Feron, and Francis Canon. "Main effects of human saliva on flavour perception and the potential contribution to food consumption." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 77, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665118000113.

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Whole saliva is a mixture composed by the secretions of the major and minor salivary glands and the crevicular fluid, bacteria, cells and food debris. Its properties (flow and composition) are highly intra- and inter-individually dependent and reflect the health status of individuals. Saliva plays a key role in the eating process and on the perception of flavour. Flavour corresponds to the combined effect of taste sensations, aromatics and chemical feeling factors evoked by food in the oral cavity. It is a key determinant of food consumption and intake. This review summarises the evidence about the role of saliva in flavour perception and its potential contribution to food intake. All in all, evidence on the relationships between salivary parameters and both food perception and feeding behaviour is presented. This review emphasises that new studies accounting for the effect of salivary constituents on flavour alterations due to diseases (i.e. cancer, obesity and diabetes) are lacking and are expected in the incoming years.

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Bozorgi, Catherina, Celina Holleufer, and Karin Wendin. "Saliva Secretion and Swallowing—The Impact of Different Types of Food and Drink on Subsequent Intake." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010256.

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The oral processing of food is important for eating and digestion in order to gain energy and nutrients. Due to disease, injury, or aging, individuals may experience difficulties in this process. These difficulties often lead to dysphagia, which is associated with malnutrition. Thus, it is of importance to find solutions and strategies to enable food intake. It is well known that sour and/or carbonated foods and drinks increase saliva secretion and trigger the swallowing reflex. However, knowledge regarding how subsequent food intake is impacted is lacking. The aim of this study was to clarify whether sour and/or carbonated foods and drinks had subsequent impacts on swallowing function. Twelve healthy participants evaluated eleven foods and drinks in terms of their ability to increase saliva production and ease the swallowing of subsequent food. Results showed that sourness and carbonation had positive impacts on saliva secretion and swallowing. No correlation was found between the pH/sourness of the foods and the ease of swallowing them. It was concluded that the ingestion of cherry tomatoes, natural yoghurt, and, in particular, citrus juice made swallowing of a neutral cracker easier. These results may be used to increase food intake among dysphagia patients.

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Quintana, Daniel S., Lars T. Westlye, Knut T. Smerud, Ramy A. Mahmoud, Ole A. Andreassen, and Per G. Djupesland. "Saliva oxytocin measures do not reflect peripheral plasma concentrations after intranasal oxytocin administration in men." Hormones and Behavior 102 (June 2018): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.05.004.

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Izumi, H., I. Nakamura, and K. Karita. "Effects of clonidine and yohimbine on parasympathetic reflex salivation and vasodilatation in cat SMG." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): R1196—R1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.5.r1196.

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The present experiments were designed to examine the site of action of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, and the alpha 2-antagonist, yohimbine, on the salivary secretion response to parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation in the cat submandibular gland (SMG). The parasympathetic reflex salivary secretion was significantly affected by both clonidine and yohimbine (clonidine reduced and yohimbine increased the amount of saliva secreted) while the reflex vasodilator response was not affected by either agent. No degree of methacholine-induced salivation was affected by prior treatment with either clonidine or yohimbine. The salivation elicited by facial nerve root stimulation was markedly reduced by clonidine but potentiated by yohimbine. Prior treatment with scopolamine completely abolished the salivary secretion induced by either methacholine or facial nerve root stimulation. Clonidine and yohimbine had no effect on SMG salivation elicited by sympathetic stimulation. These results indicate that the alpha 2-agonist and antagonist act specifically on parasympathetic salivary fibers but have no effect on parasympathetic vasodilator fibers. They thus suggest that postganglionic parasympathetic innervation is differentiated into salivary and vasodilator fibers.

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Figueiredo, Bárbara Queiroz de, Andressa Ferreira Andrade, Iuri Pimenta Oliveira, João Pedro Gomes de Oliveira, Karine Soares Ferreira, Leomar dos Santos Silva, Maria Caroline Takahashi dos Santos, Mauro Soares Marra, and Stéfani do Vale. "Diminuição dos casos notificados de coqueluche em crianças brasileiras: reflexo do distanciamento social e suspensão das aulas devido pandemia de Covid-19." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (August 29, 2021): e230101119631. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19631.

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Introdução: a coqueluche é uma doença infecciosa aguda de alta transmissibilidade e uma importante causa de morbimortalidade infantil. É causada pelas bactérias Bordetella pertussis e B. parapertussis, sendo o homem seu único reservatório natural, acometendo o aparelho respiratório, principalmente a traqueia e os brônquios. É transmitida, principalmente, pelo contato direto da pessoa doente com uma pessoa suscetível, não vacinada, através de gotículas de saliva expelidas por tosse, espirro ou saliva, bem como pelo contato com objetos contaminados com secreções do doente. Objetivo: atestar, por meio de dados públicos de notificações de casos de incidência desta doença, a queda desses números no Brasil. em 2020, em comparação ao ano anterior. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo e quantitativo. Foi realizada a busca por casos de coqueluche nos anos de 2019 e 2020, registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) – DATASUS. Resultados e discussão: o fechamento de escolas e creches levou a uma redução imediata e dramática dos contatos entre as crianças e, consequentemente, das infecções transmissíveis, que são a causa de grande parte das consultas de saúde pediátrica Conclusão: a redução dramática das doenças infecciosas transmissíveis leva a uma oportunidade de estudar a incidência de diagnósticos que são presumidos, mas não provados definitivamente como sendo causados por infecções. Embora a base de evidências circunstanciais para esse efeito seja ampla, a análise atual adiciona ainda mais a isso, haja vista que redução relativa nos diagnósticos presumidos de infecção pode ser tão grande quanto a redução nas infecções transmissíveis.

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Azevedo, Luciana Reis, Antônio Adilson Soares De Lima, Maria Ângela Naval Machado, Ana Maria Trindade Grégio, and Patricia Del Vigna de Almeida. "Saliva Composition and Functions: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 9, no. 3 (2008): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-9-3-72.

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Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to perform a literature review about the composition and functions of saliva as well as describe the factors that influence salivary flow (SF) and its biochemical composition. Background Saliva represents an increasingly useful auxiliary means of diagnosis. Sialometry and sialochemistry are used to diagnose systemic illnesses, monitoring general health, and as an indicator of risk for diseases creating a close relation between oral and systemic health. Review This review provides fundamental information about the salivary system in terms of normal values for SF and composition and a comprehensive review of the factors that affect this important system. Conclusion Since several factors can influence salivary secretion and composition, a strictly standardized collection must be made so the above-mentioned exams are able to reflect the real functioning of the salivary glands and serve as efficient means for monitoring health. Clinical Significance Since many oral and systemic conditions manifest themselves as changes in the flow and composition of saliva the dental practitioner is advised to remain up-to-date with the current literature on the subject. Citation de Almeida PDV, Grégio AMT, Machado MÂN, de Lima AAS, Azevedo LR. Saliva Composition and Functions: A Comprehensive Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 March; (9)3:072-080.

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Campanella, Beatrice, Tommaso Lomonaco, Edoardo Benedetti, Massimo Onor, Riccardo Nieri, and Emilia Bramanti. "Validation and Application of a Derivatization-Free RP-HPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Low Molecular Weight Salivary Metabolites." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 6158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176158.

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Saliva is an interesting, non-conventional, valuable diagnostic fluid. It can be collected using standardized sampling device; thus, its sampling is easy and non-invasive, it contains a variety of organic metabolites that reflect blood composition. The aim of this study was to validate a user-friendly method for the simultaneous determination of low molecular weight metabolites in saliva. We have optimized and validated a high throughput, direct, low-cost reversed phase liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection method without any pre- or post-column derivatization. We indexed salivary biomolecules in 35 whole non-stimulated saliva samples collected in 8 individuals in different days, including organic acids and amino acids and other carbonyl compounds. Among these, 16 whole saliva samples were collected by a single individual over three weeks before, during and after treatment with antibiotic in order to investigate the dynamics of metabolites. The concentrations of the metabolites were compared with the literature data. The multianalyte method here proposed requires a minimal sample handling and it is cost-effectiveness as it makes possible to analyze a high number of samples with basic instrumentation. The identification and quantitation of salivary metabolites may allow the definition of potential biomarkers for non-invasive “personal monitoring” during drug treatments, work out, or life habits over time.

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Levin, S. L., and L. I. Khaikina. "Is there neural control over electrolyte reabsorption in the human salivary gland?" Clinical Science 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0720541.

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1. A study was made of changes induced by cholinergic agonists and antagonists in the K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Cl− content of saliva of 22 human subjects with denervated parotid salivary glands. 2. At all stages after denervation there was an increased content of Na+ and Cl− in the secretion of the denervated gland as compared with that of the control glands: (a) after administration of pilocarpine and carbacholine; (b) after administration of a combination of atropine and pilocarpine; (c) in ‘paradoxical’ salivation induced by atropine, scopolamine, metacine or chlorosyle; (d) in spontaneous secretion; (e) in reflex secretion when this was partially restored. 3. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl− in the secretion of the denervated gland were disproportionately higher than would have been expected from the raised salivation rate. 4. Secretions from the denervated glands by virtue of their increased content of Na+ and Cl− resembled so-called primary saliva. 5. The increased output of Na+ and Cl− and high concentrations of these ions in the secondary saliva after denervation indicates that there is loss of the normal neural control over reabsorption of electrolytes in the epithelium of the glandular ducts. Further, that absence of this control results in disturbances of membrane ionic transport, of membrane permeability and of the metabolism of the gland.

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Yadav, Richa, and Urmila Singh. "Study of changes in levels of salivary estriol and progesterone in preterm labor in comparison to normal pregnancy." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 4660. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20195223.

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Background: This prospective research was designed to evaluate changes in levels of salivary Estriol and Progesterone in preterm labor in comparison to normal pregnancy. Spontaneous onset of labor at term is produced by definite increase in estriol and fall in progesterone. This rise in free estrogen should precede the onset of labor according with the known effect of estrogen and progesterone on myometrial activity. Concentration of steroid in saliva reflect unbound unconjugated and biologically active fraction.Methods: The present study was carried for duration of one year enrolling 115 antenatal women between 28 and < 37 weeks of gestation with or without labour pains attending the antenatal clinic in KGMU, Lucknow and those admitted in Queen Mary’s Hospital Lucknow. 5 ml of saliva was collected in cryovials from each patient to estimate estriol and progesterone. The estimation of saliva progesterone and estriol was done by immunoenzymatic colorimetric method of the supernatant of sample.Results: In our study mean value of saliva progesterone levels of pregnant women with preterm delivery (study group IIA) was lower than the control group (Group l) but the difference was not significant (3814.46±751.14 pg/ml versus 3945.16±577.11 pg/ml, p = 0.351). Mean value of estriol study group who delivered preterm (3512.85±586.16 pg/ml) was higher as compared to the mean value of control group (2691.72±681.08 pg/ml) and difference was significant (p value < 0.001).Conclusions: Thus, there is significant rise in level of saliva estriol, it can be used as a predictor for detecting symptomatic and asymptomatic women at risk for preterm birth.

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Tofan, Nicoleta, Sorin Andrian, Simona Stoleriu, Irina Nica, Antonia Moldovanu, Claudiu Topoliceanu, Oleg Solomon, and Galina Pancu. "The Assessment of the Surface Status Following the Action of Some Acidic Beverages on Indirect Restorative Materials." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.1.4978.

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The study aimed to assess the changes of the surface roughness induced by some acidic beverages on indirect restorative materials by using profilometry. Twenty samples of three composite resins (Ceramage, SR Adoro, Luna-Wing) and three ceramics (IPS In Line, Hera Ceram, Reflex Dimension) immersed in three acidic beverages (Red Bul, wine, Coca Cola), for 5 minutes, three times daily, 14 days. The control samples were immersed in artificial saliva during the study periode. After the end of the erosive cycles and before to determine the surface roughness of the samples in the study groups, all the samples were immersed in artificial saliva for 18 hours. The surface roughness was determined in relation to the baseline surface using profilometer Perthometer_M1 (Mahr Gottingen GmbH, Germany). The immersion of the indirect restorative materials tested in the three acidic beverages lead has resulted to changes in their surface roughness. The most aggressive was wine, followed by Coca Cola, and Red Bull.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salvia reflexa'

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