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Journal articles on the topic 'Samoa Samoa Samoa Savai'i Island (Samoa)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

McDOUGALL, IAN. "Age of volcanism and its migration in the Samoa Islands." Geological Magazine 147, no. 5 (February 10, 2010): 705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000038.

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AbstractPotassium–argon (K–Ar) ages on whole rock samples have been measured on lavas from the subaerial Samoa Islands, which form a broadly linear volcanic chain that extends from the ESE to the WNW for about 360 km. The Manu'a Islands near the southeast limit of the chain exhibit youthful ages, with most <0.4 Ma, in keeping with the geological observations. Tutuila consists of several volcanoes, and previous work yielded a mean K–Ar age of 1.26 ± 0.15 Ma for the shield-building volcanism. Upolu, to the WNW of Tutuila, gives a mean age of 2.15 ± 0.35 Ma for the shield-building phase, represented by the Fagaloa Volcanics, with much of the island covered by significantly younger volcanic rocks. Savai'i, further to the WNW, is dominated by youthful volcanism, extending into historic times. In a restricted area, adjacent to the NE coast of Savai'i, previously thought to have volcanic rocks correlating with the Fagaloa Volcanics of Upolu, the ages are much younger than those on Upolu, lying between 0.32 and 0.42 Ma. Considering only the subaerial volcanism from Ta'u to Upolu, but also including Vailulu'u, the volcanism has migrated in a systematic ESE direction at 130 ± 8 mm a−1 over 300 km in the last 2.2 Ma. This rate is nearly twice that obtained from GPS measurements of Pacific Plate motion of 72 mm a−1 at N64°W in this area. However, if the much older age of shield-building volcanism from the submarine foundations of Savai'i is included, the regression yields a volcanic migration rate of 72 ± 14 mm a−1, in keeping with the measured GPS rate and consistent with a hotspot origin for the island chain. This suggests that the volcanic migration rates determined from the age of subaerial volcanism can be considerably overestimated, and this is now evident in other Pacific Ocean island chains. Clearly, the ages of the main shield-building volcanism from subaerial volcanism are minima, and if the older submarine lavas can be measured, these may yield a migration rate more in keeping with current plate motions.

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2

STIRNEMANN, REBECCA L., MURRAY A. POTTER, DAVID BUTLER, and EDWARD O. MINOT. "Slow life history traits in an endangered tropical island bird, the Ma’oma’o." Bird Conservation International 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270915000234.

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SummaryAn effective conservation strategy for a species requires knowledge of its biology and life history. This applies to the endangered Ma’oma’o Gymnomyza samoensis, a honeyeater endemic to the Samoan archipelago. Now locally extinct in American Samoa, this species is currently found only in declining numbers on the islands of Upolu and Savai’i in Samoa. Despite being endangered, the life history and breeding behaviour of the Ma’oma’o has not been documented previously. Here we examine Ma’oma’o nesting and breeding biology, which are unique among studied honeyeaters and unusual for passerines in general. Ma’oma’o lay only a single egg per clutch and have an extended breeding season that occurs outside the rainy season and peaks during budburst. Allometric analysis of the length of the nesting period of different honeyeaters versus adult body weight showed that Ma’oma’o remain in the nest for a longer period than expected for their body size. The post-fledging dependency period of 2.5–3 months was also extended compared to other honeyeater species. No Ma’oma’o were observed re-nesting after successfully raising a chick, though pairs attempted to re-nest following breeding failure. Despite the extended breeding season, the maximum annual reproductive capacity of Ma’oma’o is limited by their one-egg clutch and failure to nest again after fledging one chick. We discuss how these slow life history traits can influence conservation strategies, affect monitoring and limit recovery.

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3

Stock, JH, and TM Iliffe. "Two new species of Liagoceradocus (Hypogean Amphipoda) from south-western Pacific Islands, with key to the world species." Invertebrate Systematics 5, no. 4 (1991): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9910807.

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Descriptions of Liagoceradocus unciferus, sp. nov. (from Vatulele, Fiji Islands) and L. lobiferus, sp. nov. (from Malaita, Solomon Islands and Savai'i, Western Samoa) are provided. A key to all known species of Liagoceradocus is presented, and type specimens of L. pusillus Barnard, 1965, and L. lonomaka Barnard, 1977, have been re-examined.

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Helgen, KM, and TF Flannery. "Distribution of the endangered Pacific sheathtail bat Emballonura semicaudata." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 2 (2002): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02209.

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The Pacific sheathtail bat (Emballonura semicaudata) is one of few mammal species widely distributed in the south-west Pacific. However in many island groups its distribution and abundance remain uncertain and these patterns are obscured by the ongoing decline of many populations. Here we verify the (formerly disputed) presence of this bat in Vanuatu, provide the first record from the largest island in Samoa (Savai`i, Western Samoa), and review the known distribution of the species across the Pacific. A number of sources point to a precipitous twentieth-century decline of this species over most of its geographic range.

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5

Keating, B. H., and C. E. Helsley. "Sonar Studies of Submarine Mass Wasting and Volcanic structures off Savaii Island, Samoa." Pure and Applied Geophysics 157, no. 6-8 (August 1, 2000): 1285–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050026.

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6

Morrison, R. J. "Some Andisols from Savai'i, Western Samoa." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 1 (January 1991): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500010028x.

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7

Clark, Jeffrey T., Seth Quintus, Marshall I. Weisler, Emma St Pierre, Luke Nothdurft, Yuexing Feng, and Quan Hua. "Marine Reservoir Correction for American Samoa Using U-series and AMS Dated Corals." Radiocarbon 58, no. 4 (August 4, 2016): 851–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.53.

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AbstractRadiocarbon dating of marine samples requires a local marine reservoir correction, or ΔR value, for accurate age calibrations. For the Samoan Archipelago in the central Pacific, ΔR values have been proposed previously, but, unlike some Polynesian archipelagoes, ΔR values seem not to vary spatially and temporally. Here, we demonstrate such variability by reporting a ΔR of –101±72 ΔR for the Manu‘a Group—the eastern-most islands in the archipelago—for the colonization period. This value is based on accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C and uranium-thorium (U-Th) series dating of individual coral branches from pre-2300 cal BP archaeological contexts. This figure differs from the previously proposed modern ΔR of 28±26 yr derived from dated historic, pre-1950, shell samples from the western islands of Samoa. Consequently, we recommend using the ΔR of –101±72 yr for the 1st millennium BC in Manu‘a, and 28±26 yr for calibrating dates within the 2nd millennium AD in the western islands (Savai‘i to Tutuila). Until more data from across the archipelago and from throughout the entire culture-historical sequence document ΔR variability, we recommend that researchers use both of these ΔR values to evaluate how the dates of marine-derived samples compare with AMS dates on identified, short-lived wood charcoal.

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8

Collar, N. J. "Natural history and conservation biology of the tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris): a review." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 3 (2015): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14923.

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Fears that the evolutionarily distinctive tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris), endemic to Samoa, is close to extinction have prompted initiatives based on incomplete information. The species was widely distributed in forests on Upolu and Savaii from sea level to indeterminate elevations linked to its main food trees, Dysoxylum maota and D. samoense. Its bill is adapted to feed on Dysoxylum fruits although first-year birds apparently cannot do so. It occupies the middle strata of forest but sometimes forages discreetly on the ground. Breeding activity spans March to November, mostly April to September. One nest was in a Ficus at 25 m; other reports suggest similar locations. Birds sing sporadically throughout this period, but their reclusive behaviour, general silence and immobility render detection, and hence population density assessment, difficult. Many, but not all, nineteenth-century writers thought the species was becoming extinct, their reports conceivably reflecting real fluctuations in numbers. From the 1980s, however, evidence mounted that hunting and habitat destruction were seriously impacting the estimated 3200 birds on Upolu and 4800 on Savaii. Two cyclones in 1990 and 1991 destroyed much habitat; by 2000 only some 2500 birds were estimated to survive, and by 2006, when a recovery plan was issued, only 500; the most recent searches suggest fewer than 50 on each main island. Apart from hunting and habitat loss, predation by introduced rats and perhaps cats may be a serious limiting factor in the present century. Preservation and restoration of forests, elimination of hunting and control of predators are all needed, backed by a program of targeted research to establish the distribution of key Dysoxylum food plants and hence elevation limits, to identify any remaining forest areas with high density of Dysoxylum, and to study in detail the ecology and behaviour of birds in any and all surviving populations.

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9

OKUMURA, YOSHIHIRO, KENJI HARADA, and YOSHIAKI KAWATA. "EVACUATION BEHAVIOR IN THE 29 SEPTEMBER 2009 SAMOA ISLANDS REGION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05, no. 03 (September 2011): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343111100108x.

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A large earthquake of Mw 8.0 occurred in Samoa Islands region in the early morning of 29 September 2009 (local time). A large tsunami generated by the earthquake hit Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga. The field investigation on evacuation behavior was carried out in Tutuila Island, American Samoa. The death ratio was low against the tsunami magnitude. This feature of this disaster resulted from waveform of tsunami, land use, residents' call, mayor's call, and so on.

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10

Stürchler, Dieter. "SPOTLIGHT Samoa – Island archipelago by several names." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 15 (January 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.02.003.

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11

BOOTH, HEATHER. "PACIFIC ISLAND SUICIDE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Biosocial Science 31, no. 4 (October 1999): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932099004332.

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All available data for thirteen Pacific Island nations are used in a comparative analysis of suicide levels and characteristics. Age, sex and method of suicide are examined in detail. Global comparison shows Pacific rates are amongst the highest reported. Female youth rates exceed male rates in Western Samoa and amongst Fiji Indians. Method of suicide (paraquat ingestion) is instrumental in determining high rates in Western Samoa, especially in females. The broad causal theme is societal transition. Commonality and diversity are discussed.

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12

Sikorski, Michael J., Sachin N. Desai, Siaosi Tupua, Robert E. Thomsen, Jane Han, Savitra Rambocus, Susana Nimarota-Brown, et al. "Tenacious Endemic Typhoid Fever in Samoa." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, Supplement_2 (July 29, 2020): S120—S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa314.

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Abstract Background Typhoid fever has been endemic on the island nation of Samoa (2016 population, 195 979) since the 1960s and has persisted through 2019, despite economic development and improvements in water supply and sanitation. Methods Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from the 2 hospitals with blood culture capability and matched patient demographic and clinical data from January 2008 through December 2019 were analyzed. Denominators to calculate incidence by island, region, and district came from 2011 and 2016 censuses and from 2017–2019 projections from Samoa’s Bureau of Statistics. Data were analyzed to describe typhoid case burden and incidence from 2008 to 2019 by time, place, and person. Results In sum, 53–193 blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases occurred annually from 2008 to 2019, without apparent seasonality. Typhoid incidence was low among children age < 48 months (17.6–27.8/105), rose progressively in ages 5–9 years (54.0/105), 10–19 years (60.7–63.4/105), and 20–34 years (61.0–79.3/105), and then tapered off; 93.6% of cases occurred among Samoans < 50 years of age. Most typhoid cases and the highest incidence occurred in Northwest Upolu, but Apia Urban Area (served by treated water supplies) also exhibited moderate incidence. The proportion of cases from short-cycle versus long-cycle transmission is unknown. Samoan S. Typhi are pansusceptible to traditional first-line antibiotics. Nevertheless, enhanced surveillance in 2019 detected 4 (2.9%) deaths among 140 cases. Conclusions Typhoid has been endemic in Samoa in the period 2008–2019. Interventions, including mass vaccination with a Vi-conjugate vaccine coadministered with measles vaccine are planned.

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13

QUINTUS, SETH J. "Terrestrial food production and land use in prehistoric Samoa: an example from Olosega Island, Manu'a, American Samoa." Archaeology in Oceania 47, no. 3 (October 2012): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2012.tb00125.x.

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14

Ebenebe, Adama A., Saidi R. Achari, Nitesh Chand, Annas A. Krishna, and Saula Baleisuva. "The cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis) on tickweed (Cleome viscosa) in Samoa." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 29, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp11001.

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Cabbages (Brassica spp.) are important components of the diet of many South Pacific island people, but their production is often constrained by pests and diseases. Leaf-eating caterpillars, particularly Crocidolomia pavonana, Plutella xylostella and Hellula undalis, are the most important insect pest constraints in Samoa. In 2006, it was observed that H. undalis infests a wild plant, Cleome viscosa, in Samoa. Field surveys, laboratory and cage experiments were then conducted from 2007 to 2009 to investigate aspects of the ecology of H. undalis in Samoa. The study showed that H. undalis is present on C. viscosa throughout the year. Findings also suggest that parasitism of H. undalis in Samoa is either negligible or non-existent. Only Brassica rapa chinensis, Brassica oleracea capitata and C. viscosa were confirmed as hosts of H. undalis. Laboratory and cage experiments suggested that C. viscosa was more attractive for H. undalis larval feeding than the Brassica spp. However, overall indication from this study is that the main role of C. viscosa, under field conditions, is as source of recruitment of H. undalis onto cultivated hosts. We recommended that C. viscosa should be controlled in cabbage growing areas.

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15

Kirch, P. V., T. L. Hunt, and Jason Tyler. "A Radiocarbon Sequence from the Toaga Site, Ofu Island, American Samoa." Radiocarbon 31, no. 1 (1989): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044568.

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The Samoan Archipelago occupies a critical position for understanding the dispersal of early Austronesian-speaking peoples into the southwestern Pacific, including the initial colonization by humans of the Polynesian triangle. To date, the most easterly reported site of the Lapita cultural complex (Green, 1979; Kirch, 1984; Kirch & Hunt, 1988) is the Mulifanua site on Upolu Island, Western Samoa (Green & Davidson, 1974). Lapita colonists settled the larger, western Samoan Islands by the end of the second millennium bc. Archaeologic and linguistic evidence also suggest that the islands of Eastern Polynesia (eg, Marquesas, Society and Cook Islands) were settled, at least in part, from Samoa. However, the timing of this movement into Eastern Polynesia has not yet been dated to earlier than ca 150 bc on the basis of radiocarbon dating of cultural materials from the Marquesas Islands (Kirch, 1986; Ottino, 1985). This has raised the issue of whether there was a “long pause” between the settlement of Samoa (and the other islands of Western Polynesia, such as Tonga, Futuna, and ‘Uvea) and that of Eastern Polynesia (Irwin, 1981; Kirch, 1986; Terrell, 1986).

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16

Khoo, Chris, Nico Schulenkorf, and Daryl Adair. "The benefits and limitations of using cricket as a sport for development tool in Samoa." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 6, no. 1 (September 9, 2014): 76–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v6i1.3737.

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This study investigates benefits and challenges associated with the use of sport – in this case cricket – as a community development tool in Samoa. This Pacific Island nation, like others in the region, has been the focus of various development programs in the post-colonial era, with developed economy neighbours like Australia and New Zealand providing aid funding. Some of that has involved sport as a development tool, underpinned either by funding from the national government, foreign aid agencies, or a combination of both. The present paper, by focusing on a cricket for development (CFD) program in Samoa, aims to explore outcomes and limitations associated with the use of sport as a community engagement tool. The paper pursues that goal by examining the activities of relevant sport and government organisations, and – most crucially – it interviews key stakeholders involved in the CFD process in Samoa. In short, the prime purpose of this paper is to identify and interpret – from the perspective of locals – whether the CFD program has brought benefits to Samoan communities, and the challenges and limitations they see thus far. This is important because, to date, there has been an absence of qualitative inquiry into the efficacy of sport for development (SFD) programs in Samoa, and very limited research in a Pacific Islands context.

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Joseph, Hayley, Fuatai Maiava, Take Naseri, Fasihah Taleo, Malakai ‘Ake, Corinne Capuano, and Wayne Melrose. "Application of the Filariasis CELISA Antifilarial Antibody Assay in Surveillance in Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programmes in the South Pacific." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/492023.

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Elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICT) has been defined as <0.1% circulating filarial antigen (CFA) prevalence in children born after the implementation of successful mass drug administrations (MDAs). This research assessed the feasibility of CFA and antibody testing in three countries; Tonga, Vanuatu, and Samoa. Transmission is interrupted in Vanuatu and Tonga as evidenced by no CFA positive children and a low antibody prevalence and titre. Transmission is ongoing in Samoa with microfilaraemic (Mf) and CFA positive children and a high antibody prevalence and titre. Furthermore, areas of transmission were identified with Mf positive adults, but no CFA positive children. These areas had a high antibody prevalence in children. In conclusion, CFA testing in children alone was not useful for identifying areas of residual endemicity in Samoa. Thus, it would be beneficial to include antibody serology in the PICT surveillance strategy.

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Hunt, T. L., and P. V. Kirch. "Radiocarbon Dates from two Coastal Sites in the Manu'a Group, American Samoa." Radiocarbon 29, no. 3 (1987): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200043800.

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Samples of inshore marine shell species (various taxa, see description below) were collected from controlled excavation of ceramic-bearing strata of two archaeologic sites in the Manu'a Island group, American Samoa. Located on the closely adjacent islands of Ta'u and Ofu (14° 14’ 30” S, 169° 30’ 40” E and 14° 10’ 55” S, 169° 39’ 0” E, respectively), these sites represent human occupation along shorelines undergoing a parallel depositional sequence of calcareous sand dune development and concomitant seaward progradation. Our primary objective was to obtain an initial age estimate for prehistoric ceramics from eastern Samoa. On stylistic and technologic criteria, the ceramics recovered from our excavations can be classified as thick-coarse Polynesian Plainware. Based on previous studies in Western Samoa, Polynesian Plainware represents a terminal phase of prehistoric pottery manufacture in the Samoan Islands, believed to date from ca 200 bc to ad 300 (Green & Davidson, 1974).

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Titmus, Andrew J., Nicole Arcilla, and Christopher A. Lepczyk. "Assessment of the Birds of Swains Island, American Samoa." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 128, no. 1 (March 2016): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-128.1.163.

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20

Dickinson, William R. "Upolu (Samoa): Perspective on Island Subsidence from Volcano Loading." Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2007): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564890701520850.

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Heard, Emma, Lisa Fitzgerald, Sina Va’ai, Fiona Collins, and Allyson Mutch. "Suiga/Change: An Ethnodrama Exploring Challenges in Intimate Relationships With Young People in Samoa." Violence Against Women 25, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218778388.

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant global issue and there is an immediate need to strengthen knowledge and support innovative action, particularly with young people and people in diverse cultural settings. This ethnodrama provides insights into the way young people in Samoa, a Pacific Island nation reporting high rates of IPV, experience and perceive IPV and challenges within intimate relationships. Suiga/Change is an authentic, emotive, and powerful story of four young people who represent the diversity and lived experiences of the wider population of young people in Samoa. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

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Lameko, Viali. "Obesity in Samoa: Culture, History and Dietary Practices." Journal of Samoan Studies Volume 10 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47922/gcri1637.

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This paper provides an overview, from an historical perspective, to identify the structural factors that have created an ‘obesogenic’ environment in contemporary Samoa. The prevalence of obesity among Samoan adults had dramatically increased over the past four decades and is now affecting about 59 % of men and 81 % of women in this small island country, respectively. More alarming is the association of obesity with prevalent non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, stroke, cancer and heart attack. There are multiple factors at work which include, but not limited to, behaviour related to a nutrition transition, limited physical activities, sedentary lifestyle and cultural food practices. The question is why and how the people of Samoa changed their traditional diet, consisting mostly of taro, breadfruit, coconut, and fish, to meals consisting of mainly imported, processed food items laden with sugar, saturated fat and salt. This dietary change has not occurred because Samoan customs and culture of food has changed; it is the food that has changed. Keywords: obesity, culture, dietary practices, nutrition transition.

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Symons, Lisa C., Joseph Paulin, and Atuatasi Lelei Peau. "Challenges of OPA and NMSA Related Responses in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa: NO.1 JI HYUN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2389.

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ABSTRACT: 2017-226 Fa’a-Samoa (the Samoan way) is a living tradition and continues to define the Samoan way of life. It is the foundation of Polynesia’s oldest culture - dating back some 3,000 years. Fa’a-Samoa is interconnected with Samoan lands and waters and by sharing the intact and vibrant traditions, values, and legends that connect the Samoan people to the land and sea, the local community plays an INTEGRAL role in the protection and preservation of natural and cultural resources of the area. Fa’a-Samoa places great importance on the dignity and achievements of the group rather than individuals. On April 14, 2016, the 62 ft. FV NO1 JI HYUN lost the main engines and grounded off the west side of Aunu’u Island in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (NMSAS). This area is of ecological and cultural significance for the local residents using hook-and-line, casting nets, spearfishing (non-scuba assisted) and other non-destructive fishing methods including those traditionally used for sustenance and cultural purposes such as gleaning, ‘enu and ola. The village on Aunu’u was extremely wary of inclusion of the waters of Aunu’u in the expansion of the sanctuary being concerned about loss of control of their traditional uses of the nearshore environment. In what became an extension of Fa’a-Samoa, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the American Samoa Territorial government worked, together to address both the pollution hazards from the incident and the impact to the coral reef ecosystem even after the fuel was removed. While a relatively straight forward response were it to happen in the continental U.S., severe weather (Tropical Cyclone Amos), high winds and swells, limitations on site access, daylight high tides, and availability of resources to include tugs, tow lines and trained personnel made this quite challenging. Three removal attempts occurred under Oil Pollution Act (OPA) authorization and three efforts occurred under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), with guidance from a professional salvage master. This prolonged 4-month response has prompted some new dialogue and hopefully new commitment to increase preparedness and spill response capabilities within the territory. The designation of the NMSAS allowed for the use of the combined authorities of OPA and the NMSA, forging new path that protects and preserves both the natural and cultural resources of the region from the impacts of pollution and from future groundings whether large or small.

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Freifeld, H. B. "Habitat relationships of forest birds on Tutuila Island, American Samoa." Journal of Biogeography 26, no. 6 (November 1999): 1191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00349.x.

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25

Kaspar, Annette, Sione Pifeleti, Penaia A. Faumuina, Obiga Newton, and Carlie Driscoll. "Ethical issues for large-scale hearing aid donation programmes to the Pacific Islands: a Samoan perspective." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 10 (August 26, 2020): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106560.

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The Pacific Islands are estimated to have among the highest global burdens of hearing loss, however, hearing health services are limited throughout this region. The provision of hearing aid is desirable, but should be delivered in accordance with WHO recommendations of appropriate and locally sustainable services. Large-scale hearing aid donation programmes to the Pacific Islands raise ethical questions that challenge these recommendations.The aim of this paper is to consider the ethical implications of large-scale hearing aid donation programmes to Samoa, a nation of the Pacific Islands. Evaluation of both ‘Western’ and ‘Pacific Island’ perspectives reveals important cross-cultural differences regarding attitudes to donation programmes. We attempt to offer possible solutions that satisfy both ethical frameworks, and which should enable us to deliver an effective hearing health service for Samoa. These solutions may be translational and benefit other Pacific Island nations in a similar context.

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Partridge, R., D. B. Bouslough, L. Proano, S. Soliai-lemusu, F. Avegalio, and A. Anesi. "(P1-21) Medical Disaster Relief after the 2009 American Samoan Tsunami: Lessons Learned." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s105—s106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003530.

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BackgroundTsunamis most commonly occur in the “Ring of fire” in the Pacific due to frequency of earthquakes and volcanic activity. Damaging tsunamis occur 1–2 times yearly. On September 29, 2009, an earthquake on the Pacific floor caused a tsunami that struck American Samoa, Samoa and Tonga, with only 20 minutes warning.ObjectiveTo evaluate the disaster response in American Samoa by emergency medical services (EMS), the territorial hospital, and the Department of Health.MethodsA retrospective review of EMS logs, public health records, hospital emergency department charts, and key-informant interviews over a 2-week period. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate data.ResultsThree 5-meter waves struck the American Samoan islands, with land inundation as far as 700 meters. Many low- lying villages, including the capital city Pago Pago were affected. A total of 33 people (8 male, 23 female, including 3 children) were killed by the water, with approximately 150 significantly injured. EMS runs increased 250% from normal daily averages, with island-wide responses significantly delayed by flood damage. The hospital in Pago Pago, situated near the shore and only 10 meters above sea level, utilized 75 staff to evacuate 68 in-patients to high ground as soon as tremors were felt. This process was completed in 20 minutes with no associated morbidity or mortality. Patient injury patterns for the event are similar to recent literature reports. Mobile clinics and alternate care sites established at outlying dispensaries were used to decentralize healthcare from the hospital. DMAT/DMORT teams from Oregon and Hawaii supported local healthcare initiatives. Post-disaster public health surveillance focused on identifying and limiting food/water-borne illnesses, dengue fever, and influenza-like-illness outbreaks, as well as disaster related PTSD.ConclusionThe disaster response to the tsunami in American Samoa was effective. Disaster planning was appropriate and rapidly implemented. Post-disaster public health emergencies were minimized.

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Mellow, Kieran D., Joy L. Tyson, Robert A. Fullerton, Angelika Tugaga, Fa'alelei Tunupopo, and Amy Maslen-Miller. "Mating types of Phytophthora colocasiae on the island of Upolu, Samoa." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (June 27, 2018): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.143.

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Taro leaf blight (TLB) caused by Phytophthora colocasiae is a damaging disease that destroyed Samoa’s taro industry following its introduction in 1993. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of the A1 and A2 mating types of P. colocasiae for a more comprehensive understanding of the risk the pathogen poses for the future of the taro industry in Samoa. In September 2015, 54 isolates of P. colocasiae were collected from taro leaf blight lesions from 13 farms around the island of Upolu, Samoa. The mating types of each isolate was determined by observation of oospore formation when paired with tester isolates of Phytophthora nicotianae of known mating types (A1 or A2). Fifty isolates were found to be A2 mating type and four did not form oospores with either mating type. No A1 or self-fertile isolates were found. These results suggest that the A1 mating type has not been introduced to the island of Upolu, preventing the formation of oospores between compatible mating types of P. colocasiae and lessening the risk of new and potentially more threatening genotypes of the pathogen from emerging through genetic recombination. Keywords taro leaf blight, Colocasia esculenta, taro, sexual reproduction

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Tsuda, Roy T., Jack R. Fisher, and Peter S. Vroom. "First Records of Marine Benthic Algae from Swains Island, American Samoa." Cryptogamie, Algologie 32, no. 3 (August 2011): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7872/crya.v32.iss3.2011.271.

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Kirch, Patrick V., Terry L. Hunt, Lisa Nagaoka, and Jason Tyler. "An Ancestral Polynesian occupation site at To'aga, Ofu Island, American Samoa." Archaeology in Oceania 25, no. 1 (April 1990): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1990.tb00225.x.

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Terry, James P., Ray A. Kostaschuk, and Sitaram Garimella. "Sediment deposition rate in the Falefa River basin, Upolu Island, Samoa." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 86, no. 1 (January 2006): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.07.004.

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Imo, T., P. Amosa, F. Latu, V. Vaurasi, and R. Ieremia. "Chemical Composition of Rainwater at Selected Sites on Upolu Island, Samoa." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 11, no. 03 (2021): 458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2021.113027.

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Podoski, Jessica, Dane Sjoblom, and Shelley Franklin. "CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR AMERICAN SAMOA: FOCUS ON TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.management.1.

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Essential transportation infrastructure around the globe will be increasingly compromised by interrelated climate change impacts. Due to geographic isolation and limited natural resources, the economy and security of many Pacific territories and nations, including American Samoa, depend heavily on the resilience of these transportation infrastructure systems. Of particular relevance are the coastal impacts of climate changes such as sea level rise and storm surges which will threaten transportation infrastructure including both temporary and long-term flooding of airports, ports and harbors, and roads which are vital lifelines for trans-Pacific, interisland, and intra-island commerce and community services. The majority of the transportation assets in American Samoa are along a narrow coastal plain backed by steep topography, precluding relocation or retreat in response to increased coastal flooding accompanying a changing climate.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/k-qJPMVwvVc

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Forster, PI. "A taxonomic revision of Heterostemma Wight & Arn (Asclepiadaceae: Stapelieae) in Australia and the Western Pacific." Australian Systematic Botany 5, no. 1 (1992): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9920071.

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The genus Heterostemma Wight & Arn. is recorded and revised for Australia and the western Pacific island groups of Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and New Caledonia. Heterostemma is represented by three species, H. magnificum P. Forster, sp. nov., H. acuminatum Decne. and H. samoense (A. Gray) P. Forster, comb. nov.

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Aldrich, Robert. "The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014558.

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At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.

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35

Beissel, Adam S. "Transnational Corporations of Football Kin: Migration, Labor Flow, and the American Samoa MIRAB Economy." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723519867684.

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In the U.S. territory of American Samoa, gridiron football has emerged as an important driver of a stock-flow relationship in which the stock of overseas-resident migrant athletic laborers sustains the flow of remittances to their extended family in their homeland. Within this article, I consider the significance of gridiron football within American Samoa’s MIRAB ( Migration, Remittances, Aid and Bureaucracy) economy, a model of Pacific Island microeconomies characterized by migration, remittances, foreign aid, and public bureaucracy. Based on a series of personal interviews with high school football players between the ages of 15 and 18 years on the Eastern football team squad, as well as more than a dozen coaches, parents, educator, and directors associated with the production of American Samoan High School football ( n = 60), I critically examine the social, cultural, and economic determinants involved in the collective decision-making process of footballers to emigrate to the U.S. mainland. I find that family units in the American Samoa operate as, to rephrase Bertram and Watters, transnational corporations of football kin, working collectively to develop and train skilled football laborers toward the accumulation of various forms of economic and social remittances for the benefit of the individual and extended family unit. More broadly, gridiron football in American Samoa produces a stock-flow relationship whereby a stock of Samoan gridiron footballers migrates to U.S. colleges and universities to support the flow of remittances and aid that sustains the island’s MIRAB economy.

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N'Yeurt, Antoine D. R., and Claude E. Payri. "A preliminary annotated checklist of the marine algae and seagrasses of the Wallis Islands (French Overseas Territory of Wallis and Futuna), South Pacific." Australian Systematic Botany 17, no. 4 (2004): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb03027.

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A total of 194 species of marine algae (14 Cyanobacteria, 41 Chlorophyta, 11 Heterokontophyta and 128 Rhodophyta), as well as three species of seagrasses, represent the first published records for the isolated island of Wallis, South Pacific. The flora has its strongest affinities with Fiji and Rotuma, followed by Samoa and French Polynesia. The lack of diverse habitats and its geographical location are invoked to explain the relatively low species richness compared with localities such as Fiji and Samoa. The flora has a typically tropical component dominated by encrusting coralline red algae, the calcified green algal genera Halimeda, and assemblages of Cyanobacteria. Normally ubiquitous species such as Halimeda discoidea, and the brown algal genera Hydroclathrus, Colpomenia, Rosenvingea, Asteronema, and Chnoospora are notably absent from the island, perhaps due to seasonality and the lack of suitable habitats. The minute epiphytic red alga Acrochaetium kurogii is reported for the first time outside of its type locality in Japan, while two as yet unidentified species of red algae (Gracilaria sp. and Sebdenia sp.) could represent new taxa if further useful material is found.

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Paksoy, Nadir. "Pattern of coroner's post-mortems in a Pacific island society (Western Samoa)." Journal de la Société des océanistes 90, no. 1 (1990): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jso.1990.2869.

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Pyle, Peter, Larry Spear, and John Engbring. "A Previously Unreported Population of Herald Petrel on Ta'u Island, American Samoa." Colonial Waterbirds 13, no. 2 (1990): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521581.

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Cowie, Robert H., and Rebecca J. Rundell. "The Land Snails of a Small Tropical Pacific Island, Aunu'u, American Samoa." Pacific Science 56, no. 2 (2002): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psc.2002.0011.

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Freifeld, Holly, Chris Solek, and Ailao Tualauleleli. "Temporal Variation in Forest Bird Survey Data from Tutuila Island, American Samoa." Pacific Science 58, no. 1 (2004): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psc.2004.0004.

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41

Schabetsberger, R., YLK Chang, and MJ Miller. "Spawning migration and larval dispersal of tropical Pacific eels (Anguilla spp.) in the centre of their distribution ranges." Marine Ecology Progress Series 670 (July 22, 2021): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13745.

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It is unknown how many spawning areas exist for tropical South Pacific eels (Anguilla marmorata, A. megastoma, A. obscura) populating island archipelagos between Papua New Guinea and French Polynesia. They could spawn at single centralised eastern and western locations, implying long-distance migrations by some eels, or at several local spawning areas. Larval catches, morphological and genetic investigations, and tagging experiments have provided no unequivocal answer. In this study, A. marmorata and A. megastoma were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitters at Samoa, in the centre of their distribution ranges. Tags surfaced prematurely after 11 to 25 d, 91 to 345 km from the point of release. One A. marmorata and one A. megastoma came within 180 and 230 km, respectively, from where a small A. marmorata leptocephalus was caught north of American Samoa during a recent research cruise, suggesting that eels may spawn near the archipelago. Silver eels exhibited diel vertical migrations between 180 m during the night and more than 700 m during the day. At their upper migration depths, eels migrated towards increasing salinity and towards local eddies, raising the question of whether they may actively search for these oceanographic features. Up to 15% of virtual larvae released near Samoa were retained within local eddies and could have recruited back to the archipelago. The remaining larvae drifted as far as Fiji and the Cook Islands to the west and east, respectively. The exchange of leptocephali probably connects several local spawning areas throughout the South Pacific Ocean, causing genetic exchange among areas.

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Rowe, Mark. "A difficult balancing act: the Samoan experience with money laundering regulation." Journal of Money Laundering Control 24, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-08-2020-0096.

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Purpose This paper aims to examines the trade-offs that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) must make in navigating an inappropriate elite-driven global anti-money laundering anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism (AML-CFT) order. This paper examines the case of Samoa, an under-researched Pacific Island nation. It is hoped that this paper will have a wider resonance for policymakers from other developing nations facing similar challenges. Design/methodology/approach It draws on the latest Samoan domestic source material and Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering Mutual Evaluation Reports to highlight the difficult balancing act that SIDS face in complying with complex global norms within their limited regulatory capacity and competing development priorities of financial inclusion and affordable remittance flows. Findings Samoa and other SIDS in balancing the existential risks of “blacklisting” with the significant regulatory opportunity costs of compliance undertake an expensive form of AML-CFT window-dressing. Policymakers need to be more sensitive to the needs and regulatory opportunity costs of small jurisdictions, particularly when questions about the effectiveness of the AML-CFT remain open. Research limitations/implications The author notes Samoa’s offshore center’s role in raising its risk profile. However, owing to this paper's limited scope offshore center (OFCs) will not be explored in depth. Further research is needed in this area. Originality/value There is a dearth of contemporary academic research into AML-CFT regulation in the South Pacific and Samoa specifically. This paper presents through its Samoan case study insights into the cost-benefit calculations that small jurisdictions must make in seeking to comply with elite global AML-CFT norms vis-à-vis competing policy goals such as financial inclusion and ready access to remittance flows.

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Choong, Chee-Keong, and Ronald Kumar. "Role of Remittances in Economic Growth in Pacific Island Countries: A Study of Samoa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 8, no. 4 (2009): 611–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915009x12583611836217.

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AbstractRemittances have been a great support to Pacific island countries (PICs). Aside from providing additions to domestic savings and, hence, real resources, they have been one of the major sources of foreign exchange earnings. In the context of falling exports and limited options to diversify their exports, inward remittances have assumed greater importance. This paper examines the nexus between growth and remittances in Samoa.

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Hauri, Erik H., and Stanley R. Hart. "Constraints on melt migration from mantle plumes: A trace element study of peridotite xenoliths from Savai'i, Western Samoa." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 99, B12 (December 10, 1994): 24301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jb01553.

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45

Quintus, Seth, Jeffrey T. Clark, Stephanie S. Day, and Donald P. Schwert. "Landscape Evolution and Human Settlement Patterns on Ofu Island, Manu’a Group, American Samoa." Asian Perspectives 54, no. 2 (2016): 208–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2016.0004.

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46

IWATA, Keisuke, and Yasuyuki SHIMIZU. "2D CALCULATION STUDY OF FLOOD DAMAGE IN URBAN AREA AT APIA, SAMOA ISLAND." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 52 (2008): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.52.835.

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47

Choudhary, Ekta, Tai-Ho Chen, Colleen Martin, Sara Vagi, Joseph Roth, Mark Keim, Rebecca Noe, et al. "Public Health Needs Assessments of Tutuila Island, American Samoa, After the 2009 Tsunami." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6, no. 3 (October 2012): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2012.40.

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ABSTRACTObjective: An 8.3 magnitude earthquake followed by tsunami waves devastated American Samoa on September 29, 2009, resulting in widespread loss of property and public services. An initial and a follow-up Community Needs Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) objectively quantified disaster-affected population needs.Methods: Using a 2-stage cluster sampling method of CASPER, a household questionnaire eliciting information about medical and basic needs, illnesses, and injuries was administered. To assess response efforts, percent changes in basic and medical needs, illnesses, and injuries between the initial and follow-up CASPER were calculated.Results: During the initial CASPER (N = 212 households), 47.6% and 51.6% of households reported needing a tarpaulin and having no electricity, respectively. The self-reported greatest needs were water (27.8%) and financial help with cleanup (25.5%). The follow-up CASPER (N = 207 households) identified increased vector problems compared to pre-tsunami, and food (26%) was identified as the self-reported greatest need. As compared to the initial CASPER, the follow-up CASPER observed decreases in electricity (−78.3%), drinking water (−44.4%), and clothing (−26.6%).Conclusion: This study highlights the use of CASPER during the response and recovery phases following a disaster. The initial CASPER identified basic needs immediately after the earthquake, whereas the follow-up CASPER assessed effectiveness of relief efforts and identified ongoing community needs.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:209–216)

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McAdoo, Brian G., Joyce Samuelu Ah-Leong, Lui Bell, Pulea Ifopo, Juney Ward, Edward Lovell, and Posa Skelton. "Coral reefs as buffers during the 2009 South Pacific tsunami, Upolu Island, Samoa." Earth-Science Reviews 107, no. 1-2 (July 2011): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.11.005.

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Brown, Richard P. C. "Hidden Foreign Exchange Flows: Estimating Unofficial Remittances to Tonga and Western Samoa." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689500400102.

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This article shows how sample survey data from both the remitting and receiving ends can be used to derive estimates of total remittances by migrants from Tonga and Western Samoa, including those sent through unofficial channels. Such survey data can provide a wealth of information on the variety of forms and channels of remittances used by migrants, from which it is possible to assess the quantitative and qualitative significance of these hidden international resource flows. Unrecorded remittances are found to constitute a highly significant part of total remittances to these Pacific island countries. It is argued that current account estimates from official balance of payments data in these situations need to be treated with extreme caution, especially in the context of macroeconomic analysis and policy formulation.

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Singh, Shailendra. "Six Oceania microstates: The genesis of media accountability." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i2.839.

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Media accountability systems (M*A*S) have been slow to take root in Oceania. Apart from Papua New Guinea, Fiji is the trend-setter in the region. Following the establishment of the Fiji Media Council in the mid-1990s, several other South Pacific island countries were keen to the follow the lead. Tonga now has a similar body with a code of ethics and which includes public members empowered to receive and adjudicate on complaints against the media. In Samoa, a study has been carried out in order to establish a media council-type body. The Solomons Islands Media Council (SIMC) is an industry organisation that does not yet have a complaints procedure. It is considering including this mechanism in line with the Papua New Guinea Media Council with which it shares a website and has a cooperative agreement. This article examines the debate in six South Pacific island countries that have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, self-regulatory M*A*S mechanisms following government pressure. They are the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The article also argues that there are other M*A*S that regional media can adopt besides media councils and this action would make it harder for governments to intervene and introduce regulation.

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