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Journal articles on the topic 'Samoans – United States – Ethnic identity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Singh, Gopal K., and Jessica N. DiBari. "Marked Disparities in Pre-Pregnancy Obesity and Overweight Prevalence among US Women by Race/Ethnicity, Nativity/Immigrant Status, and Sociodemographic Characteristics, 2012–2014." Journal of Obesity 2019 (February 10, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2419263.

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This study examines racial/ethnic, nativity, and sociodemographic disparities in the prevalence of pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight in the United States. Logistic regression was fitted to the 2012–2014 national birth cohort data to derive unadjusted and adjusted differentials in pre-pregnancy obesity (BMI ≥30), severe obesity (BMI ≥40), and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25) prevalence among 10.4 million US women of childbearing age. Substantial racial/ethnic differences existed, with pre-pregnancy obesity rates ranging from 2.6% for Chinese and 3.3% for Vietnamese women to 34.9% for American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIANs) and 60.2% for Samoans. Pre-pregnancy overweight/obese prevalence ranged from 13.6% for Chinese women to 61.7% for AIANs and 86.3% for Samoans. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, women in all Asian subgroups had markedly lower risks of pre-pregnancy obesity, severe obesity, and overweight/obesity, whereas Samoans, Hawaiians, AIANs, blacks, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Central/South Americans had significantly higher risks. Immigrant women in each racial/ethnic group had lower rates of pre-pregnancy obesity than the US-born. Sociodemographic risk factors accounted for 33–47% of racial/ethnic disparities and 12–16% of ethnic-immigrant disparities in pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight/obesity. Further research is needed to assess the effects of diet, physical inactivity, and social environments in explaining the reported ethnic and nativity differences in pre-pregnancy obesity.

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2

Goggins, William B., and Grace K. C. Wong. "Poor Survival for US Pacific Islander Cancer Patients: Evidence From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database: 1991 to 2004." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 36 (2007): 5738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.13.8271.

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Purpose Although racial and ethnic differences in cancer survival in the United States have been studied extensively, little is known about cancer survival in US Pacific Islanders (PIs), a fast-growing and economically disadvantaged minority group. Methods Using data from the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries, we compared cause-specific and all-cause survival for female breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer for Native Hawaiians, Samoans, other PIs (including Tongans, Guamanians, and others), African Americans, and Native Americans with non-Hispanic whites using Cox proportional hazards models. Separate models were fitted adjusting for demographic factors only and demographic and disease severity variables. Results Among all groups, Samoans were the most likely to present with advanced disease and had the worst cause-specific survival for all sites considered. Samoans had particularly poor results (adjusted for demographic variables only) for female breast (relative risk [RR] = 3.05; 95% CI, 2.31 to 4.02), colorectal (RR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.37 to 2.41) and prostate (RR = 4.82; 95% CI, 3.38 to 6.88) cancers. Native Hawaiians and other PIs also had significantly worse cause-specific survival than did non-Hispanic whites for most sites, but generally had better survival than African Americans or Native Americans. Conclusion Much of the survival disadvantage for PI groups appears to be a result of late diagnosis, and thus targeted interventions have much potential to reduce cancer mortality in this group. More research is needed to find explanations for the particularly poor cancer survival for Samoans in the United States.

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3

McDermott, Monica, and Frank Samson. "White Racial and Ethnic Identity in the United States." Annual Review of Sociology 31, no. 1 (2005): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122322.

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4

Ziyanak, Sebahattin. "New emerging Ahiskan Turk ethnic identity in the United States." International Journal of Human Sciences / Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 1 (2014): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v11i1.2779.

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5

Mahdi, Ali Akbar. "Ethnic identity among second‐generation Iranians in the United States." Iranian Studies 31, no. 1 (1998): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210869808701897.

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6

Weng, Suzie S., and Shinwoo Choi. "Asian Americans’ Ethnic Identity Exploration and the Role of Ethnic Community in a Southern City in the United States." Societies 11, no. 3 (2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11030109.

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This qualitative study explores Asian Americans’ ethnic identity concerning their process of exploring their own identity belonging and the impact of an ethnic community in a southern city in the United States. The South has mainly consisted of European Americans and African Americans. However, it has diversified to include an increasing number of Latinx and Asian Americans over the last several decades. Yet, the growing Asian American community remains disparate in its ethnic identity and nationality. Therefore, this study uses the phenomenological method to provide a more in-depth understanding of ethnic identity in an Asian American community within a southern region of the United States. Themes emerging from interviews included the need to bridge two worlds, the desire to be part of a community, and the existence of a two-layer community involving both ethnic and racial identity. This study contributes to a greater understanding of Asian Americans’ experiences in and adaptation to the Southern region within the United States. Implications for practice are provided for social workers when working alongside Asian American clients.

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7

Li, Chuo. "Heritage and ethnic identity: preserving Chinese cemeteries in the United States." International Journal of Heritage Studies 21, no. 7 (2014): 642–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2014.973059.

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8

Anderson, Donna Lynn. "Muslim International Students in the United States." Journal of International Students 10, no. 2 (2020): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i2.965.

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This study explored how Muslim international students experience their religious, ethnic/racial, and gender identities prior to coming to the United States and as students in the midwestern United States using E. Kim’s (2012) International Student Identity model as a guiding framework. Three significant findings emerged from semi-structured interviews with 10 students who attended 4-year institutions in the midwestern United States: (a) religious difficulties of being Muslim and Islam as a flexible religion, (b) difficulties with racial constructs and ethnic stereotypes, and (c) gender difficulties of male/female interactions and perceptions of veiling. Based upon these findings, recommendations for higher education professionals, administrators, and policymakers are provided.

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9

Madrigal, Cándida. "Colombians in the United States: A Study of Their Well-Being." Advances in Social Work 14, no. 1 (2013): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/3795.

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This study examined the extent to which four factors—acculturation, ethnic identity, self-esteem, and resilience—can explain the well-being of Colombian immigrants in the United States across three waves of immigration (wave 1, from 1945–1964; wave 2, from 1965–1989; and wave 3, from 1990–2008). The results indicate that of the four factors, self-esteem most correlated with and was a predictor of well-being. Participants exhibited high levels of well-being as their level of self-esteem increased. Ethnic identity negatively predicted well-being, especially for men who entered during wave 3; as the extent of their ethnic identity increased, their well-being decreased. Correspondingly, Colombians who entered as political refugees reported a lower level of well-being. This research was groundbreaking in assessing factors contributing to the well-being of Colombian immigrants and assisting in the search for appropriate scales to study this population. Although its results have to be considered with caution, the study opens doors to future research, policies, and programs regarding the mental health assessment and treatment of Colombians in the United States.

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10

Elias, Noa, and Judith Blanton. "Dimensions of Ethnic Identity in Israeli Jewish Families Living in the United States." Psychological Reports 60, no. 2 (1987): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.2.367.

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The study examines several dimensions of ethnic identity in parents and children from Israeli-Jewish families who had resided in the United States for at least five years. Three components of identity (American, Israeli, and Jewish) were assessed using three different instruments which tapped certain aspects of behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains. The pattern of relationship between identity scores varied among the different modalities of measurement. The results indicate that identity components are complex, rather than unidimensional constructs and that they manifest themselves differently in different domains.

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11

Scassa, Teresa. "National Identity, Ethnic Surnames and the State." Canadian journal of law and society 11, no. 2 (1996): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100004907.

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AbstractSurnames tend to be indicators of a particular linguistic or ethnic background. For this reason, many states have sought, directly or indirectly, to influence the language of the surnames of their nationals. In this paper, the author demonstrates how surname policies have tended to reflect certain national identity objectives: to assimilate or to segregate particular ethnic communities, or to engage in national building exercises around a shared ethnic identity. These surname policies are particularly interesting in the context of ethnically diverse countries like the United States and Canada. The author draws on examples from these countries to illustrate how attitudes towards surnames reflect the inclusion or exclusion of particular communities from articulations of a national identity.

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12

Umaña-Taylor, Adriana J., and Mark A. Fine. "Examining Ethnic Identity among Mexican-Origin Adolescents Living in the United States." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 26, no. 1 (2004): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986303262143.

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13

Bobesky, Christina M., and Matthew Mulvaney. "Ethnic identity among Ukrainians in the United States: intergenerational and community influences." Ethnic and Racial Studies 43, no. 12 (2019): 2255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1671597.

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14

Wilcox-Archuleta, Bryan. "Local Origins: Context, Group Identity, and Politics of Place." Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 4 (2018): 960–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912918772933.

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In-group identity is particularly important in understanding political behavior among minority populations living in the United States. Despite its importance, we know relativity little about what explains variation in perceptions of group identity among U.S.-based minority groups. I develop a theoretical framework drawing extensively for social identity theory to explain development of in-group identities among Latinos in the United States. I suggest the availability of neighborhood-level ethnic stimuli increases the likelihood that Latinos will come to see themselves a part of pan-ethnic group rather than a unique individual. I use the 2008 Collaborative Multi-Racial Political Survey (CMPS), a nationally representative public opinion poll of registered voters with oversamples of Latino respondents. I find that the availability of ethnic stimuli positively associates with stronger perceptions of group identity among Latinos. Latinos who live in contexts rich with ethnic stimuli and cues are more likely to adopt in-group identities than those who live in environments lacking ethnically salient resources.

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15

Camp, Charles, Linda Keller Brown, and Kay Mussell. "Ethnic and Regional Foodways in the United States: The Performance of Group Identity." Western Folklore 45, no. 3 (1986): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1499441.

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16

Ichiyama, Michael A., Edward F. McQuarrie, and Kristine L. Ching. "Contextual Influences on Ethnic Identity among Hawaiian Students in the Mainland United States." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27, no. 4 (1996): 458–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022196274005.

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17

Kang, Yowei, and Kenneth C. C. Yang. "The Rhetoric of Ethnic Identity Construction Among Taiwanese Immigrants in the United States." Howard Journal of Communications 22, no. 2 (2011): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2011.567141.

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18

John, Mauricia. "From the Caribbean to the United States: transforming racial and ethnic self-identity." Migration and Development 5, no. 1 (2015): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1075319.

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19

Mobasher, Mohsen. "Cultural Trauma and Ethnic Identity Formation Among Iranian Immigrants in the United States." American Behavioral Scientist 50, no. 1 (2006): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764206289656.

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20

Lee, Richard M., Toni Falbo, Hyun Sim Doh, and Seong Yeon Park. "The Korean diasporic experience: Measuring ethnic identity in the United States and China." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 7, no. 3 (2001): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.7.3.207.

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21

Lu, Chieh, Verónica Benet-Martínez, and Richard W. Robins. "The Development of Ethnic Identity From Late Childhood to Young Adulthood: Findings From a 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Mexican-Origin Youth." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 5 (2020): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619887699.

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Ethnic identity is a crucial developmental task for ethnic minority youth. The present study investigated the development of ethnic identity in a large sample of Mexican-origin youth ( N = 674) assessed biennially from age 10 to 19. Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine the trajectory of ethnic identity and its two facets: exploration (efforts to explore one’s ethnic group) and affirmation (positive connection to one’s ethnic group). Results showed a linear decline over time for ethnic identity and both facets; exploration declined more rapidly than affirmation. Using multigroup modeling, we tested whether the trajectories differ across gender and nativity. Compared to boys, girls’ ethnic identity, exploration, and affirmation decreased less. The trajectories did not differ for youth born in Mexico versus the United States. Discussion considers the impact of developmental, acculturative, and social–contextual processes on ethnic identity development as well unique features of our ethnic identity measure.

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22

González, Gabriela. "Early Identity, Environment, and Experience." California History 97, no. 4 (2020): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.4.133.

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Josefina Fierro de Bright served as a political and social activist in the 1930s and 1940s through her participation in the Mexican Defense Committee, El Congreso (the National Congress of Spanish-Speaking Peoples), and the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, as well as her important efforts to end the violent attacks on ethnic Mexicans in Los Angeles during the Zoot Suit Riots. Fierro participated in organizations focused on human, civil, women’s, and labor rights. She contributed to a cross-cultural “politics of opposition” determined to create a world where true equality might flourish. She used American nationalist and transnationalist approaches. In the United States, Fierro networked with activists, celebrities, and political leaders who supported many of the same causes that she did. Her transnational approach materialized in the form of collaboration with the Mexican consulate, which also sought to secure the human rights of ethnic Mexicans living in the United States during a time of strong anti-Mexican sentiment. In order to understand why and how Fierro emerged as a leader willing to challenge the racism undergirding the segregation and mistreatment of ethnic Mexicans in California in the 1930s and 1940s, this study examines her family’s history of social activism, the fluid sociocultural environment of an American Left in which women played central roles, and her bold and charismatic leadership style.

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González, Gabriela. "Early Identity, Environment, and Experience." California History 97, no. 4 (2020): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.4.133.

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Josefina Fierro de Bright served as a political and social activist in the 1930s and 1940s through her participation in the Mexican Defense Committee, El Congreso (the National Congress of Spanish-Speaking Peoples), and the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, as well as her important efforts to end the violent attacks on ethnic Mexicans in Los Angeles during the Zoot Suit Riots. Fierro participated in organizations focused on human, civil, women’s, and labor rights. She contributed to a cross-cultural “politics of opposition” determined to create a world where true equality might flourish. She used American nationalist and transnationalist approaches. In the United States, Fierro networked with activists, celebrities, and political leaders who supported many of the same causes that she did. Her transnational approach materialized in the form of collaboration with the Mexican consulate, which also sought to secure the human rights of ethnic Mexicans living in the United States during a time of strong anti-Mexican sentiment. In order to understand why and how Fierro emerged as a leader willing to challenge the racism undergirding the segregation and mistreatment of ethnic Mexicans in California in the 1930s and 1940s, this study examines her family’s history of social activism, the fluid sociocultural environment of an American Left in which women played central roles, and her bold and charismatic leadership style.

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24

Wolfram, Walt, and Clare Dannenberg. "Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context." English World-Wide 20, no. 2 (1999): 179–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.20.2.01wol.

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This study examines the development of a Native American Indian variety of English in the context of a rural community in the American South where European Americans, African Americans and Native American Indians have lived together for a couple of centuries now. The Lumbee Native American Indians, the largest Native American group east of the Mississippi River and the largest group in the United States without reservation land, lost their ancestral language relatively early in their contact with outside groups, but they have carved out a unique English dialect niche which now distinguishes them from cohort European American and African American vernaculars. Processes of selective accommodation, differential language change and language innovation have operated to develop this distinct ethnic variety, while their cultural isolation and sense of "otherness" in a bi-polar racial setting have served to maintain its ethnic marking.

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Worrell, Frank C., Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, and Amanda Wang. "Introducing a New Assessment Tool for Measuring Ethnic-Racial Identity: The Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale–Adult (CERIS-A)." Assessment 26, no. 3 (2017): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117698756.

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In this article, we examined the psychometric properties of scores on a new instrument, the Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale-Adult (CERIS-A) for use across different ethnic and racial groups. The CERIS-A measures seven ethnic-racial identity attitudes—assimilation, miseducation, self-hatred, anti-dominant, ethnocentricity, multiculturalist inclusive, and ethnic-racial salience. Participants consisted of 803 adults aged 18 to 76, including African Americans (19.3%), Asian Americans (17.6%), European Americans (37.0%), and Latino/as (17.8%). Analyses indicated that CERIS-A scores were reliable, and configural, metric, and scalar invariance were supported for the seven factors across gender; however, Miseducation, Ethnic-Racial Salience, and Ethnocentricity scores achieved only metric invariance across ethnic-racial groups. Self-Hatred, Ethnic-Racial Salience, Anti-Dominant, and Ethnocentricity scores were significantly and meaningfully related to race-based rejection sensitivity scores, providing evidence of convergent validity. We concluded that the CERIS-A is a potentially useful instrument for examining ethnic-racial identity attitudes across multiple racial/ethnic subgroups in the United States.

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26

Deaux, Kay. "Ethnic/Racial Identity: Fuzzy Categories and Shifting Positions." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 677, no. 1 (2018): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218754834.

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Demographic changes and increasing diversity in the United States bring about changes in how people define themselves and how they categorize others. I describe three issues that are relevant to the labeling and self-definition of ethnic groups in U.S. society: (1) the creation and definition of identity categories, (2) the subjectivity of self-definition, and (3) the flexibility of identity expression. In each case, substantial research from social psychology and related disciplines supports a socially constructed definition and use of ethnic categories, wherein identities are subject to the influence of local and national norms and are amenable to change across situations and over time.

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27

Kelly, Mary E. "The Importance of Families and Communities in Understanding Ethnicity and Maintaining Ethnic Identity." Ethnic Studies Review 19, no. 1 (1996): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1996.19.1.1.

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Social science provides us with a variety of theories that attempt to explain the dynamics of race and ethnicity. Many of these theories are concerned with the basic question of ethnic difference: its origins, persistence, and decline. In the contemporary literature on immigration to the United States and on how immigrants adjust to that relocation, assimilation and the persistence of ethnic identity have often been considered polar opposites. Researchers, however, are beginning to find that both processes often occur simultaneously, as when immigrants become acculturated into American society but also maintain or even construct distinct ethnic identities, often “symbolically.” Even though a generation of immigrants may give up their ethnic identities, adopt the host language, and intermarry, their children or grandchildren may choose to renew ancestral ethnicities, and in so doing, may even contribute to the re-ethnicization of their parents as adults. Ethnicity (and ethnic identity), therefore, is both a conservative force as well as an agent of change. The articles in this special issue of Ethnic Studies Review explore the dynamics of ethnicity in the United States and contextualize the experience of various groups within families and communities.

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Chen, Juan, and David T. Takeuchi. "Intermarriage, Ethnic Identity, and Perceived Social Standing Among Asian Women in the United States." Journal of Marriage and Family 73, no. 4 (2011): 876–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00853.x.

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FOSTER, STUART J. "The struggle for American identity: treatment of ethnic groups in United States history textbooks." History of Education 28, no. 3 (1999): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/004676099284618.

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McRoy, Ruth G. "Significance of Ethnic and Racial Identity in Inter-Country Adoption within the United States." Adoption & Fostering 15, no. 4 (1991): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599101500410.

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Lev Ari, Lilach, and Nir Cohen. "Acculturation Strategies and Ethnic Identity Among Second-Generation Israeli Migrants in the United States." Contemporary Jewry 38, no. 3 (2018): 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12397-018-9258-5.

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Townsend, Tiffany G., Stacey Kaltman, Farzana Saleem, Dionne S. Coker-Appiah, and Bonnie L. Green. "Ethnic Disparities in Trauma-Related Mental Illness: Is Ethnic Identity a Buffer?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 11-12 (2017): 2164–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517701454.

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Despite evidence that racial and ethnic characteristics influence the impact of traumatic exposure on psychological health, little is known about how race and ethnic identity can alter, and possibly protect against, the effects of trauma on the psychiatric diagnoses of women. Therefore, the present study examined the moderating role of race/ethnicity and ethnic identity in the link between trauma exposure and psychiatric diagnosis for African American and Caucasian college women. Participants were a sample of 242 women from the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States who self-identified as African American or Black (31%) and European American or Caucasian (69%; M age = 19.5 years). Interviews were conducted over the phone to screen for trauma, followed by longer in-person interviews. Each of the interviewers was supervised, and interviews were reviewed to control for quality. Regression analyses revealed that the number of traumatic events was a stronger predictor of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses for Caucasian women. In addition, ethnic identity served as a protective factor against trauma exposure among participants. The findings suggest that ethnic identity is a relevant buffer against potential psychiatric diagnoses as result of exposure to traumatic events for both Caucasian and African American women.

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Hussain, Ahmed. "Competing Visions of Islam in the United States." American Journal of Islam and Society 15, no. 1 (1998): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i1.2204.

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Barring the initial works of a handful of scholars over the last 50 years,Muslim communities and their understanding of Islam in America have gonerelatively unstudied in relation to other religious groups. The lacuna now, however,has been partially filled by the work of Kambiz GhaneaBassiri in a concisebut complete in-way-of-issues-mentioned manner. Primarily a secondarysource, it relies heavily on the initial works produced by scholars such asYvonne Haddad, Adair T. Lummis, Earle Waugh. Aminah McCloud, and AtifWasfi. The book is the first of a second generation of work on the subjectUsing a purely sociological method and lens, the book analyzes the findings ofthe works that came before it, coupling a case study of the views, opinions, andattitudes of different constituents of the Muslim populace of Los Angeles withthe more cross-sectional approach used by the aforementioned scholars. Thework raises fundamental questions regarding the validity of studying sociologicallythe American Muslim condition; whether a truly American Muslim conditionexists; and (if it does) its characteristic features. Nevertheless, KambizGhaneaBassiri's work indexes, in a cartographic manner, the competing visionsof Islam in the United States.Within the introduction of his work, the author outlines the purpose andmethodology of his study. Departing from the writings and approach of Haddad,Lummis, Waugh, McCloud, and Wasfi, he makes his intention clear: to use surveysto examine the religious identity of Muslims in the United States by determininghow they define their role as American citizens. His already enigmaticdefinition of a religious identity, however, being an amalgam of one's "desires,""needs," "cultural and ethnic background" and "level of religious understanding,"missed certain key elements. The roles of intention and volitional actsthe main components of the textual definition of Muslim identity-outlinedwithin the Qur'an and Sunnah, more than the categories used in the study, defineMuslim identity. The lack of a clear definition of Muslim identity and the inabilityof the study to operationalize it are the work's two main weaknesses.Nowhere in the work is it scientifically illustrated or articulated that a case study ...

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Keefe, Susan. "Ethnic Identity: The Domain of Perceptions of and Attachment to Ethnic Groups and Cultures." Human Organization 51, no. 1 (1992): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.51.1.1r55476555563w25.

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This article integrates empirical findings from research in two cultural groups in the United States: Chicanos and Appalachians. Factor analysis of survey data concerning ethnicity gathered in the two groups produced similar factor patterns indicating three general dimensions of ethnicity: ethnic culture, ethnic group membership, and ethnic identity. Ethnic culture is the component of ethnicity that refers to the pattern of behaviors and beliefs that sets a group apart from others. Ethnic group membership refers to the network of people with whom an individual is in contact, and the ethnic affiliation of those people and the groups they form. Ethnic identity encompasses the perceptions of and personal affiliation with ethnic groups and cultures. Specifically, ethnic identity consists of: the perception of differences among ethnic groups; the feelings of attachment to and pride in one ethnic group and cultural heritage as opposed to others; and, at least where there are perceived physical differences between groups, the perception of prejudice and discrimination against one's own ethnic group. The dimension of ethnic identity is illustrated in depth with case study data collected during the Chicano research.

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Guliyev, Ahmad. "First generation Azerbaijani immigrants in the United States: socio-cultural characteristics and identity issues." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 18, no. 2 (2015): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2014.18.2.70.

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The community of Azerbaijani immigrants in the United States, which is the subject of our proposed study, is a pretty recent phenomenon. Most Azerbaijani-Americans have immigrated to the United States mainly from Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia or Turkey. Azerbaijani immigration and integration in the United States have not been documented and studied thoroughly. There is no population survey that provides information of any kind on the attitudes and opinions of Azerbaijani Americans. Based on the survey conducted among sample of 103 Azerbaijani immigrants, this paper aims to provide the profile of the Azerbaijani community, socio-cultural characteristics, assess the immigrant’s identification with their native culture, ethnic attachment, as well as, their emotional ties to the homeland and level of integration in the United States.

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Waters, Mary C. "Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Black Immigrants in New York City." International Migration Review 28, no. 4 (1994): 795–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800408.

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This article explores the types of racial and ethnic identities adopted by a sample of 83 adolescent second-generation West Indian and Haitian Americans in New York City. The subjective understandings these youngsters have of being American, of being black American, and of their ethnic identities are described and contrasted with the identities and reactions of first-generation immigrants from the same countries. Three types of identities are evident among the second generation – a black American identity, an ethnic or hyphenated national origin identity, and an immigrant identity. These different identities are related to different perceptions and understandings of race relations and of opportunities in the United States. Those youngsters who identify as black Americans tend to see more racial discrimination and limits to opportunities for blacks in the United States. Those who identify as ethnic West Indians tend to see more opportunities and rewards for individual effort and initiative. I suggest that assimilation to America for the second-generation black immigrant is complicated by race and class and their interaction, with upwardly mobile second-generation youngsters maintaining ethnic ties to their parents’ national origins and with poor inner city youngsters assimilating to the black American peer culture that surrounds them.

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Yamada, Aki. "Role of a Japanese Market for New Japanese Migrants in the United States." Journal of Asian Research 1, no. 1 (2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jar.v1n1p29.

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<p><em>This research paper seeks to provide a clearer understanding of contemporary Japanese migration to the United States through a case study examining the role of one Japanese market, Nijiya Market, in Sawtelle, Los Angeles. This study identifies the main roles that this particular market serves, as evidenced by oral interviews and intensive site observation fieldwork. The findings reveal that the ethnic market is very important to the creation and maintenance of ethnic identity across multiple generations of new Japanese immigrants and migrants living in the United States. Furthermore, as a main component of many Japanese communities, the ethnic market enables Japanese to maintain aspects of their homeland lifestyle and culture, even while living abroad. Perhaps most importantly, they provide these Japanese with a way to extend a bridge between their lives in the United States and their lives in Japan. </em><em></em></p>

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MERTON, JOE. "RETHINKING THE POLITICS OF WHITE ETHNICITY IN 1970s AMERICA." Historical Journal 55, no. 3 (2012): 731–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1200026x.

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ABSTRACTHistorians have tended to characterize the ‘white ethnic’ identity politics of the 1970s in the United States as a significant feature of the conservative counterrevolution, especially the rise of populist racial conservatism and its splintering of the Democratic New Deal coalition. Seeking to provide a broader, more representative portrait of white ethnic mobilization, activism, and institutionalization in government, with particular focus on the work of Rev. Geno Baroni, the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs, and the Carter administration's Office of Ethnic Affairs, this article challenges that assumption. It posits that the politics of white ethnicity was a far more complex, diverse phenomenon, of appeal to liberals and conservatives in an era of considerable political flux. This reconsideration also reveals that the 1970s were not conservative in the United States, but a watershed decade of uncertainty, volatility, and experimentation, in which ethnic identities and affiliations were reshaped, political norms upended, and new forms of organization and mobilization trialled out, with great significance for today's ‘post-ethnic’ United States. White ethnic politics was of considerable importance to American political development in the late twentieth century, but not in the way usually thought.

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Gonzales, Gabrielle G. "Embodied Resistance: Multiracial Identity, Gender, and the Body." Social Sciences 8, no. 8 (2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080221.

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This article explores the importance of the physical body in the development of gendered racial and ethnic identities through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 multiracial/multiethnic women. From a critical mixed race and critical feminist perspective, I argue that the development of an embodied and gendered multiracial and multiethnic identity is a path to questioning and resisting the dominant monoracial order in the United States. Interviews reveal that respondents develop these embodied identities both through understandings of themselves as gendered and raced subjects and through relationships with monoracial individuals. The process by which these women understand their physical bodies as multiracial subjects illustrates a critical embodied component of the social construction of race and ethnicity in the United States.

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Joranger, Terje Mikael Hasle. "The Creation of a Norwegian-American Identity in the usa." Journal of Migration History 5, no. 3 (2019): 489–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00503004.

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Ethnic identity formation is the result of a process wherein the migrant combines both pre-existing values and attitudes and present experiences of the same group and its relations with other groups. This article discusses identity formation among Norwegian immigrants in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In other words, how did Norwegian immigrants arriving from a homogeneous society develop a separate identity in the multicultural society of the United States, and to what factors can we attribute this development? In a cultural process of change called ‘ethnicisation’, immigrants were transformed from the status of ‘foreigners’ to become ‘ethnics’, that is ‘Norwegian-Americans’. Identity is thus connected to the term ‘ethnicity’, and I will first present different perspectives on the term ethnicity, followed by a short summary of Norwegian migration patterns to the United States up until the early twentieth century. I will end the article by discussing components that explain the existence of a Norwegian-American identity.

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Lal, Barbara Ballis. "Ethnic Identity Entrepreneurs: Their Role in Transracial and Intercountry Adoptions." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6, no. 3-4 (1997): 385–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689700600307.

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Three attributes characterize ethnic identity entrepreneurs. First, ethnic identity entrepreneurs appeal to an essentialized image of identity in which ethnicity ‘trumps' all other bases of affiliation and authenticity. Second, ethnic identity entrepreneurs invoke this essentialized identity and group membership to justify a claim to, or, monopolization of, scarce resources and entitlements by way of a process of social closure. Third, the activities of ethnic identity entrepreneurs which are often initially motivated by the desire to open up options and to facilitate choice among members, induce conformity and functions as a mechanism of social control. In this paper I emphasize a particular subset of ethnic identity entrepreneurs, namely, those who represent subordinate/minority groups and who work in bureaucracies -whether governmental or community based- and who have acquired a very extensive power by virtue of their office and their professional expertise, which enables them to construct and enforce their specific conceptions of what ethnic identity is and the cultural requirements this essentialized identity entails. Illustrative of these processes is the role of the social worker ethnic identity entrepreneur in formulating policies inhibiting both domestic transracial and transnational adoption which more and more frequently is involving moving children without parents or a permanent home from the Asian Pacific region to families in the United States or Britain.

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Ha, Jae-Pil, Mary A. Hums, and Chris T. Greenwell. "The impact of acculturation and ethnic identity on American football identification and consumption among Asians in the United States." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 15, no. 2 (2014): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-15-02-2014-b005.

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This study examines the effect of four acculturation strategies (integration, assimilation, separation and marginalisation) on identification with and consumption of American football for the Asian population in the United States. Using Berry's (1990, 1997) bi-dimensional model of acculturation as a theoretical framework, significant differences (based on the four acculturation strategies) between football identification and consumption were found. In addition, this study examines the relationships between acculturation, ethnic identity, identification with, and consumption of, the sport among the Asian population. The results indicate that acculturation plays a significant role in explaining participants' identification with, and consumption of, the sport, whereas ethnic identity does not.

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Aguirre, B. E., and Suzanne Oboler. "Ethnic Labels, Latino Lives. Identity and the Politics of (Re)Presentation in the United States." International Migration Review 30, no. 4 (1996): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547621.

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Kim, Kang-Il. "A Relational Model of Understanding Adult Korean Adoptees’ Ethnic Identity Formation in the United States." Process Studies 41, no. 1 (2012): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/process201241125.

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Giroux, Henry A. "National Identity and the New Nationalism: The Rise of Ethnic Absolutism in the United States." International Journal of Educational Reform 3, no. 3 (1994): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678799400300310.

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Balidemaj, Albina, and Mark Small. "Acculturation, ethnic identity, and psychological well-being of Albanian-American immigrants in the United States." International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 11, no. 4 (2018): 712–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2018.1556717.

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Wu, Yi-Ju, Corliss Outley, and David Matarrita-Cascante. "Cultural Immersion Camps and Development of Ethnic Identity in Asian American Youth." Journal of Youth Development 14, no. 2 (2019): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.708.

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The purpose of this study was to explore camp outcomes specialized in ethnic identity among Asian American youth after they participated in a residential cultural immersion camp. In this study, the cultural immersion camp is viewed as a mediating factor that channels other influences in such a way as to guide Asian American youth to commit more expressly and more fully to their perception of ethnic identity. The results obtained from 3 cultural immersion camps located in the Western United States reveals that cultural immersion camp experiences significantly increase perceived levels of ethnic identity among Asian American youth. Implications of cultural immersion camp on the development of Asian American youth are discussed.

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Hernandez, Kathy-Ann C., and Kayon K. Murray-Johnson. "Towards a Different Construction of Blackness: Black Immigrant Scholars on Racial Identity Development in the United States." International Journal of Multicultural Education 17, no. 2 (2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v17i2.1050.

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In this collaborative autoethnography, two immigrants interrogate their evolving self-definitions as Black women in the U.S. academy. Using a variety of data sources, they uncover several commonalities and differences in their experiences which have coalesced into a four-part model in their journey towards a different construction of Black identity: positioning themselves in the Black box, apprehending their outsider-within positionalilty, navigating the “us/them” to “we” switch, and integrating a different construction of Blackness while remaining true to their cultural/ethnic identity. In elaborating on these themes, they critique the journey towards apprehending minority identity status for people like them.

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Perez, Anthony Daniel, and Charles Hirschman. "2. Estimating Net Interracial Mobility in the United States: A Residual Methods Approach." Sociological Methodology 39, no. 1 (2009): 31–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2009.01220.x.

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This paper presents a residual methods approach to identifying social mobility across race/ethnic categories. In traditional demographic accounting models, population growth is limited to changes in natural increase and migration. Other sources of population change are absorbed by the model residual and can be estimated only indirectly. While these residual estimates have been used to illuminate a number of elusive demographic processes, there has been little effort to incorporate shifts in racial identification into formal accounts of population change. In light of growing evidence that a number of Americans view race/ethnic identities as a personal choice, not as a fixed characteristic, mobility across racial categories may play important roles in the growth of race/ethnic subpopulations and changes to the composition of the United States. To examine this potential, we derive a reduced-form population balancing equation that treats fertility and international migration as given and estimates survival from period life table data. After subtracting out national increase and net international migration and adjusting for changes in racial measurement and census coverage, we argue that the remaining error of closure provides a reasonable estimate of net interracial mobility among the native born. Using recent U.S. Census and ACS microdata, we illustrate the impact that identity shifts may have had on the growth of race/ethnic subpopulations in the past quarter century. Findings suggest a small drift from the non-Hispanic white population into race/ethnic minority groups, though the pattern varies by age and between time periods.

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Soroka, Stuart, Matthew Wright, Richard Johnston, Jack Citrin, Keith Banting, and Will Kymlicka. "Ethnoreligious Identity, Immigration, and Redistribution." Journal of Experimental Political Science 4, no. 3 (2017): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2017.13.

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AbstractDo increasing, and increasingly diverse, immigration flows lead to declining support for redistributive policy? This concern is pervasive in the literatures on immigration, multiculturalism and redistribution, and in public debate as well. The literature is nevertheless unable to disentangle the degree to which welfare chauvinism is related to (a) immigrant status or (b) ethnic difference. This paper reports on results from a web-based experiment designed to shed light on this issue. Representative samples from the United States, Quebec, and the “Rest-of-Canada” responded to a vignette in which a hypothetical social assistance recipient was presented as some combination of immigrant or not, and Caucasian or not. Results from the randomized manipulation suggest that while ethnic difference matters to welfare attitudes, in these countries it is immigrant status that matters most. These findings are discussed in light of the politics of diversity and recognition, and the capacity of national policies to address inequalities.

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