Journal articles: 'Samoans American Samoa'

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Zeeman, Bert. "Samoa (American Samoa, Western Samoa, Samoans Abroad)97515H.G.A. Hughes. Samoa (American Samoa, Western Samoa, Samoans Abroad). Oxford/Santa Barbara: ABC‐Clio 1997. lxxxix + 345 pp, ISBN: 1 85109 253 6 £75.00 World Bibliographical Series." Reference Reviews 11, no. 8 (August 1997): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.1997.11.8.45.515.

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Pearson, J. D. "Attitudes and perceptions concerning elderly Samoans in rural Western Samoa, American Samoa, and urban Honolulu." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 7, no. 1 (January 1992): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00116577.

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Beissel, Adam S. "Transnational Corporations of Football Kin: Migration, Labor Flow, and the American Samoa MIRAB Economy." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723519867684.

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In the U.S. territory of American Samoa, gridiron football has emerged as an important driver of a stock-flow relationship in which the stock of overseas-resident migrant athletic laborers sustains the flow of remittances to their extended family in their homeland. Within this article, I consider the significance of gridiron football within American Samoa’s MIRAB ( Migration, Remittances, Aid and Bureaucracy) economy, a model of Pacific Island microeconomies characterized by migration, remittances, foreign aid, and public bureaucracy. Based on a series of personal interviews with high school football players between the ages of 15 and 18 years on the Eastern football team squad, as well as more than a dozen coaches, parents, educator, and directors associated with the production of American Samoan High School football ( n = 60), I critically examine the social, cultural, and economic determinants involved in the collective decision-making process of footballers to emigrate to the U.S. mainland. I find that family units in the American Samoa operate as, to rephrase Bertram and Watters, transnational corporations of football kin, working collectively to develop and train skilled football laborers toward the accumulation of various forms of economic and social remittances for the benefit of the individual and extended family unit. More broadly, gridiron football in American Samoa produces a stock-flow relationship whereby a stock of Samoan gridiron footballers migrates to U.S. colleges and universities to support the flow of remittances and aid that sustains the island’s MIRAB economy.

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Steele, Matthew S., and Stephen T. McGarvey. "Expression of Anger by Samoan Adults." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3f.1339.

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A modified version of Spielberger's 1988 Anger Expression Inventory including four Samoan culture-specific anger terms was administered to 593 adult American and Western Samoans, 25 to 55 years, to assess intrasample age, sex, and location differences and to examine its cross-cultural utility by an exploratory factor analysis. American Samoans men's and women's scores showed greater difficulty controlling anger than Western Samoan men and women, American Samoan males scored higher on Anger-Out and Samoan anger expression than Western Samoan men, and Western Samoan women scored higher on Anger-Out and higher on Samoan anger expression than Western Samoan men. Factor analysis showed that Spielberger's original factor structure was replicated in all subpopulations except American Samoan women. Control of anger, a Samoan cultural core value, appears to be more difficult in modern American Samoans of both sexes compared with the more traditional Western Samoans. Among American Samoan women, we speculate that role expansion may be responsible for their heterogeneous factor structure of anger expression.

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Clark, Jeffrey T. "Radiocarbon Dates from American Samoa." Radiocarbon 35, no. 2 (1993): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200065012.

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Between 1988 and 1991, I directed five archaeological research projects in American Samoa. The goal of that research was to reveal changes in the prehistoric settlement system of Samoa, from initial colonization of the archipelago to the time of significant European contact. The chronological placement of key sites was an essential facet of the research. A secondary goal was to locate sites with ceramic components, particularly sites with Lapita ceramics, and relate the ceramic assemblages typologically and chronologically to those known for Western Samoa. These investigations generated 16 14C dates from archaeological contexts. I present here the previously unpublished 14C data from those samples, and briefly summarize their importance for understanding Samoan prehistory.

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Kirch, P. V., T. L. Hunt, and Jason Tyler. "A Radiocarbon Sequence from the Toaga Site, Ofu Island, American Samoa." Radiocarbon 31, no. 1 (1989): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044568.

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The Samoan Archipelago occupies a critical position for understanding the dispersal of early Austronesian-speaking peoples into the southwestern Pacific, including the initial colonization by humans of the Polynesian triangle. To date, the most easterly reported site of the Lapita cultural complex (Green, 1979; Kirch, 1984; Kirch & Hunt, 1988) is the Mulifanua site on Upolu Island, Western Samoa (Green & Davidson, 1974). Lapita colonists settled the larger, western Samoan Islands by the end of the second millennium bc. Archaeologic and linguistic evidence also suggest that the islands of Eastern Polynesia (eg, Marquesas, Society and Cook Islands) were settled, at least in part, from Samoa. However, the timing of this movement into Eastern Polynesia has not yet been dated to earlier than ca 150 bc on the basis of radiocarbon dating of cultural materials from the Marquesas Islands (Kirch, 1986; Ottino, 1985). This has raised the issue of whether there was a “long pause” between the settlement of Samoa (and the other islands of Western Polynesia, such as Tonga, Futuna, and ‘Uvea) and that of Eastern Polynesia (Irwin, 1981; Kirch, 1986; Terrell, 1986).

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Symons, Lisa C., Joseph Paulin, and Atuatasi Lelei Peau. "Challenges of OPA and NMSA Related Responses in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa: NO.1 JI HYUN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2389.

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ABSTRACT: 2017-226 Fa’a-Samoa (the Samoan way) is a living tradition and continues to define the Samoan way of life. It is the foundation of Polynesia’s oldest culture - dating back some 3,000 years. Fa’a-Samoa is interconnected with Samoan lands and waters and by sharing the intact and vibrant traditions, values, and legends that connect the Samoan people to the land and sea, the local community plays an INTEGRAL role in the protection and preservation of natural and cultural resources of the area. Fa’a-Samoa places great importance on the dignity and achievements of the group rather than individuals. On April 14, 2016, the 62 ft. FV NO1 JI HYUN lost the main engines and grounded off the west side of Aunu’u Island in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (NMSAS). This area is of ecological and cultural significance for the local residents using hook-and-line, casting nets, spearfishing (non-scuba assisted) and other non-destructive fishing methods including those traditionally used for sustenance and cultural purposes such as gleaning, ‘enu and ola. The village on Aunu’u was extremely wary of inclusion of the waters of Aunu’u in the expansion of the sanctuary being concerned about loss of control of their traditional uses of the nearshore environment. In what became an extension of Fa’a-Samoa, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the American Samoa Territorial government worked, together to address both the pollution hazards from the incident and the impact to the coral reef ecosystem even after the fuel was removed. While a relatively straight forward response were it to happen in the continental U.S., severe weather (Tropical Cyclone Amos), high winds and swells, limitations on site access, daylight high tides, and availability of resources to include tugs, tow lines and trained personnel made this quite challenging. Three removal attempts occurred under Oil Pollution Act (OPA) authorization and three efforts occurred under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), with guidance from a professional salvage master. This prolonged 4-month response has prompted some new dialogue and hopefully new commitment to increase preparedness and spill response capabilities within the territory. The designation of the NMSAS allowed for the use of the combined authorities of OPA and the NMSA, forging new path that protects and preserves both the natural and cultural resources of the region from the impacts of pollution and from future groundings whether large or small.

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Kemmer, Teresa M., Rachel Novotny, A. Sam Gerber, and Ianeta Ah Ping. "Anaemia, its correlation with overweight and growth patterns in children aged 5–10 years living in American Samoa." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 5 (May 2009): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898000800270x.

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AbstractObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of anaemia, identify the predictors of anaemia, compare the prevalence of anaemia among children living in American Samoa to those found in children living in the USA, and compare the growth patterns obtained from this study to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data and data obtained earlier in American Samoan children.DesignCross-sectional.SettingAmerican Samoa, a Pacific Island.SubjectsIn all, 208 children aged 5–10 years.ResultsAnaemia (Hb < 11·5 g/dl) prevalence was 17·3 %. There was a significant difference in mean Hb levels in children within American Samoa as compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data (P< 0·05). In children with BMIZ-score (BMIZ) (P< 0·05) and weight-for-ageZ-score (WAZ) (P< 0·05) >2·0, females had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than males. Females with a WAZ > 2·0 had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than females with a WAZ ≤ 2·0 (P< 0·03). Risk factors for anaemia were mother having less than a high school education (P= 0·02), no car (P< 0·01) and no phone (P= 0·02). The BMIZ (P< 0·000), height-for-ageZ-score (P< 0·000) and WAZ (P< 0·000) were significantly different from the distribution of CDC reference data and that found in children previously assessed in American Samoa.ConclusionsAnaemia is high among children aged 5–10 years living in American Samoa. Growth patternZ-scores reveal that American Samoan children are, on average, taller, heavier and more overweight. Further examination into the causes of anaemia and overweight is warranted.

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Tofaeono, Va’atausili, Lana Sue I. Ka’opua, Angela Sy, Tyran Terada, Rachelann Taliloa-Vai Purcell, Salote Aoelua-Fanene, Katherine Tong, et al. "Research Capacity Strengthening in American Samoa: Fa’avaeina le Fa’atelega o le Tomai Sa’ili’ili i Amerika Samoa." British Journal of Social Work 50, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 525–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz160.

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Abstract Capacity-building partnerships are central to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), the UN’s blueprint for achieving global health equity. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues endorses the SDG and underscores the need for global partnerships that respect local leadership and culture. Innovations that weave or integrate Indigenous and Western knowledges are emphasised. These recommendations guided the INdigenous Samoan Partnership to Initiate Research Excellence (INSPIRE). INSPIRE is led by investigators from American Samoa and supported by US co-investigators. In project year one, INSPIRE queried: What weaving approaches are feasible for promoting community access to INSPIRE’s research hub and for training Indigenous researchers? Weaving procedures involved interlacing Samoan and Western knowledges. Cultural tailoring strategies were used to customise communications. Formative evaluation suggests the feasibility of INSPIRE’s efforts. Evidential tailoring provided information on American Samoa (A.S.) social determinants of health; trainees indicated increased research commitment. Linguistic and sociocultural relevance tailoring were positively received; trainees reported increased interest in research praxis and initiated an A.S. research capacity-strengthening model. Social work assured knowledge parity in development/delivery of the training curriculum and culturally safe discussions on social determinants of health, territorial status and Samoan survivance. Findings are context-specific yet offer considerations for capacity-strengthening partnerships seeking to advance health equity.

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Munroe, Robert L. "Altruism and Collectivism: An Exploratory Study in Four Cultures." Cross-Cultural Research 52, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397117733450.

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This exploratory study tries to interpret the results of a test of altruism among almost 200 children from four small-scale societies in Belize, Kenya, Nepal, and American Samoa. Samoan children and, to a lesser extent, Nepalese Newar children were altruistic in a dictator game test. We considered evidence that the four settlements varied according to a collectivistic dimension and that such collectivism may have strongly influenced responses to the test. Not only did test results correspond fully to degree of community collectivism across the four cultures (rank-order correlation coefficient = 1.00, p < .05, N = 4), but Samoan children also scored at the highest level across each age group from 3 to 9 years of age, and the Nepalese Newar participants scored at the second highest level at all ages. We posit that social and material conditions in Samoa and Nepal were likely sources of collectivism and, concomitantly, the strong altruistic tendencies but acknowledge that in exploratory research there will always be issues concerning interpretation.

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Alan Cox, Paul, and Thomas Elmqvist. "Ecocolonialism and indigenous knowledge systems: village controlled rainforest preserves in Samoa." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 1 (1994): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc930006.

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Ecocolonialism, the imposition of European conservation paradigms and power structures on indigenous villagers, is incompatible with the principles of indigenous control of village rainforest preserves. Since 1988, four rainforest reserves in Western Samoa and one US National Park in American Samoa have been created on communal lands using the principles of indigenous control, preserving a total of 30 000 hectares of lowland rainforest and associated coral reef. The reserves in Western Samoa are owned, controlled, administered and managed by the villagers. While these reserves appear to be robust approaches to preserve establishment within the communal land tenure system of Samoa, the concept of indigenous control appears to conflict with ecocolonialist attitudes that disparage the traditional knowledge, culture, political systems, and integrity of indigenous peoples. We discuss problems that have occurred in the Samoan village preserves and offer suggestions for the establishment of future village-controlled preserves in other areas of the South Pacific.

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Hunt, T. L., and P. V. Kirch. "Radiocarbon Dates from two Coastal Sites in the Manu'a Group, American Samoa." Radiocarbon 29, no. 3 (1987): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200043800.

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Samples of inshore marine shell species (various taxa, see description below) were collected from controlled excavation of ceramic-bearing strata of two archaeologic sites in the Manu'a Island group, American Samoa. Located on the closely adjacent islands of Ta'u and Ofu (14° 14’ 30” S, 169° 30’ 40” E and 14° 10’ 55” S, 169° 39’ 0” E, respectively), these sites represent human occupation along shorelines undergoing a parallel depositional sequence of calcareous sand dune development and concomitant seaward progradation. Our primary objective was to obtain an initial age estimate for prehistoric ceramics from eastern Samoa. On stylistic and technologic criteria, the ceramics recovered from our excavations can be classified as thick-coarse Polynesian Plainware. Based on previous studies in Western Samoa, Polynesian Plainware represents a terminal phase of prehistoric pottery manufacture in the Samoan Islands, believed to date from ca 200 bc to ad 300 (Green & Davidson, 1974).

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So’o, Ainslie, and Anthony J. Liddicoat. "Telephone openings in Samoan." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.23.1.06soo.

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Abstract Many studies of telephone interaction have concentrated on the opening sequences of telephone calls using the model developed by Schegloff (1968, 1979, 1986) using North American data as a starting point. This study uses this model as a starting point to examine telephone openings in Samoa. A comparison between Samoan telephone calls shows many similarities with Schegloff’s model, but also shows that some features of the interaction are culturally variable. These variations are primarily variations in the frequency and distribution of activities within the opening section, rather than a difference in type. In particular, Samoan telephone openings are typified by a reduced use of greetings, different types of phatic moves and less reciprocity.

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Freeman, Derek. "Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa and Boasian Culturalism." Politics and the Life Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 2000): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400008947.

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The history of Margaret Mead's Samoan research is an important anthropological issue. In 1925, Franz Boas, “the father of American anthropology,” faced by what he called “the difficulty of telling what part of our behavior is socially determined and what is generally human,” arranged for his 23-year-old-student, Margaret Mead, to go to Samoa in Western Polynesia. Her task was to obtain, under his direction, an answer to “the problem of which phenomena of adolescence are culturally and which physiologically determined.” In 1928, in Coming of Age in Samoa, after a woefully inadequate period of fieldwork, Mead concluded, unreservedly, that the phenomena of adolescence are due not to physiology, but to “the social environment.”

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FERNANDEZ, JULIO C. C., MICHELLE KELLY, and LORI J. BELL. "Cinachyrella anatriaenilla sp. nov., a new tetillid sponge with microacanthoxeas from American Samoa in the South Pacific." Zootaxa 4258, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4258.1.6.

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Several sponges from American Samoa, collected by the Coral Reef Research Foundation, Republic of Palau, were tentatively identified by one of us as Acanthotetilla cf seychellensis (Thomas 1973), due to the possession of relatively small acanthose oxeas, compared to those of other species of the genus Acanthotetilla Burton 1959. These sponges were later compared to Cinachyrella australiensis (Carter 1886), taking into account the lack of conspicuous spination on the acanthose oxeas and general features of spiculation and skeletal organisation. The specimens were later considered to represent a new species of the genus Cinachyrella Wilson 1925, after a careful comparison was made between the American Samoan specimens and C. australiensis which also contains small acanthose oxeas. Several recent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed the generic assignment of one of the American Samoan specimens as belonging to Cinachyrella. Cinachyrella anatriaenilla sp. nov., described herein, is the fifth of 40 Cinachyrella spp. that contain lightly spined microacanthoxeas.

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Choroszy, Melisa, Brent A. Cool, Stephen Powers, and Peggy Douglas. "Attributions for Success and Failure in Algebra among Men and Women Attending American Samoa Community College." Psychological Reports 60, no. 1 (February 1987): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.1.47.

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The Mathematics Attribution Scale-Algebra was designed to assess attributions for success and failure in algebra to ability, effort, task, and environment. It was the purpose of this study to examine the attributional patterns of men and women attending the American Samoa Community College. For 126 Samoan students (57 men, 69 women) the attributional patterns did not appear to differ. Both groups attributed success in mathematics to effort and a conducive learning environment and did not attribute failure in algebra to the difficulty of the topic.

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Partridge, R., D. B. Bouslough, L. Proano, S. Soliai-lemusu, F. Avegalio, and A. Anesi. "(P1-21) Medical Disaster Relief after the 2009 American Samoan Tsunami: Lessons Learned." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s105—s106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003530.

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BackgroundTsunamis most commonly occur in the “Ring of fire” in the Pacific due to frequency of earthquakes and volcanic activity. Damaging tsunamis occur 1–2 times yearly. On September 29, 2009, an earthquake on the Pacific floor caused a tsunami that struck American Samoa, Samoa and Tonga, with only 20 minutes warning.ObjectiveTo evaluate the disaster response in American Samoa by emergency medical services (EMS), the territorial hospital, and the Department of Health.MethodsA retrospective review of EMS logs, public health records, hospital emergency department charts, and key-informant interviews over a 2-week period. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate data.ResultsThree 5-meter waves struck the American Samoan islands, with land inundation as far as 700 meters. Many low- lying villages, including the capital city Pago Pago were affected. A total of 33 people (8 male, 23 female, including 3 children) were killed by the water, with approximately 150 significantly injured. EMS runs increased 250% from normal daily averages, with island-wide responses significantly delayed by flood damage. The hospital in Pago Pago, situated near the shore and only 10 meters above sea level, utilized 75 staff to evacuate 68 in-patients to high ground as soon as tremors were felt. This process was completed in 20 minutes with no associated morbidity or mortality. Patient injury patterns for the event are similar to recent literature reports. Mobile clinics and alternate care sites established at outlying dispensaries were used to decentralize healthcare from the hospital. DMAT/DMORT teams from Oregon and Hawaii supported local healthcare initiatives. Post-disaster public health surveillance focused on identifying and limiting food/water-borne illnesses, dengue fever, and influenza-like-illness outbreaks, as well as disaster related PTSD.ConclusionThe disaster response to the tsunami in American Samoa was effective. Disaster planning was appropriate and rapidly implemented. Post-disaster public health emergencies were minimized.

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Fiaui, Pavela A., and Earl S. Hishinuma. "Samoan adolescents in American Samoa and Hawaiʻi: Comparison of youth violence and youth development indicators." Aggression and Violent Behavior 14, no. 6 (November 2009): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.07.003.

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Grossen, Bonnie, Nithi Muthukrishna, and Jaqueline T. Naidoo. "A comparison of the effects of text-based instruction versus standards-based instruction in the early years." South African Journal of Childhood Education 6, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v6i2.459.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a text-based (TB) English structured language development programme and a teacher-designed standards-based (SB) English instructional model. The sample of this study comprised of 500 Samoan children, in Kindergarten (K) and Grade 1 (G1), on the island of American Samoa attending eight different schools. All the children enter school with no English competence. Six schools implemented the TB Language for Learning scripted programme and the Read Well. Two schools implemented the SB instructional model for English language development (SB), and only one of these schools implemented the SB instruction in reading. The results of this study support the efficacy of TB structured language programme as compared to the teacher-designed SB instructional model in all language and reading skills assessed.

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Brooke, Anne P. "Population status and behaviours of the Samoan flying fox (Pteropus samoensis) on Tutuila Island, American Samoa." Journal of Zoology 254, no. 3 (July 2001): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836901000814.

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Hoshiko, Sumi, Michelle Pearl, Juan Yang, Kenneth Aldous, April Roeseler, Martha Dominguez, Daniel Smith, Gerald DeLorenze, and Martin Kharrazi. "Differences in Prenatal Tobacco Exposure Patterns among 13 Race/Ethnic Groups in California." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030458.

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Prenatal tobacco exposure is a significant, preventable cause of childhood morbidity, yet little is known about exposure risks for many race/ethnic subpopulations. We studied active smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in a population-based cohort of 13 racially/ethnically diverse pregnant women: white, African American, Hispanic, Native American, including nine Asian/Pacific Islander subgroups: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Laotian, Samoan, and Asian Indians (N = 3329). Using the major nicotine metabolite, cotinine, as an objective biomarker, we analyzed mid-pregnancy serum from prenatal screening banked in 1999–2002 from Southern California in an effort to understand differences in tobacco exposure patterns by race/ethnicity, as well as provide a baseline for future work to assess secular changes and longer-term health outcomes. Prevalence of active smoking (based on age- and race-specific cotinine cutpoints) was highest among African American, Samoan, Native Americans and whites (6.8–14.1%); and lowest among Filipinos, Chinese, Vietnamese and Asian Indians (0.3–1.0%). ETS exposure among non-smokers was highest among African Americans and Samoans, followed by Cambodians, Native Americans, Vietnamese and Koreans, and lowest among Filipinos, Japanese, whites, and Chinese. At least 75% of women had detectable cotinine. While for most groups, levels of active smoking corresponded with levels of ETS, divergent patterns were also found. For example, smoking prevalence among white women was among the highest, but the group’s ETS exposure was low among non-smokers; while Vietnamese women were unlikely to be active smokers, they experienced relatively high ETS exposure. Knowledge of race/ethnic differences may be useful in assessing disparities in health outcomes and creating successful tobacco interventions.

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STIRNEMANN, REBECCA L., MURRAY A. POTTER, DAVID BUTLER, and EDWARD O. MINOT. "Slow life history traits in an endangered tropical island bird, the Ma’oma’o." Bird Conservation International 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270915000234.

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SummaryAn effective conservation strategy for a species requires knowledge of its biology and life history. This applies to the endangered Ma’oma’o Gymnomyza samoensis, a honeyeater endemic to the Samoan archipelago. Now locally extinct in American Samoa, this species is currently found only in declining numbers on the islands of Upolu and Savai’i in Samoa. Despite being endangered, the life history and breeding behaviour of the Ma’oma’o has not been documented previously. Here we examine Ma’oma’o nesting and breeding biology, which are unique among studied honeyeaters and unusual for passerines in general. Ma’oma’o lay only a single egg per clutch and have an extended breeding season that occurs outside the rainy season and peaks during budburst. Allometric analysis of the length of the nesting period of different honeyeaters versus adult body weight showed that Ma’oma’o remain in the nest for a longer period than expected for their body size. The post-fledging dependency period of 2.5–3 months was also extended compared to other honeyeater species. No Ma’oma’o were observed re-nesting after successfully raising a chick, though pairs attempted to re-nest following breeding failure. Despite the extended breeding season, the maximum annual reproductive capacity of Ma’oma’o is limited by their one-egg clutch and failure to nest again after fledging one chick. We discuss how these slow life history traits can influence conservation strategies, affect monitoring and limit recovery.

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Kropp, Bradley R. "Russulaceae in American Samoa: new species and further support for an Australasian origin for Samoan ectomycorrhizal fungi." Mycologia 108, no. 2 (March 2016): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/15-171.

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Valentin, Frédérique, Estelle Herrscher, Fiona Petchey, and David J. Addison. "An Analysis of the Last 1000 Years Human Diet on Tutuila (American Samoa) Using Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Data." American Antiquity 76, no. 3 (July 2011): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.3.473.

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This paper reports the first set of isotopic data relating to human diet from the Samoan Archipelago. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data measured on bone collagen were used to assess dietary patterns of prehistoric communities on Tutuila Island, American Samoa. We examined 14 human bones from three sites dated to three distinct periods: ~1,000 years ago (N = 5); -500 years ago (N = 8) and -150 years ago (N = 1). The isotopie data suggest that the human diet on Tutuila over the last 1,000 years was composed mainly of terrestrial resources with some consumption of coastal reef products. These data suggest a possible dietary change over time, with a higher dependence on marine resources in the earlier period shifting to a more terrestrial diet in the later period. Several possibilities for this dietary shift are suggested including: change in community specialization; marine resource depression; disintensification of marine procurement; intensification of horticultural production; and cultural or social changes in resource allocation.

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Afele-Fa’amuli, Salei’a, Whitney Katirai, and Mark Dignan. "Effectiveness of a Pilot Community Physical Activity and Nutrition Intervention in American Samoa." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2009): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v7i1.1317.

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Background: The addition of Western foods to the Samoan diet has greatly affected the health of the American Samoan people. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of culturally tailored exercise and nutrition interventions for adults living in Tutuila, American Samoa. Method: Villages in the eastern, central, and western parts of the island of Tutuila were recruited to participate in this study. Villages were randomly assigned to one of three culturally tailored interventions: 46 individuals in one village participated in an exercise intervention, 27 individuals in another village participated in a nutrition-education intervention, and 22 individuals in a third village participated in a combined exercise and nutrition-education intervention. Participants’ nutrition knowledge was measured at pre- and post-intervention stages through a questionnaire. Body Mass Index (BMI), height, and weight were assessed at baseline and again at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Differences in mean BMI over time by group, were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA with baseline BMI as a covariate. To test for differences in nutrition knowledge over time by group, pair-wise comparisons were used for the percent of correct answers at baseline and at week 12. Results: All three groups realized a significant decrease in BMI, from 1.35 in the nutrition only group to 2.27 in the exercise and nutrition group. The exercise and nutrition group also showed significant gains in ability to identify foods high in fiber and fat. Implications: This study demonstrates that decreases in BMI and increases in nutritional knowledge can be obtained through a culturally-tailored intervention, especially one that combines nutrition education and exercise.

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Thomson, S. C., A. P. Brooke, and J. R. Speakman. "Diurnal activity in the Samoan flying fox, Pteropus samoensis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1375 (October 29, 1998): 1595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0312.

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Speakman and co–workers suggested the diurnal Samoan flying fox, Pteropus samoensis , may be at risk of hyperthermia when flying during the day, particularly at high levels of insolation. We monitored activity of this bat and climate simultaneously at two different sites and four times of year in American Samoa. Flight activity varied significantly with time of day, between days, study sites and seasons. Out of the six data sets collected, the four with the highest mean levels of insolation showed a significant decrease in bat numbers with increasing temperature and sunlight. When each individual activity count was directly compared to the predictions of Speakman and co–workers' biophysical model, 85 to 95% of bat flight activity was found to be in conditions the model suggested would not pose a risk of hyperthermia. This supports the suggestion that in extreme conditions the animals would not fly as they risked overheating. The 5 to 15% of counts in which animals were seen to fly in conditions the model predicted they should not may be explained by erroneous assumptions underlying the model predictions.

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OKUMURA, YOSHIHIRO, KENJI HARADA, and YOSHIAKI KAWATA. "EVACUATION BEHAVIOR IN THE 29 SEPTEMBER 2009 SAMOA ISLANDS REGION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05, no. 03 (September 2011): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343111100108x.

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A large earthquake of Mw 8.0 occurred in Samoa Islands region in the early morning of 29 September 2009 (local time). A large tsunami generated by the earthquake hit Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga. The field investigation on evacuation behavior was carried out in Tutuila Island, American Samoa. The death ratio was low against the tsunami magnitude. This feature of this disaster resulted from waveform of tsunami, land use, residents' call, mayor's call, and so on.

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ARMSTRONG, GREGORY L., IAN T. WILLIAMS, SATUPAITEA VIALI, UTOOFILI ASOFA’AFETAI MAGA, WENDI L. KUHNERT, and STEPHEN T. McGARVEY. "HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION IN SAMOA AND AMERICAN SAMOA." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.261.

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29

Clark, Jeffrey T., Seth Quintus, Marshall I. Weisler, Emma St Pierre, Luke Nothdurft, Yuexing Feng, and Quan Hua. "Marine Reservoir Correction for American Samoa Using U-series and AMS Dated Corals." Radiocarbon 58, no. 4 (August 4, 2016): 851–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.53.

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AbstractRadiocarbon dating of marine samples requires a local marine reservoir correction, or ΔR value, for accurate age calibrations. For the Samoan Archipelago in the central Pacific, ΔR values have been proposed previously, but, unlike some Polynesian archipelagoes, ΔR values seem not to vary spatially and temporally. Here, we demonstrate such variability by reporting a ΔR of –101±72 ΔR for the Manu‘a Group—the eastern-most islands in the archipelago—for the colonization period. This value is based on accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C and uranium-thorium (U-Th) series dating of individual coral branches from pre-2300 cal BP archaeological contexts. This figure differs from the previously proposed modern ΔR of 28±26 yr derived from dated historic, pre-1950, shell samples from the western islands of Samoa. Consequently, we recommend using the ΔR of –101±72 yr for the 1st millennium BC in Manu‘a, and 28±26 yr for calibrating dates within the 2nd millennium AD in the western islands (Savai‘i to Tutuila). Until more data from across the archipelago and from throughout the entire culture-historical sequence document ΔR variability, we recommend that researchers use both of these ΔR values to evaluate how the dates of marine-derived samples compare with AMS dates on identified, short-lived wood charcoal.

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RABAGLIA, ROBERT J., ROGER A. BEAVER, ANDREW J. JOHNSON, MARK A. SCHMAEDICK, and SARAH M. SMITH. "The bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) of American Samoa." Zootaxa 4808, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4808.1.11.

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A survey of five of the islands of American Samoa was conducted from 2016–2018 utilizing multi-funnel traps baited with ethanol and quercivorol (attractants for xyleborine ambrosia beetles). Specimens of Scolytinae and Platypodinae from this survey, as well as specimens in the American Samoa Community College Collection were identified. A total of 53 species of Scolytinae and two species of Platypodinae are reported. Fourteen species of Scolytinae and one species of Platypodinae are reported as new to American Samoa. The following new synonymy and new combinations are proposed: Xyleborinus artelineatus (Beeson, 1929) (=Xyleborinus cinctipennis (Schedl, 1980) syn. nov.; Ambrosiophilus wilderi (Beeson, 1929) comb. nov. from Ambrosiodmus; Beaverium swezeyi (Beeson, 1929) comb. nov. from Xyleborus; and Debus fallaxoides (Schedl, 1955) comb. nov. from Xyleborus. The distribution on the islands of American Samoa and taxonomic history of each species is provided.

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31

Murray, Thomas E., and Conrad Wesselhoeft. "American English Loanwords in Samoan." American Speech 66, no. 1 (1991): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455446.

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32

McLeod, Jacqueline. "Margaret Mead’s Coming of Age in Ethnography." Ethnologies 32, no. 1 (January 17, 2011): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045219ar.

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A lightening rod for an array of criticism, Coming of Age in Samoa also attained monumental popularity with both scholarly and popular reading audiences, convincing many that it captured the sexual and social lives of Samoan adolescent girls and that North American girls might be instructed by this portrait. Taking a “recovery and reappraisal” approach, this article argues that the text is neither a collection of detailed, field note-anchored observations nor a cross cultural critique, but a love story to place. The text has much in common with postmodern conceptions of ethnography, which acknowledge “writing culture” as mediated by interpretive, representational and linguistic considerations. Like many postmodern ethnographers, Mead self-consciously constructs an authorial position rather than attempting to remain absent and objective. Part of the persona she constructs is that she is a scientist sharing data; yet she no sooner invokes standards of scientific rigor than she shifts course to promise us a good “tale”. If contemporary readers can read the text through a postmodern lens, when she wrote, her approach was unprecedented. Her awareness of transgressing scientific method emerges in the “Introduction” to the book, where she self-reflects on her decisions about authorship as performance and text as storied, artful and intimate.

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Ewing, Lesley, and Costas E. Synolakis. "COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: LESSONS FROM RECENT DISASTERS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (February 2, 2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.7.

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Resilience occurs at many levels, from global and national to family and individual. Community and local government efforts for resilience fit in the middle of this spectrum. Major community elements that are important both for minimizing vulnerability and hasten recovery include transportation, communication, water, energy, emergency services and housing. Coastal areas have some special concerns for vulnerabilities that can arise from coastal hazards such as tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, flooding, and erosion; lessons from recent coastal disasters provide recommendations for improved disaster management and community resilience. Resilience is not a one-time effort that can arise from a single approach; it is an ongoing community process, resulting from a combination of approaches. A Community Resilience Index (CRI) can help communities recognize their resilience strengths and opportunities for improvement. A “bare-bones” Community Resilience Index (CRI) has been developed based upon lessons learned from recent coastal disasters. The utility of the CRI is tested for recent community disasters at Galveston, Texas from Hurricane Ike, at American Samoa from the 2009 Samoan tsunami and at Pacifica, California from the 2009/2010 winter storms. Case studies will help identify additional CRI factors that will expand the focus of the CRI and improve overall community disaster management and coastal resilience.

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Lau, Colleen L., and John M. DePasquale. "Leptospirosis Diagnostic Challenges, American Samoa." Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 12 (December 2012): 2079–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1812.120429.

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35

Walker, George P. L., and Paul R. Eyre. "Dike complexes in American Samoa." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 69, no. 3-4 (December 1995): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00041-0.

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36

Mayeda, David, Lisa Pasko, and Meda Chesney-Lind. "“You got to do so much to actually make it”: Gender, Ethnicity, and Samoan Youth in Hawai’i." AAPI Nexus Journal: Policy, Practice, and Community 4, no. 2 (2006): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus4.2_69-93_mayedaetal.

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Although a burgeoning literature exists examining the intersections of gender and race in adolescent research, little attention has been paid to Asian American or Pacific Island youth, and this is especially true for girls from these groups. This study surveys the issues confronting Samoan adolescents, with a particular emphasis on the problems facing girls. Utilizing focus group and interview data with Samoan community leaders, other key informants, parents, and adolescent girls (N = 42), this study highlights some of the ways Samoan girls negotiate a social terrain characterized by both racism and sexism. Participants discuss unfavorable biases in schools, unequal domestic gender roles, western legal confines, and a lack of positive role models as critical issues for Samoan girls in contemporary society.

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37

Roeber, Volker, Yoshiki Yamazaki, and Kwok Fai Cheung. "Resonance and impact of the 2009 Samoa tsunami around Tutuila, American Samoa." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 21 (November 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl044419.

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38

Apatu, Emma J. I., Chris E. Gregg, Nathan J. Wood, and Liang Wang. "Household evacuation characteristics in American Samoa during the 2009 Samoa Islands tsunami." Disasters 40, no. 4 (January 5, 2016): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12170.

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39

Reinhard, Andrew A., Matthew G. Jackson, Jerzy Blusztajn, Anthony A. P. Koppers, Alexander R. Simms, and Jasper G. Konter. "“Petit Spot” Rejuvenated Volcanism Superimposed on Plume‐Derived Samoan Shield Volcanoes: Evidence From a 645‐m Drill Core From Tutuila Island, American Samoa." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 20, no. 3 (March 2019): 1485–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gc007985.

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40

Henward, Allison Sterling, Mene Tauaa, and Ronald Turituri. "Contextualizing child-centeredness: Lessons from an American Samoan Head Start." Policy Futures in Education 17, no. 3 (December 11, 2018): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210318813249.

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Child-centeredness is a pedagogical approach common in US early childhood education, one that advocates young children should direct their own learning and excercise individual choice in activitites. This approach is reflected in national US Head Start policy. Using multivocal, video-cued, and traditional ethnographic methods, this study presents an analysis of interview data collected from three focus groups with American Samoan teachers to argue that the child-centered approach in newly adopted performance standards may not actually be child-centered, particuarly when ignoring the knowledge base and cultural expectations for children in culturally diverse communities. Analyzed through post-colonial theory, which recognizes the erasure of indigenous approaches to educating young children, we focus on Samoan teachers’ understanding of child-centeredness. Results indicate Samoan teachers had drastically different understandings of child-centeredness, instead pointing to optimal pedagogy as collaborative, community-oriented, and structured, and stressing the value of learning from each other. In forgrounding the voice of Samoan educators, we complicate the existing and pervasive binary positioning of child-centered and teacher-directed instruction in early childhood curriculums, to offer another alternative, an expanded notion of child-centeredness that is contextually bound and locally determined.

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41

Rodgers, K. A., F. L. Sutherland, and P. W. O. Hoskin. "Basalts from Rose Atoll, American Samoa." Records of the Australian Museum 55, no. 2 (August 13, 2003): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.55.2003.1380.

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42

Johnson, Jean L. "American Samoa Embraces Newborn Hearing Screening." Hearing Journal 65 (June 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000415219.92342.fe.

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43

Stewart, William J. "Treatment of Delinquency in American Samoa." Juvenile Justice 23, no. 2 (July 14, 2009): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1972.tb01003.x.

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44

Erdem, Guliz, Anna Dodd, Anita Tuua, Sandra Sinclair, Tagiʼilima F. Iʼatala, James R. Marrone, and Benjamin Tuua. "ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER IN AMERICAN SAMOA." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 26, no. 12 (December 2007): 1158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e318146236f.

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45

Kornicker, Louis S., and Elizabeth Harrison-Nelson. "Ostracoda (Myodocopina) of Tutuila, American Samoa." Pacific Science 60, no. 2 (2006): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psc.2006.0008.

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46

Adler, Gregory H., Eva Counsell, Joshua O. Seamon, and Stephen P. Bentivenga. "Exotic rats consume sporocarps of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in American Samoa." Mammalia 82, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2016-0135.

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AbstractWe sampled three exotic species of rats (Rattus exulans,Rattus norvegicusandRattus rattus) by live-trapping along two transects on Tutuila, American Samoa and searched for evidence of mycophagy by examining fecal pellets. We found spores of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Septoglomus constrictum,Rhizophagus clarusandRhizophagus fasciculatus) in 19 of the 26 samples examined. All the three species of rats consumed sporocarps, withR. clarusbeing the most widely consumed. We suggest that mycophagy by exotic rats is common in American Samoa and may facilitate invasion of exotic plants such as the treeFalcataria moluccana.

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Blume, Kenneth J. "Preparing the South Pacific for U.S. Influence: The uss Narragansett in Samoa, 1872." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 27, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02701002.

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This article explores the diplomatic negotiations that U.S. Navy Commander Richard W. Meade conducted in Samoa in 1872. The resulting agreement that came to be known as “the Meade Treaty” was the first the United States negotiated with Samoa, but scholars usually have not explored the details of it and the process that produced it because the U.S. Senate rejected the treaty. Meade’s motivations and actions in Samoa provide a case study in how the interactions of naval officers, business leaders, islanders, and diplomats converged to produce early U.S. diplomacy in the Pacific. The article sketches the situation in Samoa in 1872 when Commander Meade and his ship, the uss Narragansett, arrived. The role of the United States in the Pacific was changing in the last third of the 19th Century, and Commander Meade’s motivations, influences, and actions illustrate the new wave of U.S. Pacific expansion during the years after the American Civil War.

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LY, K. N., H. ROBERTS, R. E. WILLIAMS, Y. MASUNU-FALEAFAGA, J. DROBENIUC, S. KAMILI, and E. H. TESHALE. "Hepatitis B vaccination for healthcare personnel in American Samoa: pre-implementation survey for policy decision." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 12 (January 23, 2014): 2610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813003506.

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SUMMARYAmerican Samoa does not have a hepatitis B vaccination policy for healthcare personnel (HCP). Consequently, hepatitis B has remained a health threat to HCP. In this study, we performed a cross-sectional study and examined demographic and risk information and hepatitis B vaccination, testing, and serostatus in hospital employees in American Samoa. Of 604 hospital employees, 231 (38·2%) participated, and of these, 158 (68·4%) were HCP. Of HCP participants, 1·9% had chronic hepatitis B infection, 36·1% were susceptible, and 60·8% were immune. Nearly half of HCP participants reported history of needlestick injury. Overall, participants' knowledge of their hepatitis B infection and vaccination status was low. These data support the adoption of a hepatitis B vaccination policy for HCP by American Samoa, as currently recommended by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adherence to the policy could be monitored as a way to measure protection.

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Mishra, Shiraz I., Pat H. Luce, and F. Allan Hubbell. "Breast Cancer Screening among American Samoan Women." Preventive Medicine 33, no. 1 (July 2001): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0845.

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NAMEGAYA, Yuichi, Shunichi KOSHIMURA, Yuichi NISHIMURA, Yugo NAKAMURA, Gerard Fryer, Akapo Akapo, and Laura Kong S. L. "A rapid-response field survey of the 2009 Samoa earthquake tsunami in American Samoa." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 66, no. 1 (2010): 1366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.66.1366.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Samoans American Samoa'

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