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1
Zheng, Youxin. The effect of sample size on laboratory measurement of shear strength in terms of effective stress. typescript, 1996.
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2
Marlowe, Christopher. The effect of decreasing sample size on the precision of GSI stock composition estimates for chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) using data from the Washington Coastal and Strait of Juan de Fuca troll fisheries in 1989-1990. Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, 1995.
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3
Coggins, Lewis G. Effects of sample size and ageing error on estimates of sustained yield. State of Alaska, Dept. of Fish and Game, 1997.
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4
Tang, K. Linda. The effect of small calibration sample sizes on TOEFL IRT-based equating. Educational Testing Service, 1993.
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5
Simpson, J. C. Uncertainty in North American wet deposition isopleth maps: Effect of site selection and valid sample criteria. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, 1990.
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6
Simpson, J. C. Uncertainty in North American wet deposition isopleth maps: Effect of site selection and valid sample criteria. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, 1990.
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7
Chen, Son-Nan. The effects of the sample size, the investment horizon, and market conditions on the validity of composite performance measures: A generalization. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Commerce and Business Administration, 1985.
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8
Kelley, Ken. Effect Size and Sample Size Planning. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199934874.013.0011.
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9
Clark-Carter, David. The importance of considering effect size and statistical power in research. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198527565.003.0014.
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This chapter explores why effect size needs to be taken into account when designing and reporting research. It gives an effect size for each of the standard statistical tests which health and clinical psychologists employ, and looks at the need to consider statistical power when choosing a sample size for a study and how statistical power can help to guide the advice which can be given when discussing future research.
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Hubbs, Ann Fraser. The effect of sample size on the precision of strain measurements: an empirical study of Robin's method of analysis. 1985.
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11
Michael, Kennedy. The influence of sample size, effect size, and percentage of DIF items on the performance of the Mantel-Haenszel and logistic regression DIF identification procedures. 1994.
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12
Effect of sample unit size and number of survey distress types on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) for asphalt-surfaced roads. US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1996.
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13
Sakai, Tetsuya. Laboratory Experiments in Information Retrieval: Sample Sizes, Effect Sizes, and Statistical Power. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2018.
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14
Sakai, Tetsuya. Laboratory Experiments in Information Retrieval: Sample Sizes, Effect Sizes, and Statistical Power. Springer, 2018.
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15
An Investigation of the Effects of Correlation, Autocorrelation, and Sample Size in Classifier Fusion. Storming Media, 2004.
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16
Obinger, Herbert, Klaus Petersen, Carina Schmitt, and Peter Starke. War and Welfare States Before and After 1945. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0015.
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The conclusion reports major findings and discusses possible cross-country patterns. It shows that war’s impact on welfare state development can be differentiated into several distinct conclusions, each highlighting specific effects or causal mechanisms. Next, the case study evidence of the long-term effects of war is confirmed with quantitative data. For a sample of eighteen countries (thirteen of which are presented in this volume) war is shown to contribute to a better understanding of several of the phenomena lying at the heart of comparative welfare state research (i.e. social expenditure, benefit generosity, the public–private mix in provision, and the timing of legislation). The impact on outcomes such as income inequality is briefly discussed, along with the impact of the Cold War on welfare state development. Due to changes in warfare and the size of the existing welfare state, the effect of war on welfare state-building has all but disappeared today.
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Narlikar, A. V. Small Superconductors—Introduction. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.1.
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This article provides an overview of small superconductors, including some of the basic definitions, prominent characteristics, and important effects manifested by such materials. In particular, it discusses size effects, surface effects, electron-mean-free-path effects, phase slips, unusual vortex states, and proximity effects. The article first considers the two characteristic length scales of superconductors, namely the magnetic penetration depth and coherence length, before proceeding with an analysis of two size effects that account for how superconductivity responds when the bulk sample is made smaller and smaller in the nano range: the small size effects and the quantum size effects. It then examines other phenomena associated with small superconductors such as quantum fluctuations, Anderson limit, parity and shell effects, along with the behaviour of nanowires and ultra-thin fims. It also describes some of the experimental techniques commonly used in the synthesis of small superconductors.
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Roditchev, D., T. Cren, C. Brun, and M. V. Milošević. Local-Scale Spectroscopic Studies of Vortex Organization in Mesoscopic Superconductors. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.2.
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This article examines the vortex matter of mesoscopic superconductors with numerous vortex states that do not exist in bulk superconductors. Using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, it investigates the organization of vortex cores at different levels of confinement. The article begins with a discussion of the basic properties of quantum vortices in superconductors and experimental requirements for studying vortex confinement phenomena. It then considers the effect of sample size and shape on vortex distribution and pinning, along with the resulting ultra-dense configurations that cannot be achieved in bulk superconductors. It also describes the peculiar features of vortices in atomically thin superconductors having mixed Abrikosov–Josephson vortices.
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Yousefshahi, Fardin, Giuliano Michelagnoli, and Juan Francisco Asenjo. Ketamine Use and Opioid-Tolerant Cancer Patients. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0031.
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Pain occurs in up to 70% of cancer patients and it can be challenging to manage. The standard for analgesic therapy is the World Health Organization ladder; however, up to 25% of patients don’t reach a level of comfort using this approach. Ketamine has been recognized as an excellent adjuvant for cancer pain treatment, especially when other analgesics have failed. Some randomized clinical trials have confirmed ketamine’s efficacy in refractory cancer pain, but most had small sample sizes and low power. Some publications have confirmed the beneficial effect of oral, intranasal, subcutaneous, or intravenous ketamine in treatment of refractory chronic cancer pain, while others are less conclusive. While ketamine is rapidly gaining ground as an adjuvant in treating pain in patients with cancers refractory to conventional therapy and/or patients with opioid tolerance, care should be taken to identify patients with ketamine contraindications in order to offer the greatest benefit with the lowest risk of side effects.
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Fitzpatrick, Anne R. Issues in linking scores on alternative assessments : Effects of test length and sample size on test reliability and test equating. Council of Chief State School Officers, 1999.
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21
Whitehouse, Harvey, and Brian McQuinn. Divergent Modes of Religiosity and Armed Struggle. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0039.
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This chapter investigates one of the most powerful mechanisms by which groups may be formed, inspired, and coordinated—ritual—which may be defined as normative behavior with an irretrievably opaque causal structure. The divergent modes of religiosity (DMR) theory is applied to armed groups engaged in civil conflicts, some of which explicitly incorporate “religious” traditions while others vehemently repudiate supernatural beliefs of any kind. It is argued that the DMR theory can be extended to explain recurrent features of ritual traditions which lack many or all beliefs typically marked “religious.” Unlike many religions, rebel groups tend to display the predictions of only one mode, although this may be an effect of small sample size. It is believed that the DMR theory can possibly clarify broad patterns in intergroup violence and the dynamics of contemporary civil wars.
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Robertson, Rob. Effects of collinearity, sample size, multiple correlation, and predictor-criterion correlation salience on the order of variable entry in stepwise regression. 1997.
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23
Fonseca, Raquel, Arie Kapteyn, and Gema Zamarro. Retirement and Cognitive Functioning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808039.003.0004.
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This chapter surveys recent literature on the effects of retirement on cognitive functioning at older ages around the world. Studies using similar data, definitions of cognition, and instruments to capture causal effects find that being retired leads to a decline of cognition, controlling for different specifications of age functions and other covariates. The size and significance of the estimated effects varied depending on specifications used, such as whether or not models included fixed effects, dynamic specifications, or alternative specifications of instrumental variables. The authors replicated several of these results using the same datasets. Factors that are likely causing the differences across specifications include endogeneity of right-hand side variables, and heterogeneity across gender, occupation, or skill levels. Results were especially sensitive to the inclusion of country fixed effects, to control for unobserved country differences, suggesting the key role of unobserved differences across countries, which both affect retirement ages and cognitive decline.
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Perakslis, Eric D., Martin Stanley, and Erin Brodwin. Digital Health. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197503133.001.0001.
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Digital health has been touted as a true transformation of health care, but all medical interventions have associated risks that must be understood and quantified. The Internet has brought many advancements, which quickly jumped from our computers into our pockets via powerful and completely connected mobile devices that are now being envisioned as devices for medical diagnostics and care delivery. As health care struggles with cost, inequity, value, and rapid virtualization, solid models of benefit-risk determination, new regulatory approaches for biomedical products, and clear risk-based conversations with all stakeholders are essential. Detailed examination of emerging digital health technologies has revealed 10 categories of digital side effects or “toxicities” that must be understood, prevented when possible, and managed when not. These toxicities include cyberthreat, loss of privacy, cyberchondria and cyber addiction, threats to physical security, charlatanism, overdiagnosis and overtreatment, medical/user error, and the plague of medical misinformation. For digital health to realize its promise, these toxicities must be understood, measured, warned against, and managed as concurrent side effects, in the same fashion as any other medical side effect.
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Armstrong, Sarah L., and Gary M. Stocks. Postoperative analgesia after caesarean delivery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0024.
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Caesarean delivery (CD) is one of the most common operations in the world and providing effective pain relief is important not only for humanitarian reasons but also to speed up recovery and reduce postoperative complications. An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of pain transmission after CD has led to a multimodal approach to analgesia. This involves combining analgesics which work by different mechanisms resulting in an additive effect whilst at the same time reducing side effects. In contemporary practice, most CDs are carried out under neuraxial anaesthesia and neuraxial techniques using either intrathecal or epidural opioids have become central to the provision of effective postoperative analgesia. They reduce the need for systemic opioid analgesia and have few side effects, respiratory depression being the most significant but extremely uncommon. In circumstances where it is not possible to use neuraxial analgesia, for example, after general anaesthesia, other techniques such as intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using opioids and the transversus abdominis plane block have been shown to be effective. As part of the multimodal analgesic approach, many patients will require systemic analgesics to further improve pain relief and to limit side effects. Paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are now widely established in the management of postoperative CD pain where they have been shown to potentiate opioid effects, decrease opioid consumption, reduce side effects, and complement the somatic pain relief provided by opioids. As part of a step-down approach after primary management with neuraxial or intravenous opioids, oral opioids are often required as part of a multimodal regimen.
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Dasgupta, Shouro, Enrica De Cian, and Elena Verdolini. The Political Economy of Energy Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0007.
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This chapter empirically investigates the effects political economy factors on energy innovation in a sample of 20 countries between 1995 and 2010. We use various proxies for energy innovation and focus on the role of environmental policy, good governance, political orientation, and the distribution of resources to energy intensive industries. We show that political economy factors affect the incentives to engage in energy-related innovation even in the presence of stringent environmental policy. Specifically, good governance and left-wing governments provide incentives for greater R&D resources to the energy sector, while a larger distribution of resources toward energy intensive sectors can induce market-size effects and lobby for larger energy R&D allocation. This implies that, in order to move towards a greener economy, countries should combine environmental policy with a general improvement of institutions, consider the influence of government’s political orientation on environmental policies and the size of energy-intensive sectors.
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Bruno, Brunella, Giacomo Nocera, and Andrea Resti. Are Risk-Based Capital Requirements Detrimental to Corporate Lending? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0019.
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In this chapter, we summarize the main results of a recent empirical research concerning European banks. We first explore the main drivers of the differences in risk-weighted assets (RWAs) across a sample of fifty large European banking groups. We then assess the impact of RWA-based capital regulations on those banks’ asset allocations in 2008–14. We find that risk weights are affected by bank size, business models, and asset mix. We also find that the adoption of internal ratings-based (IRB) approaches is an important driver of RWAs and that national segmentations explain a significant (albeit decreasing) share of the variability in risk weights. As for the impact of internal ratings on banks’ asset allocation in 2008–14, we uncover that banks using IRB approaches more extensively have reduced more (or increased less) their corporate loan portfolio. This effect is somewhat stronger for banks located in Eurozone periphery countries during the 2010–12 sovereign crisis. We do not find evidence, however, of internal models producing a reallocation from corporate loans to government exposures, suggesting that other motives prevailed in driving banks towards sovereign bonds during the Eurozone sovereign crisis, including the so-called ‘financial repression’ channel.
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Lambert, David G. Mechanisms and determinants of anaesthetic drug action. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0013.
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This chapter is broken into two main sections: a general description of the principles of ligand receptor interaction and a discussion of the main groups of ‘targets’; and explanation of some common pharmacological interactions in anaesthesia, critical care, and pain management. Agonists bind to and activate receptors while antagonists bind to receptors and block the effects of agonists. Antagonists can be competitive (most common) or non-competitive/irreversible. The main classes of drug target are enzymes, carriers, ion channels, and receptors with examples of anaesthetic relevance interacting with all classes. There are many examples in anaesthesia where multiple interacting drugs are co-administered—polypharmacology. To give an example: neuromuscular blockade. Rocuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker acting as a competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Rocuronium competes with endogenous acetylcholine to shift the concentration–response curve for contraction to the right. The degree of contractility is less for a given concentration of acetylcholine (agonist) in the presence of rocuronium. Using the same principle, the rightward shift can be compensated by increasing the amount of acetylcholine (as long as the amount of rocuronium presented to the receptor as an antagonist remains unchanged, its action can be overcome by increased agonist). Acetylcholine at the effect site is increased by acetylcholinesterase inhibition with neostigmine. One of the side-effects of neostigmine is that it acts as an indirect parasympathomimetic. In the cardiovascular system this would lead to muscarinic receptor-mediated bradycardia; these effects are routinely reversed by the competitive muscarinic antagonist glycopyrrolate.
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Baxter-Jones, Adam DG. Growth and maturation. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0002.
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As children grow they increase in size and maturity. While growth refers to changes in size and complexity of tissue composition, maturation is the progressive achievement of adult status. A child’s growth status is an important determinant of current and lifelong health. Regular physical activity is required to obtain optimal growth. Normal healthy children show the same patterns of growth in terms of attainment of size and changes in proportionality. However, growth is not a linear process; the speed of statural growth decreases during infancy, is relatively constant during childhood, and accelerates during adolescence before slowing down in emerging adulthood. Although the patterns of growth are similar in all individuals, the timing and tempo of growth shows vast variability both within and between sexes. Thus it is important to remember that the effects of growth and maturation may mask or be greater than the effects of exercise.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Doing Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0005.
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Researchers have to consider a host of factors when planning their research and analyzing their data. This chapter discusses a number of important research considerations. For instance, when planning research it is important to have a large enough sample to prevent conducting an underpowered study that would be unable to detect true differences when they existed. When selecting measures, researchers should understand exactly what they are assessing and determine if the scales used have a history of producing valid and reliable scores with similar samples. When developing measures, researchers should avoid the jingle jangle fallacy and avoid creating scales that are redundant with already developed scales or use names that obfuscate the reader. When analyzing their data scientists should avoid dichotomizing continuous constructs and should shun stepwise regression techniques. When compiling findings, researchers need to consider if their results are meaningful, so effect sizes should be reported and interpreted in light of absolute standards and relative to prior research.
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Godfrey, Barry, Pam Cox, Heather Shore, and Zoe Alker. In the System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788492.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 follows a sample of children into institutional care and outlines their experiences there. It is necessarily reliant on official sources but supplements these where possible with more personal accounts. It draws upon evidence from the young people in the sample, documentation from the selected institutions, and government reports and commissions, to describe the different regimes in place—educational, pastoral, and disciplinary—and the systems that were developed in order to resettle children on their discharge. Crucially, the chapter then analyses the regular scandals and external investigations triggered by child deaths, mutinies, and accusations of ill-treatment within reformatory and industrial schools. Child removal may have offered protective effects in later life but it had a dark side that must colour any assessment of those effects.
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Tritten, Tyler. On the Primacy of Matter: Neoplatonism Right-Side Up. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428194.003.0004.
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This chapter provides a close reading of Schelling’s early commentary on Plato’s Timaeus and then contrasts this reading with Neoplatonism’s, particularly Proclus’, understanding of this same text. While Neoplatonism views being according to a hierarchy of degradation or descent, with matter at the bottom, Schelling affirms that being potentiates itself into higher and greater degrees of order such that matter is not the last but the first. He is able to do this, however, only by rejecting the Platonic notion of participation. For Schelling, the participating acquires an independence from the participated so that an effect can be greater than its cause and, moreover, the effect exerts a retroactive after effect on the cause. The identity of a cause or antecedent is only constituted in and through its consequents. If matter is said to process from the One, then matter, in turn, is the consequent condition of the identity of the One as one rather than as many.
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Miksza, Peter, and Kenneth Elpus. Inferential Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391905.003.0005.
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Researchers often employ statistical techniques to test hypotheses and to express the relative certainty they have when making a claim about how statistics derived from their sample data might be representative of population parameters. This chapter illustrates the logic underlying inferential statistical tests. Inferential analyses involves a set of tools that music education researchers can use when posing scientific questions and seeking to refute their hypotheses. The chapter describes techniques that can be used for testing hypotheses and estimating population parameters on the basis of sample data. In doing so, the chapter emphasizes basic approaches to null hypothesis significance testing, interpreting effect sizes, and building confidence intervals. The chapter also provides a brief critique of null hypothesis significance testing as a tradition.
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Najavits, Lisa M., and Melissa L. Anderson. Psychosocial Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0018.
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Treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) work better than treatment as usual; average effect sizes are in the moderate to high range. A variety of treatments have been established as effective, with no one treatment having superiority. Both present-focused and past-focused treatment models work (neither consistently outperforms the other). Areas of future development include training, dissemination, client access to care, optimal delivery modes, and mechanisms of action. Methodological issues include improving research reporting, broadening study samples, and greater use of active comparison conditions.
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Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.
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Schutte, Nienke M., Meike Bartels, and Eco JC de Geus. Genetics of physical activity and physical fitness. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0020.
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Regular physical activity and fitness are key contributors to children’s health. It is important to understand sources of variation in phenotypes seen among children and adolescents. It is important to calculate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to observed individual differences. Heritability estimates of physical activity vary, depending on sample size and measurement instrument, but the overall importance of environmental factors seems to decrease in adolescence, whereas genetic effects become more prominent. Twin and family studies show that individual differences in maximal oxygen uptake, muscle strength, flexibility, and balance are affected by genetic factors. Some evidence is found for specific genes coding for physical activity and fitness, but children and adolescent studies are limited. Future research should prioritize these target groups as knowledge of the source of individual differences in physical activity and fitness at different time points can optimize the choice and timing of exercise intervention.
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Buitelaar, Jan K., Nanda Rommelse, Verena Ly, and Julia J. Rucklidge. Nutritional intervention for ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0040.
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This chapter discusses four dietary interventions (exclusion of artificial colours and preservatives; restrictive elimination diets/oligoantigenic diets; supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids; and supplementation with micronutrients) and their clinical relevance for ADHD. The evidence base for exclusion of artificial colours and preservatives has many gaps. Effectiveness of the elimination phase of elimination diets has been demonstrated in several randomized clinical trials and about one-third of the children with ADHD show an excellent response. Data on maintenance of effect in the longer term, however, are lacking. Supplementation of free fatty acids was associated with a small but reliable reduction of ADHD symptoms, but the clinical relevance is unclear. The trials using a broad spectrum of micronutrients show promise but suffered from small sample sizes, lack of controls, varied sampling procedures and inclusion criteria, and multiple assessment methods, and need confirmation.
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Müller, A., S. E. C. Dale, and M. A. Engbarth. Micromagnetic Measurements on Electrochemically Grown Mesoscopic Superconductors. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.10.
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This article examines the behavior of superconductivity in mesoscopic type-I superconductors based on micromagnetic measurements on two electrochemically grown mesoscopic superconductors, namely lead and tin. It first provides an overview of the basic properties of mesoscopic superconductivity and the interface between two different superconductors that are in close contact with one another. It then describes the electrochemical preparation of β-tin samples in a variety of shapes and sizes in the mesoscopic regime. It also presents the results of micromagnetic measurements, carried out using micro-Hall probes, including observations of the vortex states in mesoscopic tin and lead triangles and of proximity effects in lead/tin core–shell structures.
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Tzelgov, Joseph, Dana Ganor-Stern, Arava Kallai, and Michal Pinhas. Primitives and Non-primitives of Numerical Representations. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.019.
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Primitives of numerical representation are numbers holistically represented on the mental number line (MNL). Non-primitives are numbers generated from primitives in order to perform specific tasks. Primitives can be automatically retrieved from long-term memory (LTM). Using the size congruency effect in physical comparisons as a marker of automatic retrieval, and its modulation by intrapair numerical distance as an indication of alignment along the MNL, we identify single-digits, but not two-digit numbers, as primitives. By the same criteria, zero is a primitive, but negative numbers are not primitives, which makes zero the smallest numerical primitive. Due to their unique notational structure, fractions are automatically perceived as smaller than 1. While some specific, familiar unit fractions may be primitives, this can be shown only when component bias is eliminated by training participants to denote fractions by unfamiliar figures.
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Kahn, Jennifer G. Colonization, Settlement, and Process in Central Eastern Polynesia. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.020.
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This chapter explores the long-term processes whereby settlers moving into Central Eastern Polynesia (CEP) adapted to new island environments and social landscapes. Over a thousand-year period, CEP societies instigated environmental change and subsistence intensification, in addition to developing localized styles of material culture and affecting great change in their sociopolitical complexity. In comparing the cultural sequences from three CEP archipelagoes (Society Islands, Marquesas Islands, Austral Islands), the chapter demonstrates shared patterns in demographic change and shifts in subsistence and exchange, while at the same time highlighting inter-archipelago variation in terms of pathways to emerging elite power. Trends in CEP regional variation provide broad support for models positing a relationship between the evolution of social complexity in CEP chiefdoms, and the effects of island size/age and the availability of natural resources.
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Anderson, James A. Computing Hardware. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0003.
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Digital computers are built from hardware of great simplicity. First, they are built from devices with two states: on or off, one or zero, high voltage or low voltage, or logical TRUE or FALSE. Second, the devices are connected with extremely fine connections, currently on the order of size of a large virus. Their utility, value, and perceived extreme complexity lie in the software controlling them. Different devices have been used to build computers: relays, vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Theoretically, all can run the same software, only slower or faster. More exotic technologies have not proved commercially viable. Digital computer hardware has increased in power by roughly a factor of 2 every 2 years for five decades, an observation called Moore’s Law. Engineering problems with very small devices, such as quantum effects, heat, and difficulty of fabrication, are increasing and may soon end Moore’s Law.
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Białowąs, Sylwester, ed. Experimental design and biometric research. Toward innovations. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-079-1.
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This e-book aims to present the most critical aspects of knowledge about using experiments in economics and practical tools for using them. The topic is extended to the more advanced and increasing in popularity area of biometric research. The book is divided into three parts mirroring experimentation. The first part provides theoretical background and tips about organising own research. The chapter is concluded with a guide focused on writing a research report in APA style. This part includes an example of the actual research report. The next part has two chapters, and both are guided tours allowing to plan and conduct eye-tracking research and electrodermal activity research (EDA). The chapters contain details about preparing experiments, conducting them, using the dedicated software to analyse collected data and interpreting the default charts. The last part is devoted to the data analysis and is universal, goes beyond the biometric experiments. There are three chapters in this part covering the standard procedures used in the analysis of experiments. The first part includes tests for one hypothesis: parametric t-test and One-Way ANOVA and non-parametric siblings: Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The next part describes tests allowing testing more hypotheses: ANOVA without repetition and ANOVA with repetitions. Furthermore, the last chapter deals with dependent samples, which are a popular approach in experiments. This part describes the dependent sample t-test and Wilcoxon test. The effect sizes calculations are included; each test is shown with screenshots from SPSS and some additional screenshots from Excel. This approach allows following the procedure step by step. The examples help easily understand procedures and interpretations; they were chosen from areas of sustainability and innovations to match the general idea of the e-books series prepared within the CENETSIE program. The book contains texts that can be useful in the teaching process. It can be helpful in graduate programs in economics and business schools. Programs of doctoral schools cab benefit from this book as well.
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Forbes, Graeme. Content and Theme in Attitude Ascriptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses a less-commonly discussed substitution failure in attitude ascriptions: a “that”-clause and its corresponding proposition description cannot in general be interchanged in the scope of psych-verbs, despite the standard view that the two forms refer to the same proposition. For example, “Holmes suspects that Moriarty has returned” and “Holmes suspects the proposition that Moriarty has returned” mean something quite different. The chapter accounts for these data in the framework of neo-Davidsonian semantics, arguing that substitution does not simply change the syntactic category of the attitude verb from clausal to transitive or vice versa, but also triggers the side-effect of changing thematic relations: when the transitive verb is used, it is the theme of the attitude-state or event that is identified, but when the clausal verb is used, it is the content of the state that is identified.
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Gilmour, Rachelle. Divine Violence in the Book of Samuel. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190938079.001.0001.
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Much of the drama, theological paradox, and interpretive interest in the book of Samuel derives from instances of God’s violence in the story. The beginnings of Israel’s monarchy are interwoven with God’s violent rejection of the houses of Eli and of Saul, deaths connected to the Ark of the Covenant, and the outworking of divine retribution after David’s violent appropriation of Bathsheba as his wife. Divine Violence in the Book of Samuel explores these narratives of divine violence from ethical, literary, and political perspectives, in dialogue with the thought of Immanuel Kant, Martha Nussbaum, and Walter Benjamin. The book addresses such questions as: Is the God of Samuel a capricious God with a troubling dark side? Is punishment for sin the only justifiable violence in these narratives? Why does God continue to punish those already declared forgiven? What is the role of God’s emotions in acts of divine violence? In what political contexts might narratives of divine violence against God’s own kings and God’s own people have arisen? The result is a fresh commentary on the dynamics of transgression, punishment, and their upheavals in the book of Samuel. The book offers a sensitive portrayal of God’s literary characterisation, with a focus on divine emotion and its effects. By identifying possible political contexts in which the narratives arose, God’s violence is further illumined through its relation to human violence, northern and southern monarchic ideology, and Judah’s experience of the Babylonian exile.
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Petchey, Owen L., Andrew P. Beckerman, Natalie Cooper, and Dylan Z. Childs. Insights from Data with R. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849810.001.0001.
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Knowledge of how to get useful information from data is essential in the life and environmental sciences. This book provides learners with knowledge, experience, and confidence about how to efficiently and reliably discover useful information from data. The content is developed from first- and second-year undergraduate-level courses taught by the authors. It charts the journey from question, to raw data, to clean and tidy data, to visualizations that provide insights. This journey is presented as a repeatable workflow fit for use with many types of question, study, and data. Readers discover how to use R and RStudio, and learn key concepts for drawing appropriate conclusions from patterns in data. The book focuses on providing learners with a solid foundation of skills for working with data, and for getting useful information from data summaries and visualizations. It focuses on the strength of patterns (i.e. effect sizes) and their meaning (e.g. correlation or causation). It purposefully stays away from statistical tests and p-values. Concepts covered include distribution, sample, population, mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, correlation, interactions, and non-independence. The journey from data to insight is illustrated by one workflow demonstration in the book, and three online. Each involves data collected in a real study. Readers can follow along by downloading the data, and learning from the descriptions of each step in the journey from the raw data to visualizations that show the answers to the questions posed in the original studies.
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Littlefield, Amy, Deirdre Orceyre, and Stephanie Cheng. Integrative Oncology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0021.
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Cancer risk increases with age, but a patient’s tolerance to conventional treatments may be reduced with aging and associated morbidities. The development and expansion of age-appropriate therapies and approaches will be crucial as the population of elderly patients with cancer grows in the upcoming years. Taking into account the unique needs of this population will be of great importance. This chapter introduces the field of integrative oncology, the practice of supporting the whole person before, during, and after conventional treatments for cancer. Current evidence recognizes the safe use of many integrative interventions, such as lifestyle and diet changes and supplement and botanical use, to prevent cancer; to reduce side effects and optimize wellness during treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation; and to promote full recovery after treatment. Many of these same interventions act directly to optimally regulate pathways in the unique metabolism of the malignant cell process.
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Locatelli, Francesco, Celestina Manzoni, Giuseppe Pontoriero, Vincenzo La Milia, and Salvatore Di Filippo. Haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0260_update_001.
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Many observational studies have consistently shown that high-flux haemodialysis (hf-HD) has positive effects on the survival and morbidity of uraemic patients when compared with low-flux haemodialysis, and mainly considering the results of Membrane Permeability Outcome (MPO) studies there is evidence favouring high-flux treatments. A further improvement in convective treatments is represented by the on-line modality. On-line preparation from fresh dialysate by a cold-sterilizing filtration process is a cost-effective method of providing large volumes of infusion solution. Randomized, controlled, large-sized trials with long follow-up in haemofiltration (HF) are unfortunately lacking, possibly suggesting the difficulties in performing these trials, mainly in providing the same urea Kt/V considered adequate in HD. On-line haemodiafiltration (HDF) is considered the most efficient technique of using high-flux membranes, and clearances of small solutes like urea are higher in HDF than in HF and of middle solutes like β2-microglobulin are higher than in hf-HD. Thus HDF, as a strategy based on simultaneous diffusive and convective transport, may combine the beneficial effects of diffusive standard HD with the possible advantages of convective HF. Five large, randomized controlled trials just concluded are inconclusive in definitively clarifying the impact of on-line HDF on chronic kidney disease stage 5 patient outcomes.
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Budimirovic, Dejan B., and Megha Subramanian. Neurobiology of Autism and Intellectual Disability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0052.
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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests with a range of cognitive, behavioral, and social impairments. It is a monogenetic disease caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene, in contrast to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is a behaviorally-defined set of complex disorders. Because ASD is a major and growing public health concern, current research is focused on identifying common therapeutic targets among patients with different molecular etiologies. Due to the prevalence of ASD in FXS and its shared neurophysiology with ASD, FXS has been extensively studied as a model for ASD. Studies in the animal models have provided breakthrough insights into the pathophysiology of FXS that have led to novel therapeutic targets for its core deficits (e.g., mGluR theory of fragile X). Yet recent clinical trials of both GABA-B agonist and mGluR5 antagonist revealed a lack of specific and sensitive outcome measures capturing the full range of improvements of patients with FXS. Recent research shows promise for the mapping of the multitude of genetic variants in ASD onto shared pathways with FXS. Nonetheless, in light of the huge level of locus heterogeneity in ASD, further effort in finding convergence in specific molecular pathways and reliable biomarkers is required in order to perform targeted treatment trials with sufficient sample size. This chapter focuses on the neurobehavioral phenotype caused by a full-mutation of the FMR1 gene, namely FXS, and the neurobiology of this disorder of relevance to the targeted molecular treatments of its core symptoms.
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Hasinoff, Amy Adele. Sexualization and participation. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038983.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the tension between the idea that participatory new media practices typically produce positive, democratic effects and the assumption that sexualization creates a problematic type of new media practice—sexting. Drawing on postcolonial feminist scholars who question the normative definitions of agency, the chapter argues why the complexities of sexting suggest that resistance and participation might be overvalued ways of interacting with mass culture. It explores the stakes of pathologizing conformity to mass culture and contends that the supposedly deficient agency of adolescent girls who create sexual photographs of themselves should not be a primary site for intervention. It also maintains that it could be useful to think about sexting as media production but at the same time challenges the notion that media participation is inherently good. Thinking about sexting as a form of media production, which has a basically positive connotation for youth, suggests the need to consider the potential benefits of sexting, such as intimacy and interpersonal communication, alongside the well-known risks.
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Schmeink, Lars. The Utopian, the Dystopian, and the Heroic Deeds of One. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781383766.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 discusses the TV series Heroes as more optimistic in its depiction of the social consequences of posthuman evolution than the other texts analyzed. The show's premise of posthumanity as a result of evolutionary mutation reflects radical changes in subjectivity not onto an elite few, as in classic superhero narratives, but onto the everyday man. The series consequently emphasizes the potential of the posthuman condition as a catalyst for global social and political change – a solution to the 'big issues' that elude the current institutions of power. The posthuman becomes the site of struggle over the potential changes to the future, in effect over the concept of utopia. In contrasting dystopian futures with the present possibility of change through posthumanity, the show allows a utopian space to emerge, in which global issues such as the war on terror can be solved and attacks such as those on 9/11 could be prevented. In this, Heroes returns to humanist notions and concepts of history as events shaped by exceptional individuals, while at the same time complicating them with communal images of a cooperative and interconnected posthuman subjectivity.