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Journal articles on the topic 'Samoa. Ministry of Health'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Ape-Esera, Luisa, Vili Nosa, and Felicity Goodyear-Smith. "The Pacific primary health care workforce in New Zealand: What are the needs?" Journal of Primary Health Care 1, no. 2 (2009): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc09126.

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AIM: To scope future needs of the NZ Pacific primary care workforce. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews with key informants including Pacific primary care workers in both Pacific and mainstream primary health care organisations and managers at funding, policy and strategy levels. Qualitative thematic analysis using general inductive approach. RESULTS: Thirteen stakeholders interviewed (four males, nine females) in 2006. Included both NZ- and Island-born people of Samoan, Tongan, Niuean, Fijian and NZ European ethnicities; age 20–65 years. Occupations included general practitioner, practice nurse, community worker, Ministry of Health official and manager representing mainstream and Pacific-specific organisations. Key themes were significant differences in attributes, needs and values between ‘traditional’ and contemporary Pacific people; issues regarding recruitment and retention of Pacific people into the primary health care workforce; importance of cultural appropriateness for Pacific populations utilising mainstream and Pacific-specific primary care services and both advantages and disadvantages of ‘Pacific for Pacific’ services. CONCLUSION: Interviews demonstrated heterogeneity of Pacific population regarding ethnicity, age, duration of NZ residence and degree of immersion in their culture and language. Higher rates of mental disorder amongst NZ-born Pacific signpost urgent need to address the impact of Western values on NZ-born Pacific youth. Pacific population growth means increasing demands on health services with Pacific worker shortages across all primary health care occupations. However it is not possible for all Pacific people to be treated by Pacific organisations and/or by Pacific health workers and services should be culturally competent regardless of ethnicity of providers. KEYWORDS: Pacific Islands, New Zealand, manpower, ethnic groups, Oceanic Ancestry Group, primary health care

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2

Ryan, Brigid, Margaret Goding, Patricia Fenner, Steven Percival, Wendy Percival, Leua Latai, Lisi Petaia, et al. "Art and mental health in Samoa." Australasian Psychiatry 23, no. 6_suppl (December 2015): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856215608292.

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3

Suaalii-Sauni, Tamasailau, Fulisia Aiavao, Eseta Faafeu-Hope, Tai Sopoaga, Charlotte Paul, Antoinette Righarts, Judith McCool, Tofilau Nina Kirifi-Alai, Philip Hill, and Fonoti Lafitai I. Fuatai. "Strengthening Health Research Capacity From Within Samoa." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 23, no. 1 (December 17, 2010): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539510390782.

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4

Hopoi, Natalie, and Vili Nosa. "A qualitative study of the role of Samoan Church ministers in health literacy messages and health promotion in Auckland, New Zealand." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 44, no. 5 (August 10, 2020): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13027.

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Brewis, Alexandra A., Stephen T. McGarvey, and Nu'ualofa Tu'u'au-Potoi. "Structure of family planning in Samoa." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 22, no. 4 (August 1998): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1998.tb01407.x.

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&NA;. "Health Ministry Partnerships." Journal of Christian Nursing 31, no. 1 (2014): E4—E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnj.0000000000000050.

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Horton, Shalonda E. B., Elizabeth E. Alvear, and Daryl L. Horton. "Health Ministry Partnerships." Journal of Christian Nursing 31, no. 1 (2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnj.0000000000000030.

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8

&NA;. "PARISH HEALTH MINISTRY." ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal 3, no. 3 (May 1999): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00135124-199905000-00009.

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9

Bindon, James R., and Claudine Cabrera-Mereb. "Infant feeding and infant health in American Samoa." American Journal of Human Biology 2, no. 5 (1990): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310020507.

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10

Pearson, J. D. "Attitudes and perceptions concerning elderly Samoans in rural Western Samoa, American Samoa, and urban Honolulu." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 7, no. 1 (January 1992): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00116577.

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11

Zaleski, H., T. Petznick, M. Hansell, F. Uta, and I. Gurr. "PSXIII-19 Swine Health Health and Management Evaluation in American Samoa." Journal of Animal Science 96, suppl_3 (December 2018): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky404.568.

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12

Tofaeono, Va’atausili, Lana Sue I. Ka’opua, Angela Sy, Tyran Terada, Rachelann Taliloa-Vai Purcell, Salote Aoelua-Fanene, Katherine Tong, et al. "Research Capacity Strengthening in American Samoa: Fa’avaeina le Fa’atelega o le Tomai Sa’ili’ili i Amerika Samoa." British Journal of Social Work 50, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 525–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz160.

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Abstract Capacity-building partnerships are central to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), the UN’s blueprint for achieving global health equity. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues endorses the SDG and underscores the need for global partnerships that respect local leadership and culture. Innovations that weave or integrate Indigenous and Western knowledges are emphasised. These recommendations guided the INdigenous Samoan Partnership to Initiate Research Excellence (INSPIRE). INSPIRE is led by investigators from American Samoa and supported by US co-investigators. In project year one, INSPIRE queried: What weaving approaches are feasible for promoting community access to INSPIRE’s research hub and for training Indigenous researchers? Weaving procedures involved interlacing Samoan and Western knowledges. Cultural tailoring strategies were used to customise communications. Formative evaluation suggests the feasibility of INSPIRE’s efforts. Evidential tailoring provided information on American Samoa (A.S.) social determinants of health; trainees indicated increased research commitment. Linguistic and sociocultural relevance tailoring were positively received; trainees reported increased interest in research praxis and initiated an A.S. research capacity-strengthening model. Social work assured knowledge parity in development/delivery of the training curriculum and culturally safe discussions on social determinants of health, territorial status and Samoan survivance. Findings are context-specific yet offer considerations for capacity-strengthening partnerships seeking to advance health equity.

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Batten, A. "Ministry animal health schemes." Veterinary Record 120, no. 4 (January 24, 1987): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.120.4.95.

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Erdem, Guliz, Anna Dodd, Anita Tuua, Sandra Sinclair, Tagiʼilima F. Iʼatala, James R. Marrone, and Benjamin Tuua. "ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER IN AMERICAN SAMOA." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 26, no. 12 (December 2007): 1158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e318146236f.

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15

Enoka, Matamua Iokapeta Sina, Aliilelei Tenari, Tupou Sili, Latama Peteru, Pisaina Tago, and Ilse Blignault. "Developing a culturally appropriate mental health care service for Samoa." Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (July 18, 2012): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00201.x.

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16

Heard, Emma, Leveti Auvaa, and Charlotte Pickering. "Love Bugs: promoting sexual health among young people in Samoa." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 26, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/he14055.

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17

Warren, Narelle. "Faith and the Pursuit of Health: Cardiometabolic Disorders in Samoa." Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 3 (April 26, 2020): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2020.1757206.

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DePue, Judith D., Rochelle K. Rosen, Marian Batts-Turner, Nicole Bereolos, Meaghan House, Rachel Forster Held, Ofeira Nu'usolia, John Tuitele, Michael G. Goldstein, and Stephen T. McGarvey. "Cultural Translation of Interventions: Diabetes Care in American Samoa." American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 11 (November 2010): 2085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.170134.

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Burtis, Amber. "New Zealand Ministry of Health:." Journal of Consumer Health On the Internet 15, no. 4 (October 2011): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2011.623588.

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20

Grose, Simon. "Troubles beset Thai health ministry." Nature Medicine 16, no. 2 (February 2010): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0210-141b.

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21

Doroznynski, A. "Report criticises French health ministry." BMJ 314, no. 7077 (February 1, 1997): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7077.323g.

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22

STEER, A. C., J. ADAMS, J. CARLIN, T. NOLAN, and F. SHANN. "Rheumatic heart disease in school children in Samoa." Archives of Disease in Childhood 81, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.81.4.372d.

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23

Isaacs, David. "Lessons from the tragic measles outbreak in Samoa." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 56, no. 1 (January 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14752.

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24

Lau, Colleen L., Kelley Meder, Helen J. Mayfield, Therese Kearns, Brady McPherson, Take Naseri, Robert Thomsen, et al. "Lymphatic filariasis epidemiology in Samoa in 2018: Geographic clustering and higher antigen prevalence in older age groups." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): e0008927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008927.

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Background Samoa conducted eight nationwide rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) between 1999 and 2011, and two targeted rounds in 2015 and 2017 in North West Upolu (NWU), one of three evaluation units (EUs). Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS) were conducted in 2013 (failed in NWU) and 2017 (all three EUs failed). In 2018, Samoa was the first in the world to distribute nationwide triple-drug MDA using ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole. Surveillance and Monitoring to Eliminate LF and Scabies from Samoa (SaMELFS Samoa) is an operational research program designed to evaluate the effectiveness of triple-drug MDA on LF transmission and scabies prevalence in Samoa, and to compare the usefulness of different indicators of LF transmission. This paper reports results from the 2018 baseline survey and aims to i) investigate antigen (Ag) prevalence and spatial epidemiology, including geographic clustering; ii) compare Ag prevalence between two different age groups (5–9 years versus ≥10 years) as indicators of areas of ongoing transmission; and iii) assess the prevalence of limb lymphedema in those aged ≥15 years. Methods A community-based cluster survey was conducted in 30 randomly selected and five purposively selected clusters (primary sampling units, PSUs), each comprising one or two villages. Participants were recruited through household surveys (age ≥5 years) and convenience surveys (age 5–9 years). Alere Filariasis Test Strips (FTS) were used to detect Ag, and prevalence was adjusted for survey design and standardized for age and gender. Adjusted Ag prevalence was estimated for each age group (5–9, ≥10, and all ages ≥5 years) for random and purposive PSUs, and by region. Intraclass correlation (ICC) was used to quantify clustering at regions, PSUs, and households. Results A total of 3940 persons were included (1942 children aged 5–9 years, 1998 persons aged ≥10 years). Adjusted Ag prevalence in all ages ≥5 years in randomly and purposively selected PSUs were 4.0% (95% CI 2.8–5.6%) and 10.0% (95% CI 7.4–13.4%), respectively. In random PSUs, Ag prevalence was lower in those aged 5–9 years (1.3%, 95% CI 0.8–2.1%) than ≥10 years (4.7%, 95% CI 3.1–7.0%), and poorly correlated at the PSU level (R-square = 0.1459). Adjusted Ag prevalence in PSUs ranged from 0% to 10.3% (95% CI 5.9–17.6%) in randomly selected and 3.8% (95% CI 1.3–10.8%) to 20.0% (95% CI 15.3–25.8%) in purposively selected PSUs. ICC for Ag-positive individuals was higher at households (0.46) compared to PSUs (0.18) and regions (0.01). Conclusions Our study confirmed ongoing transmission of LF in Samoa, in accordance with the 2017 TAS results. Ag prevalence varied significantly between PSUs, and there was poor correlation between prevalence in 5–9 year-olds and older ages, who had threefold higher prevalence. Sampling older age groups would provide more accurate estimates of overall prevalence, and be more sensitive for identifying residual hotspots. Higher prevalence in purposively selected PSUs shows local knowledge can help identify at least some hotspots.

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Kemmer, Teresa M., Rachel Novotny, A. Sam Gerber, and Ianeta Ah Ping. "Anaemia, its correlation with overweight and growth patterns in children aged 5–10 years living in American Samoa." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 5 (May 2009): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898000800270x.

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AbstractObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of anaemia, identify the predictors of anaemia, compare the prevalence of anaemia among children living in American Samoa to those found in children living in the USA, and compare the growth patterns obtained from this study to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data and data obtained earlier in American Samoan children.DesignCross-sectional.SettingAmerican Samoa, a Pacific Island.SubjectsIn all, 208 children aged 5–10 years.ResultsAnaemia (Hb < 11·5 g/dl) prevalence was 17·3 %. There was a significant difference in mean Hb levels in children within American Samoa as compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data (P< 0·05). In children with BMIZ-score (BMIZ) (P< 0·05) and weight-for-ageZ-score (WAZ) (P< 0·05) >2·0, females had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than males. Females with a WAZ > 2·0 had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than females with a WAZ ≤ 2·0 (P< 0·03). Risk factors for anaemia were mother having less than a high school education (P= 0·02), no car (P< 0·01) and no phone (P= 0·02). The BMIZ (P< 0·000), height-for-ageZ-score (P< 0·000) and WAZ (P< 0·000) were significantly different from the distribution of CDC reference data and that found in children previously assessed in American Samoa.ConclusionsAnaemia is high among children aged 5–10 years living in American Samoa. Growth patternZ-scores reveal that American Samoan children are, on average, taller, heavier and more overweight. Further examination into the causes of anaemia and overweight is warranted.

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Boodoosingh, Ramona, Safua Akeli Amaama, and Penelope Schoeffel. "A Perfect Storm: The Social and Institutional Contexts of Samoa’s 2019-2020 Measles Epidemic and the Lessons learned for the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Samoan Studies Volume 10 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47922/ksbd7726.

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In late 2019 and early 2020, an epidemic of measles ravaged Samoa, and nearly three people in every hundred (2.83%) in the small population were infected, with 1860 hospitalizations and 83 deaths, mainly children. In the circumstances of the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, this case study shows that even when a proven vaccine exists for an infectious disease, circumstances may prevent its effective use. As academics and researchers who live and work in Samoa, this article seeks to shed some light into contributing factors to the measles outbreak. These include inadequate data collection, low vaccination coverage, weak institutional capacity, unpreparedness for an epidemic, lack of public information, vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine propaganda and public recourse to traditional and ‘alternative’ therapies. Through a combination of personal observation, analysis of media articles, government reports and historical documents, we present an overview of the circumstances of the measles epidemic. We trace the circumstances of low vaccination coverage, institutional weaknesses and an uninformed public resulting in a delayed an effective response. In conclusion we reflect on the lessons that history offers on public health services in Samoa. Keywords: Measles, Epidemic, Samoa, public health, Covid-19, vaccination.

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Hawley, Nicola L., Carolyn Brown, Ofeira Nu’usolia, John Ah-Ching, Bethel Muasau-Howard, and Stephen T. McGarvey. "Barriers to Adequate Prenatal Care Utilization in American Samoa." Maternal and Child Health Journal 18, no. 10 (September 18, 2013): 2284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1368-9.

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Homer, Caroline S. E., Tauaitala Lees, Pelenatete Stowers, Fulisia Aiavao, Annabel Sheehy, and Lesley Barclay. "Traditional Birth Attendants in Samoa: Integration With the Formal Health System." International Journal of Childbirth 2, no. 1 (2012): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2156-5287.2.1.5.

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A traditional birth attendant (TBA) is a person who assists the mother during childbirth and who initially acquired her skills by delivering babies herself or through apprenticeship to other TBAs. In many parts of the world, TBAs continue to provide a significant proportion of maternity care during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period. In Samoa, TBAs are recognized part of both the formal and informal health care system. The aim of this research was to examine the contribution that TBAs made in the provision of maternity care in Samoa. A descriptive study was undertaken, and 100 TBAs who had attended more than 400 births a year were interviewed as part of a broader Safe Motherhood Needs Assessment.The findings highlighted that although TBAs can work in collaboration with individual health providers or facilities or be integrated into the health system, TBAs were often practicing autonomously within their communities, independent of collaborative links. This study showed that formal recognition and registration of TBAs would improve the recording of births and augment their partnership to the formal health care system. This formal registration process has since been implemented to improve monitoring and evaluation and assist future research with this important group.

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Mulder, Roger T., Lisi Petaia, Fuimaono Karl Pulotu-Endemann, George L. Tuitama, Satu Viali, and Ian Parkin. "Building on the strengths of Pacific mental health: Experience from Samoa." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 5 (January 14, 2016): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867415625816.

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Kirs, Marek, Philip Moravcik, Pradip Gyawali, Kerry Hamilton, Veljo Kisand, Ian Gurr, Christopher Shuler, and Warish Ahmed. "Rainwater harvesting in American Samoa: current practices and indicative health risks." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 13 (March 30, 2017): 12384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8858-z.

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LY, K. N., H. ROBERTS, R. E. WILLIAMS, Y. MASUNU-FALEAFAGA, J. DROBENIUC, S. KAMILI, and E. H. TESHALE. "Hepatitis B vaccination for healthcare personnel in American Samoa: pre-implementation survey for policy decision." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 12 (January 23, 2014): 2610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813003506.

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SUMMARYAmerican Samoa does not have a hepatitis B vaccination policy for healthcare personnel (HCP). Consequently, hepatitis B has remained a health threat to HCP. In this study, we performed a cross-sectional study and examined demographic and risk information and hepatitis B vaccination, testing, and serostatus in hospital employees in American Samoa. Of 604 hospital employees, 231 (38·2%) participated, and of these, 158 (68·4%) were HCP. Of HCP participants, 1·9% had chronic hepatitis B infection, 36·1% were susceptible, and 60·8% were immune. Nearly half of HCP participants reported history of needlestick injury. Overall, participants' knowledge of their hepatitis B infection and vaccination status was low. These data support the adoption of a hepatitis B vaccination policy for HCP by American Samoa, as currently recommended by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adherence to the policy could be monitored as a way to measure protection.

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Spratling, T., S. Burich, B. Cuesta-Briand, and E. Sofija. "Increasing Community Awareness of Cancer Signs and Symptoms in Samoa: The Vave Campaign." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 149s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.10600.

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Background and context: Cancer is the second most common cause of death in Samoa. Early detection increases the likelihood of successful treatment; however, in Samoa, cancer patients often present late, when treatment options are limited and often reduced to receiving palliative care. Low levels of health literacy in relation to cancer causation, risk factors, and signs and symptoms contribute to poor outcomes for cancer patients in Samoa. Aim: The Vave (Quickly) campaign aimed to increase community awareness about the signs and symptoms of cancer, and promote early detection. Strategy/Tactics: This was a 12-month national social marketing campaign designed to ensure maximum population reach across Samoa. The campaign adopted a multipronged approach with three main components: mass and social media coverage; printed resources; and community education. All components included the campaign messages: early detection; quickly see a doctor; and quickly ring Samoa Cancer Society (SCS). Program/Policy process: The campaign focused on four of the most common cancers in Samoa: stomach, lung, breast, and prostate. Television advertisements and radio scripts were developed for each type of cancer, piloted and broadcast on the main television and radio stations. Printed materials were developed, including brochures, posters and banners. Community educators delivered a total of 29 face-to-face education sessions across Samoa; these sessions prioritized villages, schools and church groups in areas with poor television and radio coverage. Outcomes: The campaign was successful in increasing awareness of cancer signs and symptoms in the community. Approximately 2000 Samoans (over 1% of the population) received the face-to-face education sessions; analysis of pre- and postsession questionnaires showed that the sessions were effective in increasing health literacy around cancer signs and symptoms. In addition, the number of inquiries received by SCS increased significantly as a result of the advertisements, from an average of 18 inquiries per month in the months prior to the implementation of the campaign to 40 inquiries during the campaign. This increase was particularly marked during October (Breast Cancer Awareness Month) when SCS received 112 inquiries. Limited data on patient visits suggests that the campaign resulted in increased numbers of hospital and general practice visits, and is likely to have contributed to the early detection of some cancers. What was learned: · The campaign resulted in an increase in inquiries and requests for check-ups; however, limited availability of medical and screening services must be considered when managing community expectations. · Establishing effective community and professional relationships contributed to the success of the campaign. Formative research and greater involvement of health professionals throughout the campaign would have prevented some implementation issues.

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Viali, Satupaitea. "Vaikoloa: Rheumatic heart disease in Samoa and the Pacific Nations." Journal of Primary Health Care 6, no. 1 (2014): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc14084.

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Krosnar, Katka. "Controversial appointment upsets Czech health ministry." Lancet 366, no. 9502 (December 2005): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67800-2.

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Brodeur, D. "Catholic Health Care: Rationale for Ministry." Christian Bioethics 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/chbi.5.1.5.3794.

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Brodeur, Dennis. "Catholic Health Care: Rationale for Ministry." Christian bioethics: Non-Ecumenical Studies in Medical Morality 5, no. 1 (April 1, 1999): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chbi.5.1.5.3794.

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Kondro, Wayne. "Canada's health ministry gains new chief." Lancet 349, no. 9068 (June 1997): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61715-1.

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Chin-Hong, Peter V., and Stephen T. McGarvey. "Lifestyle Incongruity and Adult Blood Pressure in Western Samoa." Psychosomatic Medicine 58, no. 2 (1996): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199603000-00006.

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Butcher, Hayley, Sarah Burkhart, Nicholas Paul, Ulusapeti Tiitii, Karibanang Tamuera, Taati Eria, and Libby Swanepoel. "Role of Seaweed in Diets of Samoa and Kiribati: Exploring Key Motivators for Consumption." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 7356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187356.

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Edible seaweeds have significant potential to contribute to sustainable diets that promote health of Pacific Islanders in ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable ways. No studies to date have investigated motivators for and the consumption of edible green seaweed from the genus Caulerpa (sea grapes) in Samoa and Kiribati. An observational, cross-sectional study utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire to explore consumption behaviors and the role of sea grapes in the current diets of individuals in Samoa and Kiribati. Of the total 145 participants (n = 79, 54.5% Samoa; n = 66, 45.5% Kiribati), half (n = 76, 52%) reported consuming sea grapes. A significantly greater proportion of Samoans (n = 56, 70.9%) reported consumption than I-Kiribati participants (n = 20, 30.3%). A greater proportion of consumers were male (n = 47, 61.8%). Samoan consumers reported consumption of sea grapes with a higher diversity of foods and being related to traditional events or ceremonies. Motivators for consumption varied between countries, with Samoan consumers reporting strong agreement for taste and value for money, and identified sea grapes as nutritious food, as influences on consumption. Easy access was a motivator in Kiribati only. The findings of this study are underpinned by the degree of food security and differences in culture in Samoa and Kiribati. Future public health efforts to integrate traditional fresh food into local food systems will need to work within the existing social parameters in each respective country.

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Serna, A. Kuulei, and Deborah K. Zuercher. "Culturally Responsive Health Education in the Pacific: Lessons Learned in American Samoa." International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society 9, no. 4 (2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2156-8960/cgp/v09i04/1-14.

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Hardin, Jessica. "Everyday translation: health practitioners’ perspectives on obesity and metabolic disorders in Samoa." Critical Public Health 25, no. 2 (April 16, 2014): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2014.909581.

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Paulson, Deborah D. "Understanding Tropical Deforestation: the Case of Western Samoa." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 4 (1994): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900033634.

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The case of Western Samoa is used to challenge the tendency in the recent literature to polarize the issue of tropical deforestation as caused by either political economic forces or increasing human demands. While it is recognized that political economic forces must be changed in many cases to make just and sustainable use of the forest possible, the case of Western Samoa is used to highlight the difficult challenge of conserving tropical forests and their biodiversity even under customary land-tenure and local control of forest resources.

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Muenstermann, Herbert O. "Book Review: Whose Ministry? A Ministry of Health Care for the Year 2,000." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 19, no. 2 (April 1995): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693939501900223.

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Willis, Gabriela A., Helen J. Mayfield, Therese Kearns, Take Naseri, Robert Thomsen, Katherine Gass, Sarah Sheridan, Patricia M. Graves, and Colleen L. Lau. "A community survey of coverage and adverse events following country-wide triple-drug mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination, Samoa 2018." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0008854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008854.

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The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis has made considerable progress but is experiencing challenges in meeting targets in some countries. Recent World Health Organization guidelines have recommended two rounds of triple-drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole (IDA), in areas where mass drug administration (MDA) results with two drugs (DEC and albendazole) have been suboptimal, as is the case in Samoa. In August 2018, Samoa was the first country in the world to implement countrywide triple-drug MDA. This paper aims to describe Samoa’s experience with program coverage and adverse events (AEs) in the first round of triple-drug MDA. We conducted a large cross-sectional community survey to assess MDA awareness, reach, compliance, coverage and AEs in September/October 2018, 7–11 weeks after the first round of triple-drug MDA. In our sample of 4420 people aged ≥2 years (2.2% of the population), age-adjusted estimates indicated that 89.0% of the eligible population were offered MDA, 83.9% of the eligible population took MDA (program coverage), and 80.2% of the total population took MDA (epidemiological coverage). Overall, 83.8% (2986/3563) reported that they did not feel unwell at all after taking MDA. Mild AEs (feeling unwell but able to do normal everyday things) were reported by 13.3% (476/3563) and moderate or severe AEs (feeling unwell and being unable to do normal everyday activities such as going to work or school) by 2.9% (103/3563) of participants. This study following the 2018 triple-drug MDA in Samoa demonstrated a high reported program awareness and reach of 90.8% and 89.0%, respectively. Age-adjusted program coverage of 83.9% of the total population showed that MDA was well accepted and well tolerated by the community.

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Reeve, Erica, Take Naseri, Tim Martyn, Caroline Bollars, and Anne-Marie Thow. "Developing a context-specific nutrient profiling system for food policy in Samoa." Health Promotion International 34, no. 6 (November 2, 2018): e94-e105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day089.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a transparent system for defining ‘less healthy’ foods to underpin effective policy to reduce noncommunicable diseases in Samoa, replacing a fatty-meat ban lifted for accession to the WTO. In the absence of nutrition survey data, we calculated nutrient availability using food acquisition data from Samoa's Household Income and Expenditure Surveys. Together with published literature and local food composition data, we identified foods and nutrients (i) consumed in amounts greater than those recommended for good health and (ii) with a demonstrated causal link to health conditions of concern. Nutrient thresholds were developed based on desired level of decrease per nutrient per person necessary to reduce population intake in line with specific targets. We found average energy and sodium consumption to be higher than recommended, and foods high in sugar and saturated fat being consumed in large amounts. We selected a threshold-based, category-specific model to provide straightforward policy administration and incentivise healthy production and import, and then applied and tested nutrient thresholds across 7 threshold groups. The validation process indicated that the development of a nutrient profiling system to identify less healthy food items in Samoa provided a stronger basis for local policymaking. This study contributes to global understanding of approaches to developing a robust and transparent basis for policies to improve diets in lower income countries, and is relevant to other settings with high rates of noncommunicable diseases and similar resource and data constraints.

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Hernandez, Brenda Y., Lana S. Ka’opua, Luana Scanlan, John Ah Ching, Lori E. Kamemoto, Pamela J. Thompson, Xuemei Zhu, Yurii B. Shvetsov, Jennifer Tofaeono, and Victor Tofaeono Williams. "Cervical and Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection in Adult Women in American Samoa." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 25, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539511410867.

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Tuffs, A. "German health ministry forum monitors quality of health information." BMJ 324, no. 7337 (March 9, 2002): 568a—568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7337.568/a.

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Pius AL, Berek, Irawati Dewi, and Hamid Akhir Yani S. "Hypertension: A global health crisis." Annals of Clinical Hypertension 5, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ach.1001027.

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Objective: This study discusses strategies to overcome hypertension patient compliance to manage self-care. The purpose of the study is to provide a summary of the importance of attention to managing hypertension. Method: a review of literature relevant to hypertension, policies, and management, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, through cross-programs or sectors. Result: This study found that the ministry of health had compiled various policies to reduce the prevalence of hypertension, including technical guidelines for its implementation, but the strategy has not yet fully reached the minimum service standard, which is because it has not fully involved the relevant cross sectors. Conclusion: Improve the coordination system by “Joint Decree” between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Villages, PDT and Transmigration, the Ministry of Social Affairs, Indonesian National Army, police, and NGOs to carry out activities simultaneously to the community.

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Partridge, R., D. B. Bouslough, L. Proano, S. Soliai-lemusu, F. Avegalio, and A. Anesi. "(P1-21) Medical Disaster Relief after the 2009 American Samoan Tsunami: Lessons Learned." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s105—s106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003530.

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BackgroundTsunamis most commonly occur in the “Ring of fire” in the Pacific due to frequency of earthquakes and volcanic activity. Damaging tsunamis occur 1–2 times yearly. On September 29, 2009, an earthquake on the Pacific floor caused a tsunami that struck American Samoa, Samoa and Tonga, with only 20 minutes warning.ObjectiveTo evaluate the disaster response in American Samoa by emergency medical services (EMS), the territorial hospital, and the Department of Health.MethodsA retrospective review of EMS logs, public health records, hospital emergency department charts, and key-informant interviews over a 2-week period. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate data.ResultsThree 5-meter waves struck the American Samoan islands, with land inundation as far as 700 meters. Many low- lying villages, including the capital city Pago Pago were affected. A total of 33 people (8 male, 23 female, including 3 children) were killed by the water, with approximately 150 significantly injured. EMS runs increased 250% from normal daily averages, with island-wide responses significantly delayed by flood damage. The hospital in Pago Pago, situated near the shore and only 10 meters above sea level, utilized 75 staff to evacuate 68 in-patients to high ground as soon as tremors were felt. This process was completed in 20 minutes with no associated morbidity or mortality. Patient injury patterns for the event are similar to recent literature reports. Mobile clinics and alternate care sites established at outlying dispensaries were used to decentralize healthcare from the hospital. DMAT/DMORT teams from Oregon and Hawaii supported local healthcare initiatives. Post-disaster public health surveillance focused on identifying and limiting food/water-borne illnesses, dengue fever, and influenza-like-illness outbreaks, as well as disaster related PTSD.ConclusionThe disaster response to the tsunami in American Samoa was effective. Disaster planning was appropriate and rapidly implemented. Post-disaster public health emergencies were minimized.

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Kaspar, Annette, Sione Pifeleti, Penaia A. Faumuina, Obiga Newton, and Carlie Driscoll. "Ethical issues for large-scale hearing aid donation programmes to the Pacific Islands: a Samoan perspective." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 10 (August 26, 2020): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106560.

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The Pacific Islands are estimated to have among the highest global burdens of hearing loss, however, hearing health services are limited throughout this region. The provision of hearing aid is desirable, but should be delivered in accordance with WHO recommendations of appropriate and locally sustainable services. Large-scale hearing aid donation programmes to the Pacific Islands raise ethical questions that challenge these recommendations.The aim of this paper is to consider the ethical implications of large-scale hearing aid donation programmes to Samoa, a nation of the Pacific Islands. Evaluation of both ‘Western’ and ‘Pacific Island’ perspectives reveals important cross-cultural differences regarding attitudes to donation programmes. We attempt to offer possible solutions that satisfy both ethical frameworks, and which should enable us to deliver an effective hearing health service for Samoa. These solutions may be translational and benefit other Pacific Island nations in a similar context.

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